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China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

中國軍隊在認知領域建構網路戰作戰節奏

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Chinese Military Establishes Battle Rhythm of Cyber Warfare in the Cognitive Domain

目前，認知域已作為獨立一域登上戰爭舞台，日益成為大國博弈的常鬥之域、必爭之地、勝戰砝碼。 分析認知域作戰特徵及發展趨勢，至少反映為以下八個面向。

認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝勢的關鍵域

軍事對抗，表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看不管戰爭是什麼性質、何種目的，終歸是人的意志的較量。 勝利的關鍵是將己方意志強加在受眾身上的能力。 只要剝奪、擊潰了敵人的戰爭意志，就意味著贏得了戰爭。 認知域作戰，以人的意志、精神、心理等為對抗目標，增強己方意志的同時削弱敵方的意志，進而達成攻心奪志的政治目的。 從這個意義上講，認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝勢的關鍵領域。 隨著戰爭形態加速向智慧化演進，認知品質優勢帶來決策行動優勢，不僅可在道德、法理上佔據制高點，塑造正義合法的有利態勢，還可透過混合戰爭、綜合博弈手段，實現小戰 甚至不戰而勝的目的。 尤其是大國競爭背景下戰爭成本高昂，各方都希望透過加大認知域爭奪力度，以「人道」且「經濟」的形式，迫使對手知難而退。

透過改變對手認知，可改變其決策和行動

實施認知攻擊的目的，就是用一隻“看不見的手”操控對手意志，讓對手感到“我不能”“我不敢”，從而達到“我不想”的效果。 外軍實踐表明，對人的意志、信念、思維、心理實施認知攻擊，可以是長期的文化植入，可以是「資訊海洋+摀嘴封聲」式的資訊壓制，可以是先入為主、搶先發聲 的主動塑造，也可以利用歷史積怨來挑動矛盾爆發。 目前，資訊科技、人工智慧技術、媒體科技強化了對認知域的直接作用，利用智慧生成軟體，可製造大量認知“彈藥”，精準作用於作戰目標的認知層，直接將“意志強加 於對手”，快速改變戰略態勢。 展望資訊化智慧化戰場，態勢感知力量與平台廣泛分佈於陸海空天網等作戰域，規劃、決策、控制等認知行為主導各作戰域行動，尤其是未來智能化戰爭中人機混合的認知 優勢將主導戰場，可以透過認知幹擾、認知混淆、認知阻斷等手段，製造戰爭認知“迷霧”，誘使對手誤判態勢，做出錯誤決策和行動。

認知域作戰是全時攻防、全員覆蓋、全程使用、全域塑造、全政府行動

認知域作戰呈現出全方位、多層次、超時空、跨領域等特點，模糊了戰時和平時、前方和後方的界限，跨越了戰場和國界，超越了單純的軍事領域，廣泛滲透於政治 、經濟、外交等各社會領域，表現為「五全」特質。 全時攻防，沒有平時戰時之分，沒有前方後方之別，表現為全時在線、全時在戰。 全員覆蓋，任何人甚至包括智慧機器人，都可能成為認知域作戰的目標對象。 全程使用，貫穿聯合作戰的戰前戰中戰後，聯合軍事行動未展開，認知塑勢行動已開始，並且伴隨軍事行動而行，不隨軍事行動停而停。 全域塑造，認知塑造貫穿戰略、戰役、戰術各層，作用範圍涵蓋陸海空天網各域，跨域賦能，對全域行動都有影響。 全政府行動，認知塑造自然具有戰略性，需要跨部門、跨領域、跨軍地、跨層級一致協調行動，以求達到最佳傳播效果。

關鍵在於奪控行動或活動的性質定義權、過程主導權、結局評判權

認知賽局鬥爭，涉及多個對抗方，看似紛繁複雜，關鍵在於圍繞認知域的「三權」展開爭奪。 其一，爭奪事件性質定義權。 即這個事件該怎麼看，是正義的還是非正義的，是合法的還是非法的。 通常採取先發制人搶先定義、建群結盟強行定義、資訊壓制單方定義、設定議題套用定義等，引導塑造民眾形成定性認知。 其二，爭奪事件過程主導權。 即這事該怎麼幹、不該怎麼做，誰做的是對的、誰做的是錯的，通常採取設局布阱等方式，試圖按照己方所期望出現的狀態，主導目標事件發展方向、 快慢、暫停、繼續與終結。 其三，爭奪事件結局評判權。 即對這事該怎麼評，誰是獲利方、誰是受損方，誰是眼前的失利者、誰是長遠的受損者，等等。 各方都試圖透過掌控事件結局的評判權，放大於己有利之處、放大於敵不利之處，目的是利用事件延伸效應，持續傷敵利己。

道義和法理是各方爭奪的焦點

軍事行動歷來講究「師出有名」。 雖然戰爭形態加速演變，但是戰爭從屬於政治的本質屬性不會改變；戰爭性質和人心向背，仍是影響戰爭勝負的關鍵因素。 認知域戰場上，佔據了政治、道義、法理的製高點，就能夠贏得民心、道義支持，營造得道多助的輿論氛圍，進而掌握制敵先機。 每次戰爭或衝突，無論是強者或弱者，無論是進攻方防守方或第三方，各方都會全力搶佔認知主導權、輿論主動權，千方百計用道義包裝自己、注重宣示正義立場，設法為 戰爭定性、為行動正名，以消除阻力、增加助力，塑造以「有道」伐「無道」的有利態勢。 戰爭雙方實力對比不同，瞄準佔據道德法理制高點進行的認知對抗方式也會不同。 近幾場戰爭表明，當一方軟硬實力均很強大時，即軍事實力強、盟友夥伴眾多、國際話語權佔有率大，常常高調宣戰；當軍事行動有可能引發連鎖反應時，則常常模糊處理 「戰」的提法。

資訊是認知攻防的基本“彈藥”

網路資訊時代，人類溝通方式持續發生複雜深刻變化。 現場互動互動逐漸讓位給網路線上連線，一些大型社群平台成為認知博弈鬥爭的主陣地、影響民眾認知的主管道，以資訊為彈藥進行國際網路封鎖權、話語控制權爭奪成為當今認 知對抗的主要行動之一。 在這些平台上，各種短視頻成為公眾了解戰況的“第一現場”，訊息比砲彈跑得快。 圍繞平台的使用與封鎖、主導與規製成為認知域作戰爭奪的焦點，各方努力透過操控社交平台來傳播、放大己方宣傳，聲討、壓制對方宣傳，形成「我說的多、你說的少 」「我說的對、你說的錯」「只能我說、不讓你說」的局面。 民眾作為大型社群平台的使用者，在「聽」與「說」甚至「做」的過程中，受別人影響，也影響別人，不知不覺地成為幕後推手的代理人和攻擊道具。

軍事行動對認知塑造有關鍵支撐作用

人類戰爭史表明，兵戰永遠是政治較量的基礎支撐，心戰則是兵戰的效能倍增器。 戰場上拿不回來的東西，不能指望在談判桌上拿回來，更不能指望在輿論場上拿回來。 現代戰爭中，認知傳播行動總是與聯合軍事行動如影隨形，心戰與兵戰互相影響、互為支撐，兵戰心戰化和心戰兵戰化趨勢更為明顯。 從戰爭實踐看，沒有軍事實力是萬萬不能的，但僅有軍事行動又不是萬能的。 戰場上的多次勝利，並不是奪取戰爭勝利的充分條件。 越戰中，美雖「贏得了每次戰鬥，卻輸掉了整場戰爭」。 21世紀初，美國連續打的伊拉克戰爭、阿富汗戰爭，贏得了戰場勝利，也沒有贏得政治勝勢。 同樣的道理，軍事上的勝勢不等於贏得輿論上的強勢，贏得戰場勝利也不意味著贏得戰略的勝利。 現代戰爭中，兩類人員的角色越來越大，一類人員透過編寫成千上萬行程式碼謀勝，一類人員透過編寫成千上萬條資訊謀勝。 這兩類人員數品質都佔優的一方，取勝的機率往往就大。

認知對抗技術越來越直接運用於戰爭

過去戰爭中，對認知域的影響和作用，主要是透過物理域的大量毀傷行動，逐級逐層傳遞到認知域。 隨著資訊通訊、人工智慧、生物交叉、腦科學等技術的發展和突破，新的認知戰工具和技術直接瞄準軍事人員。 認知對抗不僅使用傳統的資訊戰武器，也使用以大腦為作戰目標的神經武器庫。 屆時，機器將可以讀懂人腦，人腦也將能夠直接控制機器，智慧指控系統可以直接提供戰場態勢和決策輔助，逼真的認知彈藥和精準的受眾投放將極大增強社會影響效果。 認知對抗技術越來越直接運用於戰爭，原來資訊化所隱含的間接認知，正逐步轉變為直接對人的認知進行影響與控制。 可以說，先進科技的支撐，使認知域作戰透過建構現代網路架構、開發資料視覺化平台，快速了解資訊環境並有效影響目標人群，可以更直接且有效率地達成政治目的。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院戰爭研究院）

Modern English:

Analysis of the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations

Cognitive domain operations take people’s will, beliefs, thinking, psychology, etc. as direct combat objects, and then affect their decisions and actions by changing the opponent’s cognition. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become an important form of great power game, with all parties striving to achieve political goals in a relatively controllable manner. Gaining insight into the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations is of urgent and important practical significance for winning future wars.

At present, the cognitive domain has entered the war stage as an independent domain, and has increasingly become a common domain, a battleground, and a weight for victory in the game between great powers. Analyze the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations, which are reflected in at least the following eight aspects.

The cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory.

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation between the hard power of both sides. On a deeper level, no matter what the nature of the war is and for what purpose, it is ultimately a contest of human wills. The key to victory is the ability to impose your will on your audience. As long as the enemy’s will to fight is deprived and defeated, the war is won. Cognitive domain warfare uses human will, spirit, psychology, etc. as the target of confrontation, strengthening one’s own will while weakening the enemy’s will, thereby achieving the political goal of conquering the heart and mind. In this sense, the cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory. As war accelerates its evolution toward intelligence, cognitive quality advantages bring decision-making and action advantages, which can not only occupy the moral and legal high ground and create a favorable situation of justice and legality, but also realize small wars through hybrid warfare and comprehensive game means. Even the purpose of winning without fighting. Especially in the context of great power competition, the cost of war is high. All parties hope to intensify the competition for cognitive domains and force their opponents to retreat in a “humane” and “economic” manner.

By changing the opponent’s perception, it can change its decisions and actions

The purpose of implementing cognitive attacks is to use an “invisible hand” to control the opponent’s will, making the opponent feel “I can’t” and “I dare not”, and then achieve the effect of “I don’t want to”. Foreign military practice has shown that cognitive attacks on people’s will, beliefs, thinking, and psychology can be long-term cultural implantation, information suppression in the form of “information ocean + covering one’s mouth to silence”, or preemptive speech. Active shaping of political power can also use historical grievances to provoke the outbreak of conflicts. At present, information technology, artificial intelligence technology, and media technology have strengthened their direct effects on the cognitive domain. Using intelligent generation software, a large amount of cognitive “munitions” can be produced to accurately act on the cognitive layer of combat targets, directly imposing “will” “to rivals” and quickly change the strategic situation. Looking forward to the informationized and intelligent battlefield, situational awareness forces and platforms are widely distributed in combat domains such as land, sea, air, and space networks. Cognitive behaviors such as planning, decision-making, and control dominate operations in various combat domains, especially the cognition of human-machine hybrids in future intelligent warfare. Advantages will dominate the battlefield. Cognitive interference, cognitive confusion, cognitive blocking and other means can be used to create a “fog” of war cognition, inducing opponents to misjudge the situation and make wrong decisions and actions.

Cognitive domain operations are full-time offense and defense, full personnel coverage, full use, full domain shaping, and full government action

Cognitive domain operations are all-round, multi-level, hyper-temporal, and cross-domain. They blur the boundaries between wartime and peacetime, front and rear, cross battlefields and national boundaries, go beyond the pure military field, and widely penetrate into politics. , economy, diplomacy and other social fields, showing the characteristics of “five completes”. Full-time offense and defense, there is no distinction between peacetime and wartime, and there is no difference between the front and the rear. It is expressed as being online all the time and in war all the time. Covering all personnel, anyone, including intelligent robots, may become the target of cognitive domain operations. It is used throughout the whole process of joint operations before and during the war. Before the joint military operation is launched, the cognitive shaping operation has begun and will accompany the military operation and will not stop with the military operation. Global shaping, cognitive shaping runs through all levels of strategy, operations, and tactics, and its scope covers all domains of land, sea, air, and space networks. Cross-domain empowerment has an impact on all-domain operations. As a whole-of-government action, cognitive shaping is naturally strategic and requires consistent and coordinated actions across departments, fields, military and localities, and levels to achieve the best communication effect.

The key is to seize control over the right to define the nature of an action or activity, the right to dominate the process, and the right to judge the outcome.

The cognitive game struggle involves multiple opposing parties and seems complicated. The key is to compete for the “three powers” in the cognitive domain. First, fight for the right to define the nature of the event. That is, how to view this incident, whether it is just or unjust, legal or illegal. Usually, pre-emptive definitions, group alliances and forced definitions, information suppression and unilateral definitions, setting issues and applying definitions are usually adopted to guide and shape the public to form qualitative perceptions. Second, compete for dominance over the event process. That is, how to do something, how not to do it, who did it right and who did it wrong, usually by setting up a trap and other methods, trying to dominate the development direction of the target event according to the state that one’s own side expects. Fast and slow, pause, continue and end. Third, compete for the right to judge the outcome of the incident. That is, how to evaluate this matter, who is the gainer and who is the loser, who is the immediate loser, who is the long-term loser, etc. All parties strive to control the outcome of the incident by amplifying their own advantages and amplifying the disadvantages of the enemy. The purpose is to use the extended effect of the incident to continue to harm the enemy and benefit themselves.

Morality and legal principles are the focus of contention between all parties

Military operations have always paid attention to the principle of “discipline and reputation”. Although the shape of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, the essential nature of war as subordinate to politics will not change; the nature of war and the support of people’s hearts are still the key factors that affect the outcome of a war. On the battlefield in the cognitive domain, by occupying the commanding heights of politics, morality, and law, we can win the hearts and minds of the people and moral support, create a public opinion atmosphere in which moral support is abundant, and then seize the opportunity to defeat the enemy. In every war or conflict, whether it is the strong or the weak, whether the attacker, the defender, or a third party, all parties will try their best to seize cognitive dominance and the initiative of public opinion. They will do everything possible to package themselves with morality, focus on declaring a just position, and try to find ways to defend themselves. Qualify the war, justify the action, eliminate resistance, increase support, and create a favorable situation in which “righteousness” defeats “unrighteousness”. The strength balance between the two sides in the war is different, and the cognitive confrontation methods aimed at occupying the moral and legal high ground will also be different. Recent wars have shown that when a party has strong soft and hard power, that is, it has strong military strength, many allies and partners, and a large share of international voice, it often declares war in a high-profile manner; when military actions may trigger chain reactions, it is often handled in a vague manner. The word “war”.

Information is the basic “ammunition” for cognitive attack and defense

In the network information age, the way humans communicate continues to undergo complex and profound changes. On-site interactive interactions have gradually given way to online connections. Some large-scale social platforms have become the main battleground for cognitive games and the main channels for influencing public cognition. Using information as ammunition to fight for the right to block international networks and control discourse has become a common practice today. One of the main actions of confrontation. On these platforms, various short videos have become the “first scene” for the public to understand the war situation, and information travels faster than cannonballs. The use and blocking, dominance and regulation of platforms have become the focus of battles in the cognitive domain. All parties strive to spread and amplify their own propaganda, denounce and suppress the other party’s propaganda by manipulating social platforms, forming a “I say more, you say less” “What I said is right and what you said is wrong” is a situation where “I can only say it and you are not allowed to say it”. As users of large-scale social platforms, the public is influenced by and affects others in the process of “listening”, “speaking” and even “doing”, and unknowingly becomes the agents and attack props of those behind the scenes.

Military operations play a key supporting role in shaping cognition

The history of human war shows that military warfare is always the basic support of political contests, while psychological warfare is the effectiveness multiplier of military warfare. What cannot be retrieved on the battlefield cannot be expected to be retrieved at the negotiation table, let alone in the field of public opinion. In modern warfare, cognitive communication operations always go hand in hand with joint military operations. Mental warfare and military warfare influence and support each other. The trend of military warfare becoming mental warfare and mental warfare becoming military warfare is more obvious. From the perspective of war practice, it is absolutely impossible without military strength, but military actions alone are not omnipotent. Multiple victories on the battlefield are not a sufficient condition for victory in war. In the Vietnam War, although the United States “won every battle, it lost the entire war.” At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States fought successive wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, winning battlefield victories but not political victory. By the same token, military victory does not mean winning public opinion, and winning the battlefield does not mean winning strategic victory. In modern warfare, two types of people play an increasingly important role: those who win by writing thousands of lines of code, and those who win by writing thousands of messages. The side with superior quantity and quality of these two types of personnel will often have a higher probability of winning.

Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly used directly in warfare

In past wars, the influence and effect on the cognitive domain were mainly transmitted to the cognitive domain level by level through a large number of damaging actions in the physical domain. With the development and breakthroughs of information communications, artificial intelligence, biocrossing, brain science and other technologies, new cognitive warfare tools and technologies are directly targeting military personnel. Cognitive countermeasures use not only traditional information warfare weapons, but also an arsenal of neural weapons that target the brain. By then, machines will be able to read human brains, and human brains will also be able to directly control machines. Intelligent command and control systems can directly provide battlefield situation and decision-making assistance. Realistic cognitive ammunition and precise audience placement will greatly enhance the social impact. Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly being used directly in warfare. The indirect cognition implicit in informatization is gradually transforming into a direct influence and control of people’s cognition. It can be said that with the support of advanced technology, cognitive domain operations can achieve political goals more directly and efficiently by building a modern network architecture and developing a data visualization platform to quickly understand the information environment and effectively influence target groups.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Sciences)

原來的 中国军网 国防部网: https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-08/888沒有湯給你.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用：智慧戰爭中的有效方法論

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Chinese Military’s Tactical Use of Dissipative Warfare: Effective Methodology within Intelligent Warfare

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耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智慧化戰爭體系 所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。 進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。 在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相 隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。 耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了 世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。

符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。 戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋 散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。 農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。 工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。 在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。 進入智慧化時代，智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、 以智釋能，形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態，主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。

具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。 社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和 語境體系。 從哲學角度看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現聯繫的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的 演進和運行。 依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的 新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。 因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度 統一起來，反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義

耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。

對抗綜合博弈。 隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方 的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。 戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈 中贏得主動和優勢。

主體跨域多元。 智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。 政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。 多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、 外交等多類社會域。 如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。

力量一體富聚。 虛實力量一體。 圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。 無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行 共生；多方力量一體。 基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。 總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。

效能累積湧現。 高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。 耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法 等的擴散與融合，對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。 在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。 當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。

在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰

智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。 要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。

著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。 截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。 如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。 在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。

著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。 智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。 運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。 如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。 在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構 ，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。

著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。 智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。 如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。 可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段， 戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

Modern English:

Introduction

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in military affairs, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical method of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to a combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal integration and integration and external mutation. Strengthening research on dissipative warfare will help us deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative war is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain in the intelligent era. It is reflected in the high degree of unity in the form of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the intelligent war system. openness, complexity and emergence.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the era of intelligence, technologies such as wide networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and ethnic groups have become more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and is intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and categories of intelligent warfare have continued to expand. The time and space of war have continued to expand. War and peace are like shadows. As they become more integrated, the war system will further transcend local geographical restrictions, move from a relatively closed world to a more open one, and form a higher-level and wider-scale confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive development of intelligent warfare systems in the physical, information and cognitive domains. It highly unifies political contests, economic competitions, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts and diplomatic checks and balances into the scope of confrontation between ourselves and the enemy, adapting to the The requirements of the times as the world security situation develops.

It is in line with the objective laws of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the birth of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent warfare, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in material consumption and energy release. A form of dispersion and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the main form of war was cold weapon warfare dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the era of industrialization, the main forms of warfare are thermonuclear weapons and mechanized warfare dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly information-based war dominated by information elements and centered on the network information system. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, Interpreting energy through intelligence has formed an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms. The main form of expression is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of the complex systems of intelligent warfare.

It is supported by a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. Social form is the matrix of war forms. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must be based on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of war forms and the social form in which intelligent warfare occurs, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that make up the world. Material embodies the existence of the source, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connections. The three progressively and alternately dominate the formation of social forms and war forms. Evolve and run. According to the principle of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be material again after matter, energy, and information. However, this material is formed after a spiral of high informatization. The main characteristic of new materials is that they have intelligent technical properties. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristic advantages of matter, energy and information in previous low-level warfare forms, and highly integrates the common forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion in war. Unified, it reflects the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inner essence of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of war subjects and categories, and presents many new characteristics.

Against comprehensive games. As the form of intelligent warfare accelerates to develop to a higher depth and breadth, the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more interconnected and have more extensive influence. The focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system, and the war stakeholders The confrontation will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances. The pursuit of war advantages is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to compete in comprehensive games in multiple fields Gain the initiative and advantage.

Subjects are diverse across domains. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly generalized, and the potential war forces that need to be mobilized for traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main body of the war. Diversified war subjects will span the real domain and the virtual domain, appearing in land, sea, air, space, electricity, psychology and other spatial domains, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering politics, economy, culture, Diplomacy and other social fields. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on military battlefields and pass it on to war stakeholders, causing the spread of key war information, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Strength is gathered into one body. Virtual and real power are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real and virtual forces that may be used will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and they will perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; they will be integrated with and without forces. Unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy after going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and human supervision. They can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and can effectively coordinate and operate in parallel under the constraints of common war rules. Symbiosis; multiple forces integrated into one. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the party, government, military, police and civilians and other forces closely coordinate and act in a unified manner with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles to form a comprehensive combat capability. In short, under the unified planning of the country or political group, although the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, and integration of excellence around the common war purpose.

Effectiveness emerges cumulatively. While high-level warfare forms have new technological features, they still include the characteristic advantages of lower-level warfare forms. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains. This includes not only the consumption of ammunition, materials, equipment and even combat personnel at the material level, but also the continuous collection and release of energy at the energy level. It also includes the use of data, knowledge, and algorithms at the information level. The diffusion and integration of information, etc. will have an unlimited impact on people’s thinking and cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotions, will, behavior patterns, etc. Under the constant deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare will become less bloody, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic stranglehold, etc. will become more serious and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the cumulative effectiveness reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Choose the right focus to fight the dissipation war well

The intelligent warfare system maximizes the combat effectiveness of the system through internal aggregation and integration, external mutation emergence, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation. This is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and identify the focus of war preparations.

Focus on the openness of the system and close and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, causing it to lack material, energy and information source channels, and gradually move towards a state of isolation, closure and weakness. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is adopted to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing an increase in system entropy. At the operational level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force the opponent’s war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focus on the complexity of the system and attack the opponent’s war system by domain. The more connections and the closer the connections between the elements of an intelligent warfare system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. Using the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, we can formulate overall strategic, local campaign and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based attacks on the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the use of economic blockade can greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the operational level, the vulnerability of the communication network of the combat system is exploited, and network and electricity composite attacks are used as the basic path and means, and methods such as “destroying terminals, attacking elements, lone groups, disconnecting networks, and breaking clouds” are used to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure. , prompting the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on the emergent nature of the system and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s combat system. Only when mutation and emergence effects occur in an intelligent warfare system can it quickly form and exert its effectiveness and gain advantages in dissipative warfare. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It is foreseeable that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking for understanding and discovering the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex systems of war, as well as new means of exploring objective laws and transforming nature and society. The dominant side in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dispersing the enemy’s war system.

中國國防部原網站：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/888沒有湯給你html