Category Archives: #Distributed Maritime Operations

Chinese Military Exclusive Requirements for Strategies & Tactics of People’s War in The New Era

新時代中國軍隊對人民戰爭戰略戰術的獨特要求

現代英語:

Looking back on its glorious combat history, the People’s Army has consistently adhered to the absolute leadership of the Party, proposing and implementing a comprehensive set of strategies and tactics for people’s war. These strategies and tactics are a crucial weapon for the People’s Army to defeat the strong with the weak and to conquer the enemy. Over the past 98 years, with the changing times and evolving forms of warfare, the specific content and manifestations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war have continuously evolved. To confront the challenges of information-based and intelligent warfare, we must firmly grasp the essential requirements and value orientations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war amidst the rapidly evolving global trends and practices, unifying the inherently unchanging laws of conduct with the external realities of change, and continuously innovating and developing the strategies and tactics for people’s war in the new era.

President Xi Jinping emphasized that no matter how the situation develops, the magic weapon of people’s war must never be lost. However, we must grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of people’s war in the new era, innovate its content, methods and approaches, and unleash its overall power. Currently, facing profound challenges brought about by changes in science and technology, warfare, and our adversaries, we must not only inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of people’s war, but also be sensitive to changes, actively respond to them, and proactively seek change. We must accurately grasp the inherent requirements of the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, consciously update our thinking and concepts, and innovate strategic guidance, so that this magic weapon of defeating the enemy can be demonstrated on future battlefields.

Adhere to relying on the people and deeply rooted

In the long practice of revolutionary war, the people are the most profound force for victory. The people are the primary force behind the strategies and tactics of people’s war, a magic weapon for victory. People’s war has its roots deeply rooted in the people, and its confidence comes from the people. Regardless of how the times change or how the war evolves, relying closely on the people and fully mobilizing them will always be the fundamental condition and the only way to carry out people’s war. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires adhering to the mass perspective of history and the fundamental requirement that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory. We must integrate the traditional strategic advantages of people’s war with the mass line, broaden the sources of vitality for the strategies and tactics of people’s war, draw strategic wisdom and tactical methods from the people, and develop an intellectual advantage for people’s war in the new era. We must solidly carry out national defense education throughout the nation, continuously foster a strong sense of patriotism, inspire patriotism, strengthen awareness of potential dangers, and enhance national defense awareness. We must guide the masses to actively care about and support national defense, thereby infusing powerful spiritual strength into people’s war in the new era. We must focus on promoting high-quality population development, comprehensively improve the cultural, scientific, and innovative qualities of the entire population, accelerate the development of a modern human resource base of high quality, sufficient in volume, optimized in structure, and rationally distributed, and promote the shift of the dominant force in people’s war from quantitative to qualitative. Further improve the national defense mobilization system and mechanism, promote the establishment of a rapid response system that is connected with the national emergency response mechanism and integrated with the joint combat system, fully tap and gather the unlimited war potential contained in the people, and give full play to the resource aggregation and value-added effect.

Focus on overall planning and full-area offense and defense

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of people’s war require the comprehensive mobilization of diverse forces and resources in the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, and military sectors, and the integrated use of various forms of struggle and methods of operation. This holistic approach compensates for local deficiencies and disadvantages, ultimately defeating powerful adversaries. Modern warfare is not only a fierce confrontation in the military sphere, but also a comprehensive struggle in the political, economic, and diplomatic spheres, exhibiting the distinct characteristics of hybrid warfare. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, we must establish a broad systemic mindset, relying on the national strategic system and supported by the joint operations system, explore the implementation methods of people’s war strategies and tactics, and win the total war of people’s war in the new era. We should fully leverage the advantages of the new national system, relying on the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, efficiently aggregate superior resources across the board, fully activate the country’s national defense potential, and weave various forces and resources into a network. We should integrate and plan the subsystems of people’s war, including leadership, organization, personnel, command, technology, equipment, and support, to maximize the effectiveness of holistic linkage and systemic operation, and achieve the maximum benefits of all-round effort and multiplied energy. We must strengthen comprehensive coordination across the physical, information, and social domains, focusing on seeking breakthroughs in new domains and new qualities, and making achievements in new dimensions such as unmanned warfare, human-machine collaborative warfare, network and electronic warfare, space and deep-sea warfare, and intelligent and autonomous warfare. Military and non-military means must be coordinated, integrating various forms of struggle, including political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and military. Comprehensive measures must be implemented to effectively wage diplomatic offensive and defensive battles, financial and trade battles, psychological defense battles, and public opinion and legal battles. We must leverage the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes to effectively fight the political and military battles.

Strengthen active defense and take the initiative

Through the long practice of revolutionary warfare, the People’s Army has developed a comprehensive strategic philosophy of active defense, emphasizing, for example, the unity of strategic defense and offensive action in campaigns and battles, the principles of defense, self-defense, and preemptive strike, and the principle of “if no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will certainly offend.” Active defense is fundamentally defensive, its essence lies in activeness, and its inherent characteristic is proactiveness. Currently, profound changes have taken place in the international, national, and Party, military, and political landscapes. The strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era generally adhere to the fundamental principle of defense and are not aimed at hegemony, aggression, or oppression of other countries. Consequently, they will win the support and endorsement of the vast majority of the Chinese people, as well as the understanding and assistance of peace-loving and justice-loving countries and peoples around the world. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era must adapt to the times and circumstances. We must adhere to a defensive national defense policy, implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, excel at observing and analyzing issues from a political perspective, and be adept at considering and applying strategies from regional and global perspectives to consolidate the political foundation for victory in people’s war. We must persist in neither provoking trouble nor fearing it, strengthen the regular and diversified use of military force, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, and while adhering to the strategic preemptive strike, we must not give up campaign and combat offensives under favorable conditions and when necessary. We must advance steadily, make progress within stability, and be proactive within stability, effectively shape the security situation, contain crises and conflicts, and firmly grasp the initiative in the struggle.

Highlight new quality dominance and technological empowerment

In the long practice of revolutionary warfare, while emphasizing that victory in war is primarily determined by people, not objects, the People’s Army has also placed great emphasis on the research and development of advanced military technology, particularly weaponry. Comrade Mao Zedong once emphasized that without modern equipment, it would be impossible to defeat the armies of imperialism. The technological content of modern warfare has undergone a qualitative leap, with advanced technologies and new weaponry such as artificial intelligence, big data, quantum computing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and brain control being widely applied in the military. While the people remain the decisive force in determining victory in war, the manifestation of this power has undergone significant changes. Science and technology are core combat power, and People’s War will place greater emphasis on the application of scientific and technological means and rely even more heavily on the wisdom and creativity of the people. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era should prioritize winning information-based and intelligent warfare. We should deeply study the essential characteristics, winning mechanisms, and strategies and tactics of high-end warfare, accelerate the shift from “winning by numbers” to “winning by talent,” and from “winning by manpower” to “winning by intelligence,” effectively enhance our ability to win through scientific and technological empowerment and digital intelligence, and truly unleash the crucial role of science and technology and talent in People’s War in the new era. We will accelerate the development of high-tech industries, vigorously strengthen the construction of new forces in new domains such as ocean, space, cyberspace, artificial intelligence, and quantum technology, increase military-civilian collaboration in high-tech fields, accelerate the transformation and application of new productive forces into new combat capabilities, and promote the expansion of war potential reserves into emerging fields and the focus on new forces. We will integrate and coordinate military and civilian scientific and technological advantages, shifting the focus from traditional support and guarantee elements such as human and material resources to new support and guarantee elements such as information, technology, and intelligence. We will build information, resource, and technology pools with profound foundations and rich reserves, actively cultivate capable, strong, and professional professional support units, and continuously expand the breadth and depth of people’s participation in the war and scientific and technological support.

Emphasis on flexibility, maneuverability, innovation and checks and balances

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of People’s War are highly flexible and maneuverable. Their most essential requirement is to prioritize self-reliance, attacking the enemy without being attacked by them. Based on the actual situation of both sides, we fight the battles based on our weapons, against the enemy, and at the right time and place. We identify the enemy’s weaknesses and vulnerabilities, leverage our strengths and advantages, and defeat the enemy with our own strengths, always seizing the initiative on the battlefield. Flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for defeating an enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment. “You fight yours, I fight mine” is a summary and generalization of the long-term experience of China’s revolutionary war and the soul and essence of the strategies and tactics of People’s War. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era must grasp the methodological requirements of asymmetric checks and balances, leverage innovative operational concepts, adhere to the mechanisms of victory in modern warfare, and continuously develop practical and effective tactics to defeat the enemy. We must proceed from the actual circumstances of both sides, gaining a deep understanding of operational missions, adversaries, and the evolving operational environment. We must thoroughly grasp the concepts, elements, and methods of victory, objectively analyze and study the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of both sides, know the enemy and ourselves, adapt to the situation, and flexibly utilize various combat forces and methods, striving to achieve maximum results at the lowest cost. We must adhere to the principle of “attacking the enemy without being attacked by them,” capitalize on strengths and avoid weaknesses, avoid the real and attack the weak, attack where the enemy is least prepared, and attack where they must be defended. We must proactively create opportunities, flexibly maneuver the enemy, and fight wherever we are most advantageous and wherever we are most skilled. We must adhere to the principle of “using what we can to defeat what we cannot,” advancing the research and application of military theory, operational guidance, tactics, and training methods in a timely manner, innovating core operational concepts, and developing new types of combat methods. We must fight against the enemy’s tactics, targeting their weaknesses, and leveraging our military’s strengths, thus creating new winning advantages in people’s war through asymmetric checks and balances.

Emphasis on accumulating small things into big things and focusing on unity of purpose

Throughout the long practice of revolutionary warfare, our army has been at an overall disadvantage for considerable periods. Therefore, the strategies and tactics of people’s war emphasize leveraging strength against weakness locally, persisting in accumulating small victories into larger ones, and concentrating forces to wage annihilation campaigns. This has become a key strategy for the people’s army to defeat powerful foes. Compared to previous eras, modern warfare often unfolds across multiple dimensions and domains, providing greater scope for implementing this strategy of “accumulating small victories into larger ones.” Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires strengthening the concept of “dispersed in appearance, yet focused in spirit; dispersed in form, yet united in strength.” This involves dynamically consolidating and uniting the numerous combat forces distributed across the multidimensional battlefield. Through the fusion of capabilities and immediate optimization, we can launch rapid localized focused-energy attacks, wide-area guerrilla harassment, and deliver annihilating and destructive strikes against key enemy locations. This not only creates a hammering effect, but also continuously wears down the enemy, gradually depriving them of the initiative on the battlefield. This highly integrated distributed warfare emphasizes the wide-area dispersion of troop deployment and the discrete distribution of capabilities. Based on the needs of achieving operational intent, objectives, and missions, it prioritizes the best operational elements, units, and forces. Through the integration of operational capabilities and the accumulation of operational impacts, it aggregates optimal operational effects, unleashes maximum operational potential, maximizes operational effectiveness, and achieves optimal operational results. This distributed warfare has evolved from “geographical dispersion” to “dynamic coupling across all domains and dimensions”: no longer limited to the physical dispersion of personnel and equipment, it extends to multi-dimensional battlefields such as cyber, electromagnetic, and cognitive. Relying on data links, artificial intelligence, and distributed command systems to achieve cross-domain collaboration, it significantly enhances battlefield survivability and multiplies strike effectiveness.

現代國語:

編者按

回望輝煌戰鬥歷程,人民軍隊始終堅持在黨的絕對領導下,提出並實施了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術,這是人民軍隊以弱勝強、克敵制勝的重要法寶。 98年來,隨著時代變遷和戰爭形態演變,人民戰爭戰略戰術的具體內容和表現形式不斷發展變化。直面資訊化智慧化戰爭挑戰,我們要在快速變化發展的世界大勢和實踐樣態中,牢牢把握人民戰爭戰略戰術的本質要求和價值取向,把內在不變的規律性特徵與外在變化的現實性特徵統一起來,不斷創新發展新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

習主席強調指出,無論形勢如何發展,人民戰爭這個法寶永遠不能丟,但要把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求,創新內容和方式方法,充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。當前,面對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變帶來的深刻挑戰,我們既要繼承發揚人民戰爭優良傳統,也要敏銳識變、積極應變、主動求變,準確把握新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術內在要求,自覺更新思維理念,創新戰略指導,讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威未來戰場。

堅持依靠人民、深根基

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民群眾是戰爭勝利最深厚的偉力。人民戰爭戰略戰術,人民是構成這一制勝法寶的主體,人民戰爭的根基深植於人民、底氣來自於人民,無論時代如何發展、戰爭如何演進,緊緊依靠人民、充分動員群眾,永遠是開展人民戰爭的基礎條件和不二法門。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須堅持群眾史觀和兵民是勝利之本的根本要求,把人民戰爭的傳統謀略優勢和群眾路線結合起來,拓展人民戰爭戰略戰術的源頭活水,從人民群眾中汲取戰略智慧和策略方法,形成新時代人民戰爭的智力優勢。札實開展全民防衛教育,不斷厚植家國情懷,激發愛國動力,強化憂患意識,增強國防觀念,引導廣大群眾主動關心國防事業、支持國防建設,為新時代人民戰爭注入強大精神力量。聚力推進人口高品質發展,全面提升全民文化素質、科技素質和創新能力,加速塑造素質優良、總量充裕、結構優化、分佈合理的現代化人力資源,推動人民戰爭主體由數量優勢向質量優勢轉變。進一步完善國防動員體制機制,推動建立與國家應急響應機制相銜接、與聯合作戰體系相融合的快速響應制度,把內含於人民群眾中的無限戰爭潛力充分挖掘出來、聚攏起來,充分發揮資源集聚增值效應。

注重整體運籌、全域攻防

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民戰爭戰略戰術要求整體動員政治、經濟、文化、外交、軍事等多方面的力量資源,綜合運用多種鬥爭形式和作戰方式,以整體合力彌補局部的不足和劣勢,從而戰勝強大對手。現代戰爭既是軍事領域的激烈對抗,也是政治、經濟、外交等領域的全面角力,整體呈現混合戰爭的鮮明特徵。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須確立大體系思維模式,以國家戰略體係為依托,以聯合作戰體係為支撐,探索人民戰爭戰略戰術的實現形式,打贏新時代人民戰爭總體戰。應充分發揮新型舉國體制優勢,依託一體化國家戰略體系與能力,高效能聚合全域優勢資源,全方位激活國家國防潛力,將各種力量資源擰線成繩、結繩成網,把人民戰爭的領導要素、組織要素、人員要素、指揮要素、技術要素、裝備要素、保障要素等分系統結合起來,統合、統合方式要加強物理域、資訊域、社會域等領域全面統籌,重點在新域新質上尋求突破,在無人作戰、人機協同作戰、網電作戰、太空深海作戰、智慧自主作戰等新維度有所作為。軍事與非軍事手段相互配合,把政治、經濟、外交、輿論和軍事鬥爭等多種形式結合起來,綜合施策著力打好外交攻防戰、金融貿易戰、心理防護戰、輿論法理戰等,發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能,統籌打好政治軍事仗。

強化積極防禦、主動進取

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想,如堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰斗上進攻的統一,堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則,堅持“人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人”,等等。積極防禦,根本在防禦、要義在積極,主動進取是其內在特質。當前,世情國情黨情軍情發生深刻變化,新時代人民戰爭的戰略戰術在總體上堅持防禦性的根本原則,不以霸道霸權和侵略欺壓他國為目的,因此也會贏得國內最廣大人民群眾擁護和支持以及世界上愛好和平與正義的國家和人民的理解和幫助。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,須應時而變、應勢而動。堅持奉行防禦性國防政策,貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針,善於從政治高度出發觀察和分析問題,善於從地區和全球視角來思考和運用策略,夯實人民戰爭制勝的政治基礎。堅持不惹事也不怕事,加強軍事力量常態化多樣化運用,堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭,在堅持戰略上後發製人的同時,不放棄有利條件下和必要時的戰役戰鬥進攻,穩紮穩打、穩中有進、穩中有為,有效塑造安全態勢,遏止危機沖突,牢牢把握爭鬥主動權。

突顯新質主導、科技賦能

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民軍隊在強調決定戰爭勝負的主要因素是人而不是物的同時,同樣高度重視對先進軍事技術特別是武器裝備的研發。毛澤東同志就曾強調,沒有現代的裝備,要戰勝帝國主義的軍隊是不可能的。現代戰爭的科技含量發生了質的飛躍,人工智慧、大數據、量子計算、無人自主、腦控等高新技術與新型武器裝備廣泛應用於軍事領域。雖然人民群眾依然是戰爭勝負的決定性力量,但是這種力量的表現形式發生了重要變化。科技是核心戰鬥力,人民戰爭將更重視科技手段的運用,更依賴人民群眾的智慧和創造力。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,應把打贏資訊化智能化戰爭作為戰爭準備的著眼點,深研高端戰爭的本質特徵、制勝機理、戰略戰法,加速推動從「人多製勝」向「人才制勝」、從「人力製勝」向「智力製勝」轉變,切實提高新科技賦能、數智者發揮勝利能力、數智性的科技人才、新人民主義中的關鍵人民發揮作用。加速推進高新產業發展,大力加強海洋、太空、網路空間、人工智慧、量子科技等新域新質力量建設,加大高新技術領域軍地協作力度,加速新質生產力向新質戰鬥力轉化運用,推動戰爭潛力儲備向新興領域拓展、向新質力量聚焦。聚合協同軍地科技優勢,由聚焦人力物力等傳統支撐保障要素向聚焦資訊、技術、智慧等新質支撐保障要素轉變,建設底蘊深厚、儲備豐富的資訊池、資源池、技術池,積極打造精幹強能、專業性強的專業支前分隊,不斷拓展人民參戰與科技支前的廣度與深度。

講究靈活機動、創新制衡

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,人民戰爭戰略戰術是高度靈活機動的戰略戰術,最本質的要求是堅持以我為主,致人而不致於人,根據敵我雙方的實際情況,有什麼武器打什麼仗,對什麼敵人打什麼仗,在什麼時間地點打什麼時間地點的仗,找準敵之弱點和軟肋,發揚我之長主動和優勢,能永遠不能掌握戰場。靈活機動的戰略戰術是以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的致勝法寶。 “你打你的、我打我的”,是中國革命戰爭長期經驗的總結和概括,是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須掌握非對稱制衡的方法論要求,以作戰概念創新為抓手,遵循現代戰爭制勝機理,不斷推出實用管用的克敵制勝招法。堅持一切從敵我雙方的實際情況出發,深刻洞悉作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境變化,深刻把握制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發展,客觀分析研究敵我雙方的強弱、優劣,知彼知己、因勢而變,靈活運用各種作戰力量和作戰方法,努力以最小代價取得最大戰果。堅持“致人而不致於人”,揚長避短、避實就虛,出其不趨、攻其必救,主動創造戰機,靈活調動敵人,怎麼有利就怎麼打,怎麼擅長就怎麼打。堅持“以能擊不能”,與時俱進推進軍事理論、作戰指導、戰法訓法研究運用,創新核心作戰概念,發展新質作戰手段,不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打,在非對稱制衡中創造人民戰爭新的製勝優勢。

重視積小為大、神聚力合

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,我軍在相當長的時間內都是處於全局上的劣勢地位,所以人民戰爭戰略戰術重視局部上以強對弱,堅持積小勝為大勝,集中力量打殲滅戰,這成為人民軍隊戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往,現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開,為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要強化「貌散而神聚,形散而力合」的理念,將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來,通過效能融合、即時聚優,實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾,對敵分佈的要點實施殲這種神聚力合的分散式作戰更強調兵力部署廣域分散、能力狀態離散分佈,根據實現作戰企圖、達成作戰目的、遂行作戰任務需要,優選最佳作戰要素、單元、力量,通過作戰能力融合、行動作用累積,聚合最優作戰效應,激發最大作戰潛能,實現作戰效益最大化,達成最佳作戰效果。這種分散式作戰已經從「地理空間的分散」上升為「全局全維的動態耦合」:不再局限於人員裝備在物理空間的分散,而是拓展到網絡、電磁、認知等多維戰場;依託數據鏈、人工智能和分佈式指揮系統實現跨域協同,既極大提升了戰場生存力,又倍增了打擊效能。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-08-01&paperNumber=07&articleid=960384888

Chinese Military Exercises Focused on Taiwan Conclude Signaling Joint Containment Strategy

中國軍事演習的重點是台灣結束信號的聯合遏制策略

現代英語:

The Chinese Communist Party announced the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise on the 2nd. The Ministry of National Defense detected 13 Chinese warships, 10 Coast Guard ships, and 8 ships from the Shandong aircraft carrier formation.

(Central News Agency reporter Wu Shuwei, Taipei, 2nd) The two-day Chinese Communist Party military exercise has concluded. Military scholars analyzed that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercise is still led by politics, using a 70% political and 30% military approach to put pressure on Taiwan, raising the strategic level of “joint blockade” and enhancing the mission role of the Chinese Coast Guard.

The Eastern Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army of China announced yesterday that it would organize the army, navy, air force, and rocket force to conduct joint exercises around Taiwan. Today, it said that the army will conduct long-range live-fire exercises in relevant waters of the East China Sea in accordance with the “Strait Thunder-2025A” exercise plan.

Regarding the characteristics of the CCP’s military exercise that are worthy of Taiwan’s attention, Chen Wenjia, a senior consultant at the National Policy Research Institute, told a Central News Agency reporter that the PLA’s exercise mobilized the army, navy, air force and rocket force to conduct joint combat drills to test the PLA’s coordinated combat capabilities and enhance the overall effectiveness of operations against Taiwan. Secondly, it is an operational practice exercise, including precision strikes on key infrastructure, blockades of ports and other practical subjects, and simulates scenarios of actual military operations against Taiwan, showing that the PLA’s combat preparations against Taiwan are becoming increasingly mature.

Chen Wenjia said that the Chinese Coast Guard also participated in the military exercise and carried out law enforcement patrols and other operations. The purpose was to exert pressure on Taiwan through gray zone harassment and increase the effectiveness of the “three warfares” of public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare against Taiwan.

Su Ziyun, director of the Institute of Defense Strategy and Resources at the National Defense Security Research Institute, said that the CCP’s military exercise this time is still 70% political and 30% military. Compared with the past “Joint Sword” military exercises against Taiwan, this time the CCP has raised the status of the coast guard and the implementation of “joint blockade” to a strategic level, and announced today that the exercises will practice verification and identification, warning and expulsion, and interception and detention. It is to think about non-war military actions with strategic thinking, and when necessary, cut off Taiwan’s sea transportation lines through isolation to force Taiwan to surrender.

Regarding the warning that the CCP’s military exercises send to Taiwan, Chen Wenjia said that as the PLA continues to conduct high-intensity military exercises around Taiwan, it shows that the military threat to Taiwan is escalating, and Taiwan needs to strengthen its own defense capabilities to ensure the security of the Taiwan Strait; secondly, the pressure in the gray zone is increasing, especially the participation of the coast guard force, which means that China is exerting more pressure in the gray zone. Taiwan needs to increase its vigilance against this non-traditional security threat and should formulate corresponding strategies as soon as possible.

Su Ziyun stated that the Chinese Communist Party’s military exercises highlight the importance of “air defense being the most urgent of all.” Whether the CCP intends to attack Taiwan’s ports or energy facilities, it will need to resort to air strikes, such as missile attacks. This means Taiwan’s air defense capabilities need to be strengthened. In response to Chinese Communist Party gray zone harassment, the Navy currently relies on destroyers and frigates as its main combat vessels. The Navy should emulate the British Navy’s deployment of surveillance vessels, such as River-class patrol vessels, to counter gray zone harassment and preserve the availability and capacity of its main combat vessels. (Editor: Yang Lanxuan) 1140402

現代國語:

中共2日宣布「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練,國防部偵獲共艦13艘、海警船10艘及山東號航艦編隊8艘。 (中央社製圖)

(中央社記者吳書緯台北2日電)中共兩天軍演落幕,軍事學者分析,中共此次軍演仍以政治掛帥,採7分政治、3分軍事的方式對台施壓,拉高「聯合封控」的戰略位階,提升中國海警的任務角色。

中國人民解放軍東部戰區昨天稱組織陸海空軍與火箭軍等兵力,在台灣週邊展開聯合演訓,今天則是稱陸軍部隊按「海峽雷霆-2025A」演練計畫,在東海相關海域實施遠程火力實彈射擊演練。

針對中共此次軍演值得台灣關注的特點,國策研究院資深顧問陳文甲告訴中央社記者,共軍此次演習動用了陸海空軍與火箭軍進行聯合作戰演練,測試共軍的協同作戰能力,提升對台作戰的整體效能,其次是操作實戰化科目演練,包括對關鍵基礎設施的精確打擊、封鎖港口等實戰化科目,並模擬對台灣進行實際軍事行動的場景,顯示共軍針對台灣的作戰整備日益成熟。

陳文甲表示,中國海警也參與此次軍演,並進行執法巡查等行動,目的在透過灰色地帶襲擾施加對台灣的壓力,增加對台灣進行輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰的「三戰」效果。

國防安全研究院國防戰略與資源研究所長蘇紫雲說,中共此次軍演仍是7分政治、3分軍事,和過去對台「聯合利劍」軍演相比,這次中共將海警與執行「聯合封控」的位階提高至戰略位階,並在今天宣稱演習演練查證識別、警告驅離及攔截扣押等課目,就是以戰略思維來思考非戰爭的軍事行動,在必要的時候透過隔離手段,切斷台灣的海上運輸線,來逼迫台灣投降。

對於中共此次軍演對台灣的警訊,陳文甲表示,隨著共軍持續在台灣週邊進行高強度軍事演習,顯示對台灣的軍事威脅不斷升級,台灣需強化自身防衛能力確保台海安全;其次是灰色地帶壓力增加,尤其是海警力量的參與,意味著中國在灰色地帶施加更多壓力,台灣需提高對此非傳統安全威脅的警覺,應盡速制定相應的策略。

蘇紫雲表示,中共軍演凸顯「萬事莫如防空急」,無論是中共要攻擊台灣港口或能源設施,都需要透過飛彈攻擊等空襲手段,代表台灣的防空能力還需加強,而在應對中共灰色地帶襲擾活動,海軍目前仍是以驅逐艦、巡防艦等主戰艦艇應對,應仿效英國海軍建置河級巡邏艦(River-class patrol vessel)等監視性質的艦艇,來應對共軍灰色地帶襲擾,保存主戰艦艇的妥善率和能量。 (編輯:楊蘭軒)1140402

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202504020405.aspx

What are the Advantages of Chinese Navy Distributed Maritime Operations?

中國海軍分散式海上作戰有哪些優勢?

現代英語:

In recent years, with the development of intelligent unmanned technology, the navies of developed countries in the world have proposed the concept of “distributed lethality” with surface ships as the main body, aiming to achieve distributed maritime operations and gain battlefield advantages. Distributed maritime operations aim to integrate combat platforms in multiple domains, build an all-round three-dimensional situational awareness network, and form a seamlessly linked combat system of manned platforms and distributed unmanned platforms through communication networks throughout various domains and an integrated command and control system, thereby improving the overall combat and strike effectiveness.

The concept of distributed maritime operations

Distributed maritime operations are the integration and expansion of combat concepts such as “distributed lethality” and “manned-unmanned collaborative operations”. The main idea is that large-scale, multi-purpose, high-value combat platforms are no longer required to independently complete diversified combat missions, but rather the main combat capabilities such as reconnaissance, command, strike, and interference are dispersedly deployed on various heterogeneous unmanned platforms in various combat domains. A highly resilient combat system is formed by the fusion of a small number of manned platforms and a large number of distributed unmanned platforms, which can complete various complex combat missions through efficient, precise, and real-time collaboration. This combat system includes a small number of high-value manned platforms and a large number of low-cost unmanned platforms. The manned platforms serve as battlefield decision makers, responsible for relatively complex tasks such as combat plan planning and combat mission allocation and implementation; the unmanned platforms are used to perform relatively dangerous or simple tasks such as situational awareness and fire strikes. Manned/unmanned platforms work closely together to complete combat missions.

The essence of distributed maritime operations is to seamlessly link and organically integrate high-value manned platforms and low-cost unmanned platforms at sea, and to achieve common operational goals through high information sharing, precise task aggregation, and efficient operational coordination. It has the remarkable characteristics of on-demand sharing of operational information, deep integration of operational tasks, precise planning of operational resources, and optimized organization of operational processes. Through manned/unmanned distributed coordination, a new type of efficient maritime combat system can be formed that complements each other’s strengths, integrates functions, and has complementary capabilities. Distributed maritime operations highlight the combinability, consumability, and “decentralization” of force utilization, and focus on the deep embedding and comprehensive application of artificial intelligence technology, which can enhance the resilience of the combat system and promote the development of joint global operations in the maritime direction towards intelligence.

Typical characteristics of distributed maritime operations

At present, intelligent unmanned equipment is developing rapidly, and is increasingly possessing advantages such as human-equipment integration, cross-domain coordination, cluster confrontation, and autonomous combat. Distributed maritime combat is accelerating to present typical characteristics such as wide-area distribution coordination, cross-domain multi-dimensional integration, and manned and unmanned integration.

Wide-area distributed coordination. Wide-area distributed coordination means that various combat elements or combat resources can be adaptively optimized and combined and dispatched according to the battlefield situation, so as to realize the precise energy concentration and release of the combat system. The first is the distributed deployment of the combat system. In distributed maritime operations, the combat space is deeply embedded in various combat domains, and the combat forces can be distributed and deployed in a decentralized wide area. The second is the intelligent reconstruction of the combat system. The combat system is lighter, more capable, and more agile, and its battlefield environment adaptability and system dynamic optimization and reconstruction capabilities are significantly enhanced, and it can quickly and flexibly adjust the required combat forces and battlefield resources. The third is the concentrated release of combat energy. The combat system can achieve rapid mobility, real-time response and coordinated operations of various combat platforms and combat forces in the global combat space through semi-autonomous or autonomous coordinated control of equipment, ensuring the precise concentration and release of combat forces.

Cross-domain multi-dimensional integration. Distributed maritime operations transform the centralized combat group mode into a distributed, agile combat mode. Various combat units are distributed in multiple combat domains, which can realize the monitoring and positioning of cross-domain targets, and then implement effective strikes. The first is the cross-domain integration of combat forces. The combat forces deployed in multiple domains will be dynamically networked through intelligent systems to form a cross-domain combat system. The second is the seamless connection between strategy, campaign, and tactics. New domain and new quality combat forces will directly participate in intelligent naval warfare as the main combat role, achieving comprehensive coverage from strategy to campaign, seamless connection from campaign to tactics, giving birth to a new quality combat capability of rapid assault, multi-dimensional integration, and full-domain offense and defense, and realizing cross-domain coordinated strikes on combat targets.

Manned and unmanned are one. Distributed maritime operations can rely on a large number of intelligent unmanned equipment to form a “manned-unmanned” joint strike system with high autonomy and coordination. By accelerating the development of unmanned equipment such as ship-borne drones, surface unmanned boats, and underwater unmanned vehicles, long-, medium-, and short-range echelon configurations can be achieved, and cross-domain integration of unmanned equipment such as air, surface, underwater, and land can be achieved. The unmanned and manned equipment systems are seamlessly integrated, and the mission domain is expanded from information assurance to firepower strikes. This will promote changes in maritime combat styles, accelerate the formation of new combat styles such as manned system collaborative operations, unmanned system single operations, unmanned system cluster operations, and frontier preset operations, and achieve a subversion of traditional manned combat styles.

The winning mechanism of distributed maritime operations

The reason why major scientific and technological progress can promote the evolution of the war situation is largely because it has profoundly changed the mechanism of winning wars. At present, cutting-edge technology has significantly improved the level of equipment intelligence, profoundly changed the combat power generation mode, and accelerated the evolution of the mechanism of winning naval battles.

“Distributed interconnection, human-machine collaboration” wins. The distributed, intelligent, and networked command information system built on cloud computing, data chain, Internet of Things and other technologies has brought profound changes to modern naval warfare. Supported by the cloud edge, the command information system realizes real-time interaction between various combat platforms through high-speed and secure network connections, significantly improving the information interconnection, interoperability and interoperability between different combat platforms; it can efficiently analyze and process massive battlefield information, accurately judge the battlefield situation, and transform combat command to an intelligent decision-making method centered on “data, algorithms and models”; commanders at each node share information in real time in the cloud network, synchronously judge the situation, and coordinate command, so that command and control activities are concise and optimized, and combat decisions are more efficient and accurate. In addition, under “distributed interconnection”, intelligent unmanned combat has developed from a single platform to a multi-platform cluster, and from remote-controlled combat to semi-autonomous and autonomous combat. Multiple “single-person-single-machine” command chains running in parallel have gradually formed a single simple command chain of “commander-unmanned combat cluster”. Through the efficient and autonomous coordination of manned platforms and unmanned platforms and their clusters, the combat potential of intelligent unmanned equipment can be fully activated, and the advantages of various advanced equipment can be maximized.

“Algorithm-driven, fast and accurate cognition” wins. In intelligent warfare, advanced algorithms replace commanders’ thinking through precise and high-speed calculations, promoting the accelerated integration of rational combat knowledge and emotional commander experience. With advanced algorithms, we can quickly and accurately understand the situation on the naval battlefield, and then accurately and quickly plan scientific and feasible combat plans for changes in the situation on the naval battlefield, disrupting the opponent’s established deployment and combat intentions. Algorithms can effectively process massive amounts of high-value intelligence information and increase the speed of the “OODA” cycle. Mastering the advantages of algorithms can achieve fast and accurate cognition of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and the battlefield environment, thereby accurately predicting the enemy’s combat actions and innovating and optimizing our own action plans in a targeted manner.

“Cloud brain support, network failure and disconnection” will win. In distributed maritime operations, the command and control system will operate in a collaborative way of “human brain + cloud brain”, and the intelligent advantage will become an “advanced” advantage based on information advantage, and “network failure and disconnection” will become one of the main patterns of maritime operations. On the one hand, unmanned intelligent combat actions supported by cloud brain will penetrate the entire process of operations. In distributed maritime operations, the collaborative mode of “human brain + cloud brain” runs through all aspects of operations such as intelligent assisted command decision-making, automatic intelligence reconnaissance, automatic combat planning, autonomous precision strikes, and intelligent logistics support. On the other hand, targeting the intelligent ubiquitous network structure covering the entire domain and multiple dimensions, using intelligent equipment or means to attack key nodes and hubs such as its reconnaissance and surveillance network, information transmission network, command and control network, and comprehensive support network can paralyze its combat network system.

“Cross-domain integration, integrated energy release” wins. Distributed maritime operations will leap from integrated joint operations under information conditions to autonomous cross-domain collaborative operations under intelligent conditions. Different types of new-quality combat capabilities will be integrated and coordinated across domains, and flexibly and accurately integrated to release combat effectiveness. On the one hand, relying on the cross-domain, distributed, and networked collaborative combat system supported by the cloud edge, through the cross-domain mobility of the main combat platform, the cross-domain complementation of equipment functions, the cross-domain sharing of information and intelligence, the cross-domain coordination of combat command, the cross-domain response of mission actions, and the cross-domain interconnection of channel links, a variety of new-quality combat capabilities can be efficiently linked. On the other hand, cross-domain integration highlights the close coordination between the main domain master control and cross-domain support. For example, the navy will be the main control force in maritime offensive and defensive operations, and other forces will implement cross-domain coordinated support through the integration of air and space, sea and space, and network and space.

“Strike at acupoints and lure at agglomeration” to win. Distributed maritime operations will transform from traditional concentrated annihilation warfare to precise strike at acupoints, and high-value targets will face the threat of long-range autonomous precision strikes from intelligent combat equipment; from traditional large-scale manned attrition warfare to global unmanned cluster lure warfare, and important strategic targets will face the threat of saturation attacks and deceptive strikes from low-cost unmanned clusters. In the process of distributed maritime operations, unmanned equipment such as drones and unmanned submarines can be deployed to form a widely distributed, self-organized and coordinated reconnaissance network. Through autonomous reconnaissance, identification and strike actions, long-range and precise attacks can be carried out on the opponent’s high-value targets. Under the condition of minimizing collateral damage as much as possible, the opponent’s hand-wave network can be paralyzed from top to bottom to destroy its command system. Under the intelligent ubiquitous network system, based on the self-organized “swarm” combat of large-scale machine intelligent agents, full coverage reconnaissance of the opponent’s core area can be achieved, deceiving and luring the enemy, and consuming the opponent’s combat resources to the maximum extent.

現代國語:

中國軍網 國防部網
2024年8月15日 星期四

邱志明

近年來,隨著智慧無人技術的發展,世界發達國家海軍提出以水面艦艇為主體的「分散式殺傷」概念,意在實現分散式海上作戰,獲得戰場優勢。分散式海上作戰旨在融合多域空間的作戰平台,構建全方位立體式的態勢感知網,透過遍布各域的通訊網絡和一體化的指揮控制系統,形成有人平台與分散式無人平台無縫鉸鏈的作戰體系,從而提高整體作戰與打擊效能。

分散式海上作戰的概念內涵

分散式海上作戰是「分散式殺傷性」與「有人無人協同作戰」等作戰理念的融合與拓展,主要思路是不再由大型的、集多用途於一體的高價值作戰平台獨立完成多樣化作戰任務,而是將偵察、指揮、打擊、幹擾等主要作戰能力分散部署到各類作戰域的多異構體作戰平台上,由少量平台和海量協同發展為一般人的綜合設施,通過大量的綜合操作,有人這個作戰體系包括少量高價值有人平台和大量低成本無人平台,其中有人平台作為戰場決策者,負責作戰方案籌劃以及作戰任務分配和實施等相對復雜的任務;無人平台用於執行態勢感知、火力打擊等相對危險或簡單的任務,有人/無人密切協同完成作戰任務。

分散式海上作戰的本質是將海上高價值有人平台與低成本無人平台無縫鉸鏈與有機融合,透過高度的資訊共享、精準的任務聚合、高效的作戰協同來實現共同的作戰目標,具有作戰資訊按需共享、作戰任務深度整合、作戰資源精準規劃、作戰過程優化組織等顯著特點。透過有人/無人分散式協同,可以形成取長補短、功能銜接、能力相濟的新型海上高效作戰體系。分散式海上作戰突顯了兵力運用的可組合性、可消耗性和“去中心化”,注重人工智慧技術深度嵌入與全面應用,可以提升作戰體系韌性,推動實現海上方向聯合全局作戰向智能化方向發展。

分散式海上作戰的典型特徵

當前,智慧無人裝備加速發展,日益具備人裝融合、跨域協同、群集對抗、自主作戰等優勢,分散式海上作戰加速呈現廣域分佈協同、跨域多維融合、有人無人一體等典型特徵。

廣域分佈協同。廣域分佈協同是指,各作戰要素或作戰資源能根據戰場態勢進行自適應優化組合與調度,實現作戰體系精確聚能釋能。一是作戰體系分散部署。分散式海上作戰,作戰空間深度嵌入各個作戰域,作戰力量能夠進行分散式廣域分佈與部署。二是作戰體系智能重構。作戰體系更為輕便、精幹、靈敏,戰場環境自適應能力與體係動態優化重組能力顯著增強,能快速靈活調整所需作戰兵力與戰場資源。三是作戰能量集中釋放。作戰體系能夠透過裝備半自主或自主協調控制,實現全域作戰空間內各種作戰平台、作戰力量的快速機動、即時反應和協同作戰,確保作戰力量的精確集中能。

跨域多維融合。分散式海上作戰將集中式的戰鬥群模式轉變為分散式、敏捷式作戰模式,各種作戰單元分佈於多個作戰域,可實現對跨域目標的監視、定位,進而實施有效打擊。一是作戰力量跨域融合。將分散部署在多個領域的作戰力量,透過智慧系統進行動態組網,形成跨域作戰體系。二是戰略、戰役、戰術無縫連結。新域新質作戰力量將作為主戰角色直接參與到智能化海戰中,實現從戰略到戰役的全面覆蓋,從戰役到戰術的無縫鏈接,催生快速突擊、多維一體、全局攻防的新質戰鬥力,實現對作戰目標的跨域協同打擊。

有人無人一體。分散式海上作戰可以依賴大量智慧無人裝備,形成一個「有人-無人」聯合打擊體系,具有很高的自主性與協同性。通過加快推進艦載無人機、水面無人艇、水下無人航行器等無人裝備發展,實現遠、中、近程梯次配置,空中、水面、水下、陸岸等無人裝備跨域集成,無人與有人裝備體系無縫融合,任務領域從信息保障擴展到火力打擊領域,助推海上作戰樣式變革,加速形成系統協同作戰系統、獨立作戰系統

分散式海上作戰的致勝機理

科技的重大進步之所以能推動戰爭形態的演變,很大程度上在於深刻改變了戰爭制勝機理。當前,前沿技術顯著提升了裝備智慧化水平,深刻改變了戰鬥力生成模式,加速海戰制勝機理發生嬗變。

「分佈互聯,人機協同」制勝。依托雲計算、數據鏈、物聯網等技術打造的分散式、智慧化、網路化指揮資訊系統,為現代海戰帶來了深刻變革。指揮資訊系統在雲邊端支撐下,通過高速、安全的網絡連接,實現各作戰平台間的實時交互,明顯提升了不同作戰平台間的信息互聯互通互通能力;能夠高效分析處理海量戰場信息,精準研判戰場態勢,作戰指揮向“以數據、算法和模型為中心”的智能化決策方式此外,在「分散互聯」下,智慧無人作戰由單平台向多平台集群方向發展,由遙控作戰向半自主、自主作戰方向演進,由多條並行運行的「單人-單機」指揮鏈逐步形成「指揮員-無人作戰的集群」的單一簡易指揮鏈,通過有人平台與無人平台及其集群的高效自主協同,充分激活智能化的潛力裝備,高級平台及其集群的高效自主協同,充分激活智能設備的高級設備。

「演算法驅動,快準認知」制勝。智慧化戰爭,先進的演算法透過精確、高速的運算取代指揮人員的思考,推動理性的作戰知識與感性的指揮者經驗加速融合。擁有先進的演算法,便能又快又準地實現對海戰場態勢的認知,進而針對海戰場態勢變化準確、快速地籌劃出科學可行的作戰方案,打亂對手既定部署和作戰企圖。演算法能有效處理大量高價值情報訊息,提升「OODA」循環速度。掌握演算法優勢即可實現對敵情、我情以及戰場環境又快又準的認知,從而準確地預測敵方作戰行動,有針對性地創新優化己方行動方案。

「雲腦支撐,癱網斷鏈」制勝。分散式海上作戰,指揮控制系統將以「人腦+雲腦」的協作方式運行,智慧優勢成為以資訊優勢為基礎的「進階」優勢,「癱網斷鏈」成為海上作戰主要樣式之一。一方面,在雲腦支撐下的無人智慧作戰行動將滲透到作戰的全流程。分散式海上作戰中,「人腦+雲腦」的協作方式貫穿智慧輔助指揮決策、自動情報偵察、自動作戰規劃、自主精確打擊、智慧後勤保障等作戰全環節。另一方面,針對覆蓋全球多維的智慧化泛在網絡結構,運用智慧化裝備或手段對其偵察監視網、資訊傳輸網、指揮控製網、綜合保障網等關鍵節點與樞紐部分實施攻擊,可使其作戰網絡體系癱瘓失能。

「跨域融合,整合釋能」制勝。分散式海上作戰將由資訊化條件下的一體化聯合作戰躍升到智能化條件下的自主跨域協同作戰,不同類型的新質作戰能力跨域融合、協同聯動,並靈活精準地集成釋放作戰效能。一方面,以雲邊端支撐下的跨領域、分散式、網絡化的協同作戰系統為依托,透過主戰平台跨域機動、裝備功能跨域互補、資訊情報跨域共享、作戰指揮跨域協同、任務行動跨域響應、通道鏈路跨域聯通,實現多種新質作戰能力的高效聯動。另一方面,跨域融合凸顯主域主控與跨域支援的緊密配合。例如,海上攻防作戰將以海軍為主控力量,其他力量透過空天一體、海天一體、網天一體運用,實施跨域協同支援。

「點穴打擊,集群誘耗」制勝。分散式海上作戰將從傳統的集中殲滅戰向精確的點穴打擊戰轉化,高價值的目標將面臨智慧化作戰裝備的遠程自主精準打擊威脅;從傳統的規模化有人消耗戰向全局的無人集群誘耗戰轉化,重要的戰略目標將面臨低成本無人集群的飽和攻擊與誘騙打擊威脅。分散式海上作戰過程中,可投放無人機、無人潛航器等無人裝備,形成廣域分佈、自組織協同的偵察網絡,通過自主偵察、判別和打擊行動,對對手高價值目標實施遠程精準攻擊,在盡可能減少附帶損傷的情況下,自上而下癱瘓對手指揮網絡,破壞其指揮體系。在智慧泛在網絡體系下,基於大規模機器智能體自組織的「蜂群」作戰,可實現對對手核心區域的全覆蓋偵察,進行欺騙誘敵,最大限度地誘耗對手作戰資源。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-08-15&paperNumber=07&articleid=937599888