Category Archives: Chinese Military Informatization

William Hagestad II

10 December 2023

China adopts a multifaceted approach in its engagement with Europe, leveraging all instruments of national power to further its interests in the region. Diplomatically, China employs bilateral and multilateral forums to build consensus, overcome barriers, and secure support for major initiatives like One Belt One Road (OBOR). In the information domain, China disseminates targeted messaging to shape positive perceptions and counter unfavorable narratives related to its activities in Europe. The military dimension involves selective cooperation and naval access arrangements to protect China’s growing overseas investments and assets. Economically, China wields its financial clout to fund major infrastructure projects, stimulate trade linkages, and employ incentives or coercion when advantageous. Additionally, China engages in political alignment, intelligence gathering, information control, and measured military cooperation to facilitate the expansion of its influence across the European landscape. By orchestrating a synchronized strategy across these domains, China strives to achieve its overarching objectives in Europe – expanding its economic and political influence, accessing advanced technologies, reshaping global governance, and cementing its role as a major global power on the world stage.

China’s increasing focus on Europe has necessitated a comprehensive and multifaceted approach by the United States military’s European Command (EUCOM) and NATO to counter Chinese influence. Through a range of strategic initiatives, these organizations aim to safeguard European security, protect national interests, and promote democratic values while mitigating the risks posed by China’s expanding presence. By strengthening economic cooperation, addressing military expansion, leveraging soft power and public diplomacy, building multinational partnerships, fostering cooperation with global powers, investing in critical infrastructure, and promoting regional security cooperation, EUCOM and NATO can effectively counter China’s influence in Europe.

China’s focus for the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative in relation to Europe can be summarized into several key aspects:

1. Infrastructure Development: The OBOR initiative aims to enhance connectivity and infrastructure development between China and Europe, with a focus on improving transportation networks, such as railways, ports, and roads. China seeks to build a comprehensive and efficient transportation network that will facilitate trade, investment, and people-to-people exchanges between the two regions.

2. Trade and Investment Promotion: China aims to deepen economic ties and promote trade and investment between China and Europe through the OBOR initiative. By improving infrastructure connectivity, reducing trade barriers, and enhancing market access, China envisions increased bilateral trade volumes and a boost in Chinese investment in Europe, as well as European investment in China.

3. Cultural Exchanges and People-to-People Ties: Alongside economic development, OBOR emphasizes fostering cultural exchanges, understanding, and people-to-people ties between China and Europe. China aims to strengthen cooperation in areas such as education, tourism, and cultural heritage preservation to promote mutual understanding and friendship among the peoples of the two regions.

4. Regional Cooperation and Diplomacy: OBOR represents a platform for regional cooperation and diplomatic engagement. China seeks to collaborate with European countries and institutions in areas such as policy coordination, connectivity planning, and project implementation. By fostering multilateral dialogue and cooperation, China intends to create an inclusive and cooperative framework for regional development.

It is important to note that the OBOR initiative is not solely focused on Europe and encompasses a broader vision, including Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Nonetheless, Europe plays a crucial role in OBOR due to its geostrategic importance, economic potential, and historical ties with China.

The Diplomatic, Information, Military, and Economic (DIME) philosophy is a conceptual framework used to analyze and understand the multifaceted elements of a nation’s power projection and influence. Applying the DIME philosophy to China’s efforts in the context of the One Belt One Road initiative focused on Europe.

One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative:

1. Diplomatic Dimension: China strategically employs diplomacy to reinforce OBOR’s objectives. Diplomatically, China engages in bilateral and multilateral dialogues with participating countries, promoting OBOR as a cooperative endeavor that facilitates mutual economic development, regional stability, and win-win outcomes. China seeks diplomatic support, cooperation, and consensus-building to overcome potential barriers to implementation, such as political disagreements, regulatory issues, or national security concerns.

2. Information Dimension: China recognizes the significance of managing information and narratives related to the OBOR initiative. It utilizes various channels, including media, public relations, and cultural exchanges, to disseminate positive messages about the benefits and progress of OBOR projects. China aims to shape perceptions, generate support, and counter any negative narratives that may emerge, ensuring that OBOR is viewed favorably and comprehensively understood by the international community.

3. Military Dimension: Although the primary focus of OBOR is economic and developmental in nature, the military dimension cannot be disregarded entirely. While China promotes a peaceful vision for OBOR, it acknowledges the need to safeguard its interests and protect its investments and infrastructure. China engages in military cooperation, primarily maritime security and anti-piracy efforts, to ensure the safety of critical sea routes and protect its overseas investments and personnel involved in OBOR-related projects.

4. Economic Dimension: The economic dimension is at the heart of the OBOR initiative. China leverages its economic might and financial resources to provide funding, loans, and investments in infrastructure projects along the OBOR routes. Through initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and Silk Road Fund, China facilitates economic cooperation and provides financial support to partner countries. This economic dimension is central to stimulating economic growth, reducing regional disparities, creating job opportunities, and enhancing trade linkages between China and participating nations.

In essence, the DIME philosophy helps to articulate how China employs each dimension – diplomatic, information, military, and economic – to further its OBOR goals. By utilizing a comprehensive approach across these domains, China seeks to maximize its impact, build partnerships, and address challenges that may arise during implementation.

Further analysis and expanded review and application of the DIME philosophy to China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative:

5. Political Dimension: The political dimension is intertwined with the diplomatic efforts of China in promoting OBOR. China engages in political dialogue, negotiations, and diplomacy at various levels to secure support for the initiative. It seeks to align the interests and aspirations of participating countries with OBOR’s objectives, forging strategic partnerships and agreements that facilitate policy coordination and mutual benefits. China also employs economic incentives and aid packages to foster political alignment and gain influence in participating nations.

6. Information Warfare: In the information age, China recognizes the importance of information warfare as a means to shape narratives and control the flow of information related to OBOR. Through the use of social media, digital platforms, and state-controlled media outlets, China actively promotes positive stories and achievements associated with OBOR while countering unfavorable narratives. It also invests in soft power initiatives, including cultural exchanges, media cooperation, and academic partnerships, to shape perceptions and gain support for OBOR.

7. Intelligence Gathering: Intelligence plays a crucial role in implementing large-scale infrastructure projects, evaluating risks, and ensuring successful outcomes. China engages in intelligence gathering activities to assess the political, economic, and security landscape of participating countries. It analyzes potential obstacles, identifies investment opportunities, and addresses potential threats to its projects and interests along the OBOR routes. This intelligence informs decision-making, risk management, and mitigation strategies.

8. Military Cooperation and Presence: While the primary focus of OBOR is economic cooperation, China recognizes the importance of military cooperation and presence for certain aspects. China engages in military exercises, joint trainings, and exchanges with partner countries to enhance security cooperation, build trust, and safeguard its maritime interests. It also strategically establishes naval bases or access arrangements along critical sea routes as part of its broader security framework. This military dimension contributes to stability, protects China’s investments, and addresses potential security challenges to OBOR projects.

9. Economic Warfare: China’s economic dimension goes beyond funding infrastructure projects. It employs economic leverage, market access, and economic incentives to advance its OBOR agenda. China can utilize economic coercion or inducements to influence the decision-making of participating countries and create dependencies. It strategically offers trade opportunities, investments, and economic cooperation to strengthen relationships, promote integration, and expand Chinese influence in the region.

By considering these additional dimensions within the DIME philosophy, we can better understand how China applies a comprehensive approach to OBOR, incorporating political, information, intelligence, military, and economic tools to achieve its strategic objectives. The continuous assessment and adaptation across these dimensions allow China to navigate challenges, seize opportunities, and exert influence throughout the implementation of OBOR.

The following table illustrates China’s multidimensional application of the DIME framework, including additional elements like information warfare, intelligence and military cooperation, to further the strategic goals and objectives of its OBOR initiative across diplomatic, information, military and economic dimensions.

The following comprehensive table illustrates China’s application of the DIME framework to its One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative:

Dimension	Key Strategies and Objectives
Diplomatic	Bilateral and multilateral engagement; Consensus building; Overcoming barriers
Information	Disseminate positive messaging; Shape perceptions; Counter negative narratives
Military	Maritime security cooperation; Protect overseas investments and personnel
Economic	Funding and investment for infrastructure; Stimulate growth and trade
Political	Secure political support; Policy coordination; Economic incentives
Information Warfare	Control information flows; Promote achievements and soft power
Intelligence	Assess risks and opportunities; Inform decision-making
Military Cooperation	Exercises, training and exchanges; Naval base access arrangements
Economic Warfare	Employ economic leverage; Create dependencies; Expand influence

Further analysis and application f the DIME philosophy to the United States European Command (EUCOM) to counter China’s influence:

1. Diplomatic Dimension: The diplomatic dimension of EUCOM involves engaging with European nations through bilateral and multilateral channels to foster cooperation, build alliances, and promote shared security interests. EUCOM conducts diplomatic negotiations, strategic dialogues, and military-to-military engagements to strengthen partnerships, address regional challenges, and enhance collective defense capabilities. It aims to solidify alliances, facilitate interoperability, and foster collaboration through diplomatic initiatives and agreements.

2. Information Dimension: The information dimension is critical for EUCOM in shaping perceptions, countering misinformation, and maintaining a strategic narrative. EUCOM employs various communication strategies and media platforms to disseminate accurate and timely information about its activities, exercises, and missions in Europe. It also engages in public diplomacy to foster understanding, build trust, and counteract potential negative narratives or propaganda that may undermine U.S. interests or objectives in the region.

3. Military Dimension: The military dimension of EUCOM involves the deployment and readiness of military forces to defend U.S. and NATO interests in Europe. EUCOM maintains a robust military presence, conducts joint exercises, and provides deterrence against potential threats. It collaborates closely with NATO allies and partners to ensure collective defense and security cooperation. The military dimension also encompasses crisis response, contingency planning, and the ability to rapidly deploy forces when necessary.

4. Economic Dimension: While primarily a diplomatic and military command, the economic dimension of EUCOM is significant. Economic considerations can play a role in strengthening alliances and partnerships within Europe. EUCOM supports economic initiatives that promote stability and prosperity, encouraging increased trade, investment, and economic integration among European nations. Economic cooperation enhances regional resilience, contributes to security, and fosters long-term stability.

5. Intelligence Dimension: Intelligence is a crucial element for EUCOM’s situational awareness, threat assessment, and decision-making. EUCOM collects, analyzes, and disseminates intelligence to understand the shifting security dynamics, anticipate emerging threats, and develop effective strategies. Intelligence helps identify potential challenges, vulnerabilities, and opportunities in the European theater, informing EUCOM’s military planning, operational activities, and policy recommendations.

6. Political Dimension: The political dimension is inherent in EUCOM’s engagement with European nations, NATO, and other relevant political actors. EUCOM works closely with U.S. diplomatic representatives and policy-makers to align military objectives with broader political goals. Political engagements range from high-level strategic dialogues to local-level engagements with host nation governments or regional political entities. EUCOM’s political dimension seeks to influence decision-making, enhance cooperation, and build consensus around common security objectives.

By considering these dimensions within the DIME framework, it becomes clear that EUCOM employs a comprehensive approach to ensure regional security, enhance partnerships, and project U.S. influence in Europe. The integration of diplomatic, information, military, economic, intelligence, and political elements allows EUCOM to address multifaceted challenges, build coalitions, and support the strategic interests of the United States and its European allies.

The following table summarizes EUCOM’s application of the DIME framework across the diplomatic, information, military, economic, intelligence, and political dimensions to counter China’s influence in Europe, along with the key elements within each dimension.

Dimension	EUCOM’s Application	Key Elements
Diplomatic	Engagement through bilateral and multilateral channels	Solidify alliances and partnerships; Foster cooperation; Facilitate interoperability
Information	Communication strategies and public diplomacy	Shape perceptions; Counter propaganda; Maintain strategic narrative
Military	Deployment of forces; Joint exercises; Deterrence	Ensure collective defense; Crisis response; Contingency planning
Economic	Support initiatives promoting stability and prosperity	Encourage trade, investment; Enhance regional resilience
Intelligence	Collection, analysis and dissemination of intelligence	Inform decision-making; Identify threats and vulnerabilities
Political	Alignment with diplomatic and policy objectives	Influence decision-making; Build consensus; Achieve political goals

China’s Influence and Counter-Offensive Strategy in Europe apply the DIME philosophy to NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the United States European Command (EUCOM) in the European theater:

NATO:

1. Diplomatic Dimension: Diplomacy is at the core of NATO’s operations. The diplomatic dimension involves robust engagement and dialogue among member nations and partner countries to ensure solidarity and consensus on key issues. NATO conducts diplomatic efforts to strengthen alliances, build partnerships, and facilitate cooperation with non-NATO actors. It aims to promote shared values, address regional challenges, and forge common approaches to security.

2. Information Dimension: The information dimension plays a vital role in shaping narratives, countering misinformation, and maintaining public support for NATO’s mission. Through strategic communications, NATO disseminates accurate information about its activities, operations, and collective defense efforts. It engages in public diplomacy to foster understanding, build trust, and counter potential disinformation campaigns that may undermine NATO’s objectives or erode public support.

3. Military Dimension: The military dimension of NATO involves the collective defense and deterrence of its member states. NATO maintains a credible military presence, conducts joint exercises, and ensures interoperability among its forces. It coordinates defense planning, crisis response, and contributes to stability in the Euro-Atlantic region. The military dimension also encompasses the NATO-led missions, such as peacekeeping and counterterrorism, which contribute to regional security.

4. Economic Dimension: The economic dimension in NATO revolves around the economic capabilities and contributions of member nations. NATO encourages defense spending and defense industry cooperation among members to ensure the development and maintenance of effective military capabilities. Economic aspects also involve strengthening resilience against hybrid threats, including cyber and economic vulnerabilities. Economic cooperation ensures the sustainability and effectiveness of NATO’s military endeavors.

EUCOM:

1. Diplomatic Dimension: EUCOM’s diplomatic dimension involves engaging with European nations through strategic dialogues, military-to-military engagements, and diplomatic negotiations. It fosters cooperation, builds partnerships, and ensures synchronized efforts with European allies. EUCOM promotes mutual trust, understanding, and consensus on key security matters, facilitating the alignment of military objectives with broader diplomatic goals in Europe.

2. Information Dimension: The information dimension within EUCOM aims at shaping perceptions, countering misinformation, and maintaining a strategic narrative. EUCOM employs various communication strategies, media platforms, and public diplomacy initiatives to ensure accurate and timely information about its activities. It enhances transparency, builds public support, and counters potential negative narratives that might undermine U.S.-European partnerships or military operations.

3. Military Dimension: As a combatant command, the military dimension of EUCOM focuses on the readiness and posture of U.S. military forces deployed in Europe. EUCOM maintains a robust military presence, conducts joint exercises, and provides deterrence against potential threats. It collaborates closely with NATO allies and partner nations to ensure collective defense and security cooperation. The military dimension also encompasses crisis response, contingency planning, and rapid deployment capabilities.

4. Economic Dimension: Though primarily a military command, the economic dimension of EUCOM recognizes the significance of economic factors for regional stability. EUCOM supports economic initiatives that promote stability, trade, investment, and economic integration among European nations. By encouraging economic cooperation, EUCOM enhances regional resilience, contributes to security, and fosters long-term stability.

5. Intelligence Dimension: Intelligence is instrumental in supporting EUCOM’s situational awareness, threat assessment, and operational planning. EUCOM collects, analyzes, and disseminates intelligence to understand the evolving security environment in Europe. Intelligence supports decision-making, ensures effective risk management, and enables timely responses to emerging challenges and potential threats.

6. Political Dimension: The political dimension of EUCOM involves close coordination with U.S. diplomatic representatives and policymakers. EUCOM aligns military objectives with broader political goals, participates in strategic dialogues, and engages with European governments and political entities. This political dimension helps shape decision-making, enhance cooperation, and build consensus on key security issues.

By applying the DIME framework to NATO and EUCOM, we can observe how these entities utilize a comprehensive approach, incorporating diplomatic, information, military, economic, intelligence, and political tools to ensure regional security, enhance partnerships, and project influence in Europe. This holistic perspective strengthens collective defense, supports efficient decision-making, and fosters cooperation among member nations and partner countries.

Here are three developed courses of action that can be considered using the DIME philosophy within NATO and EUCOM to counter China’s influence:

Course of Action 1: Enhancing Cyber Defense Capabilities

Diplomatic Dimension: Strengthen diplomatic ties and engage in information sharing on cyber threats among NATO member nations and partner countries. Foster dialogue on norms of behavior in cyberspace and establish joint initiatives to counter cyber threats collectively.

Information Dimension: Develop a comprehensive cybersecurity communication strategy to raise awareness among the public about cyber threats and promote responsible behavior. Disseminate accurate information about cyber incidents and counter potential misinformation campaigns by engaging with the media and employing digital platforms.

Military Dimension: Prioritize the allocation of resources towards cyber defense capabilities, including robust cyber training, exercises, and joint operations among NATO allies. Focus on enhancing cyber resilience and improving interoperability to allow for effective information sharing and coordinated responses in the event of a cyber attack.

Economic Dimension: Encourage investment in research and development of cybersecurity technologies, promote public-private partnerships, and establish cyber protection agreements with defense industries. Foster economic cooperation to improve the collective resilience of NATO members against cyber threats.

Course of Action 2: Counteracting Disinformation Campaigns

Diplomatic Dimension: Strengthen coordination and information-sharing mechanisms with partner countries to exchange best practices in countering disinformation campaigns. Establish joint task forces, workshops, and training programs to enhance media literacy and critical thinking skills.

Information Dimension: Develop a proactive and agile strategic communication approach to counter disinformation campaigns. Establish dedicated communication channels to promptly respond to false narratives, challenge disinformation, and provide accurate information. Collaborate with social media platforms to identify and mitigate the spread of disinformation.

Military Dimension: Leverage the strengths of military strategic communication units to counter disinformation campaigns. Utilize military channels to disseminate accurate news, engage with local communities, and build trust. Conduct joint information operations exercises with NATO allies to enhance coordination and effectiveness.

Political Dimension: Work closely with political leaders, policymakers, and civil society organizations to develop policies that address the impact of disinformation and strengthen media resilience. Promote information transparency and accountability among political entities, fostering public trust in democratic processes.

Course of Action 3: Strengthening Defense Resilience against Hybrid Threats

Diplomatic Dimension: Foster international partnerships to enhance information sharing and cooperation in countering hybrid threats. Strengthen diplomatic ties to establish mechanisms for swift responses and joint operations when faced with hybrid challenges.

Information Dimension: Develop a comprehensive strategy to raise public awareness about hybrid threats, their tactics, and potential consequences. Establish public-private partnerships to combat disinformation and promote media literacy initiatives to increase resilience against manipulation.

Military Dimension: Improve cooperation and coordination among NATO member nations’ military forces to rapidly respond to hybrid threats. Focus on training and joint exercises to enhance interoperability and develop the capability to counter hybrid tactics effectively.

Economic Dimension: Encourage investment in critical infrastructure protection, including measures to defend against cyber attacks and secure supply chains. Foster economic resilience by diversifying energy sources and reducing dependencies on single suppliers to mitigate potential economic coercion.

These courses of action demonstrate how the DIME philosophy can be applied to address specific challenges while considering the diplomatic, information, military, economic, intelligence, and political dimensions. By adopting a holistic approach, NATO and EUCOM can effectively respond to evolving security threats, ensure regional stability, and strengthen partnerships in the European theater.

The following table highlights key points from each course of action are summarized concisely under the relevant DIME dimensions. The use of bullet points helps illustrate the main action points.

	Course of Action 1: Enhancing Cyber Defense	Course of Action 2: Countering Disinformation	Course of Action 3: Defense against Hybrid Threats
Diplomatic	Strengthen ties and info sharing on cyber threats Establish norms of behavior in cyberspace	Coordination and info sharing mechanisms Joint task forces and training programs	Foster international partnerships Mechanisms for joint operations
Information	Cybersecurity communication strategy Counter misinformation	Strategic communication approach Collaborate with social media	Public awareness strategy Media literacy initiatives
Military	Prioritize cyber capabilities Exercises and joint operations	Leverage military comms expertise Information operations training	Improve coordination Training and joint exercises
Economic	R&D investments Cyber protection agreements		Critical infrastructure investment Supply chain security

Further analysis considering each course of action, expanding and elaborating on the application of the DIME philosophy within NATO and EUCOM:

Course of Action 1: Enhancing Cyber Defense Capabilities

Diplomatic Dimension: Strengthening diplomatic ties and engaging in information sharing is crucial to combat cyber threats. NATO and EUCOM can facilitate regular forums, workshops, and conferences for member nations and partner countries to exchange best practices, insights, and threat intelligence. This includes enhancing coordination among diplomatic channels to develop joint initiatives and agreements on cybersecurity norms, deterrence, and response mechanisms.

Information Dimension: Developing a comprehensive cybersecurity communication strategy is vital. NATO and EUCOM can establish dedicated cybersecurity communication units to disseminate accurate information, raise awareness of cyber threats, and promote responsible behavior in cyberspace. This includes engaging with media outlets, social media platforms, and educational institutions to counter disinformation and improve public understanding of cybersecurity issues.

Military Dimension: Prioritizing the allocation of resources towards cyber defense capabilities is crucial. NATO and EUCOM can conduct regular joint exercises and training programs to enhance cyber skills and ensure interoperability among member nations’ military forces. This includes developing shared cyber response plans, conducting threat simulations, and fostering cooperation between military and civilian cybersecurity entities.

Economic Dimension: Encouraging investment in research and development of cybersecurity technologies is essential. NATO and EUCOM can collaborate with defense industries, academia, and private sector partners to advance cybersecurity capabilities, exchange expertise, and support innovation in this field. Additionally, member nations can work together to establish cyber protection agreements and promote economic cooperation to strengthen collective cyber resilience.

Course of Action 2: Counteracting Disinformation Campaigns

Diplomatic Dimension: Strengthening coordination and information-sharing mechanisms is key. NATO and EUCOM can establish dedicated working groups and task forces that involve both member nations and partner countries. These forums would facilitate sharing best practices, early warning systems, and intelligence on disinformation campaigns. Joint initiatives should focus on building resilience, countering propaganda, and enhancing collaboration among governments, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies.

Information Dimension: Developing a proactive and agile strategic communication approach is crucial to counter disinformation. NATO and EUCOM can establish specialized communication cells that monitor and analyze disinformation trends, identify false narratives, and promptly respond with accurate information. They should work closely with social media platforms to detect and mitigate the spread of disinformation, ensuring transparent algorithms and policies.

Military Dimension: Leveraging the strengths of military strategic communication units is invaluable. NATO and EUCOM can integrate their expertise into broader information campaigns aimed at countering disinformation. Military communication channels can be utilized to disseminate accurate news, engage with local communities, and build trust. Joint exercises and information operations training with NATO allies would enhance coordination and effectiveness in countering disinformation campaigns.

Political Dimension: Collaboration with political leaders, policymakers, and civil society organizations is essential for effective response to disinformation campaigns. NATO and EUCOM should engage with these stakeholders to develop policies that address disinformation challenges, strengthen media resilience, and ensure transparency in political processes. Partnerships with civil society groups, independent media, and fact-checking organizations can foster public trust, accountability, and responsible media practices.

Course of Action 3: Strengthening Defense Resilience against Hybrid Threats

Diplomatic Dimension: Strengthening cooperation among NATO and partner nations is crucial in countering hybrid threats. Regular dialogue, joint exercises, and information-sharing mechanisms can be established to exchange insights, intelligence, and best practices. NATO and EUCOM should actively engage in diplomatic efforts to develop joint strategies, share lessons learned, and strengthen global partnerships to tackle hybrid challenges collectively.

Information Dimension: Developing a comprehensive strategy to raise public awareness about hybrid threats is essential. NATO and EUCOM can leverage their communication channels to provide accurate information, highlight potential risks, and educate the public on the nature and tactics of hybrid warfare. Engaging social media platforms and partnering with media outlets to promote media literacy initiatives would enhance public resilience against manipulation.

Military Dimension: Improved cooperation and coordination among member nations’ military forces is vital in countering hybrid threats. NATO and EUCOM should organize joint exercises, simulations, and training programs that focus on countering hybrid tactics effectively. This includes enhancing interoperability, developing rapid response capabilities, and conducting joint assessments of vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.

Economic Dimension: Economic resilience plays a crucial role in countering hybrid threats. NATO and EUCOM should encourage member nations to invest in critical infrastructure protection measures, such as securing energy supplies, diversifying energy sources, and safeguarding supply chains. Promoting economic cooperation and reducing dependencies on single suppliers would mitigate potential economic coercion and vulnerabilities.

Intelligence Dimension: Strengthening intelligence capabilities is essential to gain situational awareness, assess threats, and support effective response to hybrid challenges. NATO and EUCOM can enhance intelligence sharing and fusion among member nations’ intelligence agencies. This includes developing joint intelligence assessments, establishing early warning systems, and bolstering collaboration between military and civilian intelligence organizations.

Political Dimension: Collaboration with political leaders and policymakers is crucial to develop policies that address the impact of hybrid threats. NATO and EUCOM should engage in regular strategic dialogues and consultations with political entities to align military objectives with broader political goals. By fostering political awareness, ensuring coordination, and promoting transparency, NATO and EUCOM can effectively respond to hybrid threats.

By further expanding and elaborating on these courses of action, NATO and EUCOM can develop comprehensive strategies that encompass the diplomatic, information, military, economic, intelligence, and political dimensions. These actions will enhance their capabilities to address specific challenges, mitigate risks, and promote stability in the European theater.

The following The table summarizes the key points along the DIME+I+P dimensions for each of the three courses of action – enhancing cyber capabilities, countering disinformation campaigns, and building defense against hybrid threats.

Course of Action	Diplomatic	Information	Military	Economic	Intelligence	Political
Enhancing Cyber Defense Capabilities	Strengthen ties for info sharing; Joint cyber initiatives	Cybersecurity communication strategy; Counter disinformation	Joint cyber exercises; Interoperability	R&D investments; Economic cooperation
Countering Disinformation Campaigns	Coordination through working groups; Early warning systems	Strategic communication cells; Social media partnerships	Integrate military comms expertise			Collaboration on policies and transparency
Strengthening Defense against Hybrid Threats	Cooperation for joint strategies; Global partnerships	Public awareness strategy; Media literacy	Joint exercises; Rapid response capabilities	Critical infrastructure investment; Supply chain security	Intelligence sharing; Early warning systems	Alignment with political goals; Policy awareness

Applying the diplomatic, information/intelligence and economic philosophy to China’s challenges in Europe. When applying the DIME philosophy to analyze the challenges China faces, we can focus on the following dimensions: Diplomatic, Information, Military, and Economic.

Diplomatic Challenges:

1. Competition for Influence: China faces diplomatic challenges in managing its relationships with other major powers and regional actors. Balancing its influence against that of the United States, Japan, and regional rivals like India and Vietnam requires careful diplomacy and economic engagement.

3. Tensions with Neighboring Countries: China’s assertive actions, such as its border disputes with India and historical rivalries with countries like Japan and South Korea create challenges in maintaining stable diplomatic relations. Addressing these tensions while promoting cooperation is essential for China’s diplomatic efforts.

Information Challenges:

1. Information Control: China faces challenges in controlling and managing information flows within its borders, especially with the increasing influence of social media platforms. Maintaining strict censorship and managing narratives to maintain domestic stability while engaging with the global community can be a delicate balancing act.

Military Challenges:

1. Regional Security Dynamics: As China’s military capabilities expand, it faces challenges with regard to regional perceptions. Neighboring countries and global powers like the United States are cautious about China’s military modernization and assertiveness, creating challenges in maintaining a stable military balance and managing regional tensions.

Economic Challenges:

3. Resource and Energy Security: China’s rapidly growing economy faces challenges related to resource scarcity and energy security. As the largest energy consumer globally, ensuring a stable supply of resources while diversifying energy mix and promoting sustainable practices are essential for China’s economic resilience.

By addressing these challenges across the diplomatic, information, military, and economic dimensions, China can navigate its geopolitical landscape more effectively and shape its strategies accordingly. It requires careful management of relationships, enhancement of information capabilities, modernization of the military, and sustainable economic reforms to address these challenges successfully.

The following table summarizes the key challenges outlined across the diplomatic, information, military, and economic dimensions that China faces:

Dimension	Challenge	Details
Diplomatic	Competition for influence	Balancing relationships with US, Japan, India, Vietnam
	Territorial disputes	Resolving South China Sea, East China Sea issues
	Tensions with neighboring countries	Border disputes with India; Historical rivalries with Japan, South Korea
Information	Information control	Censorship, narrative management, balancing openness and stability
	Disinformation and perception	Countering negative campaigns, managing global image
	Media influence	Promoting state media amid press freedom concerns
Military	Regional security dynamics	Cautiousness about China’s military growth and assertiveness
	Technological advancements	Gaps in developing advanced defense tech like AI and cyber
	Naval power projection	Building blue-water navy; Logistical and tech constraints
Economic	Structural reforms	Shifting export model; Managing risks and inequality
	Trade tensions	Navigating disputes with US; Supporting trade rules
	Resource and energy security	Ensuring supply while diversifying sources

Further analysis expanded of the challenges China faces by applying the DIME philosophy:

Diplomatic Challenges:

1. Competition for Influence: As China’s economic and political power grows, it faces diplomatic challenges in managing its relationships with other major powers and regional actors. Balancing its influence against that of the United States, Japan, and regional rivals like India and Vietnam requires nuanced diplomacy and strategic engagement to expand its sphere of influence without triggering backlash or conflicts.

2. Disputed Territorial Claims: China’s territorial disputes, particularly in the South China Sea and East China Sea, pose significant diplomatic challenges. Resolving these disputes while maintaining regional stability and peaceful coexistence is crucial for China’s diplomatic strategies. It requires skillful negotiation, confidence-building measures, and adherence to international law to mitigate tensions and foster a cooperative environment.

3. Tensions with Neighboring Countries: China’s assertive actions, such as its border disputes with India and historical rivalries with countries like Japan and South Korea, create challenges in maintaining stable diplomatic relations. Addressing historical grievances, defusing tensions through dialogue, and fostering mutual trust and understanding are essential for maintaining peace and stability in the region.

Information Challenges:

1. Information Control: China faces challenges in controlling and managing information flows within its borders, given the increasing influence of the internet and social media platforms. Maintaining strict censorship and managing narratives to maintain domestic stability while engaging with the global community can be a delicate balancing act. China needs to explore strategies that allow for greater transparency and open communication while addressing concerns related to cybersecurity and maintaining social stability.

2. Disinformation and Perception Management: China faces scrutiny regarding its state-sponsored disinformation campaigns and efforts to shape global perceptions. Countering negative narratives and addressing concerns about human rights, intellectual property, and technological advancements is a significant information challenge. China must foster greater transparency, engage in constructive dialogue, and share accurate information to shape a more favorable global perception.

3. Media Influence: China’s state-controlled media outlets, such as Xinhua and CGTN, encounter challenges in presenting a positive image abroad while facing accusations of biased reporting and lack of press freedom. Navigating global media landscapes, building media partnerships, and fostering independent journalism can help China overcome these challenges. Enhancing the international presence of Chinese media outlets and promoting cultural exchange can also help improve China’s global media influence.

Military Challenges:

1. Regional Security Dynamics: As China’s military capabilities expand, it faces challenges with regard to regional perceptions and potential rivalries. Neighboring countries and global powers like the United States are cautious about China’s military modernization and assertiveness, creating challenges in maintaining a stable military balance and managing regional tensions. China needs to emphasize transparency, confidence-building measures, and dialogue to address concerns and foster trust among regional stakeholders.

2. Technological Advancements: China faces challenges in developing cutting-edge military technologies, such as artificial intelligence, cyber capabilities, and advanced weaponry. Addressing the gap between indigenous innovation and reliance on foreign technologies is crucial for China’s military modernization efforts. Encouraging research and development, fostering collaborations with global partners, and investing in education and training can help China overcome these challenges and achieve technological self-reliance.

3. Naval Power Projection: China’s desire to expand its maritime influence presents challenges in developing a blue-water navy capable of power projection beyond its immediate maritime borders. Overcoming technological constraints, enhancing logistical capabilities, and countering regional concerns are significant military challenges. Improving naval capabilities, developing overseas military bases, and ensuring maritime security collaboration with other nations are crucial for China to establish itself as a regional maritime power.

Economic Challenges:

1. Economic Structural Reforms: China faces the challenge of transitioning from an export-led economic model to one driven by domestic consumption, innovation, and a more sustainable growth trajectory. Rebalancing the economy while managing financial risks, addressing inequality, reducing overcapacity, and promoting environmental sustainability require comprehensive economic structural reforms. This involves liberalizing key sectors, fostering innovation and entrepreneurship, and strengthening social safety nets to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth.

2. Trade Tensions: China confronts challenges associated with its trade disputes with major economies, particularly the United States. Navigating protectionist measures, supporting global trade rules, and striking a balance between economic growth and geopolitical influence pose significant economic challenges. China must emphasize fair trade practices, increase market access opportunities, and strengthen multilateral trade mechanisms to resolve disputes and maintain global economic stability.

3. Resource and Energy Security: China’s rapidly growing economy faces challenges related to resource scarcity and energy security. As the world’s largest energy consumer, ensuring a stable supply of resources while diversifying the energy mix, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and promoting sustainable practices are essential for China’s economic resilience. Investing in renewable energy infrastructure, promoting energy efficiency, and international cooperation in resource management can help China address these challenges effectively.

In summary, China’s application of the DIME philosophy reveals a range of challenges including diplomatic competitions, information control and influence, military modernization and projection, as well as economic transformations and trade tensions. Navigating these challenges requires strategic diplomacy, transparent information practices, responsible military growth, and comprehensive economic reforms. By addressing these challenges effectively, China can enhance its global standing and contribute to regional stability and prosperity.

The following table illustrates the key challenges faced by China in the realms of diplomacy, information, military, and economics.

Area	Main Challenges	Additional Details
Diplomatic	Managing relationships with major powers, territorial disputes, tensions with neighboring countries	Balancing influence against US, Japan, India etc.; Resolving South China Sea disputes; Border tensions with India; Historical rivalries with Japan and South Korea
Information	Controlling information flows, countering disinformation campaigns, expanding state-controlled media influence	Censorship and narrative control; Perception management and transparency issues; Building global presence of state media
Military	Perceptions of regional security threat, gaps in technological capabilities, projecting naval power	Regional arms race and mistrust issues; Gaps in AI, cybernetics, weapons tech; Developing blue-water navy and overseas bases
Economic	Rebalancing economic structure, trade tensions with major economies, energy security concerns	Shifting from export model; US trade war; Resource scarcity and fossil fuel dependence

United States and European allied nations should consider China’s challenges in the context of Project 863 and Project 972:

Project 863:

1. Technological Innovation: One of the key challenges for China’s Project 863, a high-technology development plan initiated in the 1980s, is achieving indigenous innovation. While China has made significant progress in areas such as telecommunications, space exploration, and biotechnology, it still faces challenges in developing cutting-edge technologies that can compete with global leaders. Overcoming technological bottlenecks, fostering an environment of innovation and entrepreneurship, and attracting top talent in scientific research and development are crucial for China to enhance its technological capabilities through Project 863.

2. Intellectual Property Rights: China faces challenges related to protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights (IPR) within the framework of Project 863. Addressing concerns about intellectual property theft, patent infringement, and trade secret violations is vital for attracting foreign direct investment, promoting collaborations with international partners, and ensuring a fair playing field for innovation. Enhancing IPR laws, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, and encouraging a culture of respect for intellectual property are essential steps for China to overcome these challenges.

3. Collaboration and Integration: China’s Project 863 strives to promote collaboration and integration between academia, industry, and government research institutions to drive technological advancements. However, achieving seamless coordination and fostering effective knowledge transfer among these sectors remains a challenge. Encouraging partnerships, providing funding incentives, streamlining bureaucratic processes, and creating platforms for open collaboration can help address these challenges, fostering a more integrated and efficient innovation ecosystem.

Project 972:

1. Food Security: China’s Project 972, an agricultural development project initiated in the late 1990s, faces challenges in ensuring food security for its massive population. With increasing urbanization, limited arable land, water scarcity, and environmental concerns, achieving self-sufficiency in food production is a significant challenge. Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, improving irrigation infrastructure, enhancing agricultural research and development, and promoting efficient resource allocation are crucial for China’s food security goals under Project 972.

2. Environmental Sustainability: Project 972 faces challenges in addressing environmental sustainability issues, particularly in the context of agricultural practices. Greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, deforestation, and soil degradation pose significant environmental challenges that need to be tackled. Transitioning towards sustainable farming practices, promoting organic agriculture, implementing effective waste management systems, and investing in renewable energy sources are necessary steps for China to mitigate environmental impacts associated with agricultural development.

3. Rural-Urban Income Gap: Implementing Project 972 has the objective of bridging the income gap between rural and urban areas, promoting rural development, and raising living standards. However, China faces challenges in achieving equitable economic growth and opportunities across regions. Addressing disparities in infrastructure, access to education, healthcare, and social services between rural and urban areas, as well as promoting rural job creation and income generation, are essential for reducing the income gap and ensuring the success of Project 972 in promoting inclusive development.

In summary, China faces a range of challenges within the frameworks of Project 863 and Project 972. These challenges include achieving technological innovation and indigenous research capabilities, protecting intellectual property rights, fostering collaboration and integration, ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in agriculture, and bridging the income gap between rural and urban areas. By addressing these challenges effectively, China can enhance its technological capabilities, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and achieve more balanced regional development, contributing to its long-term economic growth and societal well-being.

To successfully apply the plans of Project 863 and Project 972 in conjunction with the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative in Europe, China can focus on the following strategies:

1. Technology and Innovation Exchange: China can leverage the technological advancements achieved through Project 863 to promote knowledge exchange, collaboration, and technology transfer with European countries. By fostering partnerships between Chinese and European research institutions, facilitating joint research projects, and providing incentives for technological cooperation, China can enhance its technological capabilities while benefiting from European expertise in areas such as advanced manufacturing, clean energy, and digital technologies.

2. Intellectual Property Protection and Collaboration: China can address concerns regarding intellectual property rights (IPR) by strengthening its legal framework and enforcement mechanisms. By cooperating with European countries to improve IPR protection, establishing bilateral agreements, and promoting transparency in technology transfer, China can build trust and attract European investments and partnerships under the OBOR framework. Demonstrating a commitment to IPR protection will be essential in fostering collaboration and ensuring mutually beneficial engagements.

3. Infrastructure Development and Investment: China’s OBOR initiative aims to enhance connectivity and trade between Asia, Europe, and Africa. By aligning the objectives of Project 972 with OBOR, China can contribute to Europe’s infrastructure development needs. Investment in transport, logistics, energy, and telecommunications infrastructure projects will facilitate trade, promote economic growth, and strengthen regional integration. Adhering to international best practices, ensuring transparency in tendering processes, and engaging in mutually beneficial partnerships with European countries will be crucial for China’s success in Europe under OBOR.

4. Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security Cooperation: In the context of Project 972, China can collaborate with European countries to address food security challenges. By sharing expertise and best practices in sustainable agricultural techniques, resource management, and ecological protection, China can contribute to European efforts in promoting sustainable farming practices. Strengthening agricultural research partnerships, facilitating knowledge exchange, and developing joint projects related to agri-tech and food processing will enhance cooperation and support food security objectives within the OBOR framework.

5. Green Technology and Environmental Cooperation: China’s focus on environmental sustainability aligns with European efforts to combat climate change and promote a green economy. Through Project 972, China can collaborate with European countries to develop and deploy green technologies, such as renewable energy systems, energy-efficient infrastructure, and waste management solutions. By sharing experiences and investing in joint research and development projects, China can support Europe’s environmental goals while driving sustainable growth within the OBOR framework.

6. Cultural Exchange and People-to-People Engagement: Facilitating cultural exchange, educational cooperation, and tourism promotion between China and Europe is essential for fostering mutual understanding and building stronger relationships. By encouraging student exchanges, academic collaborations, and promoting tourism and cultural events, China can enhance people-to-people connections. Such exchanges will contribute to greater mutual trust and support the successful implementation of Project 863, Project 972, and the OBOR initiative in Europe.

Overall, China’s successful application of Project 863 and Project 972 in Europe under the OBOR framework requires a combination of technological cooperation, infrastructure investment, sustainable agriculture collaboration, environmental protection, cultural exchange, and people-to-people engagement. By leveraging these strategies, China can forge productive partnerships, strengthen regional connectivity, and promote mutually beneficial development between China and European countries.

The following table focuses on condensing the main points regarding how China can leverage Project 863, Project 972, and OBOR to collaborate with Europe across areas like technology, infrastructure, agriculture, environment, and cultural exchange.

Project	Ways China Can Collaborate with Europe
Project 863	Knowledge exchange, joint research projects, incentives for tech cooperation in areas like manufacturing, energy, digital tech
Strengthen IPR protection	Improve legal frameworks, bilateral agreements, ensure transparency in tech transfers
Project 972 and OBOR	Invest in infrastructure development projects to facilitate trade and growth
Sustainable agriculture	Share expertise in sustainable farming practices, agri-tech research partnerships
Green technology	Develop and deploy renewable energy systems, waste management solutions, support Europe’s environmental goals
Cultural exchange	Student exchanges, academic collaborations, tourism promotion to build relationships

The United States and European allies should also consider additional strategies that China can and will apply towards colonizing Europe, such as the Project 863, Project 972, and the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative in Europe:

1. Technology and Innovation Exchange:

China can establish joint research and development centers, innovation parks, and technology incubators in collaboration with European countries. These platforms would facilitate the exchange of expertise and ideas, leading to the development of cutting-edge technologies. China can also encourage Chinese companies to invest in, acquire, or form partnerships with European tech start-ups and established companies to gain access to advanced technologies and market opportunities.

China’s focus on emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), 5G, and advanced manufacturing aligns with European priorities. By fostering technology partnerships, China can tap into European expertise and gain a competitive edge in these fields. Additionally, China can promote training programs and scholarships for European researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs, encouraging their engagement in Chinese technological advancements.

2. Intellectual Property Protection and Collaboration:

China has made strides in improving its intellectual property rights (IPR) framework; however, concerns persist. As part of its efforts, China can provide clear guidelines to protect IPR, establish specialized IPR courts, and streamline the process for enforcing IPR laws. Collaborating with European countries, China can create mechanisms for monitoring and reporting IPR violations, as well as implementing effective dispute resolution mechanisms.

China can actively engage in technology collaboration, joint patent applications, and licensing agreements with European companies. By promoting joint ventures and technology transfer, built on a foundation of transparent and fair agreements, China can build trust and strengthen ties with European partners. Implementing transparent pricing mechanisms and ensuring a level playing field for foreign companies will contribute to mutual confidence, attracting more European investments.

3. Infrastructure Development and Investment:

China’s OBOR initiative seeks to improve transportation, logistics, and energy infrastructure connectivity. In Europe, China can align its infrastructure investments with regional needs and priorities. By conducting rigorous feasibility studies, consulting with local stakeholders, and adhering international standards and best practices, China can ensure the sustainability and long-term viability of infrastructure projects.

Additionally, China can explore public-private partnerships (PPPs) and co-investment models to involve European companies and investors in infrastructure projects. Collaboration with European development banks, such as the European Investment Bank, can provide financial support, expertise, and risk-sharing mechanisms. Such partnerships and investment models enable mutual benefits and foster a sense of shared ownership, leading to successful implementation of OBOR infrastructure projects in Europe.

4. Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security Cooperation:

Food security is a crucial concern globally, and China’s expertise in agricultural innovation and technology can be beneficial for Europe. China can collaborate with European countries to develop sustainable agriculture practices, exchange knowledge on crop varieties, cultivation techniques, and water resource management.

China can strengthen agricultural research cooperation, establish demonstration farms for best practices, and support joint projects in innovative farming methods such as hydroponics, vertical farming, and precision agriculture. The exchange of agricultural experts, training programs, and technology demonstrations would enhance collaborative efforts in addressing common challenges related to food security, sustainability, and climate change adaptation.

5. Green Technology and Environmental Cooperation:

China is striving to transition towards a low-carbon economy, and European countries have a wealth of experience in green technologies, renewable energy, and environmental protection. By partnering with European companies and leveraging their expertise, China can accelerate the adoption and deployment of clean energy solutions, energy-efficient technologies, and sustainable practices.

China can collaborate with European countries to set emission reduction targets, exchange best practices in renewable energy development, and establish joint research and development centers focusing on clean technologies. Furthermore, China can participate in European environmental initiatives like the European Green Deal and leverage these partnerships to enhance its own environmental sustainability goals.

6. Cultural Exchange and People-to-People Engagement:

Promoting cultural understanding and fostering people-to-people connections are essential for successful cooperation. China can support academic exchanges, scholarships, and joint research programs with European universities. Establishing Confucius Institutes and cultural centers would facilitate language learning, cultural activities, and academic programs, enhancing mutual understanding and trust.

Furthermore, China can proactively promote tourism between China and Europe by easing visa procedures, supporting marketing campaigns, and expanding direct flight routes. Encouraging cultural events, festivals, and exhibitions that highlight both Chinese and European traditions will attract tourists and foster cultural exchange.

It is worth noting that each European country has its own unique needs, priorities, and regulatory environments. Therefore, China should consider tailoring its strategies and approaches to better align with the specific requirements and expectations of different European nations. Open dialogue, flexibility, and adaptability will be key to navigating the diverse European landscape effectively.

By comprehensively applying these strategies, China can strengthen its partnerships, enhance technology and innovation capabilities, contribute to sustainable development, and foster mutual growth and prosperity between China and Europe under the framework of OBOR.

The following table focuses on condensing the key areas of potential China-Europe collaboration from the document into a concise summary, outlining the main mechanisms and initiatives for cooperation in each domain.

Area of Cooperation	Ways China Can Collaborate with Europe
Technology and Innovation	Joint R&D centers, incubators, investments in startups, training programs
Intellectual Property Protection	Strengthen IPR laws, monitoring mechanisms, dispute resolution processes
Infrastructure Development	Align investments with local priorities, feasibility studies, public-private partnerships
Sustainable Agriculture	Develop sustainable practices, knowledge exchange, joint research projects
Green Technology	Emission reduction targets, renewable energy collaboration, leverage European Green Deal
Cultural Exchange	Academic exchanges, scholarships, Confucius Institutes, cultural centers

The United States military’s European Command (EUCOM) and NATO have several means to counter Chinese influence in Europe:

1. Robust Defense Posture:

EUCOM and NATO maintain a strong military presence in Europe to deter potential aggression and secure the region. This includes forward-deployed forces, rotational deployments, and joint exercises with European partner nations. By demonstrating collective defense commitments, the U.S. military and NATO send a clear message that any attempts to undermine European security will be met with a strong response.

2. Strengthening Alliance Cohesion:

EUCOM and NATO place a strong emphasis on enhancing cohesion among member countries. Acting as a unified front, they work to foster a sense of shared responsibility and solidarity among allies. This involves regular consultations, coordination on defense planning, and joint decision-making processes. By maintaining a united stance, NATO and the U.S. military can effectively address challenges posed by Chinese influence in Europe.

3. Enhanced Intelligence and Information Sharing:

Maintaining situational awareness is critical to counter Chinese influence effectively. EUCOM, in coordination with intelligence agencies, utilizes intelligence-sharing mechanisms and information networks to monitor and identify potential areas of concern. Sharing intelligence on Chinese activities and intentions with NATO allies helps build a comprehensive understanding of the threat landscape, enabling proactive responses.

4. Strengthening Cybersecurity:

China’s increasing cyber capabilities pose a significant challenge. EUCOM and NATO place great emphasis on enhancing cybersecurity measures, including the protection of critical infrastructure and information systems. By promoting information sharing, conducting joint cybersecurity exercises, and developing robust defenses, they can effectively counter Chinese cyber threats and minimize vulnerabilities.

5. Countering Chinese Disinformation:

China employs various tactics, including disinformation campaigns, to shape public opinions in Europe. EUCOM and NATO actively work to counter these efforts through strategic communication, media literacy programs, and highlighting the importance of objective and accurate reporting. By enhancing public awareness and countering false narratives, they can limit the impact of Chinese disinformation campaigns.

6. Collaborative Engagement and Capacity Building:

EUCOM and NATO engage in bilateral and multilateral military cooperation and capacity-building initiatives with European partner nations. They provide training, expertise, and support to enhance the capabilities and resilience of European armed forces, particularly in areas such as cybersecurity, counterintelligence, and counterterrorism. By bolstering partner nation capabilities, they can better address Chinese influence and potential security challenges.

7. Defense Trade and Technology Partnerships:

EUCOM and NATO promote defense trade and technology partnerships among member states to ensure interoperability, shared technological advancements, and collective defense capabilities. By encouraging the exchange of defense technologies and fostering collaborative research and development, they can counterbalance China’s attempts to advance its military technologies in Europe.

8. Engaging Allies and Partners in the Indo-Pacific Region:

EUCOM and NATO work in close coordination with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly the United States Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM). Strengthening ties between these commands helps address shared concerns about Chinese influence and contributes to a coordinated response across both regions, increasing the resilience of the U.S. and its European allies.

It is crucial to note that countering Chinese influence requires a comprehensive approach that combines diplomatic, economic, informational, and military efforts. Ultimately, the U.S. military’s European Command and NATO, working in tandem, aim to maintain the stability, security, and resilience of Europe while effectively addressing challenges arising from China’s expanding influence.

Further additional analysis on how the United States military’s European Command (EUCOM) and NATO can counter Chinese influence in Europe includes:

9. Strengthening Economic Cooperation:

EUCOM and NATO can work alongside European countries to promote economic cooperation and investment policies that ensure transparency, fairness, and protect national interests. By encouraging market diversification, reducing dependency on Chinese investments, and fostering trade partnerships with like-minded nations, the U.S. and NATO can help European countries resist undue influence and economic coercion.

10. Addressing Chinese Military Expansion:

China’s military ambitions extend beyond its regional waters, with a growing presence in Europe through investments in ports, military logistics, and cooperation with European countries. EUCOM and NATO can closely monitor and assess these activities, urging their member nations to be vigilant about potential security risks. Joint military exercises and defense cooperation with European partners can enhance capabilities and enable a coordinated response to address any challenges arising from China’s military expansion in Europe.

11. Leveraging Soft Power and Public Diplomacy:

EUCOM and NATO can leverage soft power and public diplomacy efforts to counter Chinese influence. This involves promoting democratic values, human rights, and shared principles through cultural exchanges, educational programs, and public outreach initiatives. By highlighting the benefits of democratic systems and engaging with civil society organizations, they can foster a counter-narrative to China’s authoritarian influence and win the hearts and minds of the European public.

12. Building Multinational Partnerships:

EUCOM and NATO can strengthen partnerships with non-NATO European countries to counter Chinese influence effectively. Engaging countries like Sweden, Finland, and Ukraine, among others, in joint defense exercises, capacity-building programs, and information sharing helps broaden the collective strength against potential Chinese encroachment in Europe.

13. Strategic Cooperation with Other Global Powers:

Cooperation with other global powers, such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and Canada, is crucial in countering Chinese influence. EUCOM and NATO can deepen military partnerships and information sharing with these countries, expanding joint exercises and coordination efforts. By leveraging collective resources and expertise, a united front can deter potential Chinese aggression and safeguard European security.

14. Investment in Critical Infrastructure:

EUCOM and NATO can work with European countries to ensure the security and integrity of critical infrastructure, such as telecommunications networks, ports, energy facilities, and transportation systems. Close monitoring, risk assessments, and collaboration on cybersecurity efforts can help prevent potential vulnerabilities and limit China’s ability to exploit critical infrastructure for strategic or intelligence purposes.

15. Promoting Regional Security Cooperation:

EUCOM and NATO can actively engage in supporting and promoting regional security cooperation mechanisms in Europe, such as the Three Seas Initiative or the Baltic Sea Region Defense Cooperation (B9 format). These efforts bolster unity, coordination, and interoperability among European countries, reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing the collective ability to deter and counter Chinese influence.

Overall, countering Chinese influence in Europe necessitates a comprehensive and multidimensional approach where diplomatic, economic, informational, and military measures converge. EUCOM and NATO play a crucial role in this endeavor, working together with European allies and partners to ensure a secure and resilient Europe that is prepared to address and mitigate the challenges posed by China’s expanding influence.

Here is a table which highlights these strategic options for countering China’s influence in Europe:

Strategy	Description
Robust Defense Posture	Maintain strong military presence in Europe through forward-deployed forces, rotations, and joint exercises to deter aggression
Strengthening Alliance Cohesion	Enhance unity and shared responsibility among NATO allies through consultations, coordination, and joint decision-making
Enhanced Intelligence Sharing	Improve situational awareness through intelligence-sharing networks to monitor Chinese activities
Strengthening Cybersecurity	Bolster cyber defenses, critical infrastructure protection, and interoperability through NATO
Countering Disinformation	Counter Chinese propaganda and shape public opinion through strategic communication and media literacy
Collaborative Engagement and Capacity Building	Provide training, expertise and support to European partners to enhance capabilities in areas like cybersecurity and counterintelligence
Defense Trade and Technology Partnerships	Promote defense trade and R&D partnerships for interoperability and collective defense capabilities
Indo-Pacific Coordination	Coordinate with Indo-Pacific allies to address Chinese influence across regions

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Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

中國的認知領域作戰：贏得現代戰爭的關鍵

11/20/2023 admin Leave a comment

China’s Cognitive Domain Operations: Key to Winning Modern Warfare

縱觀現代戰爭，認知博弈已成為攻防焦點，是否精於規劃認知域作戰，很大程度影響著戰爭的走向與結果。深刻理解認知域作戰的內涵外延和範疇樣式，準確掌握其製勝機理與發展態勢，是摸清戰場脈絡、打贏現代戰爭的關鍵。

認知域作戰是戰爭博弈新焦點

與傳統作戰不同，認知域作戰不再侷限於陸、海、空、天、電、網等領域，突破了傳統的物理域、資訊域，具備獨特優勢，呈現出新的特點，拓展了現代戰場新邊疆。

認知域作戰擴展戰爭領域空間。首先，認知域戰場空間廣泛，主要體現在人的精神、心理、思維、信念等認知活動，其作戰對象主要是敵對國首腦政要、軍隊要員、社會精英以及廣大民眾等。其次，認知域作戰形式廣泛，包括但不限於政治外交施壓、經濟封鎖制裁、文化滲透侵蝕等。再一次，認知域作戰目標廣泛，主要是動搖敵方信念、瓦解敵軍意志、影響改變對手決策，進而引發敵對方社會混亂、決策失誤、軍心渙散，甚至顛覆其國家政權等。

認知域作戰模糊戰爭領域邊界。認知域作戰的主體是人。人作為戰爭中最活躍的因素，尤其是決策高層的認知體現戰爭的整體意志，直接左右戰爭全局，決定戰爭勝負。國家首腦和軍隊將領的認知是認知域作戰的重點攻擊目標。民眾意志、社會基礎和國際輿論等通常作為認知域作戰的基礎，是推動戰爭進程和走向的關鍵力量。認知域作戰混合了常規與非常規，模糊了戰爭領域邊界，旨在從認知上誘導打擊信息接收者，繞過傳統戰場直達最薄弱環節——人，戰術動作便可達成戰略目的，從根本改變戰場環境，改變戰爭結局。

認知域作戰直達最終戰略目標。中國古代兵法有云：「用兵之道，攻心為上，攻城為下；心戰為上，兵戰為下。」認知域作戰旨在佔領認知主導權，影響敵方決策和行為，以最小代價達成最大作戰效能。正如克勞塞維茨在《戰爭論》中所提到的，「戰爭是迫使敵人服從我們意志的一種暴力行為」。由於認知域作戰不是對有生力量的硬殺傷，而是對無形目標的軟殺傷，不僅能“迫使敵人服從我們意志”，客觀上還使得敵人從內部摧毀自己，使其無力抵抗、分化瓦解，最終達到不戰而屈人之兵的「全勝」戰略目標。

認知域作戰是軍事變革新產物

當前，世界百年未有之大變局正在加速演進，國際情勢日益複雜，局部戰爭、區域衝突不斷，認知域作戰作為新的作戰方式，在新軍事變革大潮推動下，其地位作用愈發突顯。

戰爭規律是認知域作戰的基本遵循。認知域作戰仍遵循著戰爭的基本法則。一是正義必勝。正義戰爭推動歷史發展，最終戰勝非正義戰爭，佔據道德高點的認知域作戰本身俱備先勝條件。二是強勝弱敗。科學技術的進步催生先進軍事理論，推動高新科技裝備的發展，奪取制認知權可實現降維打擊、瓦解敵軍。第三是主觀指導符合客觀實際。認知域作戰必須建立在一定客觀物質基礎上，要綜合考慮戰場環境，權衡雙方態勢，做出有利決策。四是關鍵性的作戰影響全局。在以網路為中心的體係作戰中，認知域往往成為最關鍵的一環，其成敗與否足以左右戰局。

理論創新是認知域作戰的基礎支撐。近年來，美軍相繼提出「混合戰爭」「馬賽克戰」「灰色地帶衝突」等新的作戰理論，視認知域作戰為主要作戰方式，形成了一套較成熟的理論。俄羅斯軍隊在長期的軍事實踐中也形成了自己的一套混合戰法，特別是在敘利亞戰場上巧用「格拉西莫夫」戰術應對「混合戰爭」。日本近年來也大力發展軍力，在其新版《防衛白皮書》中首提「領域橫斷」作戰概念，旨在突破傳統領域，將認知域等新領域作為其軍事發展的重點方向，更具主動性和外向性。

軍事實踐是認知域作戰的重要依賴。從最近幾場局部戰爭來看，認知域作戰已成為現代戰爭的主要作戰方式，取得了較高的作戰效能，認知戰與反認知戰的對抗相當激烈。 2010年，美國等西方國家發動認知戰，大肆渲染推動突尼斯民主運動，製造“阿拉伯之春”，進而使中東地區陷入混亂，恐怖組織乘機肆虐。美國藉由推翻埃及政府，發動利比亞戰爭，介入敘利亞戰爭，企圖鞏固其霸主地位。 2014年，俄軍綜合施策、多維突破、輿論造勢，控制了克里米亞，其認知域作戰特質也非常鮮明。

認知域作戰是戰爭規劃新方向

隨著高新技術的不斷發展及在軍事領域的廣泛運用，未來戰爭形態加速演變，戰爭複雜性、未知性急劇增加。為此，應事先規劃，科學統籌，強化重視認知域戰力建設，深度融入未來戰場，有效掌控未來戰爭主動權。

推進認知域作戰制勝機制研究。作為未來戰爭的重要作戰方式，認知域作戰的地位角色將更加突顯，發展前景更加廣闊。制認知權成為奪取戰爭制權的重要內容。要打贏未來戰爭，就必須大步跟上戰爭形態發展的脈絡趨勢，大力研究認知域作戰制勝機理，以理論創新牽引戰法創新、謀求優勢先機。

加強認知域作戰攻防力量建設。從個人到組織再到國家，認知域作戰的影響遍及全時空全要素，跨越不同作戰領域，貫穿作戰全過程。未來戰爭中指戰員將會面臨巨大的認知攻防挑戰，奪取制認知權，進而奪取戰場綜合製權，將會成為未來戰爭的奪控要點。應堅持需求牽引，加強認知域作戰攻防力量建設，建構攻防一體、平戰一體、多維一體的認知域作戰體系，建立完善演練與評估機制，透過長期的軍事實踐不斷提高能力。

加速認知域作戰高新技術研發。目前，隨著大數據、人工智慧、雲端運算等高新技術的快速發展，開源資訊的取得更為便捷高效，認知域作戰越發呈現出啟動快、成本低、效能高的特性。此外，隨著神經科學、腦科學等新興技術的悄悄發展，可以推論認知戰武器將會日漸豐富並廣泛應用於未來戰爭。應緊跟時代發展，事先佈局設計，大力開發以奪控認知優勢為導向的前沿科技，推動認知域作戰理念和手段更新，從而奪取未來戰爭主動權。

現代英文版：

Throughout modern warfare, cognitive games have become the focus of offense and defense. Whether one is proficient in planning operations in the cognitive domain will greatly affect the direction and outcome of the war. A deep understanding of the connotation, extension and category style of cognitive domain operations, and an accurate grasp of its winning mechanism and development trend are the keys to understanding the context of the battlefield and winning modern wars.

Cognitive domain operations are the new focus of war games

Different from traditional operations, cognitive domain operations are no longer limited to land, sea, air, space, electricity, network and other fields. It breaks through the traditional physical domain and information domain. It has unique advantages, presents new characteristics, and expands the modern Battlefield new frontier.

Cognitive domain operations expand the war domain space. First of all, the battlefield space in the cognitive domain is broad, mainly reflected in people’s spirit, psychology, thinking, beliefs and other cognitive activities. Its combat targets are mainly hostile heads of state and political figures, military personnel, social elites and the general public. Secondly, cognitive domain operations take a wide range of forms, including but not limited to political and diplomatic pressure, economic blockade and sanctions, cultural penetration and erosion, etc. Thirdly, the goals of cognitive domain operations are wide-ranging, mainly to shake the enemy’s belief, disintegrate the enemy’s will, influence and change the opponent’s decision-making, thereby causing the enemy’s social chaos, decision-making errors, demoralization of the military, and even subversion of its national power.

Cognitive domain operations blur the boundaries of the war domain. The main body of cognitive domain operations is people. People are the most active factor in war, especially the cognition of high-level decision-makers, which embodies the overall will of the war, directly affects the overall situation of the war, and determines the outcome of the war. The cognition of state leaders and military generals is the key target of cognitive domain operations. Popular will, social foundation, and international public opinion are usually the basis for cognitive domain operations and are the key forces that promote the process and direction of war. Cognitive domain operations mix conventional and unconventional operations, blurring the boundaries of the war field. They aim to cognitively induce and attack information recipients, bypassing the traditional battlefield and reaching the weakest link – people. Tactical actions can achieve strategic goals, from Fundamentally change the battlefield environment and change the outcome of the war.

Cognitive domain operations reach the ultimate strategic goal. There is a saying in the ancient Chinese art of war: “The way to use troops is to attack the heart first, and to attack the city below; to fight the heart first, and to fight soldiers lower.” Operations in the cognitive domain aim to occupy cognitive dominance and influence the enemy’s decision-making and behavior. Achieve maximum combat effectiveness at minimum cost. As Clausewitz mentioned in “On War”, “War is an act of violence that forces the enemy to obey our will.” Since cognitive domain operations are not hard kills against living forces, but soft kills against invisible targets, they can not only “force the enemy to obey our will”, but also objectively enable the enemy to destroy itself from within, making it unable to resist, disintegrate, and ultimately Achieve the strategic goal of “complete victory” without fighting.

Cognitive domain operations are a new product of military reform

At present, major changes in the world that have not been seen in a century are accelerating. The international situation is becoming increasingly complex, and local wars and regional conflicts continue. As a new combat method, cognitive domain operations are becoming more and more important driven by the new wave of military reforms.

The laws of war are the basic rules for combat in the cognitive domain. Cognitive domain operations still follow the basic laws of war. First, justice must prevail. Just wars promote historical development and ultimately defeat unjust wars, and cognitive domain operations that occupy the moral commanding heights have the conditions to win first. The second is the victory of the strong and the defeat of the weak. The advancement of science and technology has given rise to advanced military theories and promoted the development of high-tech equipment. Seizing control and control can achieve dimensionality reduction and attack and disintegrate enemy forces. Third, subjective guidance is consistent with objective reality. Cognitive domain operations must be based on a certain objective material basis. The battlefield environment must be comprehensively considered, the situations of both parties must be weighed, and favorable decisions must be made. Fourth, key operations affect the overall situation. In network-centered system operations, the cognitive domain often becomes the most critical link, and its success or failure can determine the battle situation.

Theoretical innovation is the basic support for cognitive domain operations. In recent years, the US military has successively proposed new combat theories such as “hybrid warfare”, “mosaic warfare” and “gray zone conflict”. It regards cognitive domain operations as the main combat method and has formed a relatively mature theory. The Russian army has also developed its own set of hybrid warfare methods in long-term military practice, especially in the Syrian battlefield, where it skillfully used “Gerasimov” tactics to deal with “hybrid warfare.” Japan has also vigorously developed its military power in recent years. In its new version of the “Defense White Paper”, it first mentioned the concept of “domain transversal” operations, aiming to break through traditional fields and regard new fields such as the cognitive domain as the key direction of its military power development, making it more proactive. and extraversion.

Military practice is an important basis for cognitive domain operations. Judging from the recent local wars, cognitive domain warfare has become the main combat method of modern warfare and has achieved high combat effectiveness. The confrontation between cognitive warfare and counter-cognitive warfare is quite fierce. In 2010, the United States and other Western countries launched a cognitive war, hyped up the Tunisian democratic movement and created the “Arab Spring”, which plunged the Middle East into chaos and allowed terrorist organizations to take advantage of the opportunity to wreak havoc. The United States attempted to consolidate its hegemony by overthrowing the Egyptian government, launching a war in Libya, and intervening in the Syrian war. In 2014, the Russian army took control of Crimea through a combination of strategies, multi-dimensional breakthroughs, and public opinion building. Its cognitive domain operations also have very distinctive characteristics.

Cognitive domain operations are a new direction for war planning

With the continuous development of high and new technologies and their widespread application in the military field, the shape of future wars will evolve at an accelerated pace, and the complexity and unknown nature of wars will increase dramatically. To this end, we should plan in advance, coordinate scientifically, strengthen the construction of combat capabilities in the cognitive domain, deeply integrate into the future battlefield, and effectively control the initiative in future wars.

Promote research on the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations. As an important combat method in future wars, the status and role of cognitive domain operations will be more prominent, and the development prospects will be broader. Controlling cognitive power has become an important part of seizing war control. To win future wars, we must keep up with the trends in the development of war forms, vigorously study the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations, use theoretical innovation to drive innovation in tactics, and seek advantages and opportunities.

Strengthen the construction of offensive and defensive capabilities in cognitive domain operations. From individuals to organizations to countries, the impact of cognitive domain operations spans all time and space and all elements, spans different combat fields, and affects the entire combat process. In future wars, commanders and combatants will face huge cognitive offensive and defensive challenges. Seizing control of cognitive power, and then seizing comprehensive battlefield control, will become the key point of control in future wars. We should adhere to demand-driven efforts, strengthen the construction of offensive and defensive forces in cognitive domain operations, build a cognitive domain combat system that integrates offense and defense, peacetime and war, and multi-dimensional integration, establish and improve drill and evaluation mechanisms, and continuously improve capabilities through long-term military practice.

Accelerate the research and development of high-tech cognitive domain operations. Currently, with the rapid development of high-tech technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, the acquisition of open source information has become more convenient and efficient. Cognitive domain operations are increasingly characterized by fast start-up, low cost, and high efficiency. In addition, with the quiet development of emerging technologies such as neuroscience and brain science, it can be inferred that cognitive warfare weapons will become increasingly abundant and widely used in future wars. We should keep up with the development of the times, plan and design in advance, vigorously develop cutting-edge technologies oriented to seizing cognitive advantages, and promote the update of cognitive domain combat concepts and methods, so as to seize the initiative in future wars.

中國軍事原文來源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208888/沒有湯給你.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

解放軍：以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念

11/16/2023 admin Leave a comment

People’s Liberation Army: Cognition-centered warfare: operational concepts for dealing with complex wars

2023-11-09 10:39:55來源：《軍事文摘》

「三個之變」揭示戰爭複雜性成長動因
戰爭是充滿蓋然性的領域，變是貫穿其始終的基本特徵。習主席強調，要緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變。科技之變是基礎，戰爭之變是主體，對手之變是關鍵，科技之變引發戰爭之變，戰爭之變促使對手之變。「三個之變」促使戰爭形態演變、戰爭領域拓展、戰爭目標轉變、戰爭影響擴大，揭示了戰爭複雜性成長動因。
科技之變顛覆戰爭制勝基礎。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。縱觀世界軍事發展史，每一次重大科學技術創新，都開啟了一場新的軍事變革，而每一場軍事變革都把軍事發展推向一個新的時代，科技創新成為提高軍隊戰鬥力的巨大引擎。目前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命加速發展，現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高，智慧化特徵日益顯現，對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯，一些前沿技術飛速發展，可能從根本上改變戰爭面貌和規則，大國軍事博弈更體現為技術上的顛覆和反顛覆、突襲和反突襲、抵銷和反抵銷。美海軍「復仇女神」項目，包括偵察、誘餌、幹擾等系統，誘餌類系統涵蓋空中、水面和水下，可在分散式人工智慧引擎的調度、指控下，互相補充，協同欺騙，真實營造出一個“幽靈航母編隊”，徹底顛覆了傳統的電子欺騙手段，將資訊欺騙提升到前所未有的高度。可以說，科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局，深刻介入、支持、主導戰爭形態演變和作戰樣式創新，甚至顛覆戰爭制勝機制。

美海軍「復仇女神」計畫基於網路化協同電子戰
概念，將不同系統集成，利用無人分散式
電子戰平台的集群實現大規模協同電子戰

戰爭之變突顯戰爭複雜性特徵。現代戰爭正在發生深刻變化，呈現前所未有的多樣性和複雜性。這種超級複雜性源自於多種原因：一是各種先進技術或武器不斷湧現，帶來許多不確定性；二是戰場覆蓋陸、海、空、天、網、電和認知等多個領域；三是多種作戰對象、作戰樣式、作戰領域、作戰方式交叉關聯與組合，構成複雜的「混合戰爭」；四是人工智慧演算法將大量作戰要素建構到一個複雜的邏輯中，並以人類思維所不及的機器速度促使各種要素組合、解構、再組合。 2022年烏克蘭危機中，表面上看來是俄羅斯和烏克蘭兩國之間的對抗，實質上是美西方國家和俄羅斯之間進行的「混合戰爭」；俄烏兩軍廣泛使用軍事、民用無人機，拓展「無人+」運用模式，展現出未來無人智能作戰雛形；烏軍在美北約空天態勢情報的支持下，頻繁使用低成本的無人裝備對俄軍重要武器平台實施突襲，凸顯新質作戰力量對傳統作戰體系大型武器裝備的不對稱破襲優勢。科技之變最終將引發戰爭之變，單一要素對戰爭的影響越來越弱，多個要素構成的聯合作戰體系將對戰爭產生複雜影響，戰爭的非線性、不確定性、混亂性、開放性、適應性、對抗性等複雜性特徵將呈指數級增長趨勢，這將導致人們對戰爭進展和勝負的認知判斷更加困難。
對手之變加速戰爭複雜性成長。戰爭之變促使對手之變。目前，我們正經歷百年未有之大變局，主要軍事強國積極進行戰略調整，推進新一輪軍事變革，呈現出以下特點：一是體制編制的聯合化、小型化、自主化趨勢更加明顯；二是武器裝備呈現數位化、精確化、隱形化、無人化、智能化的發展趨勢；三是作戰形態向“四非”（非接觸、非線形、非對稱和非正規）和“三無” （無形、無聲、無人）作戰方向發展；四是軍隊指揮形態朝向扁平化、自動化、網路化、無縫化方向發展。美國將我視為最主要的戰略對手，竭力對我打壓遏制，大力加強作戰概念創新，先後提出「混合戰爭」「多域戰」「馬賽克戰」等新型作戰概念，聲稱要打一場讓對手「技術看不懂、打擊難預測、速度跟不上」的高端戰爭。美軍「馬賽克戰」的核心是無人、低成本、快速、致命、靈活、可重組，基於分散式態勢感知，借助智慧化輔助決策工具，借鑒搭積木、構拼圖的概念，自適應制定任務規劃，動態重組作戰兵力，將作戰平台的功能分解到更多數量、單一功能的節點，大量功能節點建構作戰體系。以“殺傷網”取代“殺傷鏈”，若干個節點失效或缺失，作戰體係可自適應重組。
戰爭複雜性成長推動戰爭制勝機理轉變
隨著國防科技的快速發展、武器裝備的更新換代和戰爭形態的快速嬗變，現代戰爭呈現指數式、爆炸性的複雜變化。這些變化看起來眼花撩亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的勝利機理變了。只有搞透現代戰爭制勝機理，才能準確識變、科學應變、善於求變，牢牢掌握未來戰爭主動權。
戰爭形態由冷兵器戰爭轉變為智慧化戰爭。戰爭形態是關於戰爭的整體性認知。迄今為止，人類戰爭形態大致經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊戰爭四個歷史階段，正朝向智慧化戰爭邁進。認知戰的歷史幾乎和人類戰爭史一樣久遠。在冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭時代，認知戰更多是以輿論戰、心理戰形式出現。隨著人類進入資訊化時代，網路空間科技的發展大大拓展了認知戰的空間，豐富了認知戰的戰技術手段，使認知戰的滲透性、時效性、震懾性大大增強，認知戰的地位和作用得到空前提高。未來，戰爭形態將進入智慧化戰爭，大量智慧化的武器系統和平台將裝備軍隊、投入作戰。認知戰不僅可對敵方人員的認知實施幹擾、欺騙，也能透過「對抗性輸入」「資料中毒」等演算法欺騙手段對智慧裝備的認知實施攻擊，其應用場景和範圍將進一步擴大，地位和作用也將進一步提高。

無人機逐漸成為戰爭的主角，
作戰複雜性進一步增加
戰爭目的由武力征服更多向精神征服轉變。現代戰爭的致勝機制與以往相比發生了很大變化，戰爭的暴力性得到遏制，作戰目的由原來的攻城略地、殲滅敵有生力量，轉變到使對方服從己方意志，作戰手段從武力征服更多地向著重心理和精神征服轉變，這使得認知戰在現代戰爭中的地位、角色日益凸顯。近年來，「混合戰爭」成為大國競爭的主要手段，越來越多的國家開始專注於利用新型領域、新型手段來達到傳統作戰難以達到的政治、軍事、經濟目的。「混合戰爭」是國家、非國家行為體以及個人等戰爭主體的混合，是常規戰爭、非常規戰爭等戰爭樣式的混合，是作戰、維穩、重建等軍事行動的混合，是政治、軍事、經濟、民生等多領域的混合，是擊敗敵軍、爭取民心等多種作戰目標的混合，這與認知戰高度契合。「混合戰爭」的作戰領域由軍事領域拓展到了政治、經濟、文化、民生等領域；作戰方式由火力戰、兵力戰向外交戰、經濟戰、網路戰、心理戰、輿論戰等多方向拓展，這與認知戰高度一致，其核心要義都是“亂中取利”，主要目的都是爭奪人心，作戰指導都是以巧取勝。
戰爭制勝域由物理域資訊域轉變為認知域。現代戰爭同時發生在物理、資訊和認知三個領域，物理域和資訊域是從物質域中脫離出來的，認知域是從精神域中脫離出來的。物理域是傳統的戰爭領域，由作戰平台和軍事設施等構成，為資訊化戰爭提供物質基礎。資訊域是新崛起的戰爭領域，即資訊產生、傳輸和共享空間，是資訊化戰爭較量的重點。認知域是人類認知活動涉及的範圍和領域，既是人類感覺、知覺、記憶和思考活動的空間，也是知識生成、交換、關聯、儲存和運用的空間，也是作戰活動中感知、判斷、決策和指揮與控制的空間。認知域存在於作戰人員的意識領域之中，影響其判斷與決策，是正在崛起的戰爭領域。隨著網路資訊和人工智慧等技術的發展，認知域的範圍大大拓展，正在從人的意識領域向現代認知工具和人工智慧領域拓展。軍事技術的發展拓展了認知域的範圍，為認知戰提供了更先進、更快捷、更有效的物質技術手段，使認知戰的滲透性、時效性、震懾性大大增強，從根本上改變了認知戰，使得認知域成為超越物理域、資訊域的新的致勝領域，成為大國博弈、軍事對抗的終極之域。
戰爭制勝機理由資訊制勝向認知制勝轉變。戰爭對抗歸根究柢是認知的博弈與對抗，掌握了製認知權很大程度上就掌握了戰爭主動權，喪失了製認知權就會在戰爭中處於被動挨打的境地。獲得更高、更強的製認知權是製勝強敵的關鍵。想辦法掌握制認知權進而奪取戰場綜合製權，從而以最小代價獲得最大勝利，是現代戰爭特別是認知戰的重要機理和內在規律。近年來，美軍先後提出以「決策中心戰」「馬賽克戰」等為代表的未來戰爭新理念，意圖將複雜性作為一種為對手製造多重困境的武器，要求在保障自身戰術「選擇優勢」的同時，透過給敵方製造高複雜度決策影響，幹擾其決策能力，在認知域實現對敵顛覆性優勢。在資訊化戰爭的初級和中級階段，作戰的關鍵是奪取制網權和製資訊權，貫穿著「網路優勢→資訊優勢→決策優勢→作戰優勢」的遞進模式。在資訊化戰爭進入高級階段後，奪取制資訊權變得越來越困難，作戰的關鍵是使敵方陷入“決策困境”，使其即使擁有資訊優勢，也不能正確決策，從而失去作戰優勢，擁有認知優勢才能擁有作戰優勢。未來戰爭，認知優勢是最重要的戰略優勢，認知對抗是最主要的對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。
因應複雜戰爭催生認知中心戰作戰概念
為因應現代戰爭複雜性特徵指數級增長趨勢，我們必須運用複雜性科學的理論與方法，轉變以住平台中心戰火力至上、殺傷為王的觀念，確立以認知為中心的作戰思想。認知中心戰，指以認知域為致勝領域，以奪取認知優勢為作戰目標，圍繞幹擾認知手段、壓制認知管道、影響認知產生，對敵人員和智慧裝備的認知進行幹擾、壓制、欺騙和誘導，透過奪取和維持認知優勢來獲取作戰優勢的一種新型作戰概念。其主要製勝機理有以下幾點。

《孫子兵法》中提到」故兵無常勢，
水無常形；能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神「
以網路威懾摧毀敵方作戰意志。針對敵政治、經濟、軍事、外交、文化中的矛盾弱點，透過網路空間散播威懾性訊息，或透過網路發布閱兵、大規模軍事演習、新式武器裝備研發等訊息，使對手認知與心理產生極大的恐懼和震撼，遏止敵不利於我的行動舉措執行。綜合運用網電攻擊手段，對敵重要網電目標和關鍵核心節點實施點穴式打擊和警示攻擊，破壞敵體係作戰能力，影響敵武器裝備效能的正常發揮，對敵實施心理威懾。美軍「灰色地帶作戰」理論，就是依靠自身技術優勢，主要採取網電反制等行動，應對對手“灰色地帶挑釁”，威懾對手要么放棄“對抗”，要么衝突升級，使之陷入兩難境地。
以資訊欺騙誘導敵方錯誤判斷。針對敵方的偵察設備、情報機構和指揮系統，透過網路攻擊、電子欺騙等手段隱藏己方軍事企圖、軍事行動和軍事目標，向敵方傳送有關己方的錯誤和虛假的作戰企圖、部隊配置、作戰能力、作戰方案以及戰場態勢等方面的訊息，或借敵方指揮資訊系統發送虛假命令和訊息，達到誘敵錯誤判斷，擾敵作戰指揮的目的。針對人工智慧演算法實施「對抗性輸入」「資料中毒」等新型攻擊，使其透過深度學習訓練得到我預設結論，或使其陷入局部最優解中而忽略全局最優。利用電腦影像、視訊合成、虛擬實境和人工智慧等技術，將聲音、視訊、影像、文字訊息等進行合成，或利用「深度造假」技術，產生以假亂真、真假難辨的虛假訊息，並透過網路大量傳播，以迷惑欺騙對手，影響其決策和行動。
以資訊壓制阻塞敵方認知手段。針對敵重要網路目標，以及核心路由器、交換器、網關、重點伺服器等，使用「軟體」「硬」攻擊手段，摧毀其網路節點。針對敵指揮控制網、通訊傳輸網、武器鉸鍊網和預警探測網等無線鏈路的組網特點，綜合運用電子乾擾、GPS欺騙攻擊、指控鏈路接管、數據劫持控制等技術和手段，壓制其數據通信，阻斷其通信鏈路，幹擾其作戰指揮。對敵指揮控制、軍事通訊、預警偵測、空天資訊等軍事網路實施網電致癱攻擊，毀癱影響其作戰的核心網絡，削弱其作戰能力。
以輿論宣傳營造有利輿論環境。配合國家政治、軍事、外交鬥爭，大力宣傳己方在戰爭中的正義性，激發全體民眾全力支持戰爭的熱情。借助即時通訊工具、網路論壇、播客、推特、微信等新媒體平台，有計劃地散佈打擊敵方弱點的信息，取得廣泛關注和普遍共鳴後，再適時報料、製造新的熱點，反复造勢增強影響，形成共振效應擴大效果。透過巧妙設定議程來進行宣傳“定調”，透過強勢媒體進行輿論造勢，掀起“沉默的螺旋”，控制和引導輿論，改變人們的看法和行為。
以心理攻擊瓦解敵方軍民士氣。透過網路廣泛傳播經過加工和處理過的訊息，宣傳己方的正義性，展現己方的力量、意志和決心，對敵方在政治上、道德上進行醜化，對內凝聚軍民的思想和意志，對外力爭法理道義的製高點，從精神上「軟化」「弱化」敵人。運用多種網路傳播方式和技術手段，向敵方軍民有針對性地發送各種欺騙性、幹擾性、誘導性、威懾性訊息，攻敵心理防線，促進其產生對抗無效心理，進而喪失作戰能力。

Modern English:

Complexity science is one of the frontier fields of contemporary scientific development. It is a new tool for understanding, understanding, and exploring the phenomena, laws, and mechanisms of war. As the form of war evolves from information war to intelligent war, the complexity of war shows an exponential growth trend, and it becomes increasingly difficult to seize control of information. The key to combat is to put the enemy into a “decision-making dilemma” so that it can even Even with information superiority, it cannot make correct decisions, thus losing its combat advantage. The focus of operations will change from “information-centered” to “cognition-centered”, and the winning mechanism will change from “information winning” to “cognitive winning”.

“Three changes” reveal the driving forces behind the increasing complexity of war

War is a field full of possibilities, and change is the basic characteristic that runs through it. President Xi stressed that we must pay close attention to changes in technology, war, and opponents. Changes in science and technology are the foundation, changes in war are the subject, and changes in opponents are the key. Changes in science and technology lead to changes in war, and changes in war prompt changes in opponents. The “three changes” have promoted the evolution of war forms, the expansion of war fields, the transformation of war goals, and the expansion of war influence, revealing the driving forces behind the growth of war complexity.

Changes in technology have overturned the basis for winning wars. Science and technology are the core combat effectiveness and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Throughout the history of the world’s military development, every major scientific and technological innovation has started a new military revolution, and every military revolution has pushed military development into a new era. Scientific and technological innovation has become a huge engine to improve the military’s combat effectiveness. . At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution are accelerating. The degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly increasing, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming increasingly apparent. The role of driving the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent. The rapid development of some cutting-edge technologies may fundamentally change the face of war and war. According to the rules, the military game between great powers is more embodied in technological subversion and counter-subversion, raids and counter-raids, offsets and counter-offsets. The U.S. Navy’s “Nemesis” project includes reconnaissance, decoy, jamming and other systems. The decoy system covers air, surface and underwater. Under the scheduling and control of the distributed artificial intelligence engine, it can complement each other, coordinate deception, and truly create a A “ghost aircraft carrier formation” completely subverted traditional electronic deception methods and raised information deception to an unprecedented level. It can be said that science and technology has never had such a profound impact on the overall situation of national security and military strategy as it does today. It has profoundly intervened in, supported, and dominated the evolution of war forms and the innovation of combat styles, and has even subverted the mechanism of winning wars.

The U.S. Navy’s “Nemesis” project is based on networked collaborative electronic warfare

Concept, integrating different systems and utilizing unmanned distributed

Clusters of electronic warfare platforms enable large-scale collaborative electronic warfare

The changes in war highlight the complexity of war. Modern warfare is undergoing profound changes, showing unprecedented diversity and complexity. This super complexity stems from many reasons: first, various advanced technologies or weapons are constantly emerging, bringing many uncertainties; second, the battlefield covers land, sea, air, space, network, electricity and cognitive and other multiple third, multiple combat objects, combat styles, combat areas, and combat methods are cross-correlated and combined to form a complex “hybrid war”; fourth, artificial intelligence algorithms build a large number of combat elements into a complex logic, and use human Machine speed beyond the reach of thinking prompts the combination, deconstruction, and recombination of various elements. In the Ukraine crisis in 2022, on the surface it is a confrontation between Russia and Ukraine, but in essence it is a “hybrid war” between the United States and Western countries and Russia; the Russian and Ukrainian armies extensively use military and civilian drones to expand The “unmanned +” application model shows the prototype of future unmanned intelligent operations; with the support of U.S. NATO air and space situational intelligence, the Ukrainian army frequently uses low-cost unmanned equipment to carry out raids on important Russian weapons platforms, highlighting its new qualities Combat forces have asymmetric attack advantages against large weapons and equipment in traditional combat systems. Changes in technology will eventually lead to changes in war. The impact of a single element on war will become weaker and weaker. The joint combat system composed of multiple elements will have a complex impact on war. War is non-linear, uncertain, chaotic and open. Complex characteristics such as adaptability and confrontation will increase exponentially, which will make it more difficult for people to judge the progress and outcome of the war.

Changes in opponents accelerate the growth of war complexity. Changes in war prompt changes in opponents. Currently, we are experiencing major changes unseen in a century. Major military powers are actively making strategic adjustments and promoting a new round of military reforms, which exhibit the following characteristics: first, the trend of joint, miniaturized, and autonomous institutional establishments has become more obvious; second, The first is that weapons and equipment are showing a development trend of digitization, precision, stealth, unmanned, and intelligence; the third is that the combat form is moving towards the “four nons” (non-contact, non-linear, asymmetric and irregular) and the “three nos” (Invisible, silent, unmanned) combat; fourth, the military command form is developing in the direction of flattening, automation, networking, and seamlessness. The United States regards China as its main strategic opponent and strives to suppress and contain China. It has vigorously strengthened the innovation of operational concepts and has successively proposed new operational concepts such as “hybrid warfare”, “multi-domain warfare” and “mosaic warfare”, claiming that it will fight to defeat its opponents. A high-end war in which “technology cannot be understood, strikes are difficult to predict, and speed cannot keep up.” The core of the US military’s “mosaic warfare” is unmanned, low-cost, fast, lethal, flexible and reconfigurable. It is based on distributed situational awareness, with the help of intelligent auxiliary decision-making tools and the concept of building blocks and jigsaw puzzles to adaptively formulate mission planning. , dynamically reorganize combat forces, decompose the functions of the combat platform into a larger number of single-function nodes, and build a combat system with a large number of functional nodes. Replace the “kill chain” with a “kill network”. Several nodes will fail or be missing, and the combat system can be adaptively reorganized.

The increasing complexity of war drives the transformation of the winning mechanism of war

With the rapid development of national defense science and technology, the upgrading of weapons and equipment, and the rapid evolution of war forms, modern warfare has shown exponential and explosive complex changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are rules to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. Only by thoroughly understanding the winning mechanism of modern war can we accurately recognize changes, respond scientifically, be good at seeking change, and firmly grasp the initiative in future wars.

The form of war has changed from cold weapon warfare to intelligent warfare . The shape of war is a holistic understanding of war. So far, human war has generally gone through four historical stages: cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war, and information war, and is moving towards intelligent warfare. The history of cognitive warfare is almost as old as the history of human warfare. In the era of cold weapon war, hot weapon war, and mechanized war, cognitive warfare appears more in the form of public opinion warfare and psychological warfare. As mankind enters the information age, the development of cyberspace technology has greatly expanded the space for cognitive warfare, enriched the technical means of cognitive warfare, and greatly enhanced the permeability, timeliness, and deterrence of cognitive warfare. The status and role of Zhizhan have been unprecedentedly improved. In the future, the form of war will enter intelligent warfare, and a large number of intelligent weapon systems and platforms will be equipped with the military and put into combat. Cognitive warfare can not only interfere with and deceive the cognition of enemy personnel, but also attack the cognition of smart equipment through algorithm deception methods such as “adversarial input” and “data poisoning”. Its application scenarios and scope will be further expanded. , the status and role will be further improved.

Drones have gradually become the protagonist of war,

Combat complexity further increases

The purpose of war has changed from conquering by force to conquering by spirit. The winning mechanism of modern war has undergone great changes compared with the past. The violence of war has been curbed. The purpose of combat has changed from the original siege of cities and territories and annihilation of the enemy’s effective forces to making the opponent obey one’s own will. The means of combat have changed from conquering by force to conquering more areas. The emphasis on psychological and spiritual conquest and transformation has made cognitive warfare increasingly prominent in its status and role in modern warfare. In recent years, “hybrid warfare” has become a major means of great power competition. More and more countries have begun to focus on using new fields and new means to achieve political, military, and economic goals that are difficult to achieve with traditional warfare. “Hybrid war” is a mixture of war subjects such as states, non-state actors and individuals, a mixture of conventional warfare, unconventional warfare and other war styles, a mixture of military operations such as combat, stability maintenance and reconstruction, and a mixture of political, military and economic The mixture of multiple fields such as military and people’s livelihood is a mixture of multiple combat goals such as defeating the enemy and winning the hearts and minds of the people. This is highly consistent with cognitive warfare. The operational field of “hybrid warfare” has expanded from the military field to politics, economy, culture, people’s livelihood and other fields; the combat methods have expanded from firepower warfare and troop warfare to diplomatic warfare, economic warfare, cyber warfare, psychological warfare, public opinion warfare and other directions. This is highly consistent with cognitive warfare. Its core essence is to “make profit out of chaos”, its main purpose is to win people’s hearts, and its combat guidance is to win by cleverness.

The winning domain of war changes from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain. Modern war occurs in three fields: physics, information and cognition at the same time. The physical domain and information domain are separated from the material domain, and the cognitive domain is separated from the spiritual domain. The physical domain is a traditional war domain, consisting of combat platforms and military facilities, which provides the material basis for information warfare. The information domain is a newly emerging war field, that is, the space for information generation, transmission and sharing, and is the focus of information warfare competition. Cognitive domain is the scope and field involved in human cognitive activities. It is not only the space for human feeling, perception, memory and thinking activities, but also the space for knowledge generation, exchange, association, storage and application. It is also the space for perception, judgment and decision-making in combat activities. and spaces of command and control. The cognitive domain exists in the field of consciousness of combatants and affects their judgment and decision-making. It is a rising field of warfare. With the development of technologies such as network information and artificial intelligence, the scope of the cognitive domain has greatly expanded, and is expanding from the field of human consciousness to the field of modern cognitive tools and artificial intelligence. The development of military technology has expanded the scope of the cognitive domain, providing more advanced, faster, and more effective material and technical means for cognitive warfare, greatly enhancing the permeability, timeliness, and deterrence of cognitive warfare, and fundamentally It has changed cognitive warfare, making the cognitive domain a new winning field that transcends the physical domain and information domain, and has become the ultimate domain for great power games and military confrontations.

The mechanism for winning wars changes from information victory to cognitive victory. In the final analysis, war confrontation is a game and confrontation of cognition. Mastering the right to control cognition will largely control the initiative in war. Losing the right to control cognition will put you in a passive position of being beaten in the war. Obtaining higher and stronger control rights is the key to defeating powerful enemies. Finding ways to control cognitive power and then seize comprehensive battlefield control, so as to achieve maximum victory at the minimum cost, is an important mechanism and inherent law of modern warfare, especially cognitive warfare. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed new concepts of future warfare represented by “decision-centered warfare” and “mosaic warfare”, intending to use complexity as a weapon to create multiple dilemmas for opponents, requiring it to ensure its own tactical “selective advantage”. At the same time, by creating highly complex decision-making influences on the enemy and interfering with its decision-making capabilities, it can achieve a subversive advantage over the enemy in the cognitive domain. In the primary and intermediate stages of information warfare, the key to combat is to seize network control and information control, which runs through the progressive model of “network advantage → information advantage → decision-making advantage → combat advantage”. After information warfare enters an advanced stage, it becomes more and more difficult to seize control of information. The key to combat is to make the enemy fall into a “decision-making dilemma” so that even if it has information superiority, it cannot make correct decisions, thereby losing its combat advantage and having recognition. Only by knowing the advantages can you have the combat advantage. In future wars, cognitive advantage will be the most important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation will be the most important form of confrontation. It can be said that “without cognition, there is no war.”

Coping with complex wars has given rise to the concept of cognitive-centered warfare

In order to cope with the exponential growth trend of the complexity characteristics of modern warfare, we must use the theories and methods of complexity science to change the concept of platform-centered warfare where firepower is supreme and killing is king, and establish a cognitive-centered combat thinking. Cognition-centered warfare refers to taking the cognitive domain as the winning area, taking the cognitive advantage as the operational goal, and focusing on interfering with cognitive means, suppressing cognitive channels, affecting cognitive production, and conducting cognitive operations on enemy personnel and intelligent equipment. Interference, suppression, deception and inducement are a new operational concept that obtains combat advantages by seizing and maintaining cognitive advantages. Its main winning mechanisms are as follows.

Sun Tzu mentioned in “The Art of War” that “there is no constant force in an army;

Water has no permanent shape; those who can win due to the changes of the enemy are called gods.

Use cyber deterrence to destroy the enemy’s will to fight. Targeting the enemy’s political, economic, military, diplomatic, and cultural contradictions and weaknesses, disseminate deterrent information through cyberspace, or publish military parades, large-scale military exercises, new weapons and equipment research and development and other information through the Internet, so as to cause extreme cognitive and psychological changes in the opponent. Great fear and shock, deterring the enemy is not conducive to the implementation of my actions. Comprehensive use of network and electricity attack methods to carry out point strikes and warning attacks against the enemy’s important network and electricity targets and key core nodes, destroying the enemy’s system combat capabilities, affecting the normal performance of the enemy’s weapons and equipment, and providing psychological deterrence to the enemy. The US military’s “gray zone operations” theory relies on its own technological advantages and mainly takes actions such as cyber and electronic countermeasures to respond to the opponent’s “gray zone provocation” and deter the opponent from giving up “confrontation” or escalating the conflict, putting it in a dilemma.

Use information deception to induce the enemy to make misjudgments. Aiming at the enemy’s reconnaissance equipment, intelligence agencies and command systems, use cyber attacks, electronic deception and other means to conceal one’s military intentions, military operations and military objectives, and transmit to the enemy erroneous and false combat plans, troop configurations and operations. capabilities, combat plans, battlefield situation, etc., or use the enemy’s command information system to send false orders and information to induce the enemy to make wrong judgments and disrupt the enemy’s combat command. Implement new attacks such as “adversarial input” and “data poisoning” against artificial intelligence algorithms, allowing them to obtain preset conclusions through deep learning training, or causing them to fall into local optimal solutions and ignore the global optimal. Use technologies such as computer imaging, video synthesis, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence to synthesize sounds, videos, images, text information, etc., or use “deep fake” technology to generate false information that is difficult to distinguish between true and false, and transmit it through the Internet Spread in large quantities to confuse and deceive opponents and influence their decisions and actions.

Use information suppression to block the enemy’s cognitive means. Target the enemy’s important network targets, as well as core routers, switches, gateways, key servers, etc., and use “soft” and “hard” attack methods to destroy their network nodes. Based on the networking characteristics of wireless links such as the enemy’s command and control network, communication transmission network, weapon hinge network, and early warning detection network, comprehensively use technologies and means such as electronic jamming, GPS spoofing attacks, command link takeover, and data hijacking control to suppress them. Data communication, blocking its communication links and interfering with its combat command. Implement cyber-paralysis attacks on enemy command and control, military communications, early warning detection, aerospace information and other military networks, destroying core networks that affect their operations and weakening their combat capabilities.

Use public opinion propaganda to create a favorable public opinion environment . Cooperate with the country’s political, military, and diplomatic struggles, vigorously promote one’s own justice in the war, and stimulate the enthusiasm of all people to fully support the war. With the help of new media platforms such as instant messaging tools, online forums, podcasts, Twitter, and WeChat, we can systematically disseminate information that targets the enemy’s weaknesses. After gaining widespread attention and consensus, we can then promptly report information, create new hot spots, and repeatedly build momentum. Enhance the influence and form a resonance effect to expand the effect. Propaganda “sets the tone” by cleverly setting agendas, building public opinion through powerful media, setting off a “spiral of silence”, controlling and guiding public opinion, and changing people’s opinions and behaviors.

Use psychological attacks to undermine the morale of enemy soldiers and civilians. Through the Internet, processed and processed information is widely disseminated to promote one’s justice, demonstrate one’s strength, will and determination, vilify the enemy politically and morally, gather the thoughts and will of the military and civilians internally, and strive to win externally. The commanding heights of law and morality can “soften” and “weaken” the enemy spiritually. Use a variety of network communication methods and technical means to send various deceptive, disruptive, inductive, and deterrent messages to the enemy’s military and civilians in a targeted manner to attack the enemy’s psychological defense line, promote an ineffective confrontation mentality, and then lose combat capabilities. . Through the Internet, we can create, guide, plan, build, and expand momentum to create a “momentum” that is beneficial to ourselves but not beneficial to the enemy, causing a psychological impact on the other party’s people, thereby affecting or changing their psychological state, and implementing effective psychological attacks.

Use legal struggle to obtain legal and moral support. Use legal weapons to curb the enemy’s possible or future illegal acts, declare the legality of our actions, affirm our power of military counterattack, declare our determination to pursue war responsibilities, and deter the enemy. By exposing the illegality of the enemy’s provocative behavior, criticizing the legal basis for the enemy’s combat operations, and condemning the enemy’s illegal behavior, it causes the enemy’s strategic defeat and our own strategic gain. Use legal means to restrict the enemy’s possible actions, limit the possible interference of third parties, and block other parties from interfering with our own actions. Formulate the laws and regulations necessary for our operations to provide legal protection for our operations, or take legal remedial measures to reduce the possible negative impacts of our operations and ensure that combat operations are carried out in accordance with the law.

原中國軍事網站：https//www.81it.com/2023/1109/888沒有湯適合你.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用：智慧戰爭中的有效方法論

11/16/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military’s Tactical Use of Dissipative Warfare: Effective Methodology within Intelligent Warfare

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。

耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。

符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代，智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態，主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。

具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現聯繫的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義

耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。

對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。

力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。

效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。

在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰

智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。

著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。

著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。

著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

Modern English:

Introduction

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in military affairs, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical method of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to a combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal integration and integration and external mutation. Strengthening research on dissipative warfare will help us deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative war is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain in the intelligent era. It is reflected in the high degree of unity in the form of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the intelligent war system. openness, complexity and emergence.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the era of intelligence, technologies such as wide networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and ethnic groups have become more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and is intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and categories of intelligent warfare have continued to expand. The time and space of war have continued to expand. War and peace are like shadows. As they become more integrated, the war system will further transcend local geographical restrictions, move from a relatively closed world to a more open one, and form a higher-level and wider-scale confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive development of intelligent warfare systems in the physical, information and cognitive domains. It highly unifies political contests, economic competitions, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts and diplomatic checks and balances into the scope of confrontation between ourselves and the enemy, adapting to the The requirements of the times as the world security situation develops.

It is in line with the objective laws of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the birth of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent warfare, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in material consumption and energy release. A form of dispersion and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the main form of war was cold weapon warfare dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the era of industrialization, the main forms of warfare are thermonuclear weapons and mechanized warfare dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly information-based war dominated by information elements and centered on the network information system. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, Interpreting energy through intelligence has formed an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms. The main form of expression is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of the complex systems of intelligent warfare.

It is supported by a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. Social form is the matrix of war forms. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must be based on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of war forms and the social form in which intelligent warfare occurs, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that make up the world. Material embodies the existence of the source, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connections. The three progressively and alternately dominate the formation of social forms and war forms. Evolve and run. According to the principle of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be material again after matter, energy, and information. However, this material is formed after a spiral of high informatization. The main characteristic of new materials is that they have intelligent technical properties. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristic advantages of matter, energy and information in previous low-level warfare forms, and highly integrates the common forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion in war. Unified, it reflects the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inner essence of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of war subjects and categories, and presents many new characteristics.

Against comprehensive games. As the form of intelligent warfare accelerates to develop to a higher depth and breadth, the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more interconnected and have more extensive influence. The focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system, and the war stakeholders The confrontation will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances. The pursuit of war advantages is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to compete in comprehensive games in multiple fields Gain the initiative and advantage.

Subjects are diverse across domains. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly generalized, and the potential war forces that need to be mobilized for traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main body of the war. Diversified war subjects will span the real domain and the virtual domain, appearing in land, sea, air, space, electricity, psychology and other spatial domains, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering politics, economy, culture, Diplomacy and other social fields. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on military battlefields and pass it on to war stakeholders, causing the spread of key war information, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Strength is gathered into one body. Virtual and real power are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real and virtual forces that may be used will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and they will perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; they will be integrated with and without forces. Unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy after going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and human supervision. They can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and can effectively coordinate and operate in parallel under the constraints of common war rules. Symbiosis; multiple forces integrated into one. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the party, government, military, police and civilians and other forces closely coordinate and act in a unified manner with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles to form a comprehensive combat capability. In short, under the unified planning of the country or political group, although the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, and integration of excellence around the common war purpose.

Effectiveness emerges cumulatively. While high-level warfare forms have new technological features, they still include the characteristic advantages of lower-level warfare forms. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains. This includes not only the consumption of ammunition, materials, equipment and even combat personnel at the material level, but also the continuous collection and release of energy at the energy level. It also includes the use of data, knowledge, and algorithms at the information level. The diffusion and integration of information, etc. will have an unlimited impact on people’s thinking and cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotions, will, behavior patterns, etc. Under the constant deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare will become less bloody, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic stranglehold, etc. will become more serious and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the cumulative effectiveness reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Choose the right focus to fight the dissipation war well

The intelligent warfare system maximizes the combat effectiveness of the system through internal aggregation and integration, external mutation emergence, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation. This is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and identify the focus of war preparations.

Focus on the openness of the system and close and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, causing it to lack material, energy and information source channels, and gradually move towards a state of isolation, closure and weakness. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is adopted to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing an increase in system entropy. At the operational level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force the opponent’s war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focus on the complexity of the system and attack the opponent’s war system by domain. The more connections and the closer the connections between the elements of an intelligent warfare system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. Using the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, we can formulate overall strategic, local campaign and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based attacks on the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the use of economic blockade can greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the operational level, the vulnerability of the communication network of the combat system is exploited, and network and electricity composite attacks are used as the basic path and means, and methods such as “destroying terminals, attacking elements, lone groups, disconnecting networks, and breaking clouds” are used to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure. , prompting the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on the emergent nature of the system and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s combat system. Only when mutation and emergence effects occur in an intelligent warfare system can it quickly form and exert its effectiveness and gain advantages in dissipative warfare. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It is foreseeable that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking for understanding and discovering the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex systems of war, as well as new means of exploring objective laws and transforming nature and society. The dominant side in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dispersing the enemy’s war system.

中國國防部原網站：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/888沒有湯給你html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 資料來源：中國外交部

打贏資訊化智慧化戰爭解放軍必須找到科技融合點推進戰術創新

11/15/2023 admin Leave a comment

To Win The Information-based Intelligent War China’s People’s Liberation Army Must Find Science and Technology Integration Point To Evolve Innovation of Tactics

戰法，即作戰方法，指作戰中運用的策略和技術。戰法創新，既要深謀“策”，也要鑽研“技”。有“策”無“技”，心有餘而力不足；有“技”無“策”，雖用力而不得法。既要有策略指導，又具備技術支撐，方能百戰百勝。打贏資訊化智能化戰爭，開展以謀為先、以智取勝的戰法創新，必須「策」「技」並施，有效解決理論創新與技術應用脫節、作戰行動與技術路徑脫軌等問題。

思維認知「融」。現代科技快速發展，正推動未來作戰向高端戰爭演進。既要搶佔理論制高點，又要塑造技術新優勢，理技深度融合創新戰法，是製勝戰場的要訣。軍人作為戰法創新的主體，必須深刻認知現代戰爭制勝機理，根植理技融合理念，拓展理技融合思維。目前，兩個突出問題和傾向值得注意：一是科技素養不夠，容易導致對新的戰爭形態認識不深不透，僅憑以往經驗套路研究戰法，對作戰體系中哪些技術起作用、什麼技術真管用、對敵形成技術優勢從何入手、與強敵存在哪些技術差、如何避免被敵技術壓制等知之不深，重戰法輕技術、重“智謀”輕“智能”，創新的戰法看似管用，其實缺乏技術支撐，風險度大。二是把握不准作戰需求，未來戰場景象描繪不夠清晰，雖然技術原理、制勝機理明白了，但對科技在作戰行動中的運用知之不夠，忽略了人的主觀能動性對作戰效能發揮起到的決定性作用，重技術輕戰法，就技術研技術，或只鑽研技術性能而不考慮戰法運用，或只知技術功效卻不嘗試戰法創新。凡此，應把指戰員學科技、懂科技、用科技與科技人員學軍事、懂打仗、研戰法統籌起來協調推進，建立戰技專家融合創新機制，對接研究制勝機理，協同嵌入理技融合理念，交互幫帶提升戰法創新素質，形成以作戰行動牽引科技運用、以科技運用支撐作戰行動的思想認識，厚實理技融合開展戰法創新的根基。

作戰設計「融」。世界上從來沒有完全相同的兩場戰爭，戰法創新可以繼承借鑒，不能複製翻版。目前，軍事理論創新步伐加快、先進科技發展日新月異，戰爭形態深刻變革，呈現出混合多元、變幻莫測的顯著特徵，顛覆性技術、創新性概念、重塑性理論層出不窮。理技融合設計未來作戰，才能找準提升戰法創新的起點。要以敢領世界先的勇氣突破思維定勢，用超前眼光、獨特視角創新作戰理論，開發並落地作戰概念，構想作戰場景，創新戰法打法，先把未來戰場的「底圖」勾勒好，以此對接現代科技應用、牽引先進技術研發。同時，設計未來作戰不能超越科技極限過於遙遠地“空想”，應立足於一定時期內的科技可行性，在具有現實或可預期科技運用支撐、擁有技術實現路徑的前提下創新戰法，將技術阻斷、技術突襲、技術壓制、技術調控嵌入作戰行動。

技高一籌「融」。在現代戰爭中，人是決定性因素的地位沒有變，而科技對戰爭勝負的影響更加凸顯，爭奪科技勝勢在很大程度上決定戰爭勝負，必須始終把科技運用嵌入作戰鏈條、貫穿作戰全程，以技術效應支撐戰法運用，以技術優勢驅動作戰效能發揮。當前，戰法創新中的理技融合，主要矛盾並非技術中少理論，而是理論中缺乏技術，最迫切的是著力推進前沿科技向作戰理論融合滲透。要加強以武器裝備平台為依託的實質融合，著眼於最大限度地啟動作戰效能，廣泛進行基於行動效能釋放的裝備作戰運用研究、裝備作戰試驗鑑定，透過模擬推演、數據分析來偵測作戰行動的有效性，以「數算」驗證「勝算」。要加強基於作戰任務選擇「最優解」技術手段的深度性融合，從研究作戰對手、確定行動方法，到擬製作戰預案、組織對抗演訓，都要充分考慮敵我技術力量對比，貫徹非對稱作戰思想，把以優制劣、避強擊弱作為基本原則，謀求技術壓制並防敵壓制，謀求技術阻斷並防敵阻斷，謀求技術顛覆並防敵顛覆，最大限度發揮技術優勢，竭全力限制敵方技術發揮，以此塑造有利態勢、支撐戰法運用。

集智聚力「融」。資訊化智能化時代，不論是理論研究，或科技創新，都呈現出開放連結、交叉滲透的顯著特徵。理技融合進行戰法創新，開放共享是重要的成長點。推進人機一體式戰法創新，人出智謀、機器來算，以算的結果反推修訂戰法成果，在人機交互中實現理技融合；推進指技人才團隊式戰法創新，組建“ 科學家+指揮官」「戰鬥員+技術員」混合群體，實行聯調聯試、聯演聯訓、聯算聯謀，以戰法的科學性、技術的先進性謀求聯戰聯勝；推進開源眾籌式戰法創新，軍內軍外結合，線上線下互動，以更開闊的視野、更靈活的形式，集中廣大官兵和各類專業化人才的聰明智慧，開展戰法創新領域的「創客 ”活動，發展匯聚新戰法“資源池”“成果庫”，以實現理技融合的最大效益。

實踐迭代“融”。理論成果在實務運用中得到檢驗和昇華，科技手段在作戰行動中顯現功能與效益。戰法創新非一日之功，理技融合也應迭代進步、滾動發展。要注重整合應用資訊科技與智慧技術，虛擬構設未來作戰景象，在感觸與體驗智慧化作戰環境中創新戰法；要深入開展戰法創新成果虛擬模擬論證，透過虛擬實驗、模擬檢驗，充分驗證戰法設計的可行性、作戰行動的有效性；要結合演訓活動進行技術性能檢測，透過武器裝備與資訊系統的聚能與釋能實際狀況分析，充分檢驗技術應用的功效與缺陷所在。從而，在複盤研討、反覆論證、資料檢驗中動態發現與解決問題，理論不適用的修改理論，技術行不通的升級技術，讓戰法引進新領域技術，讓技術顛覆傳統式戰法，實現技戰一體有機結合，持續推動戰法創新螺旋上升滾動發展。

Modern English:

Find the integration point of theory and technology for innovative tactics

Tactic, that is, combat methods, refers to the strategies and techniques used in combat. To innovate tactics, we must not only think deeply about “strategies”, but also study “techniques”. If there is “strategy” but no “skill”, the mind will be more than sufficient but the strength is insufficient; if there is “skill” but no “strategy”, no matter how hard you try, you will not be able to achieve the goal. It requires both strategic guidance and technical support to be victorious in every battle. To win information-based and intelligent wars and carry out strategic innovation that puts strategy first and wins by outsmarting, we must implement both “policy” and “technique” to effectively solve problems such as the disconnect between theoretical innovation and technological application, and the derailment of combat operations and technological paths.

“Integration” of thinking and cognition. The rapid development of modern science and technology is promoting the evolution of future combat to high-end warfare. It is necessary to seize the theoretical commanding heights and create new technological advantages. In-depth integration of science and technology and innovative tactics are the keys to victory on the battlefield. As the main body of innovation in tactics, military personnel must have a deep understanding of the winning mechanism of modern warfare, root the concept of integrating science and technology, and expand the thinking of integrating science and technology. At present, two outstanding problems and tendencies are worth noting: First, insufficient scientific and technological literacy, which can easily lead to an in-depth understanding of new forms of warfare. Only relying on past experience and routines to study tactics, and which technologies are effective and which technologies in the combat system. I don’t know much about how effective it is, where to start to form a technological advantage over the enemy, what are the technical differences with powerful enemies, how to avoid being suppressed by the enemy’s technology, etc. We emphasize tactics over technology, emphasis on “wisdom” over “intelligence”, and innovative tactics. It seems to work, but in fact it lacks technical support and is highly risky. The second is that the combat needs are not accurately grasped, and the future battlefield scene is not clearly described. Although the technical principles and winning mechanisms are understood, the application of science and technology in combat operations is not known enough, and the decisive role of human subjective initiative in combat effectiveness is ignored. Function, focusing on technology over tactics, researching technology based on technology, or only studying technical performance without considering the application of tactics, or only knowing the efficacy of technology without trying to innovate tactics. In this regard, officers and soldiers should learn, understand, and use science and technology and science and technology personnel should learn military affairs, understand warfare, and study warfare methods in a coordinated and coordinated manner, establish an integration and innovation mechanism for combat technology experts, conduct joint research on winning mechanisms, and collaboratively embed the concept of science and technology integration , interactively help and improve the quality of tactical innovation, form an ideological understanding that combat operations drive the application of science and technology, and use science and technology application to support combat operations, and lay a solid foundation for integrating theory and technology to carry out tactical innovation.

Combat design “integration”. There are never two identical wars in the world. Innovation in tactics can be inherited and learned from, but cannot be copied. At present, the pace of military theoretical innovation is accelerating, advanced science and technology are developing at a rapid pace, and the form of warfare is undergoing profound changes, showing the distinctive characteristics of being mixed, diverse, and unpredictable. Subversive technologies, innovative concepts, and reshaping theories are emerging one after another. Only by integrating science and technology to design future operations can we find and improve the starting point for tactical innovation. We must have the courage to lead the world and break through the stereotypes, use forward-looking and unique perspectives to innovate combat theories, develop and implement combat concepts, conceive combat scenarios, innovate tactics, and first outline the “base map” of the future battlefield. Well, in this way, we can connect the application of modern science and technology and promote the research and development of advanced technology. At the same time, the design of future operations cannot be too far-fetched and “utopian” beyond the limits of science and technology. It should be based on the feasibility of science and technology within a certain period of time, and on the premise of having the support of realistic or foreseeable technology application and having a path for technological implementation, innovate tactics and integrate technology. Interdiction, technological surprise, technological suppression, and technological control are embedded in combat operations.

“Integration” with superior skills. In modern wars, the status of people as the decisive factor has not changed, but the impact of technology on the outcome of wars has become more prominent. The fight for technological victory determines the outcome of wars to a large extent. The use of science and technology must always be embedded in the combat chain and throughout the entire combat process. , use technical effects to support the application of tactics, and use technical advantages to drive combat effectiveness. At present, the main contradiction in the integration of theory and technology in the innovation of tactics is not the lack of theory in technology, but the lack of technology in theory. The most urgent thing is to promote the integration of cutting-edge technology into combat theory. It is necessary to strengthen the substantive integration based on weapons and equipment platforms, focus on activating combat effectiveness to the maximum extent, carry out extensive research on the combat application of equipment based on operational effectiveness release, equipment combat testing and identification, and test the effectiveness of combat operations through simulation deductions and data analysis. , verify the “probability of winning” with “number calculations”. It is necessary to strengthen the in-depth integration of technical means to select “optimal solutions” based on combat tasks. From studying combat opponents and determining action methods to formulating combat plans and organizing confrontation exercises, we must fully consider the technical strength comparison between the enemy and ourselves, and implement asymmetric The operational philosophy takes the superiority of the inferior and the avoidance of the strong to attack the weak as the basic principle, seeks technological suppression and prevents the enemy from suppressing it, seeks technological blockage and prevents the enemy from blocking it, seeks technological subversion and prevents the enemy from subverting it, maximizes the use of technological advantages, and does everything possible. Make every effort to limit the enemy’s technological performance in order to create a favorable situation and support the use of tactics.

Gather wisdom and strength to “integrate”. In the era of informationization and intelligence, both theoretical research and scientific and technological innovation show the remarkable characteristics of open linkage and cross-penetration. The integration of science and technology carries out strategic innovation, and open sharing is an important growth point. Promote the innovation of man-machine integrated tactics, where people use their ingenuity and machines do calculations, and use the calculation results to revise the results of tactics, and realize the integration of science and technology in human-computer interaction; promote the innovation of team-based tactics for finger-technical talents, and form a ” A mixed group of “scientists + commanders” and “combatants + technicians” implements joint debugging and testing, joint exercises and training, and joint calculations and calculations, and seeks joint victory with the scientific nature of tactics and advanced technology; promotes open source and mass Tactics innovation, integration within and outside the military, online and offline interaction, with a broader vision and more flexible form, pool the wisdom of officers and soldiers and various professional talents to carry out “makers” in the field of tactics innovation “Activities, develop and gather new tactics “resource pools” and “results libraries” to achieve maximum benefits from the integration of science and technology.

Practice iterative “integration”. Theoretical achievements have been tested and sublimated in practical applications, and scientific and technological means have demonstrated their functions and benefits in combat operations. Innovation in tactics is not something that can be accomplished in a day, and the integration of science and technology should also be iteratively progressed and developed on a rolling basis. It is necessary to focus on the integrated application of information technology and intelligent technology, to virtually construct future combat scenarios, and to innovate tactics while feeling and experiencing the intelligent combat environment; it is necessary to carry out in-depth virtual simulation demonstrations of the innovative results of tactics, and fully verify them through virtual experiments and simulation tests. The feasibility of tactical design and the effectiveness of combat operations; technical performance testing must be carried out in conjunction with drills and training activities, and the efficacy and flaws of technical applications must be fully tested by analyzing the actual energy collection and release of weapons, equipment and information systems. Therefore, problems can be discovered and solved dynamically during review discussions, repeated demonstrations, and data testing, and we can modify theories where the theory is not applicable and upgrade technologies where technology is not feasible, so that tactics can introduce new field technologies, and technology can subvert traditional tactics and achieve success. The organic combination of technology and combat continues to promote the spiral and rolling development of tactical innovation.

中國國防部原文來源: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/888沒有湯適合你.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

中國軍隊做好戰爭準備，科學研究旨在實現戰場統治

11/15/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Readies for War with Scientific Research Designed to Achieve Domination on the Battlefield

4月下旬，軍事科學院戰爭研究院順利完成上報兩項作戰重大問題研究工程的立項論證建議書。這是研究院著眼履行核心職能，科研攻關始終瞄準備戰打仗的具體實踐。

戰爭研究院是全軍專門研究戰爭、設計戰爭的科學研究機構。作為新組成單位，大項任務多、臨時任務多、論證申報任務多是他們科學研究工作的主要特徵。年初，針對人少事急、科研任務壓茬推進的實際情況，該研究院黨委對照戰鬥力標準，把旨在強軍勝戰的科研工作擺在重要位置。他們依據備戰急需、打仗急用、部隊急盼的標準，調整確立了戰爭與作戰問題研究、條令法規編排等方向的重點科研任務，壓減了10餘項偏離主責主業的課題，新增了一批戰爭形態、作戰風格等聚焦備戰打仗的課題研究。該研究院領導介紹，院黨委要求班子成員在重大科研任務中既掛帥又出征，做到主要精力向重點任務投放，力量配備、經費支持等向作戰研究傾斜。

同時，研究院持續深化「小核心、大外圍」協同攻關，不斷創新科學研究組織模式。他們在研究院內部進行軍事理論人員和軍事科技人員「捆綁式」研究，打通科研壁壘；與軍事醫學研究院、國防工程研究院等兄弟單位互派專家參與重大專案研究，實現優勢互補；組織科研人員參加各類重大演訓活動，找準科研需求；舉辦多邊軍事交流活動，使科研人員及時了解最新軍事科技動態。此外，他們也積極與地方科研院所合作，將地方優質科研資源為己所用，形成研究戰爭、設計戰爭、運籌戰爭、驗證戰爭的閉合迴路。

去年以來，該研究院先後完成百餘項科研課題，在核心作戰概念開發、聯合作戰實驗等研究上取得重要突破，提交國家高端智庫研究報告、重要問題評估報告等60餘份，推出一批戰略性強、原創性強、前瞻性強的創新成果。

Modern English:

In late April, the Institute of War Research of the Academy of Military Sciences successfully completed the submission of project demonstration proposals for two major combat issue research projects. This is a concrete practice of the institute focusing on fulfilling its core functions and always aiming at scientific research and preparation for war.

The War Research Institute is a scientific research institution specializing in the study and design of war in the entire military. As a newly established unit, the main characteristics of their scientific research work are many major tasks, many temporary tasks, and many demonstration and application tasks. At the beginning of the year, in response to the actual situation where there were few people and urgent tasks and scientific research tasks were being pushed forward, the party committee of the institute put the scientific research work aimed at strengthening the army and winning the war in an important position in accordance with the combat effectiveness standards. Based on the criteria of urgent need for war preparation, urgent need for war, and urgent need of troops, they adjusted and established key scientific research tasks in the research of war and combat issues, and the compilation of doctrines and regulations, etc., and reduced more than 10 topics that deviated from their main responsibilities and main business, and added new A batch of research on war forms, combat styles and other topics focusing on war preparation and combat were carried out. According to the leader of the institute, the party committee of the institute requires team members to both take command and go out on major scientific research tasks, so that the main energy should be devoted to key tasks, and force allocation and financial support should be tilted towards combat research.

At the same time, the institute continues to deepen the collaborative research of “small core and large periphery” and continuously innovates the scientific research organization model. They carry out “bundled” research by military theoretical personnel and military scientific and technological personnel within the institute to break down barriers to scientific research; they exchange experts with sister units such as the Military Medical Research Institute and the National Defense Engineering Research Institute to participate in major project research to achieve complementary advantages; organize scientific research Personnel participate in various major exercises and training activities to identify scientific research needs; multilateral military exchange activities are held to keep scientific researchers informed of the latest military science and technology trends. In addition, they also actively cooperate with local scientific research institutes to use local high-quality scientific research resources for their own use, forming a closed loop of researching war, designing war, operating war, and verifying war.

Since last year, the institute has completed more than 100 scientific research projects, made important breakthroughs in the development of core operational concepts and joint operational experiments, submitted more than 60 national high-end think tank research reports and important issue assessment reports, and launched a number of strategies. Innovative results that are highly innovative, original and forward-looking.

解放軍原文參考：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0514/c1888沒有湯給你.html

中國解放軍敘事戰爭

中國軍事上對敘事戰爭的運用

11/12/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Use of Narrative Warfare

中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Traditional Mandarin Chinese:

語言也是武器。軍事鬥爭除了可以動用飛機、坦克等硬手段外，也可以將語言修辭作為實現軍事目標的手段。不同於話語，敘事更為宏廣。認清軍事敘事的內涵與特點，對於建構未來軍事理論具有重要意義。

語言是上膛的「手槍」。「敘事戰」指以語言為武器，以佔據世界軍事論述主導權為目標而展開的軍事理論創新與競爭。從目標上可分為進攻性敘事、防禦性敘事和威懾性敘事等，依手段可分為作戰概念敘事、軍事理論敘事、軍事話語敘事、軍事話語敘事等。內容既涉及國防和軍事建設、軍事戰略層面的敘事，也包括戰略、戰役、戰術層面作戰概念的敘事，還包括作戰標準、作戰規則的權威制定和議程設定。把握敘事主導權，是贏得認知戰的前提與基礎。把握了敘事主導權，也就掌握了國際意識形態鬥爭的主動權、領導權，進而獲得軍事論述主導權。

成功的敘事需要吸引力。與嚴密的邏輯論證不同，敘事透過引人入勝的故事吸引觀眾，二戰時期德國「閃擊戰」神話就是如此。這個橫空出世的戰術其實是一戰後期「胡蒂爾戰術」或「滲透戰術」的翻版，但在軍事界和各類媒體的華麗包裝下，迅速成為德國能夠橫掃歐洲的「魔法」。目前，美軍各軍種都在推出令人眼花繚亂的作戰概念，儘管不少是對以往作戰思想的翻新和包裝，然而這種頗具「概念股」意味的營銷方式成功吸引了世界軍事界的注意和追捧，甚至影響了其他國家軍事變革的方向和軍事理論的製定。

敘事是軍事發展的“設計”

敘事既是理論研究者腦中的思考脈絡，也是媒體口中的報道風格，它對內構成了理論研究的習慣，對外則成為描述對手的行文規範，涉及理論、概念、宣傳、話術手段等諸多內容。因此，可以從四個方面來認識敘事在軍事上發揮作用的方式。

作戰概念敘事影響未來軍事建設與發展。作戰概念既是一種作戰理念，本身也是一種武器和作戰手段。作戰概念的敘事競爭讓作戰雙方極力追求軍事技術運用和作戰方法手段的共同演化，力爭使雙方作戰理念和方法手段處於相近的水平。當國家軍事實力差距龐大時，強大的國家力求主導設計戰場，實現對作戰對手的降維打擊。當國家軍事實力差距不明顯時，雙方作戰概念的賽局結果可能是混沌未知的。各方窮盡所有，在時代框架所能允許的範圍內，盡量全景描述可能的作戰方式和手段。在你來我往的作戰概念「敘事戰」之中，新型戰爭方式最終會在雙方軍事理論家的「腦力激盪」中誕生，在演訓實踐中定型，最終在戰場對決中進行檢驗。

軍事理論敘事能左右軍事戰略的發展。軍事理論敘事有助於確定國家安全利益、識別現實和潛在威脅，也有助於針對性規劃國防與軍隊發展戰略。例如，馬漢「海權論」的提出，既有力滿足了本國海軍發展需求，同時也成為二戰後各國爭奪海洋利益、發展海上力量的重要思想源頭。美軍1990年代以來對高新技術戰爭的敘事，引導了世界新軍事革命浪潮，帶來了武器裝備和部隊編制體制的重大變革。近年來，美軍相繼提出「多域戰」「分散式海上作戰」等新作戰概念,反映出其希望藉助先進作戰概念繼續佔據世界軍事發展前沿、引領軍事變革方向的意圖。

軍事話語敘事可塑造軍事認知環境。軍事論述透過構設術語，對軍事理論內容進行議程設置，塑造軍事語境，內化對手思考方向，讓其在既設的軍事框架內認知作戰環境、作戰手段，進而創設自己熟悉的作戰“ 劇本”，讓對手陷入其中卻渾然不知。譬如美軍名義繁多的作戰概念，既有服務本軍種利益競爭的需要，也有試錯性的作戰概念推演，同時還有意無意地給對手製造「概念圈套」。

軍事話術敘事可主導話語權顛倒黑白。透過名詞構造等話術，強勢敘事者可對既有概念做出新表述，模糊人們對原有概念的理解，形成強勢話語對弱勢話語的壓制。透過高調宣傳、片面解讀、美化包裝和選擇性運用政策法規等手段，既妖魔化對手，又彰顯強勢敘事者自身行動的「正義性」和「合法化」。近年來，西方國家把意識形態領域的政治語言敘事模式轉變成軍事話語權進行輸出，隱密地將價值評價植入軍事層面的敘事之中。例如，描述同樣性質的作戰行動，西方國家自己會用「低強度戰爭」「航行自由行動」等帶有中性和正義色彩的詞彙，卻貶損別國為「灰色地帶行動」。

善於爭奪「麥克風」主導權

從內容來看，敘事屬於語言藝術範疇，並不神祕。在認清其特徵及作用方式的基礎上，如何在軍事敘事的鬥爭維度上贏得勝利，是擺在我們面前的重要理論和現實問題。筆者認為，爭奪「敘事戰」主導權，應該注意把握四點原則。

注重量體裁衣服務國家策略。軍事服從政治。軍事敘事不能天馬行空，應該與國家戰略敘事一致，否則二者的分裂將嚴重損害國家安全利益。二戰前夕，法國奉行的以「馬奇諾防線」為代表的防禦性軍事敘事，無法支撐其政治上與東歐國家的同盟戰略體系，令法國失去了應對德國威脅的可信能力。因此，軍事上的敘事貴在圍繞著國家戰略目標「就地取材」「你打你的，我打我的」。我軍歷史上的「麻雀戰」「零敲牛皮糖」「小群多路戰」等作戰概念，有力支撐了我軍作戰實踐。現今俄軍結合自身實際，創造性地發展了「混合戰爭」理論，為自身尋求到迥異於美軍卻適合俄羅斯特色的作戰方式，並在俄格衝突等行動中有效維護了其國家戰略利益。

靈巧拆解詞語進行反向敘事。詞語建構是對已有概念作出新表述，模糊對原有概念的理解，從而達到引導輿論的目的，是建構話語體系常用的手段之一。美軍當今大量所謂的新式作戰概念往往是新瓶裝舊酒。例如“分散式海上作戰”，其實是“分散兵力”或“狼群戰術”借用網路領域概念的語言升級，“海上遠徵基地作戰”炒的則是“跳島戰術”的冷飯。對待這些作戰概念，千萬不能人雲亦雲。應運用批判性思維，透過反向敘事的方式擠出作戰概念敘事中的水分，撥開雲霧見真容。

積極奪取認知空間，對抗敘事霸權。「敘事戰」的終極目標是奪取認知領域的話語權、制腦權。如今網路是敘事的主戰場，自媒體、社群網路、直播影片等是認知對抗、「敘事戰」的重要平台。西方軍事強國憑藉佔據全球輿論高點的優勢，用一套霸權性質的話術，構設了一套服務資本利益、維護霸權地位的價值和標準體系，形成了偏向於網絡霸權國家的選擇性敘事取向。處在這種不利的敘事環境下，應著重探索弱勢敘事空間的話術手段，在媒體、智庫等敘事平台構造話語連動機制，逐步拓展敘事空間，贏得更多的社會認同、更多的公眾青睞和影響力。

防止落入作戰概念的敘事陷阱。作戰概念超前並不代表軍事實力領先。戰爭對決，作戰概念從來不是製勝武器，更無法左右戰爭的結局。冷戰後美國發起的幾場戰爭，均憑藉絕對的非對稱優勢以強對弱、以優勝劣，其背後密碼為：實力+新作戰概念，其中何者為決定因素還有待商榷。因此，應避免落入對手作戰概念的敘事陷阱，防止被對手牽引追逐作戰概念創新以致被帶偏節奏。要堅持「你打你的，我打我的」的原則，用清醒的頭腦、理智的思維謀求有中國特色的軍事理論敘事，練就制勝強敵的過硬「內功」。

Modern English Version:

With the development of psychological warfare, cyber warfare, social media warfare, cognitive warfare and other theories and their application in combat practice, the competition for military discourse power has become increasingly fierce. Using language as a weapon, a strong narrative can not only suppress the opponent to form discourse dominance, but also subtly shape the opponent’s thinking habits, guide the opponent to follow suit, and form an asymmetric advantage in discourse, thereby achieving “conceptual attack.”

Narrative can strangle the “throat” of military theory

Language is also a weapon. In addition to using hard means such as aircraft and tanks, military struggles can also use language and rhetoric as a means to achieve military goals. Unlike discourse, narrative is broader. Recognizing the connotation and characteristics of military narratives is of great significance to constructing future military theories.

Language is a loaded pistol. “Narrative warfare” refers to military theoretical innovation and competition that uses language as a weapon and aims to dominate the world’s military discourse. According to the goal, it can be divided into offensive narrative, defensive narrative and deterrent narrative. According to the means, it can be divided into operational concept narrative, military theory narrative, military discourse narrative, military rhetoric narrative, etc. The content involves not only the narrative of national defense and army construction and military strategy, but also the narrative of operational concepts at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. It also includes the authoritative formulation and agenda setting of operational standards and operational rules. Grasping narrative dominance is the prerequisite and foundation for winning the cognitive war. By grasping the dominance of narrative, we also grasp the initiative and leadership of the international ideological struggle, and then gain the dominance of military discourse.

Successful narratives require appeal. Rather than strictly logical arguments, narrative engages the audience through a compelling story, as was the case with the German “Blitzkrieg” myth of World War II. This unexpected tactic was actually a replica of the “Hutier tactics” or “infiltration tactics” in the late World War I. However, under the gorgeous packaging of the military circles and various media, it quickly became the “magic” that allowed Germany to sweep across Europe. Currently, all branches of the U.S. military are launching dazzling combat concepts. Although many of them are refurbishments and packaging of previous combat ideas, this marketing method with a “concept stock” meaning has successfully attracted the attention and pursuit of the world’s military circles. , and even influenced the direction of military reforms and the formulation of military doctrines in other countries.

Narrative is the “designer” of military development

Narrative is not only the thinking thread in the minds of theoretical researchers, but also the reporting style in the media. It constitutes the habit of theoretical research internally, and it becomes the writing standard for describing opponents externally, involving theories, concepts, propaganda, rhetorical techniques and many other contents. . The way narrative works in the military can therefore be understood in four ways.

The operational concept narrative affects future military construction and development. The combat concept is not only a combat concept, but also a weapon and combat method. The narrative competition of operational concepts has led both combatants to pursue the co-evolution of the application of military technology and operational methods, striving to bring the operational concepts, methods and means of both sides to a similar level. When there is a huge gap in national military strength, the more powerful country strives to dominate the design of the battlefield and achieve dimensionality reduction against combat opponents. When the gap in national military strength is not obvious, the outcome of the game of combat concepts between the two sides may be chaotic and unknown. All parties tried their best to fully describe possible combat methods and means within the framework of the times. In the “narrative war” where operational concepts come and go, new methods of warfare will eventually be born in the “brainstorming” of military theorists on both sides, finalized in training practices, and finally tested in battlefield duels.

Military theoretical narratives can influence the formulation of military strategies. Military theoretical narrative helps to determine national security interests, identify actual and potential threats, and also helps to plan national defense and military development strategies in a targeted manner. For example, the proposal of Mahan’s “Sea Power Theory” not only effectively met the country’s naval development needs, but also became an important ideological source for countries to compete for maritime interests and develop maritime power after World War II. The U.S. military’s narrative of high-tech warfare since the 1990s has led the world’s new wave of military revolution and brought about major changes in weapons, equipment, and troop establishment systems. In recent years, the US military has successively proposed new operational concepts such as “multi-domain warfare” and “distributed maritime operations”, reflecting its intention to continue to occupy the forefront of world military development and lead the direction of military transformation with the help of advanced operational concepts.

Military discourse narratives can shape the military cognitive environment. By constructing terminology, military discourse sets the agenda for military theoretical content, shapes the military context, internalizes the opponent’s thinking direction, allows them to recognize the combat environment and combat methods within the established military framework, and then creates a familiar combat ” Script”, allowing the opponent to fall into it without knowing it. For example, the U.S. military’s numerous operational concepts not only serve the needs of competing interests of the service, but also involve trial-and-error operational concept deductions. They also intentionally or unintentionally create “conceptual traps” for opponents.

Military narrative can dominate the discourse and confuse right and wrong. Through discourse techniques such as noun construction, strong narrators can make new expressions of existing concepts, blurring people’s understanding of the original concepts, and forming a strong discourse that suppresses weak discourse. Through high-profile propaganda, one-sided interpretation, beautifying packaging, and selective use of policies and regulations, it not only demonizes opponents, but also demonstrates the “justice” and “legitimation” of the powerful narrator’s own actions. In recent years, Western countries have transformed the political language narrative model in the ideological field into military discourse power for export, and covertly embedded value evaluations into military-level narratives. For example, when describing combat operations of the same nature, Western countries themselves will use neutral and just terms such as “low-intensity war” and “freedom of navigation operations”, but disparage other countries’ operations as “gray zone operations.”

Good at competing for “microphone” dominance

From the content point of view, narrative belongs to the category of language art and is not mysterious. On the basis of understanding its characteristics and mode of action, how to win victory in the struggle dimension of military narrative is an important theoretical and practical issue before us. The author believes that when fighting for dominance in “narrative warfare”, four principles should be paid attention to.

Pay attention to tailor-made services to serve the national strategy. The military is subordinate to politics. The military narrative cannot be arbitrary and must be consistent with the national strategic narrative, otherwise the split between the two will seriously damage national security interests. On the eve of World War II, the defensive military narrative represented by the “Maginot Line” pursued by France was unable to support its political alliance strategic system with Eastern European countries, causing France to lose its credible ability to respond to the German threat. Therefore, the importance of military narratives revolves around the national strategic goals of “using local materials” and “you fight yours, and I fight mine.” Combat concepts such as “Sparrow Warfare”, “Single-Group Warfare” and “Small Group Multi-Road Warfare” in the history of our army have strongly supported our army’s combat practice. Nowadays, the Russian military has creatively developed the “hybrid warfare” theory based on its own actual conditions, seeking a combat method that is completely different from the US military but suitable for Russian characteristics, and has effectively safeguarded its national strategic interests in operations such as the Russia-Georgia conflict.

Cleverly dismantle words to create reverse narratives. Word construction is to make new expressions of existing concepts and blur the understanding of original concepts, so as to achieve the purpose of guiding public opinion. It is one of the commonly used means to build a discourse system. A large number of so-called new combat concepts in the US military today are often old wine in new bottles. For example, “distributed maritime operations” is actually a linguistic upgrade of “dispersed forces” or “wolf pack tactics” borrowing concepts from the cyber domain, while “maritime expeditionary base operations” are a waste of “island hopping tactics”. When dealing with these operational concepts, we must not follow others’ opinions. Critical thinking should be used to squeeze out the moisture in the narrative of the combat concept through reverse narrative, and see through the clouds and fog to see the true face.

Actively seize cognitive space and resist narrative hegemony. The ultimate goal of “narrative warfare” is to seize the right to speak and control the brain in the cognitive field. Nowadays, the Internet is the main battlefield for narrative, and self-media, social networks, live videos, etc. are important platforms for cognitive confrontation and “narrative warfare.” Relying on the advantage of occupying the commanding heights of global public opinion, Western military powers use a set of hegemonic rhetoric to construct a system of values and standards that serve capital interests and maintain hegemonic status, forming a selective narrative orientation that favors cyber hegemons. In this unfavorable narrative environment, we should focus on exploring the means of discourse in the weak narrative space, construct a discourse linkage mechanism in narrative platforms such as media and think tanks, gradually expand the narrative space, and win more social recognition, more public favor, and Influence.

Avoid falling into the narrative trap of operational concepts. Being advanced in operational concepts does not mean leading in military strength. In war duels, combat concepts are never the winning weapon, let alone the outcome of the war. The several wars launched by the United States after the Cold War all relied on absolute asymmetric advantages to defeat the weak with the strong and win with the superior. The code behind this is: strength + new combat concepts. Which of these is the decisive factor remains to be discussed. Therefore, we should avoid falling into the narrative trap of our opponents’ operational concepts, and avoid being led by our opponents to pursue innovations in operational concepts, leading to being led astray. We must adhere to the principle of “you fight yours and I fight mine”, use a clear mind and rational thinking to seek a military theoretical narrative with Chinese characteristics, and develop excellent “internal strength” to defeat powerful enemies.

解放軍日報原網址 : https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2021/1207/c88-xxxx888html

解放軍報原作者：沈文科、薛鍅興

China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製

中國軍用反衛星武器研製

04/21/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Anti-Satellite Weapons Development

2021-06-24來源：政協

神舟十二號伸出機械臂的相關圖片傳出後，美媒隨即對相關信息進行了新一輪的報導，同時指出“這可能與神舟十二號的指揮官所言相同”。美國太空軍之前就說過，中國可以俘虜美軍，衛星也是一樣，早在今年4月，美國太空軍司令部司令詹姆斯·迪金森將軍就在媒體鏡頭前公開宣稱，中國已經研製出一顆配備大型機械臂的衛星，而中國正試圖將這顆衛星用於軍事目的，用來“抓取”美軍衛星。

那麼，什麼是反衛星技術？

理論上，哪裡有衛星，哪裡就有反衛星技術。人造衛星分為三種，一種是科學衛星，一種是技術實驗衛星，第三種是應用衛星。按用途可分為民用衛星和軍用衛星，軍用衛星又分為通信、氣象、偵察、導航、大地測量、攔截衛星等。

反衛星的原因

在現代戰爭中，天空對地面始終保持著巨大的作戰優勢。人造衛星的出現，將這種優勢延伸到了外層空間。在未來的戰爭中，誰能控制太空，誰就擁有戰爭的主動權。成為各國軍事競爭的焦點。

人造衛星，特別是軍用人造衛星，由於速度快，每秒可飛行七八公里，90分鐘可繞地球一圈；他們視野開闊，視野開闊，同樣的視角是飛機觀察的數万倍；限制很少，可以自由飛越地球上的任何區域，在給己方帶來極大便利的同時，也給敵方帶來了巨大的潛在威脅。

因此，自1960年代以來，以美俄為代表的世界軍事強國都致力於研製“帶導反衛星”、“帶衛星反衛星”、“反衛星”等反衛星武器。與能量”。將其作為控制空間、消除威脅、奪取制空權的重要武器。

反衛星技術

反衛星技術是指從地面、空中或外太空攻擊敵方衛星的軍事技術。目前，反衛星技術主要有核能反衛星技術、直升式動能反衛星技術、定向能反衛星技術和同軌反衛星技術。核能反衛星技術殺傷距離大，技術門檻低，但因其產生的附帶傷害巨大，實用價值不大。直升式動能反衛星技術可以看作是反導技術的延伸，是軍事強國廣泛採用的具有精確制導技術的反衛星手段。

以激光武器為代表的定向能反衛星技術和俘虜同軌反衛星技術不易產生空間碎片，可將低、中、高軌道衛星全部納入攻擊範圍，具有很大的作戰應用潛力，已經獲得。世界各國受寵，競相發展。與此同時，電子對抗、網絡攻擊等隱蔽、隱形的衛星軟殺傷技術也逐漸顯現出鋒芒。

反衛星戰術

一般來說，反衛星戰術有四種：同軌、直升、定向能和電磁干擾。主要通過反衛星衛星和反衛星導彈以及反衛星電子乾擾站來實現。

共軌反衛星武器發射到目標衛星的軌道上，對其進行跟踪，然後利用動能或核爆將其摧毀。其作用距離遠，殺傷半徑大，即使在武器本身製導精度較差的情況下也能摧毀目標。但它的缺點是精度低，反應慢，從發射到銷毀需要數天時間；另外，核彈的附加殺傷效果大，容易對己方衛星造成威脅；而且一旦使用，就有引發核戰爭的危險。

直升式反衛星導彈是指反衛星導彈不進入目標衛星軌道，僅依靠導彈上的小型跟踪器在目標衛星進入時直接發現目標衛星。

掠過長空，直接將其毀滅。

定向能反衛星是指利用激光、粒子束、高功率微波束等武器，以高能激光束、粒子束、微波束照射目標衛星，使其完全毀壞或使敏感電子元器件失效並失去工作能力。 .

電磁干擾反衛星是利用衛星電子乾擾技術，阻止衛星與地面站之間的通信，從而達到使衛星失效的目的。這是最早、最常見、最基本的反衛星戰術。

我國的反衛星技術

蘇聯是最早研製衛星技術的國家，美國是最早研製反衛星技術的國家。世界反衛星技術史基本上就是兩國之間的一場較量。

我國從2005年開始進行反衛星試驗，前期主要以測試武器的功能為主。雖然起步較晚，但並沒有落後。在反衛星導彈和人造衛星方面取得了顯著成果。

2007年1月11日，我國在西昌衛星發射中心發射了一枚SC-19，又名DN-1。導彈攜帶一枚動能彈頭，以每秒8公里的速度摧毀軌道高度。長863公里、重750公斤的“風雲一號”氣象衛星已經報廢。這是我國首次成功攔截人造衛星。從此，我國正式進入反衛星技術領域。

隨後，我國先後研製了二代DN-2和三代DN-3兩種新型反衛星導彈，並分別於2013年5月和2017年7月23日進行了兩次成功試驗。DN的研製成功 -1、DN-2、DN-3反衛星導彈已實現低、中、高軌道全覆蓋，人造衛星基本在我國反衛星導彈的打擊範圍內。技術已進入世界一流水平。

除了反衛星導彈，我國還研製了一顆衛星用於反衛星實驗。衛星配備機械臂，可以改變軌道，對其他衛星進行全方位探測。應用方便靈活。技術開發的最新成果。

反衛星趨勢

為爭奪太空優勢和保障國家安全，反衛星武器和衛星防御之爭將愈演愈烈。目前，反衛星技術主要在以下幾個方面發展：反衛星與反導相結合，發展導彈防禦系統，進一步提高動能武器的反衛星能力。

彈道導彈防禦系統與動能反衛星武器有著密不可分的關係，因為能夠在大氣層外攔截彈道導彈的武器都具有一定的反衛星能力。導彈技術的發展推動反衛星技術的發展是當前國際反衛星的趨勢之一。

發展微型衛星，發揮反衛星能力。現代微型衛星研製週期短、建設成本低、系統投資少、抗毀壞能力強、設備更新快。它可以移動到地球同步軌道上的任意位置，甚至可以圍繞其他衛星進行近距離作戰和發動攻擊。它有很大的潛力。

目前，以美國為首的軍事強國在反衛星武器研製上已經從裝載普通炸藥的“殺手”衛星和“微型尋的導彈”轉變為新概念武器。定向能武器已經成為反衛星武器。武器是新利器，其中激光反衛星武器是最具威懾力和最有效的武器。激光反衛星武器的發展重點是陸基和天基反衛星技術。軟硬結合，更加註重電子對抗等軟殺傷手段的運用。傳統電子乾擾等軟殺傷技術的創新、發展和應用，通過研製可逆非物理反衛星武器，在一定時間內乾擾、欺騙或阻止目標衛星執行有效功能。時間。國家高度重視並不斷開發該領域。

目前，自主進近、交會對接等複雜航天技術已

適用於反衛星武器。交會對接技術解決了這個問題。

（作者係全國政協委員、北方戰區某部總工程師

Modern English Translation:

2021-06-24Source: People’s Political Consultative Conference

After the related picture of Shenzhou 12 extending its mechanical arm came out, the US media immediately carried out a new round of reports on the relevant information, and pointed out at the same time that “this may be the same as what the commander of the US space force said before. China can capture the US military. The same is true for satellites. As early as April this year, General James Dickinson, commander of the U.S. Space Force Command, publicly declared in front of media cameras that China has developed a satellite equipped with a large robotic arm, and China is trying to use this satellite for military purposes. Used to “grab and capture” US military satellites.

So, what is anti-satellite technology?

In theory, where there are satellites, there is anti-satellite technology. There are three types of artificial satellites, one is scientific satellites, the other is technology experiment satellites, and the third is application satellites. According to the purpose, it can be divided into civilian satellites and military satellites, and military satellites are divided into communication, meteorology, reconnaissance, navigation, geodetic, interception satellites, etc.

The reason for anti-satellite

In modern warfare, the sky has always maintained a huge combat advantage over the ground. The emergence of artificial satellites has extended this advantage to outer space. In future wars, whoever can control space will have the initiative in war. It has become the focus of military competition among various countries.

Artificial satellites, especially military artificial satellites, fly seven or eight kilometers per second because of their fast speed, and can circle the earth in 90 minutes; they have a wide field of vision and a wide field of vision, and the same viewing angle is tens of thousands of times that of aircraft observation; there are few restrictions and they can fly over freely Any area on the earth, while bringing great convenience to one’s own side, also brings huge potential threats to the enemy.

Therefore, since the 1960s, the world’s military powers represented by the United States and Russia have been committed to the development of anti-satellite weapons such as “anti-satellite with guides”, “anti-satellite with satellites” and “anti-satellite with energy”. Take it as an important weapon for controlling space, eliminating threats, and seizing control of the sky.

Anti-satellite technology

Anti-satellite technology refers to military technology that attacks enemy satellites from the ground, air or outer space. At present, anti-satellite technologies mainly include nuclear energy anti-satellite, direct-ascent kinetic energy anti-satellite, directed energy anti-satellite, and co-orbit anti-satellite technology. Nuclear energy anti-satellite technology has a large killing distance and low technical threshold, but because of the huge collateral damage it produces, its practical value is not great. The direct-ascent kinetic energy anti-satellite technology can be regarded as an extension of the anti-missile technology, and it is an anti-satellite method widely used by military powers with precision guidance technology.

The directed energy anti-satellite technology represented by laser weapons and the captive co-orbit anti-satellite technology are not easy to generate space debris, and can include all low-, medium-, and high-orbit satellites in the attack range, which has great potential for combat application and has been obtained. Countries all over the world are favored and competing for development. At the same time, hidden and invisible satellite soft-killing technologies such as electronic countermeasures and network attacks are also gradually showing their edge.

Anti-satellite tactics

Generally speaking, there are four types of anti-satellite tactics: co-orbit, direct ascent, directed energy, and electromagnetic interference. It is mainly realized by anti-satellite satellites and anti-satellite missiles and anti-satellite electronic jamming stations.

Co-orbital anti-satellite weapons are launched into the orbit of the target satellite, track it, and then use kinetic energy or nuclear explosion to destroy it. It has a long range of action and a large killing radius, and it can still destroy the target even when the guidance accuracy of the weapon itself is poor. But its disadvantages are low accuracy, slow response, and it takes several days from launch to destruction; in addition, the additional damage effect of nuclear bombs is large, and it is easy to pose a threat to one’s own satellite; and once used, there is a danger of triggering a nuclear war .

The direct-ascent anti-satellite missile means that the anti-satellite missile does not enter the orbit of the target satellite, but only relies on the small tracker on the missile to directly find the target satellite when the target satellite passes over the sky, and directly destroys it.

Directed energy anti-satellite refers to the use of weapons such as lasers, particle beams, and high-power microwave beams to irradiate target satellites with high-energy laser beams, particle beams, and microwave beams to completely destroy them or disable sensitive electronic components and lose their ability to work. .

Electromagnetic interference anti-satellite is the use of satellite electronic interference technology to prevent communication between satellites and ground stations, thereby achieving the purpose of invalidating satellites. This is the earliest, most common, and most basic anti-satellite tactic.

my country’s anti-satellite technology

The Soviet Union was the first country to develop satellite technology, and the United States was the first country to develop anti-satellite technology. The history of world anti-satellite technology is basically a battle between the two countries.

my country started to conduct anti-satellite tests in 2005. In the early stage, it mainly focused on testing the functions of weapons. Although it started late, it did not lag behind. Remarkable results have been achieved in anti-satellite missiles and satellites.

On January 11, 2007, my country launched an SC-19, also known as DN-1, at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The missile carried a kinetic energy warhead and destroyed the orbital altitude at a speed of 8 kilometers per second. The “Fengyun-1” meteorological satellite, which is 863 kilometers long and weighs 750 kilograms, has been scrapped. This is the first time that my country has successfully intercepted an artificial satellite. Since then, my country has officially entered the field of anti-satellite technology.

Afterwards, my country successively developed two new anti-satellite missiles, the second-generation DN-2 and the third-generation DN-3, and conducted two successful tests in May 2013 and July 23, 2017. The successful research and development of DN-1, DN-2 and DN-3 anti-satellite missiles have fully covered low, medium and high orbits, and artificial satellites are basically within the strike range of my country’s anti-satellite missiles. Technology has entered the world-class level.

In addition to anti-satellite missiles, my country has also developed a satellite for anti-satellite experiments. The satellite is equipped with a mechanical arm, which can change orbits and perform all-round detection of other satellites. It is convenient and flexible in application. The latest achievements in technological development.

Anti-satellite trends

In order to compete for space superiority and ensure national security, the struggle for anti-satellite weapons and satellite defense will intensify. At present, anti-satellite technology is mainly developed in the following aspects: the combination of anti-satellite and anti-missile, and the development of missile defense system to further improve the anti-satellite capability of kinetic energy weapons.

There is an inseparable relationship between ballistic missile defense systems and kinetic energy anti-satellite weapons, because weapons capable of intercepting ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere all have anti-satellite capabilities to a certain extent. The development of missile technology to promote the development of anti-satellite technology is one of the current international anti-satellite trends.

Develop micro-satellites and exert their anti-satellite capabilities. Modern micro-satellites have a short development cycle, low construction costs, low system investment, strong anti-destruction capabilities, and fast equipment updates. It can move to any position on the geosynchronous orbit, and can even perform close operations around other satellites and launch attacks. It has great potential.

At present, the military powers headed by the United States have changed from the idea of ”killer” satellites loaded with ordinary explosives and “miniature homing missiles” to new concept weapons in the development of anti-satellite weapons. Directed energy weapons have become anti-satellite weapons. Weapons are new sharp weapons, and among them, laser anti-satellite weapons are the most deterrent and most effective weapons. The development of laser anti-satellite weapons focuses on ground-based and space-based anti-satellite technologies. Combine soft and hard, and pay more attention to the use of electronic countermeasures and other soft killing methods. The innovation, development, and application of traditional electronic jamming and other soft-kill technologies, through the development of reversible non-physical anti-satellite weapons, can interfere with, deceive, or prevent target satellites from performing effective functions within a certain period of time. Countries attach great importance to and continue to develop field of.

At present, complex aerospace technologies such as autonomous approach and rendezvous and docking have been applied to anti-satellite weapons. Rendezvous and docking technology solves this problem.

(The author is a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and the chief engineer of a certain department in the northern theater)

Original Chinese Source: http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/zxww/2021/06/24/ARTI1624501659719410.shtml

China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點

中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點

04/21/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Focus on Cognitive Domain Warfare is the New Focus of Main Effort for Battlefield Confrontation

來源：人民網
認知域作戰是指運用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、媒體、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術開展輿論宣傳。、心理攻防，以及爭奪人心、顛覆信心、影響信仰、爭奪思想、意識形態鬥爭等重要形式，旨在爭奪人們在思想、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同、和判斷傾向。認知領域戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰、貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、意識形態戰等多領域戰的複雜集合。

目前，認知域作戰已經成為國家間軍事鬥爭和其他領域鬥爭的重要基礎，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度重視。 .

影響作戰對象的語言對策新前沿

認知領域作戰是當代認知科學研究和發展的伴隨成果。它是人們積極探索大腦的認知活動，以期對大腦有更複雜、更抽象、更透徹的認識而產生的新戰場。高級深度隱蔽活動是對行動對象影響的高端形式。無論是信息行動的對象、信息的生產者、信息的內容本身，還是信息的傳播渠道，認知域中的操作都貫穿著認知的特徵，從一開始就突出認知層面的行動結束。

從信息接收者的角度來看，這種認知是針對對手受眾的深度認知，包括其人民、軍隊、軍方指揮官或重要領導人、政商界重要人物，甚至直接包括對方國家或軍隊的領導人。具體的重要將領等，也可以是具體的人群或人群。它可以涉及個人或群體的認知偏好、認知缺陷、認知習慣、認知偏見、認知誤解；它還可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀、政治認同、族裔認同、社會和文化認同以及情感態度。

從信息提供者和內容的角度來看，應該融入信息生產者的認知設計和安排，包括對文本的獨特認知，如文本的話語方式、文本的敘述方式、觀察事物的視角、敘述的認知重點和深度、句子的組織形式、句子的價值觀念傾向、句子概念的可接受性等。

在信息發布和傳播的渠道上，文本形式更接近多媒體多模態形式，更接近網絡空間的需要，更接近當代智能手機的優勢，更接近當前新興媒體時代的特徵，即是，更符合受眾接受的認知特徵，即認知習慣和認知傾向。文本的傳播形式充分考慮了國際傳播中的認知效應，尤其是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。這樣，文本會更好地從認知層面影響受眾。

語言對抗應對戰鬥風格的變化並產生新的戰術

縱觀人類歷史，不難發現，軍事鬥爭的風格一直在不斷變化。從最初借助冷兵器的肉搏戰，發展到機械力與熱兵器的較量，也發展到高科技戰爭條件下信息能力的製衡。每一次變化都帶來戰術上的深刻變化。在當前機械化、信息化、智能化並存的過渡階段，人們不僅關注戰場物理域和信息域的主導權爭奪，更關注對戰場主體的控制。戰爭-人類認知領域，即思維方式、認知模式和風格、價值觀、情感態度、文化模式、溝通模式、心理優勢和劣勢、認知偏好、文化和知識圖譜以及意識形態認同。後者涉及基本情況

對社會人事和社會存在的影響，即認知領域運作的新興領域，其策略具有很強的特殊性。

話題靈活性和機動性：認知域作戰可以在認知域中選擇多個話題進行靈活機動的作戰行動。根據現狀和需要，選題可以選擇涉及比較宏觀的戰略層面（比如對方整個社會的意識形態和製度等），或者中等層面的運動層面（比如社會問題）在對方社會的局部或方向：社會福利政策或環保政策等），也可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（比如社會不公平、不公正、不美好的一面）由某個人或特定事件反映）。宏觀、中觀和微觀認知領域相互聯繫、相互轉化。很可能一個微觀問題也會成為一個宏觀的戰略問題。要根據與整個軍事行動的關係提出問題，認知域作戰要服從整體作戰行動，服務於宏觀政治外交形勢的需要。更重要的是平時要準備好選題，平時要收集各種選題的數據，尤其要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。一旦需要，這些數據可以迅速轉化為箭矢、子彈、砲彈射向敵人的認知領域，甚至成為影響全局的戰略武器。

作戰層面的可控性：認知戰的重要設計是在作戰層面整體可控可調，可以根據形勢變化進行升級或縮減。如果需要戰略層面，指揮員可以啟用戰略層面的設計和兵力投入；如果需要campaign級別，也可以在相應的campaign級別進行控制；如果只是在特定的小問題層面需要，也可以控制在相應的小眾局部層面，讓整個操作為整體作戰操作的需要服務。這裡的戰略、戰役和戰術，更多的是指作戰設計和力量投入。由於戰場態勢瞬息萬變，一些問題在層面上也可能發生變化，從戰略問題到影響戰役和戰術層面的效果；有些問題，由於戰術問題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役層面的問題。

新興媒體主導：認知領域的主要影響渠道已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向新興媒體。傳統媒體主要依靠單一的媒介，如報紙、雜誌、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息；後來的電視帶來了三維媒體。在互聯網時代，尤其是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生，人們更多地依賴多媒體、多模態、短視頻和文字來傳遞信息。智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等各種先進設備的問世，各種新型社交軟件和工具的誕生，使新媒體成為人們交流、溝通的主要工具。新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為各種力量在社會保障、輿論保障、意識形態保障、社會保障、政治保障等方面較量和鬥爭的重要空間。互聯網安全，尤其是對新興社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全把握能力，某種程度上是一個國家認知領域安全的關鍵。新興媒體工具和新媒體空間的信息化已經成為各國認知戰的主戰場、主陣地和主空間。值得指出的是，影響人們認知的思想和理論，將成為認知域運作各個層次上最具影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智能時代，認知計算提升新算力

人工智能時代，在大數據分析與應用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力和新一代網絡通信能力的基礎上，人類開始能夠理解整個社會和整個網絡。對不同領域、地域群體、不同地域群體、特定個體的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為進行精準建模與分析。尤其是人的內心深處

對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維方式、習慣偏好、圖像圖式、認知框架，甚至神經網絡、人機協作、腦控技術等的理解和掌握，只要有足夠多樣的動態數據，人們可以計算和模擬所有人的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、輿論和行為模式。通過深算、精算、巧算，準確把握人的認知世界，形成對人認知領域的理解。精細而深入的控制。這一方面呈現出以下特點：

計算全維性：認知領域作為一個新興領域，可以全方位數字化，可以全方位、全過程、全個體進行計算。它可以廣泛收集各種類型的信息，然後將其反映為作戰對手多樣化主要因素的大數據信息，從而可以對整體、組、組、個體數據以及它們之間進行各種計算。各種活動都可以通過計算完成、顯示和準確掌握。

計算認知：認知領域的計算體現了很強的認知能力，能夠揭示更多肉眼難以觀察到的各種事物、事件、人物之間的關係，能夠揭示同一事件框架下各種概念之間的關係。概念之間的聚類和層次關係反映了概念之間或顯性或隱性、直接或間接的深層認知聯繫，揭示了概念之間複雜的概念網絡系統，讓人看到一個完全超越普通肉眼的深層認知世界觀察。 .

計算智能：認知領域的計算體現了強智能。這種智能表現在計算上，會得出智能的結論。例如，通過大量文本的收集和數據挖掘，我們可以找到由於人力有限而無法看到的各種主題、觀點、傾向、人群、立場和訴求之間的關係，從而對某個問題形成更全面的認識。全面、深入、準確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。這種決策可能符合人類智能，也可能超過甚至遠遠超過人類智能。利用好認知計算的力量，特別是結合本國和對手的數據，可以更好地做到早預防、早預警、早部署，可以做到最好、最好、最快、最準的打擊和反擊。也更能體現高效、有力、針對性的保障。這裡的認知計算更多的是一個可能出現在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景、整個網絡域或局部網絡域、特定特定網絡域內的宏觀-中觀或微觀層面的問題。團體。特別是對與對手對局時雙方可能呈現的主動和被動情況的分析和考察，以及認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語權新應用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的支撐，即主要依靠語言媒介發揮作用，主要通過語篇層面發揮影響，主要通過語篇的敘事性對認知域形成隱性效應，主要 externing influence on the cognitive domain through cultural models 通過跨文化交際所發揮的潛在作用，顯性或隱性作用。主要體現在以下幾個方面：

文本話語唯一性：認知領域需要信息來影響。雖然信息可能依靠視頻畫面的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所表達的整合話語的獨特性成為認知衝擊的主要支撐。其中，話語表達的方式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達的說服力和感染力的主要設計，尤其是話語敘事的獨特性，將是影響人們認知的關鍵。這可能包括敘事視角、敘事主題、風格、敘事故事框架、敘事語言創新、敘事關鍵句，敘事包含哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等，以及敘事中不同參與者的身份，多樣化的內容。評價敘事、真實性、深度和情感

敘事的溫度，敘事對觀點的潛移默化影響，以及敘事所釋放的個人情感、價值觀、意識形態和立場評價。文本語篇的獨特性是文本在認知域操作中發揮認知影響的重要依托。充分利用文本的複雜性，發揮不同文本各自的優勢，充分發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響，已成為文本話語認知領域作戰的關鍵。最重要的是創新文本話語，以全新的話語、更新穎的表達方式、更獨特的表達方式贏得讀者，讓讀者潛移默化地理解和感受文本中的思想，並默默接受。文字的思想。

文化模式的潛能：要在認知領域作戰，必須深入把握不同國家、民族文化的特點和模式。不同的國家、不同的民族有著不同的文化模式、哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式等明顯不同；不同文化的公民也有不同的民族心理和民族認知模式，也應該有屬於自己民族和文化的典型認知偏好，以及相應的缺點和弱點，其中一些明顯與其他民族在本民族中存在巨大差異國，甚至產生誤解和敵意。因此，在文化層面，認知領域的作戰，就是把握不同國家的整體文化模式，為不同國家的不同群體建立文化模式，為不同國家的不同事物建立不同的認知模式，全面掌握某一國家的文化模式。一系列事物中的文化模式。對問題和問題的整體態度和做事方式，特別是對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、一般觀念等，需要利用已有的理論和發現，綜合建構不同的基本表現對一些典型的、敏感的、重要的問題進行認知領域的群體研究，從而為下一步的認知操作提供重要的參考和指導。加強對敵不同人員特別是軍人、要職人員文化模式的研究，包括將軍、官兵等基本文化特徵和模型的研究與構建，如心理認知行為人物和文化模型畫像，已經成為認知域操作的核心實踐。分析普通民眾，尤其是普通公民和公民，以及特定人群，包括特殊NGO力量的認知模式也具有重要價值。

跨文化戰略傳播：認知域操作是國際語言文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播規律。掌握國際傳播的基本範式，將本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，將對方的語言文化與自己的故事和思想巧妙結合；善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂（聲音）、視頻等手段或多模態手段，實現信息的國際傳播。同時，還要在戰略層面統籌多維度、宏觀溝通：運用多種手段，依托軍民融合、軍民協同、軍民融合開展溝通；除了非政府組織，特別是依靠非政府力量、專家、意見領袖和普通民眾來幫助軍隊開展認知域作戰；統一設置議題，發出多方位、多人、多方位的聲音，形成戰略溝通態勢，形成重大行動、重大問題、重大危機處置和應急處置的良好局面。控制等，形成良好的輿論氛圍，產生積極影響，消除不利影響或消除不利影響。尤其要建立一支精通外語、通曉跨文化、通曉國際交流規律、能在國際多維平台上暢所欲言的精幹團隊。這些人員通常可以藉助常見或特殊問題進行廣泛的問題認知、收集和討論，建立人脈和粉絲群；更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，通過自己的粉絲團，發揮影響力，完成戰略傳播任務。

目前，隨著混合戰、多域戰和全球戰的普及，認知域戰已經成為一種常見的混戰方式。、法律戰發展的高級階段、複雜階段和升級階段。它的興起更具欺騙性、曖昧性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮到它與當代新興媒體的深度融合，不斷學習和借鑒多學科、跨學科、交叉的新思想、新技術、新方法。於是，認知領域的戰鬥成為我們必須高度警惕的戰斗形式。（國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波）

【本文為國家社科基金重大項目《國防和軍隊改革視角下的國防語言能力建設》的階段性成果】

Modern English Version:

Source:

People’s Daily Online

Cognitive domain combat refers to the use of multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and the use of modern network, media, text, pictures, video, digital and other multi-dimensional technologies to carry out public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, and The important forms of fighting for people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle are intended to compete for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgmental tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of multi-domain warfare such as traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade war, diplomatic warfare, technological warfare, and ideological warfare.

At present, combat in the cognitive domain has become an important basis for military struggles and struggles in other fields between countries, and language confrontation driven by goals in the cognitive domain has become an important form of combat in the cognitive domain, which deserves great attention.

A New Frontier for Language Countermeasures to Influence on Objects of Operation

Cognitive domain combat is the accompanying result of the research and development of contemporary cognitive science. It is a new combat field created after people actively explore the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. Advanced deep covert activities are the high-end form of influence on the object of action. Regardless of whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the content of information itself, or the channel of information, operations in the cognitive domain all run through the characteristics of cognition, and highlight actions from the cognitive level from beginning to end.

From the perspective of the recipients of the information, this cognition is aimed at the deep cognition of the opponent’s audience, including its people, the army, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly including the leaders of the opponent’s country or the military. Specific important generals, etc., can also be specific groups of people or people. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, ethnic identity, social and cultural identity and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.

From the perspective of the information provider and content, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the perspective of observation of things, the narrative Cognitive focus and depth, organizational form of sentences, tendencies such as value concepts of sentences, acceptability of concepts of sentences, etc.

In terms of channels for information distribution and dissemination, the form of text is closer to the multimedia multimodal form, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smartphones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, more in line with the audience The cognitive characteristics of acceptance are cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies. The form of dissemination of the text fully considers the cognitive effect in international communication, especially the cognitive communication across cultures, languages, media, and groups. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from the cognitive level.

Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical fight with the help of cold weapons, it has developed into a contest of mechanical power with hot weapons, and has also developed into a check and balance of information capabilities under the conditions of high-tech warfare. Every change brings about profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of co-existence of mechanization, informationization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the struggle for dominance in the physical domain and information domain of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the main body of war-human cognitive domain, that is, the way of thinking, Cognitive models and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication models, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain operations exerting influence, and its tactics have strong particularities.

Topic flexibility and mobility: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain to carry out flexible and mobile combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, the topic can be chosen to involve a relatively macro strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the other party’s entire society, etc.), or a medium-level campaign level (such as social issues in a local area or direction of the other party’s society: Social welfare policies or environmental protection policies, etc.), you can also choose to involve very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfair, unjust, and not beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). The macro, meso, and micro cognitive domains are interconnected and transform into each other. It is very likely that a micro issue will also become a macro strategic issue. The question should be raised according to the relationship with the entire military operation, and the cognitive domain operation must be subordinated to the overall combat operation and serve the needs of the macro political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, the topics should be prepared in normal times, and the data of various topics should be collected in normal times, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells fired at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Controllability at the combat level: The important design of cognitive warfare is that at the combat level, it is controllable and adjustable as a whole, and can be upgraded or reduced according to changes in the situation. If the strategic level is needed, the commander can enable the design and force input at the strategic level; if the campaign level is needed, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only needed at the specific small problem level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding The niche local level makes the whole operation serve the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategy, campaign and tactics here refer more to combat design and power input. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, from strategic issues to affect the effects of campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign-level issues that affect the overall situation.

Emerging media dominance: The main influence channel of the cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on a single medium, such as newspapers, magazines, books, leaflets, posters, etc. to convey information; the later generation of television brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multimedia, multi-modality, and short videos and texts to transmit information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, and smart players, and the birth of various new social software and tools have made new media the main tool for people to communicate and communicate. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to compete and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security, and political security. Internet security, especially the ability to grasp the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools, etc., is to some extent the key to the security of a country’s cognitive domain. The information of emerging media tools and new media spaces has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for cognitive warfare in various countries. It is worth pointing out that the thoughts and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.

Language confrontation adapts to the age of intelligence, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, on the basis of big data analysis and application, supercomputing ability, intelligent computing ability, natural language processing ability, smart phone dissemination ability and new generation network communication ability, human beings have begun to be able to understand the whole society and the whole network. Carry out precise modeling and analysis of language culture, psychological cognition, group emotion, and social behavior in different domains, local groups, different local groups, and specific individuals. Especially people’s deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking mode, habit preference, image schema, cognitive framework, and even neural network, human-computer collaboration, brain control technology, etc., as long as there are enough diverse dynamic data , people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, public opinion, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people can accurately grasp people’s cognitive world and form an understanding of people’s cognitive domain. fine and deep control. This aspect presents the following characteristics:

Computational all-dimensionality: As an emerging field, the cognitive domain can be digitized in all aspects and can be calculated in all directions, the whole process and the whole individual. It can collect various types of information extensively, and then can be reflected as information about Big data with diversified main factors of combat opponents, so that various calculations can be carried out for the whole, groups, groups, and individual data and between them. All kinds of activities can be completed, displayed and accurately grasped through calculation.

Computational cognition: Computation in the cognitive domain embodies strong cognition, and it can reveal more relationships between various things, events, and characters that are difficult to observe with the naked eye, and can reveal the relationship between various concepts in the same event frame. The clustering and hierarchical relationship between concepts reflects the deep cognitive connection between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, and reveals the complex concept network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that is completely beyond the ordinary naked eye observation. .

Computing intelligence: Computing in the cognitive domain embodies strong intelligence. This kind of intelligence is manifested in the calculation, and it will draw intelligent conclusions. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various themes, viewpoints, tendencies, groups of people, positions, and appeals that cannot be seen due to limited human power, so as to form a more comprehensive understanding of a certain issue. Comprehensive, in-depth, accurate and systematic understanding to make scientific and optimized decisions. This kind of decision-making may be in line with human intelligence, or it may exceed or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by combining the data of the country and the opponent, we can better achieve early prevention, early warning, and early deployment, and can achieve the best, best, fastest and most accurate strikes and counterattacks. It can also better reflect efficient, powerful and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about a possible macro-meso or micro-level issue that may arise in different groups of people, in different time periods, in different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or in a local network domain, or within a specific group. In particular, the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that may be presented by both parties when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of the cognitive domain, etc.

Give full play to the status of discourse subject and release the new application of discourse power

Cognitive domain combat has a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on the language medium to play its role, exerting influence mainly through the discourse level, forming a hidden effect on the cognitive domain mainly through the narrative nature of discourse, and mainly exerting influence on the cognitive domain through cultural models Potential role, overt or implicit role exerted through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Text Discourse Uniqueness: Cognitive Domains Need Information to Influence. Although the information may be displayed by relying on the special visual effects of video pictures, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the integrated discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for the cognitive impact. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skill of discourse expression, the main design of persuasion and appeal of discourse expression, especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to affect people’s cognition. This may include narrative perspectives, narrative themes, styles, narrative story frameworks, narrative language innovations, narrative key sentences, narratives contain philosophy, humanities, religion, society, nature, etc., and the identities of different participants in the narrative , the diversified evaluation of narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of narrative, the subtle influence of narrative on viewpoints, and the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by narrative. The uniqueness of text discourse is an important reliance on cognitive influence exerted by text in cognitive domain operations. Making full use of the complexity of texts, giving full play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving full play to the implicit and explicit cognitive influences of text connotations have become the key to combat in the cognitive domain of text discourse. The most important thing is to innovate text discourse, to win readers with brand-new discourse, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the thoughts in the text subtly, and accept them silently. The thought of the text.

Potential of cultural models: To fight in the cognitive domain, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models, philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are obviously different; citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognition Models should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own nation and culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses, and some of them obviously have a huge difference from other nationalities in their own country, and even have misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, at the cultural level, combat in the cognitive domain is to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models for different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models for different things in different countries, and fully grasp a certain country’s cultural models in a series of things. The overall attitude and way of doing things on issues and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, general concepts, etc. It is necessary to use existing theories and findings to comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical, sensitive, and important issues, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthen the research on the cultural patterns of different personnel of the enemy, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the research and construction of basic cultural characteristics and models of generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the psychological cognitive behavior of characters and cultural model portraits, It has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. It is also of great value to analyze the cognitive patterns of ordinary people, especially ordinary citizens and citizens, as well as specific groups of people, including special NGO forces.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communication, which need to follow the laws of international communication. To grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, to skillfully combine national stories with international expressions, to skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with their own stories and ideas; to be good at combining different art forms, including words, pictures, paintings, music (Sound), video and other means or multi-modal means to achieve the international dissemination of information. At the same time, it is also necessary to coordinate multi-dimensional and macroscopic communication at the strategic level: use various means, rely on military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration to carry out communication; in addition to non-governmental organizations, especially rely on non-governmental forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people To help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; to set up issues in a unified way, to make multi-point, multi-person and multi-dimensional voices, to form a strategic communication situation, to form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, major crisis management and control, etc., to form a good atmosphere of public opinion, and to create Positive effects, eliminating adverse effects or extinguishing adverse effects. In particular, it is necessary to establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, understands the laws of international communication, and can skillfully speak out on international multi-dimensional platforms. These personnel can usually carry out extensive issue awareness, collection and discussion, establish personal connections and fan groups with the help of common or special issues; more importantly, at critical moments, through their fan groups, exert influence and complete strategic communication tasks .

At present, with the popularity of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common method of hybridization and mixing. , The advanced stage of the development of legal warfare, the complex stage and the escalation stage. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with contemporary emerging media, and continuous learning and reference into multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary new ideas, new technologies, and new methods. As a result, combat in the cognitive domain has become a form of combat that we must be highly vigilant against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor of the College of Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased achievement of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “National Defense Language Capacity Building from the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

Original Chinese Military Source: https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539.html

Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, National Defense and Military Modernization, Strategic Support Forces, 中华人民共和国网络安全法, 認知領域操作

中國軍方智能通信任務：認知域作戰的重要領域

04/18/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Mandate of Intelligent Communication: An Important Field of Cognitive Domain Operations

Original Mandarin Chinese:

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●智能傳播環境下，人不斷“吸收”信息成為媒介的延伸，媒介逐漸變成具有“主體能動性的人”。人機雙方實現了循環交替與即時交互，使認知攻防呈現出不間斷、常態化的特徵。

●智能傳播能夠全維全時全域塑造用戶與信息之間的關系，使輿論引導、觀念塑造和行為導控變得更加便捷，日益成為“控腦武器”，並逐步發展出一整套認知操縱的實踐手法。

隨著智能媒介和平台技術的快速發展，智能傳播逐漸實現了智能技術與傳播媒體的跨界融合應用，不僅極大改變了信息的生產樣式和傳播方式，也深刻影響著人類的思維邏輯和價值觀念。智能傳播為影響認知、主導認知、顛覆認知等提供了強力支撐和廣闊空間，正在引發認知域作戰的迭代升級和深刻變革。釐清智能傳播作用於認知攻防的機理手段，對於借助智能傳播創新認知域作戰戰法具有重要意義。

智能傳播作用認知域的特點

智能傳播是將大數據、雲計算、機器學習、虛擬現實等技術應用於信息生產與傳播的活動。智能傳播能夠持續塑造和深入誘導目標對象的價值取向與行為思辨，日益成為認知攻防的全新平台和重要場域。

萬物泛在互聯。隨著智能傳播的發展演進，人與人、人與物、物與物都將被連接起來，任何智能終端都可以成為用戶接收信息的工具和平台投放內容的渠道，並且推送能力更加強大，分發場景也更為廣泛。受此影響，傳播平台的作用不再是純粹的信息輸出，對傳播內容甚至對人的思維、行為以及各種關系的塑造能力也將越來越突出。智能傳播可以深度介入並促進人際交往、數據交互和信息交換，無形之中使得認知域作戰空間、參戰力量類型得到極大拓展，同時還實現了對公眾思維認知、生產交往的全方位操控。 “萬物泛在互聯”的持續演進，使一切物體都可能成為媒介實現信息傳播的工具，信息也不再受到維域的限制，認知對抗的主體無處不在、空間廣為擴展。

虛實雜糅互構。在智能技術賦能的多元傳播格局下，無論是文字、圖片，還是聲音、影像等產品形態，均可輕而易舉地被偽造並大肆擴散。隨著深度偽造技術的迭代演化，其生產內容能夠以無限接近真實的形式呈現給廣大受眾，極易影響公眾對某一議題、事件、對象的態度立場。同時，由代碼和算法驅動的社交機器人，可以通過提取關鍵信息、點贊轉發評論等進行“噴灌式”傳播，從而不斷擴散假情況、假信息以混淆輿論視聽，加劇公眾對信息的非理性、情緒化反應，進而操縱認知走向。信息傳播真中有偽、真偽混雜，這種真實與虛假雜糅互構的狀態，極易引發群體信任撕裂，使認知攻防的狀況愈加復雜難控。

人機雙向互動。智能媒介既不斷豐富著信息的輸入輸出方式，也日益模糊了人與媒介原本清晰的界限。其不僅可以簡單地執行用戶指令，還可以根據傳播效果給予更多回饋。長此以往，公眾便可能潛移默化地視其為外接“大腦”，無意識地受其影響。在技術的支撐下，智能媒介還可以獲得類似人的感知、運算甚至情感智能，借助人機交互反向影響用戶的思維方式，通過算法推薦塑造用戶的行為取向。智能傳播環境下，人不斷“吸收”信息成為媒介的延伸，媒介逐漸變成具有“主體能動性的人”。人機雙方實現了循環交替與即時交互，使認知攻防呈現出不間斷、常態化的特徵。

智能傳播作用認知域的機理

當前，智能傳播已經成為主導信息內容、控制輿論導向的有效手段，並借助全方位、多感官的媒介系統，由淺入深地調動目標受眾的沉浸體驗和主體意識，進而加深其感知程度、拓寬其認知範圍並影響其價值選擇，逐漸成為進行思想滲透、實施攻心奪志的重要方式。

借助情境浸染施加認知影響。心理學理論認為，受眾身體及其與環境的交互關系在認知活動中發揮著關鍵作用。媒介作為人體之外的人工感應系統，不斷進化的媒介技術能夠改變甚至重塑感知方式。智能媒介可以將不能同時出現在相同時空的復雜信息，進行疊加合並或仿真模擬，從而最大程度地還原信息的本來面貌，為公眾提供視覺、聽覺、觸覺等沉浸式的感官體驗。如此一來，傳播效果越來越呈現出沉浸式趨勢，智能傳播使信息以更具立體感、時空感和震撼感的方式，直擊目標受眾的感官通道，並由此催生“感官觸碰－心理觸動－情感共鳴”的一系列鏈式反應，藉以實現對其在生理層面的感知影響和操控。

通過虛擬映射影響認知走向。智能設備的發展與普及，提高了人的“可量化度”與“可跟蹤性”，這些設備有些存在於外部環境，但未來也會越來越多地與人的身體形成密不可分的關系。得益於此，可以將受眾的行為、活動、身體狀態等以多種維度映射在虛擬世界裡。一旦人們可以通過“虛擬實體”真實體驗認知的過程及其所在的環境，認知域與認知語境的關系，便不再割裂為虛擬和現實兩種維度。在此過程中，作為受眾，既被增強，即獲得新的感知覺體驗，實現認知活動的自由延展；同時也被約束，即被數字化映射的個體，更容易被他人洞察和操控。

運用人機融合強化認知幹預。當前，社交機器人可以通過捕捉用戶情感動態、分析信息內容及結構的方式，形塑一個類人的交流對象，推動傳播主體由“人”轉向“人機共生”。基於用戶身份和實時互動，社交機器人能在一定程度上影響公眾的思考習慣和行為模式，在傳播虛假信息、操縱公共輿論、進行社會動員、煽動公眾情緒等方面效果顯著。隨著技術的不斷完善，社交機器人的形象將會更加豐富、具有質感，甚至可以模仿人類的情緒。前段時間，基於生成式AI的ChatGPT，其生成的數據、信息等更容易被用戶信任和接納，對思維認知的影響更直接、更有效，可以在潛移默化中改變用戶的意識，隱秘而持續地建構用戶的認知框架。

智能傳播作用認知域的手段

智能傳播能夠全維全時全域塑造用戶與信息之間的關系，使輿論引導、觀念塑造和行為導控變得更加便捷，日益成為“控腦武器”，並逐步發展出一整套認知操縱的實踐手法。

製造信息迷霧，攻擊認知黑洞。智能傳播環境下，深度偽造信息混淆了存在與虛無、現實與虛擬以及記憶與遺忘的界限，能夠用以扭曲事實真相、左右輿論流向，進而達到影響認知走向、強化認知幹預的目的。特別是以社交機器人為代表的智能程序具備自動識別、智能應答甚至類腦思考的能力，並且不知疲憊、全時無休，能夠以大規模、多渠道、高速度、強頻率的方式對公眾進行信息轟炸，形成高強度思維認知壓迫。一旦虛假意見或者偽造事件形成輿論環境，將極大地壓縮個體的反應時間，受眾不僅難以進行深度思考，還容易在從眾心理的驅使之下，產生從不相信到相信、從不接受到接受、從不認同到認同的質變，進而營造出虛假的集體認同，將目標對象引入預設的議題陷阱。

實施靶向攻心，構建認知繭房。信息化智能化時代，公眾對事物的認知受到無處不在的各類推送信息的潛在影響。外軍認為，通過掌握目標對象的上網痕跡、購物記錄、社交狀態等情況，能夠迅速採集不同維度、不同層級、不同模態的認知數據，為高效掌握其價值觀念、輿論立場等提供支撐。在精準繪制認知圖景的基礎上，能夠發現目標對象認知體系的疑點、弱點和需求點，可以按其思維偏好設定內容主題、敘事方式和話語框架。繼而或選定具有相似理解語境、相同情感特質的群體，或選定易受影響、具有較大影響價值的特定個體，通過有選擇性地推薦和有針對性地過濾，差異化、分眾化投送相關信息。借助內容定向投送和渠道精準攻擊，能夠對目標對象進行靶向攻心和持續影響，有效固化其信息接受範圍，不斷削弱其獨立思考能力，致使其陷入認知繭房和思維定式，甚至強制地改變其決策意圖和行動部署。

滲透心理裂隙，擊潰情感堤防。不同於以往的傳播手段，智能傳播可以構建身臨其境式的虛擬環境，在使用戶感覺空間和感覺維度得以拓展的同時，也天然附帶強烈的感官刺激和感性認知偏向，磨損著用戶的理性認知水平與價值判斷能力。受眾在感知事件真相時將更加受制於感性的影響，要想撬動認知就特別需要倚重感性爭取。或是用絢爛的景觀吸引人，或是以娛樂的場景誘惑人，或是靠恐怖的場景震懾人，借助可觸可感可交互的智能傳播營造出極具欺騙性、迷惑性、煽動性的信息場景，強烈刺激用戶的心理感受，使其深陷其中而不自知。一旦陷入情感浸潤和場景浸染中，就可以利用共通情感、共同價值來進行情緒煽動或加以道德裹挾，摧毀其情感依賴，破壞其價值支撐，進而震撼、佔據甚至極化目標對象心智。

（作者單位：國防大學國家安全學院）

●Under the intelligent communication environment, people continue to “absorb” information and become the extension of the media, and the media gradually become “persons with the initiative”. Both man and machine have achieved cyclic alternation and real-time interaction, making cognitive attack and defense present uninterrupted and normalized features.

●Intelligent communication can shape the relationship between users and information in all dimensions, all time and all domains, making public opinion guidance, concept shaping, and behavior guidance more convenient. It has increasingly become a “brain control weapon” and gradually developed a set of cognitive manipulation methods Practical approach.

With the rapid development of intelligent media and platform technology, intelligent communication has gradually realized the cross-border integration and application of intelligent technology and communication media, which has not only greatly changed the production style and communication mode of information, but also profoundly affected human thinking logic and values. . Intelligent communication provides strong support and broad space for influencing cognition, dominating cognition, subverting cognition, etc., and is triggering iterative upgrades and profound changes in cognitive domain operations. Clarifying the mechanism and means of intelligent communication on cognitive attack and defense is of great significance for innovating combat tactics in the cognitive domain with the help of intelligent communication.

The Characteristics of the Cognitive Domain of Intelligent Communication

Intelligent communication is an activity that applies technologies such as big data, cloud computing, machine learning, and virtual reality to information production and dissemination. Intelligent communication can continuously shape and deeply induce the value orientation and behavioral speculation of the target audience, and has increasingly become a new platform and important field for cognitive attack and defense.

Everything is ubiquitously connected. With the development and evolution of intelligent communication, people and people, people and things, and things and things will all be connected. Any smart terminal can become a tool for users to receive information and a channel for the platform to deliver content, and the push capability is more powerful. The scene is also wider. Affected by this, the role of the communication platform is no longer pure information output, and its ability to shape the content of communication and even people’s thinking, behavior and various relationships will become more and more prominent. Intelligent communication can deeply intervene and promote interpersonal communication, data interaction and information exchange, which invisibly greatly expands the combat space in the cognitive domain and the types of forces participating in the war. The continuous evolution of “Ubiquitous Internet of Everything” makes it possible for all objects to become a tool for media to realize information dissemination, and information is no longer limited by dimensions. The subject of cognitive confrontation is ubiquitous and the space is widely expanded.

Mixture of fiction and reality. Under the multi-communication pattern empowered by intelligent technology, whether it is text, pictures, sound, video and other product forms, it can be easily forged and spread wantonly. With the iterative evolution of deep forgery technology, its production content can be presented to a wide audience in a form that is infinitely close to reality, which can easily affect the public’s attitude towards a certain issue, event, or object. At the same time, social robots driven by codes and algorithms can carry out “sprinkling” dissemination by extracting key information, liking and forwarding comments, etc., so as to continuously spread false information and false information to confuse public opinion and aggravate the public’s irrationality and dissatisfaction with information. Emotional responses, which in turn manipulate cognitive trends. Information dissemination is true and false, and the true and false are mixed. This state of mixed and interconstructed truth and falsehood can easily lead to a tear in group trust, making the situation of cognitive attack and defense more complicated and difficult to control.

Human-machine two-way interaction. Intelligent media not only continuously enriches the input and output methods of information, but also increasingly blurs the original clear boundary between people and media. It can not only simply execute user instructions, but also give more feedback according to the propagation effect. If things go on like this, the public may subtly regard it as an external “brain” and be influenced by it unconsciously. With the support of technology, intelligent media can also obtain human-like perception, computing, and even emotional intelligence. With the help of human-computer interaction, it can reversely affect the user’s way of thinking, and shape the user’s behavior orientation through algorithm recommendations. In the intelligent communication environment, people continue to “absorb” information and become the extension of the media, and the media gradually become “people with subjective initiative”. Both man and machine have achieved cyclic alternation and real-time interaction, making cognitive attack and defense present uninterrupted and normalized features.

The Mechanism of Intelligence Spreading in the Cognitive Domain

At present, intelligent communication has become an effective means to dominate information content and control the direction of public opinion. With the help of an all-round and multi-sensory media system, it can mobilize the immersive experience and subject consciousness of the target audience from the shallower to the deeper, thereby deepening their perception and broadening their horizons. Its scope of cognition and its influence on its value choices have gradually become an important way to infiltrate thoughts and implement mind-boggling.

Cognitive influence is exerted through situational immersion. According to psychological theory, the audience’s body and its interaction with the environment play a key role in cognitive activities. As an artificial sensory system outside the human body, media technology can change and even reshape the way of perception. Smart media can superimpose and merge or simulate complex information that cannot appear in the same time and space at the same time, so as to restore the original appearance of the information to the greatest extent, and provide the public with immersive sensory experiences such as vision, hearing, and touch. As a result, the communication effect is increasingly showing an immersive trend. Intelligent communication enables information to directly hit the sensory channels of the target audience in a more three-dimensional, time-space and shocking way, thus giving birth to the “sensory touch-psychological A series of chain reactions of “touch-emotional resonance” in order to realize the influence and control of its perception on the physiological level.

Influence cognitive orientation through virtual mapping. The development and popularization of smart devices have improved people’s “quantifiability” and “traceability”. Some of these devices exist in the external environment, but in the future they will increasingly form an inseparable relationship with the human body. Thanks to this, the behavior, activities, and physical status of the audience can be mapped in the virtual world in multiple dimensions. Once people can truly experience the process of cognition and its environment through the “virtual entity”, the relationship between the cognitive domain and the cognitive context will no longer be separated into two dimensions: virtual and real. In this process, as the audience, it is not only enhanced, that is, to obtain a new sensory experience, to realize the free extension of cognitive activities; but also constrained, that is, the individual who is digitally mapped is more likely to be observed and manipulated by others.

Using human-machine fusion to strengthen cognitive intervention. At present, social robots can shape a human-like communication object by capturing users’ emotional dynamics and analyzing information content and structure, and promote the main body of communication from “human” to “human-machine symbiosis”. Based on user identity and real-time interaction, social robots can affect the public’s thinking habits and behavior patterns to a certain extent, and have remarkable effects in spreading false information, manipulating public opinion, conducting social mobilization, and inciting public emotions. With the continuous improvement of technology, the image of social robots will be richer and more textured, and can even imitate human emotions. Some time ago, based on the generative AI ChatGPT, the data and information generated by it are easier to be trusted and accepted by users, and the impact on thinking and cognition is more direct and effective. It can change the user’s consciousness subtly and continuously construct The user’s cognitive framework.

The Means of Intellectual Diffusion in the Cognitive Domain

Intelligent communication can shape the relationship between users and information in all dimensions, time and space, making public opinion guidance, concept shaping, and behavior guidance more convenient. It has increasingly become a “brain control weapon” and gradually developed a set of cognitive manipulation practices. technique.

Create information fog and attack cognitive black holes. Under the environment of intelligent communication, deep fake information confuses the boundaries between existence and nothingness, reality and virtuality, memory and forgetting, and can be used to distort the truth, influence the flow of public opinion, and then achieve the purpose of influencing the direction of cognition and strengthening cognitive intervention. In particular, intelligent programs represented by social robots have the ability of automatic recognition, intelligent response and even brain-like thinking. Bombing forms high-intensity thinking and cognitive oppression. Once false opinions or falsified events form a public opinion environment, the individual reaction time will be greatly reduced, and it will be difficult for the audience to think deeply, and it is easy to be driven by the herd mentality, from disbelief to belief, from non-acceptance to acceptance, from The qualitative change from disapproval to identification creates a false collective identity and leads the target audience into the preset issue trap.

Implement targeted attacks and build a cognitive cocoon. In the era of informationization and intelligence, the public’s perception of things is potentially affected by all kinds of ubiquitous push information. The foreign army believes that by grasping the target’s online traces, shopping records, social status, etc., it can quickly collect cognitive data of different dimensions, levels, and modes, and provide support for efficiently grasping its values, public opinion positions, etc. On the basis of accurately drawing the cognitive landscape, it is possible to discover doubts, weaknesses, and needs of the target object’s cognitive system, and to set content themes, narrative methods, and discourse frameworks according to their thinking preferences. Then either select a group with a similar understanding context and the same emotional characteristics, or select a specific individual who is susceptible and has a greater influence value, and through selective recommendation and targeted filtering, differentiated and segmented delivery Related Information. With the help of targeted delivery of content and precise attacks on channels, it can carry out targeted attack and continuous influence on the target object, effectively solidify the scope of their information acceptance, continuously weaken their independent thinking ability, cause them to fall into a cognitive cocoon and mindset, and even forcibly change Its decision-making intention and action deployment.

Penetrate psychological fissures and break down emotional embankments. Different from the previous means of communication, intelligent communication can build an immersive virtual environment. While expanding the user’s sense of space and dimension, it also naturally comes with strong sensory stimulation and perceptual cognitive bias, which wears down the user’s rationality. Cognitive level and value judgment ability. When the audience perceives the truth of the event, they will be more subject to the influence of sensibility. If they want to leverage cognition, they need to rely more on sensibility. Either attract people with gorgeous landscapes, seduce people with entertaining scenes, or frighten people with scary scenes. With the help of tactile, sensible and interactive intelligent communication, it creates a very deceptive, confusing and provocative The information scene strongly stimulates the user’s psychological feelings, making them deeply immersed in it without knowing it. Once immersed in emotional infiltration and scene infiltration, you can use common emotions and common values to incite emotions or impose moral coercion, destroy their emotional dependence, destroy their value support, and then shock, occupy, and even polarize the mind of the target object.

(Author unit: National Security College, National Defense University)

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/16217865.html

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