Artificial Intelligence Brings About New Changes in Chinese Military Training

人工智慧為中國軍事訓練帶來新變化

現代英語:

The widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military has triggered changes in the field of military training, which is reflected in specific training activities, that is, it has given rise to new changes in training elements. This is particularly evident in the fact that intelligent equipment systems have become important training targets, intelligent combat theories have begun to enter training content, and intelligent technology has been deeply integrated into training methods and training support.

The training object has changed from “human-only” to “human-machine hybrid”. The object of traditional military training is a single person. Both the trainer and the trainee are human. Humans are the only object of military training activities. Artificial intelligence technology is embedded or integrated into weapons and equipment, making weapons and equipment that previously required human control have machine intelligence and a certain degree of autonomy. Intelligent robots that can autonomously perform combat missions have appeared in large numbers on modern battlefields, making intelligent unmanned systems and manned systems “close comrades-in-arms”. Mixed operations of “unmanned forces” and “manned forces” will become a new formation pattern. These weapons and equipment with machine intelligence are different from traditional manned weapons and equipment. At their core, they are artificial intelligence algorithms embedded or integrated with learning capabilities. They need to be trained through repeated training in actual combat or battlefield environments that are close to actual combat, so as to accumulate experience and improve performance, and then gradually enhance the actual combat capability of the equipment to fight autonomously. Therefore, weapons and equipment with machine intelligence also need to form and improve their combat capabilities through continuous training and become new trainees. At the same time, training systems with machine intelligence can also become training platforms for military personnel to acquire combat skills or the right-hand man of military training organizers, playing the role of trainers. It can be seen that, with the empowerment of artificial intelligence, weapons and equipment and related systems are gradually becoming the same training targets as military personnel. The targets of military training are no longer just military personnel, but also include weapons and equipment or systems with a certain level of autonomy, presenting a new scene of people training machines, machines training people, and human-machine hybrid training.

The content of training has expanded from “enhancing physical fitness and skills” to “enhancing intelligence and integration”. Training content is the core element of military training and is constantly changing with the development of technical forms and situations and tasks. The content of traditional military training is mainly to enhance the combat fitness, skills and command capabilities of military personnel. The widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field has made battlefield winning weapons and equipment and systems more and more intelligent, breaking through the limits of human cognition of traditional time and space, reconstructing the relationship between humans and weapons and equipment, incubating new command and control methods, and giving rise to the continuous emergence of new combat methods and the evolution of war forms. Human-machine integration has become a prominent feature of intelligent warfare, and “controlling the brain and seizing intelligence” is the key to winning intelligent warfare. Therefore, military training in the intelligent era will compress traditional military training content and strengthen perception and cognition, human-machine collaboration, intelligent decision-making and command, etc. The training for people is mainly to understand and master the basic principles, thinking concepts, operating skills, and command art of intelligent warfare; the training for intelligent equipment and systems is mainly to improve learning ability, autonomy, collaboration, and the ability to integrate with human intelligence. The main training content system includes thinking training content focusing on intelligent cognition and human-computer interaction, intelligent skill training content focusing on intelligent equipment operation and human-computer interaction, intelligent command training content focusing on giving full play to the advantages of intelligent information systems such as autonomous analysis, auxiliary decision-making, and accurate evaluation, and intelligent coordination training content focusing on autonomous coordination of unmanned intelligent platforms and human-computer collaborative actions. In order to improve the combat reliability of intelligent weapons and equipment and enhance the intelligent system’s understanding of combat intent, the “deep learning” training content of intelligent autonomous weapons and equipment emphasizes enhancing the intelligence of humans and machines, and strengthening the collaborative training of humans and machines, so as to achieve a perfect integration of man and machine.

The training method has moved from “human-dominated” to “human-led”. The way people produce determines the way they fight and the way they train. Traditional military training methods, lacking the support of artificial intelligence technology, are mainly determined based on factors such as the ability characteristics of trainers and the ability foundation of trainees. The organizational form is limited, the implementation procedures are rigid, and the methods and means are single. At present, the intelligence of war is forcing the intelligence of military training. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, military training planning will move from artificial intelligence planning to system intelligence planning. With the assistance of cloud computing, new algorithms, big data analysis and other technologies, the intelligent training system can autonomously generate training plans with requirements on training content, conditions, standards and other aspects according to the training objectives, efficiently assist training planning and improve the quality and efficiency of training planning; training management will leap from artificial extensive type to intelligent and precise type, and the intelligent training system can overcome the traditional training There are problems in management such as incomplete elements, incomplete processes, untimely feedback, and inaccurate guidance. By automatically collecting training data of all elements and the whole process, using artificial intelligence technology to conduct in-depth analysis of training data, analyzing and evaluating the training effectiveness of trainees, generating real-time training evaluation reports, accurately feedback on problems in training, and proposing personalized improvement suggestions, the training method has been transformed from the previous single “human-dominated” type to the “human-host-assisted” “human-dominated” type.

The training environment has extended from “relying on reality” to “virtual and real integration”. Organizing training in a training environment based on real equipment and real scenes is the main mode of traditional military training. This training mode has problems such as high requirements for training venues, large consumption of materials and equipment, great difficulty in training support, long training preparation time, and difficulty in grasping training safety, which makes a certain gap between training and actual combat. Training like fighting is the development direction of military training, and artificial intelligence technology provides conditions for realizing this development direction. The combination of virtual and real can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, conduct virtual war experiments, realistically simulate combat processes, accurately evaluate combat concepts, and thus narrow the gap between training and actual combat, so that the odds of victory can be established in the laboratory first. Intelligent simulation training systems can be used to repeat, reproduce and create scenes, environments and conditions of classic battles and difficult training courses, and set up difficult and dangerous situations to test and train troops. In individual soldier training, artificial intelligence and technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and simulation are used to provide a “virtual-reality integration” platform and environmental support for the officers and soldiers’ combat skills, physiological functions, and psychological effectiveness training. Officers and soldiers can see, hear, and “touch” the “real” weapons and equipment and battlefield environment; in unit training, a “real” battlefield environment can be set up, a “homogeneous” combat time domain can be created, and a simulated blue army with “both form and spirit” can be built, effectively improving the quality and effectiveness of confrontational training with actual soldiers and equipment, enhancing the training effect of “being in the situation and feeling the same”, and achieving the training goal of “based on reality, with the help of virtuality, and transcending reality”.

現代國語:

人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,引發了軍事訓練領域的變革,反映在具體訓練活動中,就是催生了訓練要素的新變化。這突顯在智慧化裝備系統成為重要的訓練對象,智慧化作戰理論開始進入訓練內容,智慧化技術深度融入訓練方法與訓練保障。

訓練對象由「人為唯一」轉變為「人機混合」。傳統軍訓的對像是單一的人,組訓者和受訓者都是人,人是軍訓活動的唯一對象。人工智慧技術嵌入或融入武器裝備中,使得以往需要人操控的武器裝備有了機器智能,具備了一定自主性。能夠自主遂行作戰任務的智慧機器人大量出現在現代戰場,使得智能無人系統與有人系統成為“親密戰友”,“無人部隊”與“有人部隊”混編作戰將成為新的編組樣式。這些具有機器智慧的武器裝備不同於傳統有人操控的武器裝備,其核心是嵌入或融入了學習能力的人工智慧演算法,需要在實戰或近似實戰的戰場環境中,通過多次反復的訓練獲取數據來對演算法進行訓練,從而實現經驗累積、性能提升,進而逐步增強裝備自主作戰的實戰能力。因此,具有機器智慧的武器裝備也需要透過不斷訓練來形成和提高作戰能力,成為新的受訓者。與此同時,具有機器智慧的訓練系統還能夠成為軍事人員獲取作戰技能的訓練平台或軍事訓練組訓者的得力助手,扮演組訓者的角色。由此可見,在人工智慧的賦能下,武器裝備及相關係統逐步成為與軍事人員同樣的訓練對象,軍事訓練的對像不再是單一的軍事人員,也包括具有一定自主化程度的武器裝備或系統,呈現人訓機、機訓者、人機混合訓練的新景象。

訓練內容由「增體強技」向「增智強融」拓展。訓練內容是軍事訓練的核心要素,隨著技術形態和形勢任務的發展而不斷變化。傳統軍事訓練的內容主要是為了增強軍事人員的戰鬥體能、技能和指揮能力。人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,使得戰場制勝的武器裝備和系統越來越具有智慧化的特徵,突破了人類對傳統時空認知的極限,重構了人與武器裝備的關系,孵化了全新的指揮控制方式,催生了新型作戰方式不斷湧現和戰爭形態的嬗變。人機融合成為智慧化戰爭的顯著特徵,「制腦奪智」是製勝智能化戰爭的關鍵。因此,智能化時代的軍事訓練將壓縮傳統軍事訓練內容,加強感知認知、人機協同、智慧決策指揮等內容。針對人的訓練主要是理解和掌握智能化作戰的基本原理、思維理念、操作技能、指揮藝術等;對於智能化裝備和系統的訓練主要是學習能力、自主能力、協同能力以及與人類智能共融的能力。主要訓練內容體系包括以智慧化認知、人機互動為重點的思維訓練內容,以智慧化裝備操作、人機互動為重點的智慧化技能訓練內容,以發揮智慧資訊系統自主分析、輔助決策、精確評估等優勢為重點的智慧化指揮訓練內容,以無人智慧化平台自主協同、人機協同行動等為重點的智慧化協同訓練內容,為提高智慧化武器裝備作戰可靠性、增強智慧化系統對作戰意圖理解力的智慧自主武器裝備「深度學習」訓練內容,突顯增強人和機的智慧、強化人與機的協同訓練,從而達到人機一體的完美融合。

訓練方法由「人為主宰」向「人為主導」邁進。人的生產方式決定了作戰方式,也決定了訓練方式。傳統軍事訓練的方法由於缺乏人工智慧技術支撐,主要是根據組訓人員的能力特點和受訓人員的能力基礎等因素來確定,組織形式受限,實施程序固化,方法手段單一。當前,戰爭的智慧化倒逼軍事訓練的智慧化。在人工智慧技術的助力下,軍事訓練籌劃將由人工集智籌劃向系統智能籌劃邁進,智能化訓練系統在雲計算、新型演算法、大數據分析等技術的輔助下,能夠根據訓練目標自主生成關於訓練的內容、條件、標準等方面指標要求的訓練方案,高效輔助訓練籌劃,提高訓練籌劃的質效;訓練管理由人為粗放型向智能精確型跨越,智能化訓練系統能夠克服傳統訓練管理存在要素不全面、流程不完整、回饋不及時、指導不精確等問題,透過自動採集全要素、全過程訓練數據,利用人工智慧技術對訓練數據進行深度分析,對受訓者的訓練成效進行分析評估,產生即時性訓練評估報告,精準回饋訓練中存在的問題,提出個性化的改進建議,使訓練方法由以往單一的「人為主宰」式向「人主機輔」的「人為主導」式邁進。

訓練環境由「依托現實」延伸至「虛實一體」。依托實裝實景的訓練環境組織訓練是傳統軍事訓練的主要模式。這種訓練模式存在對訓練場地要求高、物資器材消耗大、訓練保障難度大、訓練準備耗時長、訓練安全難把握等問題,使訓練與實戰之間存在一定的差距。像作戰一樣訓練是軍事訓練的發展指向,人工智慧技術為實現這一發展指向提供了條件。利用虛實結合的方式能夠創設更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境,能夠進行虛擬戰爭實驗,逼真演繹作戰進程,準確評估作戰構想,從而縮小訓練與實戰之間的差異,讓勝算先在實驗室裡奠定。可利用智慧化模擬訓練系統,重復、再現和創設經典戰例、重難點訓練課目的場景、環境及各項條件,設置難局危局險局摔打錘煉部隊。單兵訓練中,運用人工智慧以及增強現實、虛擬現實、模擬模擬等技術,為官兵的戰鬥技能、生理機能、心理效能等訓練提供「虛實融合」的平台與環境支撐,官兵可看到、聽到、「觸摸」到「真實」的武器裝備和戰場環境;部(分)隊訓練中,可以設置「真實」的戰場環境、創造「同質」的作戰時域、打造「神形兼具」的模擬藍軍,有效提升實兵實裝對抗性訓練的質效,增強「身臨其境、感同身受」的訓練效果,達成「基於現實、借助虛擬、超越現實」的訓練目標。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?

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