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What is China’s Organizational Form of the Military in the Era of Intelligence?

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智能化時代中國軍隊的組織形態是什麼？

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2019年4月18日 星期四

現代英語：

The organizational form of the military in the intelligent era is a military organizational form in which the military organizational system, scale structure, force composition and operation mode have the characteristics of the intelligent era, meet the requirements of intelligent warfare, and have an intelligent external manifestation and internal operation state. Since the 21st century, the armies of some developed countries have set off a new wave of intelligent military revolution in order to maintain their military leadership, and the war form has begun to accelerate from informationization to intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the ubiquitous cognitive domain and the broad-spectrum social domain, and the combat style has extended to unmanned combat, distributed combat and multi-domain combat. Close coupling of man and machine and flexible and autonomous combat have become the future trend, and the control of intelligence has evolved into the core control of battlefield competition. The world military competition around intelligence has begun, and it is urgent to adapt the organizational form of the military to it, calling for a new round of changes in the organizational form of the military.

The army will be streamlined. With the development of unmanned weapons and equipment based on artificial intelligence and its derivative technologies, the material basis of war and the face of combat forces will change greatly. Unmanned combat forces such as unmanned armored forces, unmanned fleets, and drone forces will soon enter the historical stage and dominate the battlefield in the future. It can be foreseen that an operator of an unmanned force can control several, dozens, or even hundreds of unmanned combat units to perform tasks that were originally completed by a unit, fleet, or fleet. The number of front-line combat personnel will drop significantly, while the number of personnel in the rear who are concerned about how to develop, use, and ensure intelligent equipment will increase sharply. At the same time, the evolution of intelligent technology will enable weapons and equipment to develop from passive use to active learning and deep learning. Autonomous planning, automatic updating, free action, and even self-repair will become the norm. The demand for personnel at all levels and types of combat command, construction management, and comprehensive support will be significantly reduced, further weakening the overall size of the army. Some traditional large-scale troops are facing “collective unemployment.” The ratio of combat personnel to weapons has undergone a historic reversal, with the proportion of combat personnel dropping significantly and the proportion of intelligent unmanned systems rising significantly. The overall appearance of the military will change to an intelligence-intensive, human-machine integrated type, and the weapons and equipment system will evolve from “firepower + information” to “firepower + intelligence”.

Integration of force structure. In the era of mechanized warfare, the prominent features of the military organization are the separation of services and self-development. The battlefield unfolds in the three domains of land, sea and air, and the boundaries of the services are clear. In the era of information warfare, the performance of weapons and equipment has been greatly improved. Each service has broken the original boundaries and gradually extended to other battlefields, ending the pattern of the three services monopolizing land warfare, sea warfare and air warfare respectively. The characteristics of the services have weakened, requiring unprecedented joint combat force systems. In the era of intelligent warfare, the winning mechanism has evolved from the precise release of information-controlled power to cognitive warfare, will warfare, swarm warfare, wolf pack warfare, etc. controlled by intelligence. “Unmanned, invisible, and silent” combat will become the main mode of war. The combination of people and land, sea and air equipment will give way to the combination of people and intelligent machines. The military structure has developed from the “land, sea and air” field organization to the “unmanned + manned” integrated force model divided by combat subjects. The fundamental change in combat style and the full-domain combat capability of weapons and equipment have brought subversive impacts on the traditional combat force organization structure, shaking the foundation of the existence of the services. The services are more integrated and will eventually achieve “integration”. At the same time, the boundaries of traditional battlefields are becoming increasingly blurred, the effects of war expansion are becoming more obvious, the degree of military-civilian integration is deepening, and more and more “soldiers without uniforms” are performing military tasks, which has a profound impact on the composition of traditional armies. The army’s organizational structure is rapidly developing towards a cross-border, cross-domain, and cross-generational mixed organization model.

Flexible command system. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of “human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness”. The situation on the intelligent battlefield is more complex, with all-dimensional and all-domain “hard kill” and “soft confrontation” intertwined and iterated. Multi-type and multi-channel battlefield information converges to form massive data, which poses severe challenges and higher requirements for the construction and operation of the command system. In terms of the establishment of the command system, the command chain evolves to the three levels of “strategic command organization-functional command organization-intelligent combat force”; the command organization personnel are more capable, and the staff seats will be replaced by “cloud brain” and “digital staff”. Commanders will mainly rely on intelligent command systems to analyze information, implement communication control, and process various types of intelligence. With the help of intelligent decision-making technologies such as intelligent recognition of graphic image processing, decision-making “optimization” algorithms, and deep neural networks, the quality of command decisions will be improved, and the shortest “decision-response” cycle will be achieved. In terms of the operation mode of the command system, more attention will be paid to following the human-machine interaction mode, and expanding the application and development of independent and autonomous command decisions by machines. We will promote the intelligence of command and control, use artificial intelligence to obtain useful, orderly, timely and accurate battlefield information data, greatly shorten the operational cycle of operational conception, task allocation, target attack, damage assessment, etc., and ensure that commanders can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and deal with battlefield situations, so that they can achieve the operational cycle characteristics of “man out of the loop”. In terms of the configuration of command system authority, commanders are required to actively delegate “power” and let machines replace humans to perform some command and decision-making functions. Some decision-making functions are embedded in machines through implanted programs, and machines are allowed to make autonomous decisions, while retaining the final decision-making power of humans on major matters.

Autonomous combat formation. In the era of information warfare, the external characteristics of combat formations are modularization and “plug and play”, and the formation of troops is quite different from combat formations. In the era of intelligent warfare, combat missions, combat targets, combat space, and combat styles are mixed and varied. The combat effectiveness is determined by the degree of integration between man and machine, requiring combat formations to be more flexible, elastic, and have autonomous adaptability. The emergence of intelligent unmanned forces provides the prerequisite for realizing the autonomous adaptability of combat formations. In 2015, the French army conducted a demonstration and verification of the “neuron” UAV, realizing autonomous formation flight. Several “neurons” can accept the command and control of a “Rafale” fighter at the same time, solving the formation control, information fusion, inter-machine data communication, and tactical decision-making technologies. It is not difficult to speculate that in the future, unmanned forces may have hundreds or thousands of unmanned combat units. Different combat units may have multiple functions such as “reconnaissance, control, attack, and evaluation”, and may also have multi-dimensional combat capabilities such as land, sea, air, space, network, and electricity. By differentiating these combat units into “machine-machine formations” and “man-machine formations”, they can perform tasks in different fields. At the same time, through preset rules, these combat units can also be autonomously organized according to changes in tasks, thereby achieving autonomous adaptability and flexible organization of combat units, and generating diversified combat capabilities that traditional forces do not have.

現代國語：

楊 震 蔣 艷

智能化時代軍隊組織形態，是軍隊組織體制、規模結構、力量編成和運行模式具備智能化時代特徵、符合智能化戰爭要求，具有智能化外在表現形式及內在運作狀態的一種軍隊組織形態。自21世紀以來，一些已開發國家軍隊為維持軍事領先優勢，掀起了新一輪智慧化軍事革命浪潮，戰爭形態開始由資訊化加速向智慧轉型。戰場空間從傳統物理域向泛在認知域、廣譜社會域拓展，作戰樣式向無人作戰、分散式作戰和多域作戰延伸，人機緊密耦合、靈活自主作戰成為未來趨勢，制智權演化為戰場爭奪的核心製權。圍繞智慧化的世界軍事競爭已拉開序幕，迫切要求軍隊組織形態與之相適應，呼喚新一輪軍隊組織形態變革。

軍隊規模精乾化。隨著基於人工智慧及其衍生技術的無人化武器裝備發展，戰爭的物質基礎和作戰力量面貌將發生極大變化。無人裝甲部隊、無人艦隊、無人機部隊等無人作戰部隊即將登上歷史舞台，成為未來戰場主宰。可以預見，無人部隊的一名操作手即可控制數個、數十個、甚至成百上千個無人作戰單元，去執行原來由一支部隊、機群或艦隊完成的任務，一線作戰人員規模將大幅下降，而後方圍繞如何發展、如何運用、如何保障智慧裝備的人員將急劇增加。同時，智慧技術的進化將使武器裝備從被動使用向主動學習、深度學習發展，自主規劃、自動更新、自由行動甚至自我修復成為常態，各級各類作戰指揮、建設管理、綜合保障等人員需求明顯減少，進一步削弱了軍隊整體規模，部分傳統規模化部隊面臨「集體失業」。戰鬥人員與武器編配比例出現歷史性逆轉，戰鬥人員比例大幅下降，而智慧化無人系統的比例大幅上升。軍隊整體面貌將向智力密集、人機融合型轉變，武器裝備體係由「火力+資訊」向「火力+智慧」方向演進。

力量結構一體化。機械化戰爭時代，軍隊組織形態的顯著特徵是軍種分立、自我發展，戰場在陸、海、空三域展開，軍種界限分明；資訊化戰爭時代，武器裝備性能極大提升，各軍種打破原有界限，逐漸向其他戰場延伸拓展，結束了三軍分別壟斷陸戰、海戰和空戰的格局，軍種特性弱化，要求作戰力量體系空前聯合化；智能化戰爭時代，制勝機理由信息控制的力量精確釋放演進到由智慧控制的認知戰、意志戰、蜂群戰、狼戰等，「無人、無形、無聲」作戰將成為戰爭主要模式，人與陸海空裝備組合將讓位給人與智慧機器組合，軍隊結構由「陸、海、空」領域編成向按作戰主體劃分的「無人+有人」一體化力量模式發展。作戰樣式的根本改變和武器裝備的全域作戰能力，對傳統作戰力量編成結構帶來顛覆性影響，動搖了軍種存在的根基，軍種更加一體化，終將實現「合而為一」。同時，傳統戰場邊界日益模糊，戰爭外擴效益明顯，軍民一體化程度加深，越來越多「不穿軍裝的戰士」執行軍事任務，對傳統軍隊構成帶來深刻影響，軍隊編成結構向著跨界、跨域、跨世代混合編組模式快速發展。

指揮體制靈活化。智慧化戰爭具有「人機融合，以快製慢」特點，智慧化戰場態勢更加複雜，全維全局「硬殺傷」「軟對抗」交織迭代，多類型多通路戰場資訊交匯形成海量數據，對指揮體制的建構及運作提出了嚴峻挑戰和更高要求。在指揮體制編制上，指揮鏈向「戰略指揮機構─職能指揮機構─智慧作戰力量」三級演進；指揮機構人員更加精幹，參謀席位將被「雲端大腦」「數位參謀」取代。指揮人員將主要依托智能化指揮系統進行資訊分析、實施通訊控制、處理各類情報，借助圖形影像處理智慧識別、決策「尋優」演算法以及深度神經網路等智慧決策技術提升指揮決策質量，實現最短“決策—反應”週期。在指揮體制運作模式上，更重視遵循人機互動模式，拓展機器獨立自主指揮決策的應用與開發。推進指揮控制智能化，利用人工智慧手段取得有用、有序、及時、準確的戰場資訊數據，大幅壓縮作戰構想、任務分配、目標打擊、毀傷評估等作戰週期，確保指揮官更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況，處置戰場態勢，使其實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環特性。在指揮體制權限配置上，要求指揮官主動放“權”，讓機器代替人類進行一部分指揮決策職能，將部分決策職能通過植入程序嵌入機器，交由機器進行自主決策，保留重大事項的人類最終決策權。

作戰編組自主化。在資訊化戰爭時代，作戰編組的外部特徵是模組化、“即插即用”，部隊編成與作戰編組差異較大。智慧化戰爭時代，作戰任務、作戰對象、作戰空間、作戰樣式混合多變，作戰效能由人與機器的融合程度所決定，要求作戰編組更加靈活、富於彈性、具備自主適應能力。智慧化無人部隊的產生，為實現作戰編組的自主適應提供了前提。 2015年，法軍進行了「神經元」無人機展示驗證，實現了自主編隊飛行，數架「神經元」可同時接受1架「陣風」戰鬥機的指揮控制，解決了編隊控制、資訊融合、機間數據通訊以及戰術決策等技術。不難推測，未來無人部隊可擁有數百上千個無人作戰單元，不同的作戰單元可具備「偵、控、打、評」等多種功能，還可具備陸、海、空、天、網、電等多維作戰能力，將這些作戰單元進行差異化“機機編組”“人機編組”，就能執行不同領域任務。同時，透過預設規則，這些作戰單元還可根據任務變化臨機自主編組，從而實現作戰單元自主適應、彈性編組，產生傳統部隊所不具備的多樣化作戰能力。

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-04/18/content_231980.htm

#中國太空軍, #新興戰爭技術, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Space Force, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國太空軍, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military “new domains” and “new quality combat space force”?

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中國軍隊的「新領域」與「新素質作戰太空軍」？

現代英語：

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress proposed to increase the proportion of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. In today’s world, the war situation is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence, and a large number of advanced technologies are widely used in the military field. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have become the commanding heights of strategic competition among major powers and the key force to win the future. Developing new-domain and new-quality combat forces has become a priority option for the world’s military powers. Understanding what is “new” about new-domain and new-quality combat forces is of great value in clarifying ideas, building scientifically, and improving quality and efficiency.

New developments in space

The space domain is the attribute embodiment of the environment that combat forces rely on and the scope of influence. With the expansion of the scope of human activities and the development of national interests, the current military struggle space has exceeded the traditional land, territorial waters and airspace, and has continuously expanded to the deep sea, space, electromagnetic and other fields, and new domains and new types of combat forces have also emerged.

The scope of action has entered social cognition. The scope of action of new-domain and new-quality combat forces has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the social domain and cognitive domain. In the era of intelligence, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the expansion of the scope of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as biological cross-fertilization, brain science, and human-computer interface has promoted the deep penetration and high integration of intelligent network systems and human social activities. New situations and new means such as “intelligent deep forgery” and “fabrication of information manholes” have surfaced in large numbers, and the struggle in the social domain and cognitive domain has gradually evolved into a new domain and new “trend” for power games.

The activity space is more three-dimensional and diversified. Driven by advanced technology, new domain and new quality combat forces have broken through the traditional space of land, sea, air and space, and the scope of activities is more three-dimensional and diversified. The deep sea, space, underground, polar regions, etc. have become new territories for the competition of new domain and new quality combat forces, and have grown into a “new sector” for leveraging the combat space. In 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “National Defense Space Strategy”. Against the background of the establishment of an independent space force and space command in the United States, its space force has evolved into a synonym for comprehensive space capabilities that integrate military, political, economic, and diplomatic capabilities.

Battlefield dimensions emphasize high-level multi-dimensionality. New domain and new quality combat forces often achieve performance aggregation through high-level multi-dimensional deployment, which is very different from the battlefield deployment of conventional forces. With the extension of battlefield dimensions such as network and electromagnetic, the matrix distribution of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the traditional three-dimensional limitations and expanded to a high-level space of high-dimensional, full-dimensional, and large-scale joint. At the end of 2019, the US military launched the concept of “all-domain operations”, integrating space, network, electromagnetic and missile defense capabilities, claiming to compete with competitors in all possible conflict dimensions.

Winning mechanism highlights new changes

The winning mechanism contains the mechanism and principle of seizing the right to occupy and winning. At present, the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare is undergoing profound changes. The new domain and new quality combat force is precisely the “blade” that conforms to the evolution of the war form and conforms to the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare.

The focus of force confrontation is on dimensionality reduction and intelligence control. For new domain and new quality combat forces, data drive is the driving force of power, breaking the network chain is the focus of action, and dimensionality reduction and intelligence control is the focus of confrontation. New domain and new quality combat forces confront based on advanced algorithms and intelligent models, effectively drive key nodes such as cloud, terminal, and library of intelligent combat systems, and form intelligent advantages based on data resources. At the same time, focus on attacking weak links such as the enemy’s data chain system and mobile communication network, cut off the enemy’s cross-domain actions, and block its energy release.

The action path tends to be compound and iterative. Conventional combat forces generally achieve the expected effect through the superposition and accumulation of soft kill and hard destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces use compound iteration of action effects as an effective path for efficient energy release. In the process of action, it not only emphasizes the role of new forces and new means such as hypersonic, long-range precision, laser electromagnetic and high-power microwave, but also focuses on multi-domain effects such as comprehensive algorithm control, network point paralysis, electromagnetic confrontation, psychological offense and defense, and public opinion building, so as to achieve cross-domain release of combat effects, multi-domain resonance and iterative efficiency enhancement.

The game mode focuses on gray over-limit. Traditional combat forces often pursue the direct effect of damage and destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces pay more attention to gray over-limit battlefield games. The essence is to effectively reduce domains and control intelligence through non-military destruction, unconventional warfare and non-physical destruction in more fields, wider dimensions and wider ranges based on intelligent means and intelligent tools. It is reported that the US military has developed more than 2,000 computer virus weapons such as Stuxnet, Flame, and Shute, and has successfully used them in battlefields such as Syria and Iran. At present, the US military is striving to use projects such as the “National Cyber ​​​​Range” to continue to consolidate its dominant position.

New mutations emerge in science and technology

Science and technology have always been the most dynamic and revolutionary factor in military development. Entering the new century, leading, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies have shown a “spurting” growth and have become an important variable in promoting the development of new domains and new types of combat forces.

Mutations come from emerging technologies. Advanced technologies play a vital role in driving the development of combat forces. The core technologies that support new-domain and new-quality combat forces have been rapidly transformed from traditional categories to emerging fields. In today’s world, intelligent technology has made new progress, unmanned system technology has entered an explosive period, space confrontation technology has flourished, network combat technology has advanced in depth, new concept weapons technology has attracted much attention, and fusion technology has given birth to disruptive innovation. As the key to changing the rules of the war game, new-domain and new-quality combat forces must firmly grasp the “key to victory” of emerging technologies.

Mutations present cluster effects. Breakthroughs in advanced science and technology often have a decisive impact on the development of new domains and new types of combat forces. In the era of intelligence, the science and technology system is more complex and systematic, and the role of core and key technologies emphasizes cluster effects and overall emergence. At present, the world’s military science and technology presents an all-round, multi-domain, and deep-level development trend. Various professional directions are accelerating through multi-point breakthroughs, multi-party penetration, and deep integration. The key technologies that support new domains and new types of combat forces are also undergoing a transformation from single competition to cluster promotion.

Mutation favors integration and crossover. Advanced science and technology have a subversive effect of changing the rules of engagement and breaking the conventional path in promoting the development of new domain and new quality combat forces. Today, the development of cutting-edge technology is shifting from conventional disciplines to cutting-edge crossovers. Big crossovers, big integrations, and big breakthroughs have become the general trend. The world’s military powers have increased their investment in artificial intelligence, biological crossovers, advanced computing, hypersonics, and other directions, and have used integration and crossover as an effective way to innovate cutting-edge technologies, competing for the strategic commanding heights of the development of new domain and new quality combat forces.

New modes for weapons and equipment

Weapons and equipment have always been an effective carrier for combat forces to exert their effectiveness. The weapons and equipment of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have the characteristics of new technology, new functions, and new modes. They can effectively exert new-domain and new-quality combat capabilities, create a window of advantage, paralyze the opponent’s system, and form a shock effect.

Platform equipment focuses on intelligent unmanned. At present, the platform equipment of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the conventional manned control mode and accelerated the transformation to intelligent unmanned form. In recent years, based on the rapid application of intelligent unmanned technology, the full spectrum of unmanned platforms, intelligent equipment and unmanned swarms have experienced explosive growth. The US military’s “Global Hawk” and “Predator” drones have been put into actual combat in large numbers. The F-35 and the unmanned version of the F-16 continue to strengthen manned and unmanned collaboration through the “Loyal Wingman” program. The US military plans that drones will account for 90% of its air force aircraft equipment in the future.

The weapon system highlights heterogeneity and versatility. The integration of various types of data links, standards and waveforms provides a richer set of technical integration tools for the weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. The weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have changed the fixed state of individual operation and static combination, and put more emphasis on heterogeneous hinges and data conversion based on network information systems to quickly build cross-domain and cross-dimensional wide-area distributed weapon systems. In 2017, the US military proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, envisioning the use of dynamic distribution technology to transform the previously centralized and static weapon systems into heterogeneous and multi-functional ones.

The equipment system is more flexible and open. The equipment system of the new domain and new quality combat force has changed the structural mode of element series connection and unit parallel connection, becoming more flexible and open. With the help of “decentralized” design, the new domain and new quality combat force distributes the key functions of the equipment system nodes to each unit module, which can effectively avoid the passive situation of paralysis as a whole once a certain type or some key equipment is hit. In recent years, the US military has actively promoted the test and verification of “sewing” new electronic system integration technology, which is to accelerate the development of new information fusion and interoperability technologies.

New forms of force formation

Force organization is a form of deployment of combat forces, which directly affects the role and effectiveness of combat forces. New-domain and new-type combat forces have the characteristics of new force platforms, wide range of areas involved, innovative combat mechanisms, and sudden technological development. Force organization is significantly different from traditional forces.

The integration of elements emphasizes dynamic reconstruction. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have realized the dynamic reconstruction and cross-domain integration of combat elements, and promoted the transformation of combat elements from static matching to dynamic reconstruction. Based on the support of intelligent network information system, new-domain and new-quality combat forces can give full play to the derivative effectiveness of intelligent technology, and build a fusion iterative update mechanism of system elements based on autonomous and intelligent battlefield real-time command and control. Through heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules, iterative updates of system elements, reorganization and optimization of system structure, and evolutionary improvement of system capabilities can be achieved.

The unit architecture relies on cross-domain networking. The new domain and new quality combat force has achieved a leap from intra-domain combination to multi-domain aggregation of the unit architecture. Using advanced information network technology and based on mutually cooperative functional nodes, the new domain and new quality combat force can build a distributed “kill network” with good resilience to achieve wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. In the U.S. Army’s “Convergence Plan 2020” exercise, the “Firestorm” artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making system was able to achieve target input for the cutting-edge “Gray Eagle” drone within 20 seconds, and connect with attack weapons such as glide guided bombs, helicopters, and ground artillery.

The formation structure emphasizes human-machine hybrid. The new domain and new quality combat force has realized the transformation of the formation structure from manned to man-machine hybrid. The application of a large number of unmanned platforms and unmanned combat clusters enables the new domain and new quality combat force to rely on the intelligent combat system to form a heterogeneous and diverse open hybrid formation. Based on artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, various unmanned system platforms can autonomously build links and networks to generate multiple sets of combination plans. With the help of auxiliary decision-making tools, commanders can quickly select the best man-machine hybrid formation to achieve intelligent decision-making and unexpected victory.

現代國語：

黨的二十大報告提出，增加新域新質作戰力量比重。當今世界，戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變，大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用，新域新質作戰力量已成為大國戰略競爭的製高點和製勝未來的關鍵力量。發展新域新質作戰力量已成為世界軍事強國的優先選項。認清新域新質作戰力量到底「新」在哪裡，對於釐清思緒、科學抓建、提升質效具有重要價值。

空間領域出現新拓展

空間領域是作戰力量環境依賴和影響範圍的屬性體現。隨著人類活動範圍的擴大和國家利益的發展，當前軍事鬥爭空間已經超越傳統的領陸、領海和領空，不斷向深海、太空、電磁等領域拓展，新域新質作戰力量也隨之應運而生。

作用領域進入社會認知。新域新質作戰力量的作用領域已由傳統的物理域擴展進入社會域、認知域。智慧化時代，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術加速擴展作戰力量的影響領域。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機介面等技術的快速應用，促使智慧化網絡體係與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。 「智慧深度偽造」「編制資訊繭房」等新情況、新手段大量浮出水面，社會域、認知域的鬥爭已逐漸演變為力量博弈的新領域和新「風口」。

活動空間更加立體多元。在先進技術推動下，新域新質作戰力量已突破陸、海、空、天等傳統空間，活動範圍更加立體多元。深海、太空、地下、極地等都已成為新域新質作戰力量角逐比拼的新領地，並成長為撬動作戰空間的「新版塊」。 2018年，美國國防部發布《國防太空戰略》，在美國成立獨立太空軍和太空司令部的背景下，其太空力量已經演變成為集軍事、政治、經濟、外交等於一體的太空綜合能力代名詞。

戰場維度強調高階多維。新域新質作戰力量往往透過高層的多維布勢實現效能聚合，與常規力量的戰場部署表現出極大不同。隨著網絡、電磁等戰場維度的延展，新域新質作戰力量的矩陣分佈已突破傳統的三維限制，擴展到高立體、全維度、大聯合的高階空間。 2019年底，美軍推出「全域作戰」概念，將太空、網路、電磁和導彈防禦等能力整合，聲稱要與競爭對手在所有可能的沖突維度展開競爭。

制勝機理突顯新變化

制勝機理蘊含著搶佔制權、奪取勝利的機制和原理。當前，智慧化高端戰爭的製勝機理正在發生深刻改變，新域新質作戰力量恰恰正是順應戰爭形態演變、契合智能化高端戰爭制勝機理的「刀鋒」。

力量對抗聚焦降維制智。對新域新質作戰力量來說，數據驅動是力量的動力來源，破擊網鍊是作用的著力處，降維制智是對抗的聚焦點。新域新質作戰力量基於先進演算法和智慧模型對抗，有效驅動智慧化作戰體系雲、端、庫等關鍵節點，形成基於數據資源的智慧優勢。同時，注重打擊敵方數據鏈體系和行動通訊網等弱點，切斷敵跨域行動，阻隔其能量釋放。

作用路徑傾向複合迭代。常規作戰力量一般透過軟殺傷和硬摧毀的疊加累積達成預期效果，新域新質作戰力量則將作用效果的複合迭代作為高效釋能的有效路徑。作用過程中，其不僅強調發揮高超聲速、遠程精確、雷射電磁和高功率微波等新力量、新手段的作用，而且注重綜合演算法控制、網點毀癱、電磁對抗、心理攻防和輿論造勢等多域效果，以實現作戰效果的跨域釋放、多域共振和迭代增效。

博弈方式註重灰色超限。傳統作戰力量常常追求毀傷破壞的直接作用，新域新質作戰力量更重視灰色超限的戰場賽局。實質是基於智慧手段和智慧工具，在更多領域、更寬維度和更廣範圍，通過非軍事破壞、非常規作戰和非物理摧毀等作用方式，有效降域制智。據悉，美軍已研發出震網、火焰、舒特等2,000多種電腦病毒武器，並在敘利亞、伊朗等戰場成功使用。目前，美軍正力求藉助「國家網絡靶場」等項目，持續鞏固其優勢地位。

科學技術湧現新突變

科學技術一直以來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。進入新世紀，先導性、前衛性、顛覆性技術呈現「井噴式」成長，並成為推動新域新質作戰力量發展的重要變數。

突變源於新興科技。先進科技對作戰力量的產生發展具有至關重要的驅動作用，而支撐新域新質作戰力量的核心技術已由傳統範疇加速向新興領域轉變。當今世界，智慧技術取得新進展，無人系統技術進入爆發期，空間對抗技術蓬勃興起，網絡作戰技術向縱深推進，新概念武器技術備受關注，融合技術催生顛覆性創新。新域新質作戰力量作為改變戰爭遊戲規則的關鍵，必須緊緊扭住新興科技這把「勝利之鑰」。

突變呈現集群效應。先進科技的突破往往對新域新質作戰力量的發展有決定性影響。在智慧化時代，科技體系的複雜程度更高、系統性更強，核心和關鍵技術的作用發揮更加強調集群效應和整體湧現。當前，世界軍事科技呈現全方位、多領域、深層次的發展態勢，各專業方向透過多點突破、多方滲透和深度融合等方式加速推進，支撐新域新質作戰力量的關鍵技術也正在經歷由單項比拼向集群推動轉換。

突變青睞融合交叉。先進科技對於推動新域新質作戰力量發展，具有改變交戰規則、打破常規路徑的顛覆性效果。如今，前沿技術的發展正由常規學科延伸向前沿交叉轉移，大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為大勢所趨。世界軍事強國紛紛在人工智慧、生物交叉、先進計算、高超音波等方向加大投入，並將融合交叉作為前沿技術創新的有效途徑，爭相搶佔新域新質作戰力量發展的戰略制高點。

武器裝備呈現新模態

武器裝備一直以來都是作戰力量發揮效用的有效載體。新域新質作戰力量的武器裝備具有技術新、功能新、模態新等特點，可有效發揮新域新質作戰能力，創設優勢窗口，毀癱對方體系，形成震懾效應。

平台裝備側重於智慧無人。當前，新域新質作戰力量的平台裝備已經突破有人為主的常規操控模式，加速向智慧化無人形態轉變。近年來，基於智慧化無人技術的快速應用，全譜係無人平台、智慧裝備和無人蜂群迎來爆發性成長。美軍「全球鷹」「掠食者」等無人機已大量投入實戰，F-35與無人版F-16通過「忠誠僚機」計畫不斷強化有人無人協同。美軍規劃未來無人機將佔到其空軍飛機裝備量的90%。

武器系統突顯異構多能。多種類型的數據鏈、標準和波形的整合，為新域新質作戰力量的武器系統提供了更豐富的技術整合工具。新域新質作戰力量的武器系統改變了個體運行、靜態組合的固定狀態，更加強調基於網絡資訊體系的異構鉸鍊和數據轉換，以快速構建跨領域、穿維度的廣域分散式武器系統。 2017年，美軍提出「馬賽克戰」概念，設想藉助動態分佈技術將以往集中靜態的武器系統變得異構且多能。

裝備體系更彈性開放。新域新質作戰力量的裝備體系改變了要素串聯、單元並聯的結構化模式，變得更有彈性開放。透過「去中心化」設計，新域新質作戰力量將裝備體系節點的關鍵功能分散至各單元模塊，可有效避免一旦某類或某些重點裝備遭到打擊，整體陷入癱瘓的被動局面。近幾年，美軍積極推進「縫合」全新電子系統整合技術的試驗驗證，就是要加速研發新型資訊融合與互通技術。

力量編組顯現新樣態

力量編組是作戰力量編配的形式體現，直接影響作戰力量的角色發揮與效能釋放。新域新質作戰力量具有力量平台新生性、涉及領域廣泛性、作戰機理創新性和技術發展突變性等特徵，力量編組與傳統力量相比有著明顯不同。

要素融合強調動態重構。新域新質作戰力量實現了作戰要素的動態重構與跨域融合，推動了作戰要素由靜態搭配向動態重構的轉變。基於智慧化網絡資訊體系的支撐，新域新質作戰力量可充分發揮智慧技術的衍生效能，基於自主化、智慧化的戰場實時指揮控制，構建一種體係要素的融合式迭代更新機制。透過異構的功能要素和單元模塊，實現體係要素的迭代更新、體系結構的重組優化和體系能力的演進提升。

單元架構借助跨域組網。新域新質作戰力量實現了單元架構由域內組合向多域聚合躍升。利用先進的資訊網絡技術，基於相互協作的功能節點，新域新質作戰力量可構建具有良好韌性的分佈式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。在美陸軍「融合計畫2020」演習中，「火焰風暴」人工智慧輔助決策系統能夠在20秒鐘內實現前沿「灰鷹」無人機的目標輸入，並與滑翔導引炸彈、直升機、地面火砲等攻擊武器連接起來。

編組構成講求人機混合。新域新質作戰力量實現了編組構成由有人為主向人機混合轉變。大量無人平台和無人作戰集群的應用，使得新域新質作戰力量能夠依托智能化作戰體系，形成異構多樣的開放式混合編組。各類無人系統平台基於人工智慧與機器學習技術，自主建鏈組網，產生多套組合方案。指揮員借助輔助決策工具，可快速選定最優的人機混合編組，以實現智慧決策、出奇制勝。

來源：解放軍報 作者：劉海江 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-11-29

中國國防部原文資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4927208.html?big=fan

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cyberspace Adminstration of China 中央網絡安全和信息勇, Intelligent Warfare, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中华人民共和国网络安全法, 中國支持認知對抗的軍事決策與觀點, 中國的情報戰, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese People’s Liberation Army : “Selected Collection of Important Documents on Military Work of the Communist Party of China”

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中國人民解放軍：《中國共產黨軍事工作重要文獻選集》

現代英語：

Beijing, July 30. The “Selected Collection of Important Documents on the Military Work of the Communist Party of China” edited by the Party History and Documentation Research Institute of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Academy of Military Sciences of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has been published by the Central Literature Publishing House and the People’s Liberation Army Publishing House. The main chapters of the book are introduced below.

　　”On Correcting Wrong Thoughts within the Party” is the first part of the resolution written by Comrade Mao Zedong for the Ninth Congress of the Fourth Army of the Red Army of the Communist Party of China in December 1929. It was pointed out that various non-proletarian ideas existed within the Communist Party of the Fourth Red Army, which was a great hindrance to the implementation of the party’s correct line. Based on the spirit of the September letter from the Central Committee, the congress pointed out the manifestations, sources and methods of correction of various non-proletarian ideas within the Fourth Army Party, and called on comrades to rise up and eliminate them thoroughly. It was emphasized that the Red Army is by no means simply fighting wars. In addition to fighting to eliminate the enemy’s military power, it also undertakes major tasks such as propagandizing the masses, organizing the masses, arming the masses, helping the masses establish revolutionary political power and even establish communist organizations.

　　”A single spark can start a prairie fire” is a letter written by Comrade Mao Zedong on January 5, 1930. The letter criticized some comrades in the party for their pessimistic assessment of the current situation, pointing out that “there is no profound concept of establishing a red political power in the guerrilla areas” and that “nationwide, including all localities, win over the masses first and then The theory of establishing political power is not suitable for the actual situation of the Chinese revolution. “The main source of their theory is that they did not clearly understand that China is a semi-colony that many imperialist countries compete with each other. The letter provides an in-depth analysis of the balance of power between the enemy and ourselves, and profoundly reveals the inevitable development trend of the Chinese revolution from a “spark” of a small red regime to a “prairie fire” across the country.

　　”Strategic Issues in China’s Revolutionary War” was written by Comrade Mao Zedong in December 1936 and gave a lecture at the Red Army University. The article discusses the basic viewpoints and methods of studying war issues, further discusses the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and the main conditions for victory, stipulates the guiding line for the Red Army’s war under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and stipulates the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war. Strategy and tactics. The main ones are: it is necessary to grasp the law of long-term repetition of “encirclement and suppression” and counter-“encirclement and suppression”; it is necessary to adopt the strategic policy of active defense; it is necessary to retreat and lure the enemy deeper for the attack under certain conditions; it is necessary to implement the concentration of troops to defeat the enemy. We should adopt mobile warfare as the main form of combat of the Red Army; we should adopt strategic protracted warfare, battles and quick decisive battles in battles, and regard the war of annihilation as a fundamental guiding ideology of the Red Army’s operations.

　　”Strategic Issues in the Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War” was written by Comrade Mao Zedong in May 1938 in response to the erroneous tendency of many people inside and outside the Party at that time to underestimate the important strategic role of guerrilla war and to place their hopes only in regular warfare, especially in the operations of the Kuomintang army. A long article written. It is pointed out that the strategic problem of guerrilla war occurs under such circumstances: China is neither a small country nor, unlike the Soviet Union, a large but weak country. This big but weak country is attacked by another small but strong country, but this big but weak country is in the era of progress, and the whole problem occurs from here. Because China is large and weak, but has the Communist Party and its army and the broad masses of the people; Japan is small and strong, but has insufficient military strength, which will leave many empty places in its occupied areas. This makes the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party and the anti-Japanese The people’s armed forces have gained broad scope in developing guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. The anti-Japanese guerrilla war is not just a tactical and operational issue, but has a strategic status.

　　”On Protracted War” was a speech delivered by Comrade Mao Zedong at the Yan’an Anti-Japanese War Research Society from May 26 to June 3, 1938. Based on the experience of the past year of the Anti-Japanese War, the article refuted the “theory of national subjugation” and the “theory of quick victory” and pointed out that the Sino-Japanese War was a desperate struggle between semi-colonial and semi-feudal China and imperialist Japan in the 1930s. war. In this war, China and Japan had four basic contradictory characteristics. These characteristics stipulate that the protracted war and the final victory belong to China, and China must adopt the policy of lasting victory over the enemy in the war of resistance. The article scientifically foresees the three stages that the Anti-Japanese War will pass through. The article completely puts forward the strategic and tactical guiding principles of the Anti-Japanese War, pointing out that the soldiers and the people are the foundation of victory; the deepest root of the power of war exists among the people.

　　”War and Strategic Issues” is part of the conclusion made by Comrade Mao Zedong at the enlarged Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 6, 1938. It was pointed out that the strategic status of the anti-Japanese guerrilla war must be clarified. In the entire War of Resistance Against Japan, regular warfare is the main force and guerrilla warfare is the auxiliary force, but guerrilla warfare occupies an important strategic position. Because there is no guerrilla war with the largest and most persistent force behind enemy lines, the enemy has no worries, and the attack will be more aggressive. The continued resistance may be shaken; or the counterattack force is insufficiently prepared and there is no response during the counterattack, it is impossible to defeat Japan. China’s survival depends on the outcome of the war. Therefore, the study of military theory, strategy and tactics, and political work cannot be delayed, and the theory of war and strategy is the backbone of everything.

　　”Concentrate superior forces and annihilate enemies individually” is an instruction to the party drafted by Comrade Mao Zedong for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on September 16, 1946. The instructions concentrated on the combat methods of concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy one by one, and fundamentally solved the military principle problem of how to gradually defeat the Kuomintang army in the war. It was pointed out that the principle of concentrating forces to annihilate the enemy individually is to take the annihilation of the enemy’s effective forces as the main goal, and not to defend or seize the place as the main goal. The instructions also pointed out that the effects of this method of warfare are: first, total annihilation; second, quick victory. Quick decisions in tactics and operations are a necessary condition for lasting strategy.

　　The “Declaration of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” is a political declaration drafted by Comrade Mao Zedong for the headquarters of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army on October 10, 1947. It was pointed out that the purpose of our army’s operations, which has been repeatedly announced at home and abroad, is for the liberation of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. Today, it is to realize the urgent demands of the people across the country, to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek, the culprit of the civil war, to organize a democratic coalition government to achieve the overall goal of liberating the people and the nation, and to announce eight basic policies. Emphasizing that all officers and soldiers of our army must always remember that we are the great People’s Liberation Army and a team led by the great Communist Party of China. As long as we always abide by the party’s instructions, we will surely win.

　　”The People’s Liberation Army is always a fighting team and a working team” is part of Comrade Mao Zedong’s report at the second plenary session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on March 5, 1949. It was pointed out that there are only three ways to deal with the remaining Kuomintang troops in the future: Tianjin, Peiping, and Suiyuan. The People’s Liberation Army is always a fighting team and a work team. As the fighting gradually decreases, the role of the work team increases, especially when the Beiping method or the Suiyuan method is used to solve problems in various parts of the south. Within a short period of time, the entire People’s Liberation Army must be transformed into work teams. The 2.1 million field army must be regarded as a huge cadre school. In the situation of national victory, the focus of the party’s work must be moved from the countryside to the city, and great efforts must be made to learn to manage and build cities.

　　”The Victory and Significance of Resisting U.S. Aggression and Aiding Korea” was part of Comrade Mao Zedong’s speech at the 24th Session of the Central People’s Government Committee on September 12, 1953. It was pointed out that after three years of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea, a great victory was achieved, and there were military, political, and economic reasons for its success. Leadership is one factor, and the masses’ thinking of solutions is the most important. Our experience is: relying on the people and a relatively correct leadership, we can use our inferior equipment to defeat the enemy with superior equipment. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was great and of great significance.

　　The “General Provisions of the Political Work Regulations of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (Draft)” were promulgated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the People’s Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People’s Government on April 15, 1954, and ordered the entire army to implement them. There are seven general principles in total, which point out that the Chinese People’s Liberation Army is the armed force of the People’s Republic of China and a people’s army led by the Communist Party of China that defends the motherland and serves the people’s revolutionary struggle and national construction. The Communist Party of China is the founder and organizer of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. The Party’s Marxist-Leninist political line and military line are the decisive factors for this army’s victory. Standing closely with the people and serving the people wholeheartedly is the sole purpose of this army. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army must resolutely fight for the party’s program and line and for socialist communism. The Communist Party of China has established party committees at all levels in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army as the core of the unified leadership of the army; it has also determined the division of labor and responsibility system of chiefs under the unified collective leadership of the party committee as the party’s leadership system for the army. The political work of the Communist Party of China in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army is the lifeline of our army.

　　”The Relationship between Economic Construction and National Defense Construction” is the third part of Comrade Mao Zedong’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on April 25, 1956. The speech explained the dialectical relationship between economic construction and national defense construction, pointing out that national defense is indispensable. Now, we have a certain defense capability. Our defense industry is building. Only if economic construction develops faster can national defense construction make greater progress. We must strengthen national defense, so we must first strengthen economic construction. This is a question of strategic policy.

　　”The Task of Military Reorganization” was Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on July 14, 1975. He pointed out that the army is now a bit bloated, scattered, arrogant, extravagant and lazy. To reorganize the army is to reorganize the five words mentioned above. During the reorganization of the army, it is necessary to strengthen cadre learning, strengthen party spirit, opposition spirit, strengthen discipline, and carry forward the traditional style of hard work. The Military Commission must focus on establishment, equipment, and strategy. The issues to be studied in strategy are not only combat issues, but also training. Our tradition has always been that political organs manage cadres, and leaders always have to go through political organs to assess and review cadres. This is in line with organizational principles. We must inherit this good tradition. Nowadays, when selecting cadres, especially senior cadres, we must choose those who work hard or work relatively hard. The responsibility for running the military well lies with the main members above the military level. As long as everyone takes the lead and works hard to achieve the eight words Comrade Mao Zedong said: unity, intensity, seriousness, and liveliness, the problems of the army will not be difficult to solve, and the party’s line, principles, and policies can be implemented well. In short, the people’s army must carry forward the revolutionary tradition and strive for greater glory.

　　”The military must raise education and training to a strategic position” was part of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at a symposium of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on August 23, 1977. It was pointed out that under the conditions of no war, the education and training of the military should be raised to a strategic position. It should be done from two aspects. On the one hand, the army itself should promote hard study and training; on the other hand, it should solve the cadre problem by running schools. There are three requirements for running a school. First, train cadres, select cadres, and recommend cadres. Second, earnestly study the knowledge of modern warfare and learn the joint operations of all services and arms. Third, restore the traditional style of our military. The purpose of running a school is to improve the level of the cadres, strengthen their capabilities, and make them younger, especially the cadres of the combat troops, so that our cadres can master some knowledge of modern warfare and have a good style of work.

　　”Our strategic policy is active defense” was part of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at the plenary session of the Defense Operations Research Class held by the General Staff Headquarters of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army on October 15, 1980. Point out, what policy will we adopt in our future anti-aggression war? I agree with the four words “active defense”. Active defense itself is not just a defense, there is offense within defense. Another thing to emphasize is to focus on training. You can’t relax on this matter. In training, we must pay attention to synthetic training and focus on synthetic army combat training. Not only schools pay attention to training, but the troops also pay attention to actual combat training.

　　”Building a powerful modernized and regularized revolutionary army” was a speech delivered by Comrade Deng Xiaoping when he reviewed the military exercise troops somewhere in North China on September 19, 1981. It was pointed out that our army is a strong pillar of the people’s democratic dictatorship and shoulders the glorious mission of defending the socialist motherland and safeguarding the construction of the four modernizations. Our army must be built into a powerful, modern and regularized revolutionary army.

　　”The military must obey the overall situation of national construction” was part of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech at the Central Military Commission symposium on November 1, 1984. He pointed out that what is needed now is for the party, government, military and civilians across the country to wholeheartedly obey the overall situation of national construction and take care of this overall situation. Our military has its own responsibilities and must not hinder this overall situation. It must closely cooperate with this overall situation and act within this overall situation. Everyone must proceed from the overall situation, take care of the overall situation, and do everything possible to develop our country’s economy.

　　”Speech at the Enlarged Meeting of the Central Military Commission” was Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech on June 4, 1985. It was pointed out that reducing the number of personnel in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army by one million is a sign of the strength and confidence of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese government and the Chinese people. It was pointed out that after smashing the “Gang of Four”, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, our judgment on the international situation has changed, and our foreign policy has also changed. These are two important changes. The first change is the understanding of war and peace issues. It is possible that a large-scale world war will not occur for a relatively long period of time, and there is hope for maintaining world peace. Based on these analyzes of the general trend of the world and the analysis of our surrounding environment, we have changed our original view that the danger of war is imminent. The second change is our foreign policy. For some time in the past, we implemented a “one-line” strategy. Now we have changed that strategy, which is a major shift. We pursue an independent and correct diplomatic line and foreign policy, hold high the banner of opposing hegemonism and safeguarding world peace, and stand firmly on the side of the forces of peace.

　　The “Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approving the Central Military Commission’s Decision on Military Political Work in the New Era” was issued on February 15, 1987. It was pointed out that this decision is guided by Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, inherits the fine traditions of the political work of the party and the army, and combines the tasks and situations faced by the army in the new historical period, and sets out the guiding ideology, main tasks, principles and policies of the political work of the army. and basic methods, and has made correct explanations and regulations, which has an important long-term guiding role in ensuring the revolutionary, modernization, and regularization of the army and ensuring that the army completes the glorious mission of defending the motherland and building the motherland. The “Decision” discusses how to implement strategic changes in adapting to the guiding ideology of national defense construction and army building and do a good job in the political work of the army in the new era. It is divided into seven issues. It was pointed out that the People’s Liberation Army shoulders major historical responsibilities in realizing the country’s three major tasks and must strengthen the political work of our army under new historical conditions.

　　”Speech when meeting all comrades attending the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission” was a speech delivered by Comrade Deng Xiaoping on November 12, 1989. pointed out that I am convinced that our military can always adhere to its own nature. This nature is the army of the party, the army of the people, and the army of the socialist country. This is different from militaries around the world. It is also different from the armies of other socialist countries because their armies have different experiences from our armies. Our military must always be loyal to the party, the people, the country, and socialism.

　　”The troops must be politically qualified, militarily strong, have a good work style, have strict discipline, and have strong support” was part of Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the military work conference of the entire army on December 1, 1990. It was pointed out that the most fundamental thing to do in building the army is to do a good job in ideological and political work. It is necessary to strengthen organizational discipline and ensure the concentration and unity of the troops. Military training is an important means for the troops to cultivate their style, improve their military quality, and enhance their combat effectiveness in peacetime. Military training must be placed in a strategic position. Whether it is military training or the entire military work, we should do it in a practical way. Only by doing it in a practical way can we achieve results.

　　”The International Situation and Military Strategic Principles” was the main part of Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on January 13, 1993. It is pointed out that the basic content of the military strategic policy of active defense is to take Mao Zedong’s military thought and Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s thoughts on military construction in the new era as the fundamental guidance, obey and serve the national development strategy, and be based on winning a possible modern technological special situation. It is a local war under high-tech conditions. Accelerate the quality construction of our army, strive to improve our army’s emergency combat capabilities, use strengths and avoid weaknesses, be flexible, contain wars, win wars, defend the country’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, maintain the unity of the motherland and social stability, and provide Reform, opening up and modernization provide a strong security guarantee.

　　The “Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Forwarding the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Ideological and Political Construction of the Army under the Conditions of Reform, Opening Up and the Development of a Socialist Market Economy” was issued on August 24, 1999. It was pointed out that winning future high-tech wars and maintaining the nature, true character and style of the people’s army are the party’s highest political requirements for the people’s army in the new era. The “Decision” pointed out that we must unswervingly hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, ensure the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, must always put ideological and political construction at the top of all military constructions, and must closely focus on the centralization of military modernization. We must adhere to the unity of inheriting fine traditions and reform and innovation. The mission of our military’s ideological and political construction under the new historical conditions is to provide strong spiritual motivation for winning future high-tech wars and to provide reliable political guarantee for maintaining the nature, true character and style of the people’s army.

　　”Mechanization and informatization are the dual historical tasks of our military construction” was part of Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 11, 2000. He pointed out that by stepping up preparations for military struggle, we have grasped the main contradiction in the current military construction. We must strive to complete the dual historical tasks of mechanization and informatization of our army, focus on building a modern combat system that adapts to the requirements of high-tech warfare, persist in using the spirit of reform and innovation to carry out the comprehensive construction of our army centered on modernization, and further improve the mechanism of scientific decision-making and means.

　　”On Military Transformation with Chinese Characteristics” was Comrade Jiang Zemin’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 27, 2002. It is pointed out that the new military revolution is entering a new stage of qualitative change and is likely to develop into a profound military revolution that affects the world and involves all military fields. It will inevitably lead to revolutionary changes in a series of aspects such as military construction and combat methods. It is possible that It further widens the gap in military strength between China and major countries in the world and increases the potential threat to China’s military security. With a sense of urgency that time cannot wait, we must actively promote military reform with Chinese characteristics, accelerate the transformation of our military from mechanization and semi-mechanization to informationization, and comprehensively improve our military’s deterrence and actual combat capabilities.

　　”The Historical Mission of Our Army in the New Century and New Stage” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 24, 2004. It was pointed out that after a comprehensive analysis of the development requirements of the times and changes in China’s security situation, the historical mission of our army in the new century and new stage must be accurately grasped from the following aspects: providing an important force guarantee for the party to consolidate its ruling position, and safeguarding the development of the country. It provides a strong security guarantee during a period of important strategic opportunities, provides strong strategic support for safeguarding national interests, and plays an important role in safeguarding world peace and promoting common development.

　　”Transformation to Military Training under Informatization Conditions” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the military training conference on June 27, 2006. It was pointed out that entering the new stage of the new century, our army has adapted to the development trend of war forms and combat methods, established the strategic goal of building an information-based army and winning information-based wars, and strives to promote the compound development of mechanization and informationization. Military training is undergoing a revolution. Profound change. Based on the actual progress and development level of mechanization and informatization construction, we must proceed from reality, provide classified guidance, creatively carry out military training, strive to improve the quality and effect of training, and solidly promote the transformation of military training under mechanized conditions to military training under informationized conditions. Accelerate the improvement of our military’s deterrence and actual combat capabilities under informationization conditions.

　　”Building a consolidated national defense and a strong military compatible with national security and development interests” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 28, 2007. It was pointed out that continuing to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics at a new historical starting point has put forward new requirements for strengthening national defense and army building. We must strive to build a solid national defense and a strong military that is commensurate with the country’s international status and consistent with national security and development interests. Enriching the country and strengthening the army are the two cornerstones for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It is necessary to coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, and achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way.

　　”Cultivating the Core Values ​​of Contemporary Revolutionary Soldiers” was part of Comrade Hu Jintao’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 24, 2008. It was pointed out that the core values ​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers are embodied in “loyalty to the party, love for the people, serving the country, dedication to the mission, and advocating honor.” We must persist in using the core values ​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers to guide the thoughts and behaviors of officers and soldiers, guide officers and soldiers to always maintain political firmness and ideological and moral purity, and truly win the battle without deterioration. It is necessary to integrate the core values ​​​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers into all aspects of military building, and do a good job in ideological education, public opinion guidance, cultural edification, model demonstration, practical cultivation, and institutional guarantees, so that the core values ​​​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers can be universally understood and recognized by officers and soldiers, and they can consciously cultivate and practice them. .

　　The “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission on Strengthening National Defense Education under the New Situation” was issued on April 19, 2011. It was pointed out that national defense education is the foundation for building and consolidating national defense and an important way to enhance national cohesion and improve the quality of the entire people. We must fully understand the importance of strengthening national defense education under the new situation. It is necessary to firmly establish a concept of national defense that is consistent with the requirements of the Scientific Outlook on Development, focus on national defense education for leading cadres at all levels, vigorously promote the popularization of national defense education in all sectors of society, actively improve and innovate methods and means of national defense education, and strive to provide policies for popularizing national defense education Support and related guarantees, and effectively strengthen the organizational leadership of national defense education.

　　”Firmly grasp the goal of strengthening the military and build a strong people’s army” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the plenary session of the People’s Liberation Army delegation at the first session of the 12th National People’s Congress on March 11, 2013. It was pointed out that the party’s goal of strengthening the army under the new situation is to build a people’s army that obeys the party’s command, can win wars, and has a good work style. Listening to the party’s command is the soul and determines the political direction of military construction; being able to win battles is the core, reflecting the fundamental functions of the military and the fundamental direction of military construction; excellent work style is the guarantee, and is related to the nature, purpose and true quality of the military. This goal clarifies the focus and focus of strengthening military construction, which the entire military must accurately grasp to guide military construction, reform and military struggle preparations, and strive to raise national defense and military construction to a new level.

　　”Deepening National Defense and Military Reform” is the fifteenth part of the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform” adopted at the third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 12, 2013. It is pointed out that we must closely focus on the party’s goal of strengthening the military under the new situation, strive to solve outstanding contradictions and problems that restrict the development of national defense and military construction, innovate and develop military theory, strengthen military strategic guidance, improve military strategic guidelines for the new era, and build a modern modern society with Chinese characteristics. military power system.

　　”Effectively strengthening and improving the political work of our military under the new situation” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the military political work conference on October 31, 2014. It was pointed out that we must closely focus on the theme of the times for our military’s political work, strengthen and improve our military’s political work under the new situation, and give full play to the lifeline role of political work in strengthening and rejuvenating the army. The most important thing is to firmly establish four fundamental things in the entire army: ideals and beliefs, party spirit principles, combat effectiveness standards, and political work authority. He emphasized that adhering to the Party’s absolute leadership over the military is the soul of a strong military, and forging a solid military soul is the core task of our military’s political work. It is necessary to grasp the characteristics and laws of soul-casting and educating people under the new situation, and strive to cultivate a new generation of revolutionary soldiers with soul, ability, blood and moral character.

　　”Comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, and unswervingly follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference on November 24, 2015. It is pointed out that deepening the reform of national defense and the army is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of building a strong military. It is the only way to strengthen and rejuvenate the army, and it is also a key move to determine the future of the army. In accordance with the requirements of the “Four Comprehensives” strategic layout, guided by the Party’s goal of strengthening the military under the new situation, we must implement the military strategic guidelines under the new situation, comprehensively implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and strive to solve the institutional obstacles that restrict national defense and military construction. , structural contradictions and policy issues, promote the modernization of the military’s organizational form, further liberate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberate and enhance the vitality of the military, and build a consolidated national defense and a strong military commensurate with our country’s international status and compatible with national security and development interests, Provide a strong guarantee of strength to achieve the “Two Centenary Goals” and realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It was emphasized that the General Principle of the leadership and command system reform is that the Military Commission takes charge of the overall affairs, the theaters are responsible for the battle, and the military services are responsible for the construction.

　　”Comprehensively implement the innovation-driven development strategy and promote national defense and military construction to achieve new leaps” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the plenary session of the People’s Liberation Army Delegation at the Fourth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress on March 13, 2016. It is pointed out that innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army and an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Promoting new leaps and bounds in national defense and military construction through reform and innovation is a key to determining the future and destiny of our military. We must make great efforts to focus on theoretical innovation, scientific and technological innovation, scientific management, talent gathering, and practical innovation, drive and promote comprehensive innovation with key breakthroughs, and continuously create new situations for strengthening the military.

　　”On the Central Military Commission’s Adherence to the Chairman’s Responsibility System” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission’s Democratic Life Conference on February 4, 2017. He pointed out that our party’s system is for the party leader to serve as chairman of the Central Military Commission, which is to ensure the party’s absolute leadership over the military. We must understand the extreme importance of this system from the perspective of prosperity and long-term stability of the party, country and army. The chairman’s responsibility system solves the issue of the highest leadership and command power of our military. It is the chairman of the Central Military Commission who has the final say and final say on major issues of our military. To implement the chairman’s responsibility system, the entire military must be particularly clear-headed and conscious in its actions, and report major issues to the request for instructions.

　　”Speech at the Conference to Celebrate the 90th Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” was Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech on August 1, 2017. It was pointed out that standing at a new historical starting point, we must speed up the construction of the people’s army into a world-class army. To advance the cause of building a strong military, we must unswervingly uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the military and ensure that the People’s Army always follows the Party; we must uphold and develop the Party’s military guiding theory, and constantly open up new realms of development of Marxist military theory and contemporary China’s military practice; We must always focus on preparing for war, and forging elite troops who are ready to fight when called upon, and who are sure to win in battle; we must persist in building the army politically, strengthening the army through reform, developing the army through science and technology, and running the army in accordance with the law, so as to comprehensively improve the modernization level of national defense and the army. ; We must further promote the development of military-civilian integration and build a national strategic system and capability for military-civilian integration; we must adhere to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and always be a soldier trusted by the people, supported by the people, and loved by the people.

　　”Adhere to the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics and comprehensively promote the modernization of national defense and the military” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s report at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 18, 2017. It was pointed out that in the face of profound changes in the national security environment and the requirements of the times for a strong country and strong military, we must fully implement the Party’s thought on strengthening the military in the new era, implement the military strategic guidelines under the new situation, and build a powerful modern army, navy, air force, rocket Army and strategic support forces, build a strong and efficient theater joint operations command structure, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, and shoulder the missions of the new era entrusted by the party and the people.

　　”Continuously creating a new realm for the development of contemporary China’s Marxist military theory and military practice” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on December 22, 2017. It was pointed out that in the magnificent practice of strengthening the army, we focus on realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, focus on what kind of strong people’s army to build in the new era and how to build a strong people’s army, and conduct in-depth theoretical exploration and practical creation to form The Party’s thought on strengthening the army in the new era. It is clear that a strong country must have a strong army. Consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army are strategic supports for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. It is clear that the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era is to build a force that can obey the party’s command and be capable. The people’s army that wins battles and has an excellent work style must be consistent with the national modernization process and strive to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and fully build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century; it is clear that the party’s absolute leadership over the army is the people The foundation of building an army and the soul of a strong army must fully implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the Party’s leadership of the army to ensure that the army is absolutely loyal, absolutely pure, and absolutely reliable; it is clear that the army must be prepared to fight, and must focus on being able to fight and fight. To win the war, innovatively develop military strategic guidance, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively improve the ability to prepare for war in the new era, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain wars, and win wars; it is clear that excellent work style is the distinctive feature and political advantage of our military, and must Strengthen the construction of work style and discipline, unswervingly improve the work style and discipline, fight corruption and punish evil, vigorously carry forward the glorious traditions and fine styles of our party and our army, and always maintain the nature, purpose and true quality of the people’s army; it is clear that to advance the cause of strengthening the army, we must adhere to political construction The army, reform and strengthen the army, develop the army through science and technology, and run the army in accordance with the law, pay more attention to focusing on actual combat, pay more attention to innovation-driven, pay more attention to system construction, pay more attention to intensive and efficient, pay more attention to military-civilian integration, comprehensively improve the level of revolution, modernization and regularization; clarify the reform It is the only way to strengthen the army. We must promote the modernization of the military’s organizational form, build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics, and improve the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics. It is clear that innovation is the first driving force for development, and we must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, and coordinate the advancement of the military Innovate in theory, technology, organization, management, culture and other aspects to build an innovative people’s army; clarify that a modern military must build a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, promote fundamental changes in the way of running the military, and improve the level of legalization of national defense and military construction; clarify that the military and civilians must Integrated development is a strategy to rejuvenate the country and strengthen the military. We must adhere to the principle of balancing development and security, enriching the country and strengthening the military, forming an all-factor, multi-domain, and highly effective military-civilian integration in-depth development pattern, and building an integrated national strategic system and capabilities. We must comprehensively and accurately study and understand the Party’s thought on strengthening the military in the new era and implement it unswervingly.

　　”Unswervingly Uphold the Party’s Absolute Leadership over the Military” was part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Party Building Conference of the Central Military Commission on August 17, 2018. It was pointed out that to uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, first of all, the entire military must be absolutely loyal to the Party. To be absolutely loyal to the Party, we must build a solid ideological foundation of listening to the Party and following the Party. It is necessary to strengthen loyalty identification and political inspection to ensure that the barrel of the gun is firmly in the hands of those who are absolutely loyal to the party.

　　”Uphold and improve the Party’s absolute leadership system over the People’s Army and ensure that the People’s Army faithfully performs its missions and tasks in the new era” is the “Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Resolution on Upholding the Mission and Tasks of the New Era” adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on October 31, 2019. and the Decision on Several Major Issues in Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity.” It was pointed out that the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army is the foundation of the people’s army and the soul of a strong army. The Central Military Commission’s implementation of the chairman’s responsibility system is the fundamental implementation form of upholding the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s military. We must firmly establish the guiding position of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military in national defense and military construction, insist that the highest leadership and command power of the People’s Army belong to the Party Central Committee, improve the Party building system of the People’s Army, and implement the Party’s absolute leadership over the People’s Army into the military The entire process of construction in various fields.

　　”Comprehensively strengthening practical military training and comprehensively improving training levels and winning capabilities” are the key points of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission’s military training conference on November 25, 2020. It is pointed out that military training is the regular and central work of the army, the basic way to generate and improve combat effectiveness, and the most direct preparation for military struggle. We must continue to focus on preparing for war, adhere to actual combat training, joint combat training, science and technology-based training, and law-based training, carry forward fine traditions, strengthen reform and innovation, accelerate the construction of a new military training system, and comprehensively improve training levels and winning capabilities, in order to achieve The Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era is to provide strong support for building our military into a world-class military.

　　”Promoting historic achievements and historic changes in national defense and military construction in the new era” is derived from the “Major Issues of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Party’s Centenary Struggle” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 11, 2021. The fourth part of the resolution “Creating a New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”. It was pointed out that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the party has proposed the goal of strengthening the military in the new era, established military strategic guidelines for the new era, and formulated the goal of achieving the centenary goal of the founding of the army by 2027, basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and The new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization to build a world-class military in an all-round way by the middle of the century, promote political military building, strengthen the military through reform, strengthen the military through science and technology, strengthen the military through talent, and run the military in accordance with the law, and accelerate the modernization of military theory and the modernization of military organizational forms. , modernize military personnel, modernize weapons and equipment, accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations, and adhere to the path of building a strong military with Chinese characteristics. Under the strong leadership of the Party, the People’s Army has achieved overall revolutionary reshaping, reorganized and started again, simultaneously improved its national defense strength and economic strength, accelerated the construction of an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, established and improved the management and support system for veterans, and established a national defense system. Mobilization is more efficient, and unity between the military and the government and the people is more consolidated. The People’s Army has resolutely fulfilled its missions and tasks in the new era, and defended national sovereignty, security, and development interests with its tenacious fighting spirit and practical actions.

　　”In-depth implementation of the strategy of strengthening the military through talents in the new era” is the key point of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Military Commission Talent Work Conference on November 26, 2021. It is pointed out that talents are the key factor to promote the high-quality development of our military, win military competition and take the initiative in future wars. To implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, we must implement the Party’s absolute leadership over the military in all aspects and the entire process of talent work. We must regard the ability to fight and win wars as the starting point and foothold of talent work. We must face the world’s military frontier and face major national security issues. To meet the needs of national defense and military modernization, we must cultivate and make good use of talents in an all-round way, deepen the reform of military human resources policies and systems, and implement the strategy of strengthening the country through talents.

　　”Implementing the strategy of running the military according to law and improving the level of legalization of national defense and military construction” were the key points of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech when attending the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and Armed Police Force delegation at the fifth session of the 13th National People’s Congress on March 7, 2022. It was pointed out that running the army in accordance with the law is the basic way for our party to build and run the army, and is an inevitable requirement to achieve the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era. It is necessary to uphold the party’s absolute leadership over the military, adhere to combat effectiveness standards, insist on building a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, insist on transforming the way of running the military in accordance with the requirements of the rule of law, insist on strict discipline in the military, insist on seizing the “critical minority” of leading cadres, and insist on the dominant position of officers and soldiers. , insisting on implementing the requirements of comprehensively governing the country according to law.

　　”Achieve the Centenary Goal of the Founding of the Army and Create a New Situation in the Modernization of National Defense and the Army” is part of Comrade Xi Jinping’s report at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 16, 2022. It was pointed out that achieving the centenary goal of the founding of the army as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army are strategic requirements for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. We must implement the Party’s thought on strengthening the army in the new era, implement the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army, adhere to political army building, reform to strengthen the army, science and technology to strengthen the army, talents to strengthen the army, and rule of law, and adhere to border struggles. , prepare for war while building, adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and effectively fulfill the new era People’s Army missions.

現代漢語普通話：

新華社北京7月30日電 由中共中央黨史與文獻研究院、中國人民解放軍軍事科學院編輯的《中國共產黨軍事工作重要文獻選編》，已由中央文獻出版社、解放軍出版社出版。現將該書主要篇目介紹如下。

《關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想》是毛澤東同志1929年12月為中國共產黨紅軍第四軍第九次代表大會寫的決議的第一部分。指出，紅軍第四軍的共產黨內存在著各種非無產階級的思想，這對於執行黨的正確路線，妨礙極大。大會根據中央九月來信的精神，指出四軍黨內各種非無產階級思想的表現、來源及其糾正的方法，號召同志們起來徹底地加以肅清。強調，紅軍決不是單純地打仗的，它除了打仗消滅敵人軍事力量之外，還要負擔宣傳群眾、組織群眾、武裝群眾、幫助群眾建立革命政權以至於建立共產黨的組織等項重大的任務。

《星星之火，可以燎原》是毛澤東同志1930年1月5日的一封信。信中批評黨內一些同志對時局估量的一種悲觀思想，指出那種“沒有在遊擊區域建立紅色政權的深刻的觀念”，那種“全國範圍的、包括一切地方的、先爭取群眾後建立政權的理論，是於中國革命的實情不適合的。信中深入分析了敵我力量對比情況，深刻地揭示了中國革命由小塊紅色政權的「星星之火」到全國「燎原」的必然發展趨勢。

《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》是毛澤東同志1936年12月寫的，曾在紅軍大學作過講演。文章論述了研究戰爭問題的基本觀點和方法，進一步論述了中國革命戰爭的特點和取得勝利的主要條件，規定了在中國共產黨領導之下的紅軍戰爭的指導路線，規定了適合中國革命戰爭特點的戰略戰術。主要是：要掌握「圍剿」和反「圍剿」長期反復的規律﹔要採取積極防禦的戰略方針﹔要在一定條件下為著進攻所必須採取的退卻和誘敵深入﹔要實行集中兵力這個克敵制勝的作戰方法，把運動戰作為紅軍的主要作戰形式﹔要採取戰略的持久戰、戰役和戰鬥的速決戰，把殲滅戰作為紅軍作戰的一個根本指導思想。

《抗日遊擊戰爭的戰略問題》是毛澤東同志1938年5月針對當時黨內外許多人輕視遊擊戰爭的重大戰略作用，而隻把自己的希望寄託於正規戰爭，特別是國民黨軍隊的作戰的錯誤傾向所寫的一篇長文。指出，遊擊戰爭的戰略問題是在這樣的情況之下發生的：中國既不是小國，又不像蘇聯，是一個大而弱的國家。這一個大而弱的國家被另一個小而強的國家所攻擊，但是這個大而弱的國家卻處於進步的時代，全部問題就從這裡發生了。由於中國大而弱，但有共產黨及其領導的軍隊和廣大人民群眾﹔日本小而強，但兵力不足，必將在其佔領區留下許多空虛的地方，這就使共產黨領導的八路軍和抗日人民武裝發展敵後遊擊戰爭獲得廣闊的天地。抗日遊擊戰爭就不僅僅是戰術和戰役上的問題，而是具有戰略地位。

《論持久戰》是毛澤東同志1938年5月26日至6月3日在延安抗日戰爭研究會的講演。文章根據抗日戰爭一年來的經驗，批駁了“亡國論”和“速勝論”，指出，中日戰爭是半殖民地半封建的中國和帝國主義的日本之間在20世紀30年代進行的一個決死的戰爭。在這場戰爭中，中日雙方存在著互相矛盾的四個基本特點。這些特點規定了戰爭的持久性和最後勝利屬於中國，中國必須採取持久勝敵的抗戰方針。文章科學地預見了抗日戰爭必將經過的三個階段。文章完整地提出了抗日戰爭的戰略戰術指導原則，指出，兵民是勝利之本﹔戰爭的偉力之最深厚的根源，存在於民眾之中。

《戰爭與戰略問題》是毛澤東同志1938年11月6日在中國共產黨第六屆中央委員會擴大的第六次全體會議上所作結論的一部分。指出，必須明確抗日遊擊戰爭的戰略地位。在抗日戰爭的全體上，正規戰爭是主要的，遊擊戰爭是輔助的，但遊擊戰爭佔有重要的戰略地位。因為沒有敵後最廣大的最堅持的遊擊戰爭，敵無後顧之憂，進攻必更猖獗，繼續抗戰可能動搖﹔或反攻力量準備不足，反攻時沒有呼應，要戰勝日本也是不可能的。中國的存亡係於戰爭的勝負，因此，研究軍事理論，研究戰略和戰術，研究政治工作，不可或緩，而戰爭和戰略的理論則是一切的骨幹。

《集中優勢兵力，各殲滅敵人》是毛澤東同志1946年9月16日為中共中央軍委起草的對黨內的指示。指示集中闡述了集中優勢兵力、各個殲滅敵人的作戰方法，從根本上解決瞭如何在戰爭中逐步擊敗國民黨軍的軍事原則問題。指出，集中兵力各殲敵的原則，以殲滅敵軍有生力量為主要目標，不以保守或奪取地方為主要目標。指示也指出，這種戰法的效果是：一能全殲﹔二能速決。在戰術和戰役上的速決，是戰略上持久的必要條件。

《中國人民解放軍宣言》是毛澤東同志1947年10月10日為中國人民解放軍總部起草的政治宣言。指出，本軍作戰目的，迭經宣告中外，是為了中國人民和中華民族的解放。而在今天，則是實現全國人民的迫切要求，打倒內戰禍首蔣介石，組織民主聯合政府，藉以達到解放人民和民族的總目標，並宣布了八項基本政策。強調，我全軍將士必須時時牢記，我們是偉大的人民解放軍，是偉大的中國共產黨領導的隊伍。只要我們時時刻刻遵守黨的指示，我們就一定勝利。

《人民解放軍永遠是一個戰鬥隊又是一個工作隊》是毛澤東同志1949年3月5日在中國共產黨第七屆中央委員會第二次全體會議上報告的一部分。指出，今後解決殘餘國民黨軍隊的方式，不外天津、北平、綏遠三種。解放軍永遠是一個戰鬥隊又是一個工作隊，隨著戰鬥的逐步地減少，工作隊的作用就增加了，特別是在南方各地用北平方式或者綏遠方式解決問題的時候是這樣。在不要很久的時間之內，要使解放軍全部轉化為工作隊。必須把二百一十萬野戰軍看成一個巨大的幹部學校。在全國勝利的局面下，黨的工作重心必須由鄉村移到城市，必須用極大的努力去學會管理城市和建設城市。

《抗美援朝的勝利和意義》是毛澤東同志1953年9月12日在中央人民政府委員會第二十四次會議上講話的一部分。指出，抗美援朝，經過三年，取得了偉大勝利，能夠和下來有軍事方面、政治方面、經濟方面的原因。領導是一個因素，群眾想辦法是最主要的。我們的經驗是：依靠人民，再加上一個比較正確的領導，就可以用我們劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備的敵人。抗美援朝戰爭的勝利是偉大的，而且是有很重要意義的。

《中國人民解放軍政治工作條例總則（草案）》於1954年4月15日由中國共產黨中央委員會、中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會頒布，命令全軍執行。總則共七條，指出，中國人民解放軍是中華人民共和國的武裝力量，是中國共產黨領導的、保衛祖國、服務於人民革命鬥爭和國家建設的人民軍隊。中國共產黨是中國人民解放軍的締造者和組織者。黨的馬克思列寧主義的政治路線和軍事路線是這個軍隊取得勝利的決定因素。緊緊地和人民站在一起，全心全意地為人民服務，就是這個軍隊的唯一的宗旨。中國人民解放軍必須堅決為黨的綱領、路線，為社會主義共產主義而奮鬥。中國共產黨在中國人民解放軍中設立黨的各級委員會，作為部隊統一領導的核心﹔並確定黨委統一的集體的領導下的首長分工負責制，為黨對軍隊的領導制度。中國共產黨在中國人民解放軍中的政治工作是我軍的生命線。

《經濟建設與國防建設的關系》是毛澤東同志1956年4月25日在中共中央政治局擴大會議上講話的第三部分。講話闡釋了經濟建設和國防建設的辯証關系，指出，國防不可不有。現在，我們有了一定的國防力量。我們的國防工業正在建立。有經濟建設發展得更快了，國防建設才能夠有更大的進步。我們一定要加強國防，因此，一定要先加強經濟建設。這是戰略方針的問題。

《軍隊整頓的任務》是鄧小平同志1975年7月14日在中共中央軍委擴大會議上的講話。指出，軍隊現在有點腫、散、驕、奢、惰。軍隊整頓就是整上面講的那五個字。軍隊整頓當中，要加強幹部學習，增強黨性，反對派性，加強紀律性，發揚艱苦奮鬥的傳統作風。軍委要抓編制，抓裝備，還要抓戰略。戰略要研究的問題，不只是作戰問題，還包括訓練。我們的傳統歷來是政治機關管幹部，首長總要經過政治機關去評鑑、審查幹部，這才符合組織原則。要把這個好的傳統繼承起來。現在選幹部，特別是選高級幹部，要選艱苦奮鬥或比較艱苦奮鬥的。搞好軍隊的責任在軍隊以上的主要成員。若要大家帶頭努力，做到毛澤東同志說的八個字，團結、緊張、嚴肅、活潑，軍隊的問題是不難解決的，黨的路線、方針、政策是可以貫徹好的。總之，人民軍隊要發揚革命傳統，爭取更大榮耀。

《軍隊要把教育訓練提升到戰略地位》是鄧小平同志1977年8月23日在中共中央軍委座談會上講話的一部分。指出，在沒有戰爭的條件下，要把軍隊的教育訓練提升到戰略地位。要從兩個方面去做。一個方面是部隊本身要提倡苦學苦練，另一方面是透過辦學校來解決幹部問題。辦學校有三個要求。第一，訓練幹部，選拔幹部，推薦幹部。第二，認真學習現代化戰爭知識，學習諸軍兵種聯合作戰。第三，恢復我們軍隊的傳統作風。辦學校要達到一個目的：使幹部隊伍水準提高，能力加強，比較年輕化，特別是戰鬥部隊的幹部更要年輕些，使我們的幹部能夠掌握一些現代化戰爭知識，並且有好的作風。

《我們的戰略方針是積極防禦》是鄧小平同志1980年10月15日在中國人民解放軍總參謀部舉辦的防衛作戰研究班全體會議上講話的一部分。指出，我們未來的反侵略戰爭，究竟採取什麼方針？我贊成就是「積極防禦」四個字。積極防禦本身不只是一個防禦，防禦中有進攻。強調，再一件事，就是抓訓練。這件事可不能放鬆。訓練可是要注意合成訓練，抓合成軍作戰訓練。不但學校注意訓練，部隊也要注意實戰訓練。

《建設強大的現代化正規化的革命軍隊》是鄧小平同志1981年9月19日在華北某地檢閱軍事演習部隊時的講話。指出，我軍是人民民主專政的堅強柱石，肩負著保衛社會主義祖國、保衛四化建設的光榮使命。必須把我軍建設成為一支強大的現代化、正規化的革命軍隊。

《軍隊要服從整個國家建設大局》是鄧小平同志1984年11月1日在中央軍委座談會上講話的一部分。指出，現在需要的是全國黨政軍民一心一意地服從國家建設這個大局，照顧這個大局。我們軍隊有自己的責任，不能妨礙這個大局，要緊密地配合這個大局，而且要在這個大局下面行動。大家都要從大局出發，照顧大局，千方百計使我們國家經濟發展。

《在軍委擴大會議上的講話》是鄧小平同志1985年6月4日的講話。指出，把中國人民解放軍的員額減少一百萬，這是中國共產黨、中國政府和中國人民有力量、有信心的表現。提出，粉碎「四人幫」以後，特別是黨的十一屆三中全會以後，我們對國際形勢的判斷有變化，對外政策也有變化，這是兩個重要的轉變。第一個轉變，是對戰爭與和平問題的認識。在較長時間內不發生大規模的世界戰爭是可能的，維護世界和平是有希望的。根據對世界大勢的這些分析，以及對我們周圍環境的分析，我們改變了原來認為戰爭的危險很迫近的看法。第二個轉變，是我們的對外政策。過去有一段時間，我們搞了「一條線」的戰略。現在我們改變了這個戰略，這是一個重大的轉變。我們奉行獨立自主的正確的外交路線和對外政策，高舉反對霸權主義、維護世界和平的旗幟，堅定地站在和平力量一邊。

《中共中央批轉中央軍委〈關於新時期軍隊政治工作的決定》的通知》是1987年2月15日印發的。指出，這個決定，以馬列主義、毛澤東思想為指導，繼承黨和軍隊政治工作的優良傳統，結合新的歷史時期軍隊的任務和麵臨的情況，對軍隊政治工作的指導思想、主要任務、方針政策和基本方法，做出了正確的闡述和規定，對於保証軍隊的革命化、現代化、正規化建設，保証軍隊完成保衛祖國、建設祖國的光榮任務，具有重要的長遠的指導作用。 《決定》就如何適應國防建設和軍隊建設的指導思想實行戰略性的轉變，做好新時期軍隊的政治工作，分七個問題作了論述。指出，人民解放軍在國家實現三大任務中肩負著重大的歷史責任，必須在新的歷史條件下加強我軍政治工作。

《會見參加中央軍委擴大會議全體同志時的講話》是鄧小平同志1989年11月12日的講話。指出，我確信，我們的軍隊能夠始終不渝地堅持自己的性質。這個性質是，黨的軍隊，人民的軍隊，社會主義國家的軍隊。這與世界各國的軍隊不同。就是與別的社會主義國家的軍隊也不同，因為他們的軍隊與我們的軍隊經歷不同。我們的軍隊始終要忠於黨，忠於人民，忠於國家，忠於社會主義。

《部隊要做到政治合格、軍事過硬、作風優良、紀律嚴明、保障有力》是江澤民同志1990年12月1日在全軍軍事工作會議上講話的一部分。指出，抓部隊建設，最根本的要把思想政治工作做好。要加強組織紀律性，保証部隊集中統一。軍事訓練是部隊平時培養作風、提升軍事素質、增強戰鬥力的一個主要手段，要把軍事訓練切實擺在戰略位置。軍訓也好，整個軍事工作也好，都應該抓實，隻有抓實，才能抓出效果。

《國際形勢與軍事戰略方針》是江澤民同志1993年1月13日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的主要部分。指出，積極防禦的軍事戰略方針的基本內容是，以毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平同志關於新時期軍隊建設的思想為根本指導，服從和服務於國家發展戰略，立足打贏一場可能發生的現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭，加速我軍質量建設，努力提高我軍應急作戰能力，揚長避短，靈活應變，遏制戰爭，贏得戰爭，保衛國家領土主權和海洋權益，維護祖國統一和社會穩定，為改革開放和現代化建設提供強而有力的安全保証。

《中共中央關於轉發〈關於改革開放和發展社會主義市場經濟條件下軍隊思想政治建設若干問題的決定”的通知”是1999年8月24日印發的。指出，打贏未來高技術戰爭，維持人民軍隊的性質、本色和作風，是新時期黨對人民軍隊的最高政治要求。 《決定》指出，必須堅定不移地高舉鄧小平理論偉大旗幟，必須確保黨對軍隊的絕對領導，必須始終把思想政治建設擺在軍隊各項建設的首位，必須緊緊圍繞軍隊現代化建設這個中心，必須堅持繼承優良傳統與改革創新的統一。新的歷史條件下我軍思想政治建設的使命是：為打贏未來高技術戰爭提供強大的精神動力，為維持人民軍隊的性質、本色和作風提供可靠的政治保証。

《機械化和資訊化是我軍建設的雙重歷史任務》是江澤民同志2000年12月11日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出，我們抓緊進行軍事鬥爭準備，也就抓住了當前軍隊建設的主要矛盾。要努力完成我軍機械化和資訊化建設的雙重歷史任務，著力構建適應高技術戰爭要求的現代作戰體系，堅持用改革創新精神搞好我軍以現代化為中心的全面建設，進一步完善科學決策的機制和手段。

《論中國特色軍事變革》是江澤民同志2002年12月27日在中央軍委擴大會議上的講話。指出，新軍事變革正在進入一個新的質變階段，很可能發展成為一場波及全球、涉及所有軍事領域的深刻的軍事革命，必然導致軍隊建設和作戰方式等一系列方面發生革命性變化，有可能進一步拉大我國同世界主要國家在軍事實力上的差距，增大對我國軍事安全的潛在威脅。我們要以時不我待的緊迫感，積極推進中國特色軍事變革，加快我軍由機械化半機械化向資訊化的轉變，全面提升我軍的威懾和實戰能力。

《我軍在新世紀新階段的歷史使命》是胡錦濤同志2004年12月24日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出，全面分析時代發展要求和我國安全形勢變化，對於我軍在新世紀新階段的歷史使命，要從以下幾個方面加以準確把握：為黨鞏固執政地位提供重要力量保証，為維護國家發展的重要戰略機遇期提供堅強安全保障，為維護國家利益提供強大戰略支撐，為維護世界和平與促進共同發展發揮重要作用。

《向資訊化條件下軍事訓練轉變》是胡錦濤同志2006年6月27日在全軍軍事訓練會議上講話的一部分。指出，進入新世紀新階段，我軍適應戰爭形態和作戰方式發展趨勢，確立了建設資訊化軍隊、打贏資訊化戰爭的戰略目標，努力推進機械化和資訊化復合發展，軍事訓練正在經歷一場深刻變革。要根據機械化、資訊化建設實際進程和發展水平，從實際出發，分類指導，創造性開展軍事訓練，著力提高訓練質量和效果，紮紮實實推進機械化條件下軍事訓練向信息化條件下軍事訓練轉變，加速提高我軍資訊化條件下的威懾和實戰能力。

《建設與國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊》是胡錦濤同志2007年12月28日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出，在新的歷史起點上繼續發展中國特色社會主義，對加強國防和軍隊建設提出了新的要求。我們必須努力建設與國家國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊。富國和強軍，是發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的兩大基石。要統籌經濟建設和國防建設，在全面建設小康社會進程中實現富國和強軍的統一。

《培育當代革命軍人核心價值觀》是胡錦濤同志2008年12月24日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出，當代革命軍人核心價值觀集中體現為「忠誠於黨，熱愛人民，報效國家，獻身使命，崇尚榮譽」。要堅持不懈以當代革命軍人核心價值觀引領官兵的思想和行為，引導官兵始終保持政治堅定和思想道德純潔，真正做到打得贏、不變質。要把培育當代革命軍人核心價值觀融入部隊建設方方面面，抓好思想教育、輿論引導、文化薰陶、典型示範、實踐養成、制度保障，使當代革命軍人核心價值觀為官兵普遍理解認同、自覺培養踐行。

《中共中央、國務院、中央軍委關於加強新形勢下國防教育工作的意見》是2011年4月19日印發的。指出，國防教育是建設和鞏固國防的基礎，是增強民族凝聚力、提高全民素質的重要途徑。要充分認識加強新形勢下防衛教育工作的重要性。要穩固樹立與科學發展觀要求相適應的國防觀，突顯抓好各級領導幹部的國防教育，大力推動社會各界普及國防教育，積極改進和創新國防教育的方法手段，努力為普及國防教育提供政策支持與相關保障，切實加強國防教育工作的組織領導。

《牢牢把握強軍目標，建設一支強大人民軍隊》是習近平同志2013年3月11日在十二屆全國人大一次會議解放軍代表團全體會議上講話的一部分。指出，黨在新形勢下的強軍目標是建立一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊。聽黨指揮是靈魂，決定軍隊建設的政治方向﹔能打勝仗是核心，反映軍隊的根本職能和軍隊建設的根本指向﹔作風優良是保証，關系軍隊的性質、宗旨、本色。這個目標明確了加強軍隊建設的聚焦點和著力點，全軍要準確把握，用以統領軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備，努力把國防和軍隊建設提高到一個新水平。

《深化國防與軍隊改革》是2013年11月12日中國共產黨第十八屆中央委員會第三次全體會議通過的《中共中央關於全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》的第十五部分。指出，要緊緊圍繞黨在新形勢下的強軍目標，著力解決制約國防和軍隊建設發展的突出矛盾和問題，創新發展軍事理論，加強軍事戰略指導，完善新時期軍事戰略方針，構建中國特色現代軍事力量體系。

《切實加強和改進新形勢下我軍政治工作》是習近平同志2014年10月31日在全軍政治工作會議上講話的一部分。指出，必須緊緊圍繞我軍政治工作的時代主題，加強和改進新形勢下我軍政治工作，充分發揮政治工作對強軍興軍的生命線作用。最緊要的是把理想信念、黨性原則、戰鬥力標準、政治工作威信四個帶根本性的東西在全軍牢固立起來。強調，堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導是強軍之魂，鑄牢軍魂是我軍政治工作的核心任務。要把握新形勢下鑄魂育人的特點和規律，著力培養有靈魂、有本事、有血性、有品德的新一代革命軍人。

《全面實施改革強軍戰略，堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路》是習近平同志2015年11月24日在中央軍委改革工作會議上講話的一部分。指出，深化國防和軍隊改革是實現中國夢強軍夢的時代要求，是強軍興軍的必經之路，也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。要依照「四個全面」戰略佈局要求，以黨在新形勢下的強軍目標為引領，貫徹新形勢下軍事戰略方針，全面實施改革強軍戰略，著力解決制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進軍隊組織形態現代化，進一步解放和發展戰鬥力，進一步解放和增強軍隊活力，建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，為實現「兩個一百年」奮鬥目標、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢提供堅強力量保証。強調，軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建，是領導指揮體制改革的總原則。

《全面實施創新驅動發展戰略，推動國防和軍隊建設實現新跨越》是習近平同志2016年3月13日在十二屆全國人大四次會議解放軍代表團全體會議上講話的一部分。指出，創新能力是一支軍隊的核心競爭力，也是產生和提升戰鬥力的加速器。靠改革創新推動國防和軍隊建設實現新跨越，是決定我軍前途命運的關鍵。必須下大氣力抓理論創新、科技創新、科學管理、人才集聚、實踐創新，以重點突破帶動與推進全面創新，不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

《關於軍委堅持主席負責制》是習近平同志2017年2月4日在中央軍委民主生活會上講話的一部分。指出，我們黨的製度是黨的領袖擔任中央軍委主席，就是為了確保實現黨對軍隊絕對領導。對這項制度的極端重要性，我們要從黨、國家和軍隊興旺發達、長治久安的高度來認識。主席負責制解決的是我軍最高領導權和指揮權問題，就是軍委會主席對我軍重大問題最後拍板、一錘定音。貫徹主席負責制，全軍頭腦要特別清醒、行動要特別自覺，重大問題要請示報告。

《在慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍九十週年大會上的講話》是習近平同志2017年8月1日的講話。指出，站在新的歷史起點上，必須加快把人民軍隊建設成世界一流軍隊。推進強軍事業，必須毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導，確保人民軍隊永遠跟黨走﹔必須堅持和發展黨的軍事指導理論，不斷開拓馬克思主義軍事理論和當代中國軍事實踐發展新境界﹔必須始終聚焦備戰打仗，鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅﹔必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技興軍、依法治軍，全面提高國防和軍隊現代化水平﹔必須深入推進軍民融合發展，建構軍民一體化的國家戰略體系和能力﹔必須堅持全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨，始終做人民信賴、人民擁護、人民熱愛的子弟兵。

《堅持走中國特色強軍之路，全面推進國防和軍隊現代化》是習近平同志2017年10月18日在中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會上報告的一部分。指出，面對國家安全環境的深刻變化，面對強國強軍的時代要求，必須全面貫徹新時代黨的強軍思想，貫徹新形勢下軍事戰略方針，建設強大的現代化陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍和戰略支援部隊，打造堅強高效的戰區聯合作戰指揮機構，建立中國特色現代作戰體系，擔當起黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

《不斷開創當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論和軍事實踐發展新境界》是習近平同志2017年12月22日在中央軍委擴大會議上講話的一部分。指出，在波瀾壯闊的強軍實踐中，我們著眼於實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢，圍繞新時代建設一支什麼樣的強大人民軍隊、怎樣建設強大人民軍隊，深入進行理論探索和實踐創造，形成了新時代黨的強軍思想。明確強國必須強軍，鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊是新時代堅持和發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略支撐﹔明確黨在新時代的強軍目標是建設一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊，必須與國家現代化進程相一致，力爭到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化，到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊﹔明確黨對軍隊的絕對領導是人民軍隊建軍之本、強軍之魂，必須全面貫徹黨領導軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠﹔明確軍隊是要準備打仗的，必須聚焦能打仗、打勝仗，創新發展軍事戰略指導，建構中國特色現代作戰體系，全面提升新時代備戰打仗能力，有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭﹔明確作風優良是我軍鮮明特色和政治優勢，必須加強作風建設、紀律建設，堅定不移正風肅紀、反腐懲惡，大力弘揚我黨我軍光榮傳統和優良作風，永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色﹔明確推進強軍事業必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技興軍、依法治軍，更重視聚焦實戰、更重視創新驅動、更重視體系建設、更重視集約高效、更加重視軍民融合，全面提升革命化現代化正規化水準﹔明確改革是強軍的必經之路，必須推進軍隊組織形態現代化，建構中國特色現代軍事力量體系，完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度﹔明確創新是引領發展的第一動力，必須堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力，統籌推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等各方面創新，建設創新型人民軍隊﹔明確現代化軍隊必須建構中國特色軍事法治體系，推動治軍方式根本性轉變，提高國防與軍隊建設法治化水準﹔明確軍民融合發展是興國之舉、強軍之策，必須堅持發展和安全兼顧、富國和強軍統一，形成全要素、多領域、高效益軍民融合深度發展格局，建構一體化的國家戰略體系與能力。對新時代黨的強軍思想，要全面準確學習領會，毫不動搖貫徹落實。

《毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導》是習近平同志2018年8月17日在中央軍委黨的建設會議上講話的一部分。指出，堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導，首先全軍對黨要絕對忠誠。要做到對黨絕對忠誠，必須鑄牢聽黨話、跟黨走的思想根基。要加強忠誠度鑒別和政治考察，確保槍桿子牢牢掌握在對黨絕對忠誠的人手中。

《堅持並完善黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導制度，確保人民軍隊忠實履行新時代使命任務》是2019年10月31日中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第四次全體會議通過的《中共中央關於堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化若干重大問題的決定》的第十一部分。指出，黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導是人民軍隊的建軍之本、強軍之魂。中央軍委實行主席負責制是堅持黨對人民軍隊絕對領導的根本實現形式。必須牢固確立習近平強軍思想在國防和軍隊建設中的指導地位，堅持人民軍隊最高領導權和指揮權屬於黨中央，健全人民軍隊黨的建設製度體系，把黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導貫徹到軍隊建設各領域全過程。

《全面加強實戰化軍事訓練，全面提升訓練水準和打贏能力》是習近平同志2020年11月25日在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上講話的要點。指出，軍訓是部隊經常性中心工作，是產生和提升戰鬥力的基本途徑，是最直接的軍事鬥爭準備。要堅持聚焦備戰打仗，堅持實戰實訓、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓，發揚優良傳統，強化改革創新，加速建構新型軍事訓練體系，全面提升訓練水準和打贏能力，為實現黨在新時代的強軍目標、把我軍全面建成世界一流軍隊提供堅強支撐。

《推動新時代國防與軍隊建設取得歷史性成就、發生歷史性變革》節自2021年11月11日中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第六次全體會議通過的《中共中央關於黨的百年奮鬥重大成就與歷史經驗的決議》的第四部分「開創中國特色社會主義新時代」。指出，黨的十八大以來，黨提出新時代的強軍目標，確立新時代軍事戰略方針，制定到2027年實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化、到本世紀中葉全面建成世界一流軍隊的國防與軍隊現代化新「三步驟」戰略，推進政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，加速軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化，加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，全面加強練兵備戰，堅持走中國特色強軍之路。在黨的堅強領導下，人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑、重整行裝再出發，國防實力和經濟實力同步提升，一體化國家戰略體系和能力加快構建，建立健全退役軍人管理保障體制，國防動員更加高效，軍政軍民團結更加鞏固。人民軍隊堅決履行新時代使命任務，以頑強鬥爭精神和實際行動捍衛了國家主權、安全、發展利益。

《深入實施新時代人才強軍戰略》是習近平同志2021年11月26日在中央軍委人才工作會議上講話的要點。指出，人才是推動我軍高品質發展、贏得軍事競爭和未來戰爭主動的關鍵因素。實施新時代人才強軍戰略，必須把黨對軍隊絕對領導貫徹到人才工作各方面和全過程，必須把能打仗、打勝仗作為人才工作出發點和落腳點，必鬚麵向世界軍事前沿、面向國家安全重大需求、面向國防與軍隊現代化，必須全方位培養用好人才，必須深化軍事人力資源政策制度改革，必須貫徹人才強國戰略。

《貫徹依法治軍戰略，提高國防和軍隊建設法治化水準》是習近平同志2022年3月7日在出席十三屆全國人大五次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時講話的要點。指出，依法治軍是我們黨建軍治軍的基本方式，是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的必然要求。要堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，堅持戰鬥力標準，堅持建設中國特色軍事法治體系，堅持按照法治要求轉變治軍方式，堅持從嚴治軍鐵律，堅持抓住領導幹部這個“關鍵少數”，堅持官兵主體地位，堅持貫徹全面依法治國要求。

《實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面》是習近平同志2022年10月16日在中國共產黨第二十次全國代表大會上報告的一部分。指出，如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加速把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊，是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的戰略要求。必須貫徹新時代黨的強軍思想，貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導，堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設，堅持機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，加速軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化，提升捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益戰略能力，有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務。

2023年07月31日06:27 | 來源：人民網－人民日報

中國共產黨原文來源：https://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/0731/c1001-40046776.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military Receives Dialectical Implications of Communist Party Ten Major Military Principles and Strategic Impact on Adversaries

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中國軍隊辯證認識共產黨十大軍事原則及其對對手的戰略影響

現代英語：

The Ten Military Principles are our Party’s scientific summary of the practical experience of the People’s Army in combat during the revolutionary war years. They are a concentrated reflection of Comrade Mao Zedong’s profound military thought and the commanding art of using troops like a god. They embody the basic principles and tactics of the People’s War strategy and tactics. The methodological principle of seeking truth from facts is full of materialism and dialectics, and has vitality that spans time and space. It is the historical responsibility of our generation of soldiers to continue to inherit the winning magic weapon of the people’s army. Of course, all military principles are moving forward. Today, when intelligent warfare has gradually become a new form of warfare, this article focuses on the ten major military principles, summarizes and sorts out the dialectical implications and enlightenment of the times in nine aspects, and provides readers with reference.

Strategic contempt and tactical attention

Operational judgment is the prerequisite for planning operations. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that we must despise the enemy strategically and attach great importance to the enemy tactically. Strategic contempt and tactical attention are a complete idea. The first is to strategically despise the enemy, dare to fight against them, and dare to win. At the same time, we must pay attention to the enemy tactically, adopt a cautious attitude, and pay attention to the art of struggle. If you cannot see the weak side of the enemy and cannot despise the enemy strategically, then paying attention to the enemy tactically may become a fear of the enemy; if you ignore the strong side of the enemy and ignore the enemy tactically, despising the enemy strategically will become underestimating the enemy. Recognizing the dual nature of struggle and preventing one tendency from overshadowing the other is the key to defeating the enemy. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was a victory in which our army despised the enemy strategically and paid attention to the enemy tactically. It was a victory in which our army had the courage to fight and was good at fighting.

In today’s era, a century of changes and a century’s epidemic are superimposed on each other, and the strategic game between countries has become more intense. We must always remain clear-headed and determined, defy all dangers and difficulties, organically combine strategic contempt for the enemy with tactical attention to the enemy, and deal with the enemy. Be fully prepared for all possible situations, be neither afraid of nor underestimate the enemy, dare to fight and be good at winning.

Careful preparation and cautious initial battle

Combat preparation is the basis for winning the battle. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we should never fight an unprepared battle or a battle that we are not sure of; he called for caution in the first battle, believing that the victory or defeat in the first battle would have a great impact on the overall situation of the war, and it would be especially important for the army at a disadvantage or in a defensive position. Long-term war practice tells us that the more complex and difficult the situation, the more detailed the preparation for combat is to analyze the strength and situation of friends and foes, and to put ourselves in their shoes and analyze what the opponent will think and do. In particular, we should strive to be prepared for every battle, anticipate the most difficult and dangerous possible situations, and strive to be sure of victory under the contrasting conditions between the enemy and ourselves. The Battle of Yijiangshan Island was our army’s first three-service joint operation. The planning of the battle lasted for several years, and the preparation for the battle lasted for more than 2 months. It is an example of careful preparation and cautious initial battle.

In today’s era, China, which is at a critical stage of development from big to strong, faces complex and diverse challenges. This requires us to strengthen the concept of combat readiness, improve the ability to win, be prepared for war at any time, and truly carry out construction, development, and preparation for war in accordance with the standards of war. We must anticipate the most difficult and complex situations and treat such situations as The starting point for all combat preparations is to make sufficient and detailed preparations and formulate a comprehensive plan for integrated implementation, so as to achieve the goal of winning if we do not fight and win if we fight.

Destroy enemies and capture places

The purpose of combat is the core of implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that the main goal be to annihilate the enemy’s effective forces and not to defend or capture cities and places. He vividly pointed out that for a person, it is better to cut off one of his ten fingers than to hurt him; for the enemy, it is better to annihilate one of his divisions than to defeat his ten divisions. When the enemy is large and we are small, the enemy is strong and we are weak, it is generally impossible to achieve the two goals of annihilating the enemy and seizing the place at the same time. Only after annihilating the enemy’s effective strength can the place be finally defended or captured. Therefore, annihilating the enemy is a means to seize territory, and seizing territory is the result of annihilating the enemy. Therefore, annihilating the enemy should be the first priority, and consolidating the territory second. During the Yan’an Defense War, the Party Central Committee resolutely withdrew from Yan’an, and while annihilating the effective strength of the Kuomintang army on a large scale, it realized the strategic concept of “save people and lose land, and save both people and land”.

In today’s era, system breaking and precise victory are becoming key words in modern combat theory. We must change the traditional operational thinking of annihilating the enemy and seizing territory, and regard the pursuit of deterrence effects and depriving the enemy of combat power as important operational options. We must step up efforts to forge capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield, so as to destroy the enemy’s key support elements and deprive them of their combat power. The objective material basis for its continued operations and the operational purpose of disintegrating its will to carry out war.

Pay attention to the overall situation and grasp the key points

Combat guidance is the criterion for controlling combat. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the overall situation and the local part of a war are the unity of opposites. The key to combat guidance is to unify focusing on the overall situation and grasping the key points, “seizing the strategic key point to deploy the campaign, and seizing the operational key point to deploy the battle.” Only in this way can the war situation be effectively promoted in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. In particular, a weak army must follow the objective laws of the development of things, start from the local area, and continue to accumulate the quantity of local victories to cause a qualitative leap and achieve overall changes. In the long-term revolutionary war, our army was good at firmly grasping strategic pivots to promote the development of the war situation, and firmly grasping the main contradictions to promote the transformation of contradictions. Only then did our army turn from passive to active, and from disadvantage to advantage. In the Liaoshen Campaign, our army made comprehensive considerations and decided to “attack Jinzhou first”, which effectively promoted the battle process and won the victory.

In today’s era, wars are becoming more and more hybrid, security threats are complex, diverse and multi-dimensional, and they are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Changes in war practice require us to consider the overall situation and the overall situation in operational guidance, focus on the actual situation on the battlefield, coordinate the struggle in the main strategic direction and other strategic directions, coordinate the military struggle in the traditional security field and the new security field, and coordinate the political, The economic, diplomatic, military, cultural, public opinion and other fronts realize the mutual superposition and accumulation of combat effects, forming an overall emergence of anti-hybrid warfare capabilities and ensuring the strategic goal of complete victory.

Fight weak enemies first and strong enemies later

The focus of operations is the key to implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we must first attack dispersed and isolated enemies, and then attack concentrated and powerful enemies. In the practice of long-term revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. We must first annihilate the enemies that are isolated, dispersed, weakly defended, and garrisoned in small and medium-sized cities. Then, the enemies that are concentrated, strong, well-garrisoned, and garrisoned in large cities will become weaker. , which creates conditions for the next attack and annihilation. If we attack the strong enemy first, not only will it be difficult to deal with the strong enemy quickly, but the weak enemy will also easily become a strong enemy, which will make us passive. Of course, sometimes when you are really sure, you can also wait for an opportunity to attack a strong enemy first to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. In the Battle of Menglianggu, Su Yu made the first attack and completely annihilated the reorganized 74th Division, the “first of the five main forces” of the Kuomintang army. This defeated the Kuomintang army’s key attack on the Shandong Liberated Areas and reversed the strategic situation on the East China battlefield.

In today’s era, war is a confrontation between systems. The fundamental goal of defeating the system is to attack the enemy’s center of gravity and key points. Combat operations must be carried out closely around the enemy’s center of gravity, and the selected targets must be the “keys”, “vital points” and “joints” in the enemy’s entire war system. These enemy targets may be “strong enemies” or “weak enemies” in the traditional sense. However, once they are identified as centers of gravity, all efforts should be concentrated on destroying these centers of gravity in order to paralyze the enemy’s entire combat system and quickly complete the operation. Purpose.

Concentrate and disperse forces

Combat posture is the posture in which troops are deployed. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that operations must focus on eliminating the enemy’s effective strength and concentrate superior forces to annihilate the enemy one by one. The essence of concentrating superior forces is to use forces intensively to obtain local advantages and initiative against the enemy based on the overall needs of the operation and to ensure a decisive victory in the decisive battle. In traditional wars, the concentration of troops is mainly reflected in the concentration of personnel and weapons, relying on quantitative advantages to make up for qualitative deficiencies. In battles, our army’s consistent thinking is to concentrate its absolutely superior forces, adopt roundabout encirclement tactics, and annihilate enemies one by one. The opposite of concentrated force is decentralized force or military egalitarianism. Military egalitarianism may result in having neither an overall strength advantage nor a local strength advantage, making it impossible to control the enemy and to be controlled by the enemy. During the Red Army’s fifth counter-campaign against “encirclement and suppression”, the “six-way division of troops” and “all-front resistance” were manifestations of military egalitarianism.

In today’s era, information power, mobility, strike power, etc. have all increased unprecedentedly. Concentrating superior forces requires concentrating and using one’s own advantages in more diverse fields, and more adopting the approach of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but combined strength”. Dynamically combine the various combat forces distributed on the multi-dimensional battlefield, rely on the quality accumulation, efficiency integration, and real-time optimization of multiple combat elements to suddenly change the contrast with the opponent’s combat power, forming a hammer effect to defeat the enemy.

Weapons and equipment and fighting spirit

Combat elements are the components of combat strength. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that weapons and equipment are important factors in the victory or defeat of a war, but they are not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things. He asked the troops to carry forward the style of fighting bravely, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of fatigue and continuous fighting. Obviously, war is not only a confrontation of hard power such as weapons and equipment between the opposing parties, but also a competition of soft power such as will and quality. As an important component of combat effectiveness, fighting spirit plays a key role in the outcome of war. Material causes and effects are but the hilt of the knife; spiritual causes and effects are the sharp edge. Why in history has our army been able to defeat powerful enemies one after another and create miracles one after another even if it does not have an advantage in weapons and equipment? One of the most fundamental reasons is that we have the bloody courage to “show swords when facing the enemy, be brave and tenacious” and have the fighting spirit of “firstly, not being afraid of hardship, and secondly, not being afraid of death.”

In today’s era, war forms and combat styles are evolving at an accelerated pace, science and technology have become the core combat effectiveness, and weapons and equipment are becoming more and more important to winning wars. The contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to military construction and combat effectiveness development must be continuously increased. At the same time, we must forge the spiritual edge to defeat the enemy while inheriting the glorious tradition and fine style, and combine advanced science and technology with tenacious will, so that the majority of commanders and soldiers have a high degree of revolutionary consciousness and spirit of self-sacrifice, and master advanced Weapons, equipment and complex military technology form a powerful combat force to achieve victory in every attack and victory.

You hit yours and I hit mine

Combat methods are the carrier of strategy and tactics. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that people should give full play to their conscious initiative and seize the initiative in war. Starting from the overall situation of the revolutionary war, he successively proposed a series of flexible strategies and tactics, such as “Fight if you can win, leave if you can’t”, “You fight yours, I’ll fight mine”, “Mobile warfare, positional warfare, guerrilla warfare”. Cooperate with each other” and so on. This set of strategies and tactics that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages and are flexible and mobile reveals the laws and methods of war guidance for defeating enemies with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raises flexible strategies and tactics to a new level. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, in response to the U.S. military’s strong land and sea support and strong land firepower and mobility, our military emphasized small-scale annihilation wars, which enriched the implementation of annihilation wars. It relied on tunnels to carry out small-scale counterattacks and found a new way to fight positional warfare. .

In today’s era, wars will be carried out in multiple domains simultaneously, and combat operations such as networked and electronic operations, air and space attacks, and unmanned operations are prominent. Proactive, flexible and changeable strategies and tactics are still a weapon to gain the initiative and defeat the enemy. It is necessary to follow the winning mechanism of modern war, step up the forging of new quality and new domain combat capability means, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive warfare”, “cross-domain warfare” and “intelligent warfare” and other tactics to temper dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes Wait for the way of fighting, do not follow the enemy’s routines, focus on the enemy’s weaknesses, use our army’s strengths and strengths to control the battle, and win the victory.

Continuous combat and rest supplement

Combat support is the cornerstone of sustaining operations. Comrade Mao Zedong always believed that the deepest roots of the power of war exist among the people, and that soldiers and people are the foundation of victory. During the long-term revolutionary war, our army’s manpower and material resources supplementation mainly emphasized obtaining them from the enemy and relying on the support of the base areas. At the same time, we used the gaps between campaigns to reorganize and train the troops, improve military and political quality, and enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops. These are all necessary conditions for carrying out another battle. However, in order to prevent the enemy from taking a breather and to inflict continuous blows to the enemy, sometimes even without supplementary rest and recuperation, it is necessary to develop a style of not being afraid of sacrifice or fatigue and achieve continuous operations. Just after the Liaoshen Campaign, the Northeast Field Army changed its plan to use three months to half a year to rest and reorganize its troops. It took a shortcut and quickly sent troops into the pass to participate in the Pingjin Campaign, which changed the battlefield situation in North China in one fell swoop.

In today’s era, in a sense, fighting a war is fighting for security. With the profound changes in the international military competition landscape, national interests and military missions continue to expand, and the time and space span of combat support has expanded dramatically. In particular, the intensity, difficulty, and With the unprecedented increase in speed, we must continue to deepen national defense mobilization, build an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, and form strong war capabilities and war potential that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory.

國語中文：

2022年07月28日08:14 來源：解放軍報

原文標題：十大軍事原則的辯証意蘊及時代啟示 – 解放軍報 – 中國軍網
編者按

十大軍事原則是革命戰爭年代我們黨對人民軍隊作戰實踐經驗的科學總結，是毛澤東同志博大精深的軍事思想、用兵如神的指揮藝術的集中反映，它所體現的人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本原理和實事求是的方法論原則，充滿了唯物論、洋溢著辯証法，具有跨越時空的生命力。賡續傳承好人民軍隊的製勝法寶，是我們這代軍人的歷史責任。當然，一切軍事原則都是向前發展的，在智能化戰爭逐漸成為新戰爭形態的今天，本文聚焦十大軍事原則，總結梳理了9個方面辯証意蘊及時代啟示，供讀者參考借鑒。

戰略藐視與戰術重視

作戰判斷是籌劃作戰的前提。毛澤東同志指出，要在戰略上藐視敵人和戰術上重視敵人。戰略藐視與戰術重視是一個完整的想法。首先是要戰略上藐視敵人，敢於與它們鬥爭，敢於奪取勝利。同時，在戰術上重視敵人，要採取謹慎態度，講究鬥爭藝術。如果看不到敵人脆弱的一面，不能在戰略上藐視敵人，那麼在戰術上重視就可能成了畏敵如虎﹔如果忽視敵人強大的一面，離開戰術上重視敵人，戰略上藐視便成了輕敵。認清鬥爭的兩重性，防止一種傾向掩蓋另一種傾向，是克敵制勝的關鍵。抗美援朝戰爭勝利就是我軍戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人的勝利，就是敢於爭爭和善於爭爭的勝利。

當今時代，百年變局與世紀疫情相互疊加，國家間戰略博弈更加激烈，我們要時刻保持清醒和堅定，不畏一切險阻，不怕一切困難，把戰略上藐視敵人同戰術上重視敵人有機結合起來，對各種可能發生的情況做好充分的準備，既不畏敵、亦不輕敵，敢於爭爭、善於勝利。

周密備戰與慎重初戰

作戰準備是贏得作戰的基礎。毛澤東同志強調，不打無準備之仗，不打無把握之仗﹔要求慎重初戰，認為初戰的勝敗對戰爭的全局影響極大，尤其對劣勢或處於防禦地位的軍隊更加重要。長期的戰爭實踐告訴我們，越是復雜困難的形勢下，作戰準備越是要細緻地分析敵我友的力量、敵我友的情況，並換位思考分析對手會怎麼想、怎麼做。特別是每戰都應力求有準備，必須預計到最困難最危險的各種可能情況，力求在敵我條件對比下有勝利的把握。一江山島戰役，是我軍首次三軍聯合作戰，戰役籌劃長達幾年，戰役準備長達2個多月，是周密備戰與慎重初戰的範例。

當今時代，處在由大向強發展關鍵階段的中國，面臨的挑戰復雜多樣。這要求我們必須強化戰備觀念，提高打贏本領，做好隨時打仗的準備，真正按照打仗的標準搞建設、謀發展、抓備戰﹔必須預計到最困難最復雜的情況，並把這種情況當作一切作戰準備的出發點，做充分細致準備，制定一體實施的周密計劃，實現不打則已、打則必勝。

殲滅敵人與奪取地方

作戰目的是實施作戰的中心。毛澤東同志要求，以殲滅敵人有生力量為主要目標，不以保守或奪取城市和地方為主要目標。他形象指出，對於人，傷其十指不如斷其一指﹔對於敵，擊潰其十個師不如殲滅其一個師。在敵大我小、敵強我弱條件下，殲滅敵人和奪取地方這兩個目標，一般不可能同時達到。只有在殲滅敵人有生力量之後，才能最後保守或奪取地方。因此，殲滅敵人是奪取地方的手段，奪取地方是殲滅敵人的結果，所以要殲敵為主、略地次之。延安保衛戰，黨中央毅然撤出延安，在大規模殲滅國民黨軍有生力量的同時實現了「存人失地，人地皆存」的戰略構想。

在當今時代，體系破擊、精打製勝等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞。我們必須轉變傳統殲敵奪地的作戰思維，把追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力作為作戰重要選項，加緊鍛造奪控綜合製權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段，達成摧毀敵方作戰關鍵支持要素、剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎、瓦解其遂行戰爭意志的作戰目的。

關照全局與抓住重點

作戰指導是駕馭作戰的準繩。毛澤東同志指出，戰爭的全局與局部是對立的統一物。作戰指導的關鍵就是把著眼全局與抓住樞紐統一起來，“抓住戰略樞紐去部署戰役，抓住戰役樞紐去部署戰鬥”，如此方能切實推動戰局向著有利於己的方向發展。特別是弱小之軍必須遵循事物發展的客觀規律，從局部入手，不斷通過局部勝利的量的積累，以引起質的飛躍，達到全局的變化。在長期的革命戰爭中，我軍善於緊緊抓住戰略樞紐推動戰局發展，緊緊抓住主要矛盾推動矛盾轉化，才使我軍由被動轉為主動、劣勢轉為優勢。遼沈戰役，我軍通盤考量決定“首打錦州”，有力地推動了戰役進程並贏得了勝利。

當今時代，戰爭越來越呈現混合化態勢，安全威脅復雜多樣多維，並呈現多域聯動的特點。戰爭實踐變化要求我們，作戰指導要通盤考慮、全局考量，從戰場實際出發抓樞紐，統籌好主要戰略方向和其他戰略方向鬥爭，統籌好傳統安全領域與新型安全領域的軍事鬥爭，統籌好政治、經濟、外交、軍事、文化、輿論等各條戰線，實現作戰效果相互疊加、累積，形成反混合戰爭能力的整體湧現，確保實現全勝的戰略目標。

先打弱敵與後打強敵

作戰重心是實施作戰的要害。毛澤東同志強調，要先打分散和孤立之敵，後打集中和強大之敵。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢，首先殲滅孤立分散、守備薄弱和據守中小城市之敵，則集中強大、守備堅固和據守大城市之敵即變弱了，這就為下一步攻殲創造了條件。若先打強敵，則不但強敵難以迅速解決，弱敵也易變成強敵，反而使我方陷入被動。當然，有時在確實有把握的情況下，也可伺機先打強敵，迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。孟良崮戰役，粟裕首打且全殲國民黨軍「五大主力之首」的整編第74師，挫敗了國民黨軍對山東解放區的重點進攻，扭轉了華東戰場戰略態勢。

在當今時代，戰爭是體係與體系的對抗，體系破擊的根本是要打敵重心、要害。作戰行動必須緊緊圍繞打敵重心展開，所選目標必須是敵整個戰爭系統中的「關鍵」「要害」與「關節」。這些敵之目標在傳統意義上可能是“強敵”，也可能是“弱敵”，然而一旦被確定為打擊重心,就應集中全力摧毀這些重心，以毀癱敵整個作戰體系，快速達成作戰目的。

集中兵力與分散兵力

作戰布勢是兵力部署的態勢。毛澤東同志要求，作戰必須著眼於消滅敵人有生力量，集中優勢兵力各個殲滅敵人。集中優勢兵力的實質是根據作戰全局的需要，集中使用兵力以獲得對敵之局部優勢和主動，確保決戰決勝。在傳統戰爭中，集中兵力主要體現為人員、武器的規模集中，並依靠數量上的優勢來彌補品質上的不足。在戰役戰斗上，集中絕對優勢兵力，採取迂迴包圍戰術，各個殲滅敵人，是我軍作戰的一貫思想。與集中兵力對立的是分散兵力亦或軍事平均主義。軍事平均主義可能導致既沒有全局力量優勢，更沒有局部力量優勢，不能製敵反被敵所製。紅軍第五次反「圍剿」時「六路分兵」「全線抵禦」就是軍事平均主義的表現。

在當今時代，資訊力、機動力、打擊力等都空前增強，集中優勢兵力要求在更加多元領域中集中和運用己方優勢，更多採取「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的方式，將分佈在多維戰場的諸作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，依靠多種戰鬥要素的質量累聚、效能融合、即時聚優，突然改變與對方戰鬥力量的對比，形成重錘效應，克敵制勝。

武器裝備與戰鬥精神

作戰要素是作戰實力的構成。毛澤東同志指出，武器裝備是戰爭勝負的重要因素，但不是決定性因素，決定性因素是人而不是物。他要求部隊要發揚勇敢戰鬥、不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞和連續作戰的作風。顯然，打仗既是敵對雙方武器裝備等硬實力的對抗，也是意志品質等軟實力的比拼。戰鬥精神作為戰鬥力的重要組成部分，對戰爭勝負起著關鍵性作用。物質的原因和結果不過是刀柄，精神的原因和結果才是鋒利的刀刃。為什麼我軍歷史上即使在武器裝備上不佔優勢，卻總能戰勝一個又一個強敵，創造一個又一個奇跡？其中一個最根本的原因，就是我們有「逢敵亮劍、英勇頑強」的血性膽氣，具有「一不怕苦、二不怕死」的戰鬥精神。

在現今時代，戰爭形態和作戰風格加速演變，科技成為核心戰鬥力，武器裝備對打贏戰爭越來越重要，必須不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰鬥力發展的貢獻率。與此同時，我們要在傳承光榮傳統和優良作風中鍛造克敵制勝的精神利刃，把先進科技與頑強意志很好地結合起來，使廣大指戰員既具備高度的革命覺悟和自我犧牲精神，又掌握先進的武器裝備和複雜的軍事技術，從而形成強大的戰鬥力量，實現攻必克、戰必勝。

你打你的與我打我的

作戰方法是戰略戰術的承載。毛澤東同志強調，要發揮人的自覺能動性，掌握戰爭的主動權。從革命戰爭全局出發，他先後提出一系列靈活機動的戰略戰術，例如「打得贏就打，打不贏就走」「你打你的，我打我的」「運動戰、陣地戰、遊擊戰相互配合”等等。這一整套趨利避害、靈活機動的戰略戰術，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。抗美援朝戰爭中，針對美軍有海空支援以及陸上火力、機動力強的特點，我軍強調打小殲滅戰，豐富了殲滅戰的實現形式﹔依托坑道實施小規模反擊，找到了打陣地戰的新辦法。

現今時代，戰爭將在多域同時展開，網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位凸顯，積極主動靈活多變的戰略戰術仍是贏得主動、克敵制勝的利器。要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，加緊鍛造新質新域的作戰能力手段，靈活運用「總體戰」「認知戰」「跨域戰」「智能戰」等戰法，錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在「以能擊不能」中掌控作戰制權，進而贏得勝利。

持續作戰與休整補充

作戰保障是維持作戰的基石。毛澤東同志始終認為，戰爭偉力之最深厚的根源存在於民眾之中，兵民是勝利之本。長期革命戰爭中，我軍人力物力的補充主要強調取之於敵和依靠根據地的支持，同時利用戰役間隙整頓訓練部隊，提高軍政素質，增強部隊戰鬥力，這些都是實行再戰的必要條件。但是，為了不讓敵人喘息，給敵連續打擊，有時即使在未得到補充休整的情況下，亦須發揚不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞的作風，實現連續作戰。遼沈戰役剛結束，東北野戰軍改變利用三個月至半年時間休整部隊的計劃，取捷徑迅即揮師入關參加平津戰役，一舉改變了華北戰場態勢。

在當今時代，從某種意義上講，打仗就是打保障。隨著國際軍事競爭格局深刻變化，國家利益與軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，作戰保障時空跨度急劇擴大，特別是戰爭作戰進程快、毀傷能力強、力量控制精、技術含量高，保障的強度、難度和速度空前增加，必須不斷深化國防動員，建立一體化國家戰略體系和能力，形成既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力。

(責編：萬鵬、代曉靈)

中共原始資料來源：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0728/c443712-32487665.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

China’s Military: “Changes” of Combat Guidance, Revolution in Military Affairs, Achieving Superiority

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中國軍隊：作戰指導“變”，軍事革命，取得優勢

現代英語：

At present, the war situation is evolving into an informationized war with intelligent characteristics, and the mechanism of winning the war has also undergone profound changes. Actively analyzing the new mechanisms of winning the informationized war, such as information dominance, overall linkage, precise energy release, and system destruction, and accurately revealing its internal laws, is of great significance for innovating the combat guidance of local informationized wars with intelligent characteristics.

The dominant factor for victory has shifted from energy dominance to information dominance, and combat guidance has shifted from focusing on manpower and firepower to focusing on “information + firepower”

Human warfare has gone through a long process from force dominance, firepower dominance to information dominance. In the agricultural era, wars were mainly won by human combat, and the combat performance was mainly a “physical battle” of conquering cities and territories. Force dominance was the basis for winning the war. In combat guidance, the size of the force was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness, advocating more the better and using more to defeat fewer. In the industrial era, firepower gradually occupied a dominant position. The war was mainly manifested in a “firepower battle” to destroy the enemy’s war material base and annihilate the enemy’s living forces. Firepower dominance was the basis for winning the war. The mechanism for winning the war is to release energy from materials and win by scale. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on concentrating superior forces and firepower to destroy the enemy.

In information warfare, information becomes the “blood” and “nerves” of the combat system, penetrating into all aspects such as reconnaissance intelligence, command and control, joint strikes, and comprehensive support. The combat is mainly manifested in “information firepower warfare”, and information dominance is the foundation for winning the war. At this stage, information concentration and information empowerment are important winning mechanisms. The integration of information and firepower has changed the traditional combat method of simply competing in scale and firepower, and greatly improved the speed and accuracy of firepower strikes. Whoever has a strong ability to obtain, process, transmit, use and control information, and whoever has a high degree of integration between information and firepower, will win the war. The result of information dominance is the precise focus and rapid release of firepower. Therefore, in terms of combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on gaining information superiority, paralyzing and controlling the enemy through information attacks and firepower strikes, and using information-led, “information + firepower”-based system confrontation advantages to gain combat victory. In the early morning of April 14, 2018, the US, UK and France dispatched an EA-6B electronic warfare aircraft to carry out “deceptive + repressive” interference on the Syrian air defense missile system, and launched 105 missiles in coordination, attacking and destroying many important targets in Damascus in the form of information firepower warfare.

The winning form has changed from force coordination to overall linkage, and combat guidance has changed from pursuing joint operations among various services to pursuing multi-domain joint operations.

Wars have always focused on winning with overall power. In mechanized joint operations, due to the constraints of information technology, the various forces cannot achieve a high degree of battlefield information sharing and common perception of battlefield situations. The combat functions of the army, navy, air force and other services are difficult to break through the constraints of spatial factors. The degree of jointness in operations is not high. Although there are joint combat forms, it emphasizes that two or more military forces cooperate with each other and work closely in different combat spaces, so as to achieve complementary advantages and coordinated attacks on the enemy. The winning form is mainly manifested in the coordination of forces. The combat effectiveness mainly depends on the extreme release of the energy of each combat force and the physical superposition of effects, and the pursuit is “linear concentration”. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on implementing joint operations of various services in two-dimensional or three-dimensional spatial forces. Through careful pre-war planning and impromptu coordination during the war, various services and combat platforms can achieve strong coordination and cooperation to form overall power.

Informatized joint operations, the battlefield has expanded from land, sea and air to space, network and electronics, the combat domain has extended from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain, the combat space is full and multi-dimensional, the virtual and the real are dependent and integrated, the action range of various services has broken through the inherent spatial limitations, and combat activities are no longer achieved by the various services in their own activity space through external coordination and cooperation with other services, but have evolved into breaking the boundaries between services and aggregating the advantages of each domain to achieve it. Overall linkage has become the basic form of victory. All combat forces have moved from simple “cooperation” to deep “integration”, and formed a combat system of “dispersed deployment in space, coordinated in time, and integrated in multiple domains in energy release”, which has changed combat actions from loose coordination and linear superposition of combat effects in the past to today’s overall linkage and amplification of combat effectiveness index, and finally achieved an asymmetric advantage over the enemy. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on multi-domain joint operations, emphasizing the complementary advantages of cross-domain advantages and seeking overall combat advantages. It is mainly supported by the network information system, coordinating and utilizing multi-dimensional space combat forces such as land, sea, air, space, network and electricity to achieve the integration of air and ground, sea and air, and multiple forces, and highly integrating network warfare, electronic warfare, etc. with troop and firepower operations. It also relies on the system to quickly and accurately maneuver and concentrate forces to carry out concentrated energy strikes on important targets of the enemy’s combat system, transforming the information advantage, speed advantage and firepower advantage formed by the joint efforts of multiple domains into an action advantage to defeat the enemy and quickly achieve the combat objectives.

The winning method has changed from extensive energy release to precise energy release, and combat guidance has changed from seeking large-scale destruction and depletion of the opponent’s strength to seeking precise control of the battle situation.

During the mechanized warfare period, due to insufficient information acquisition capabilities and limited command and control means, there was a lot of “fog” in the war, and the low accuracy of weapons strikes led to the inability to effectively control energy release. Usually, carpet bombing and saturation attacks were used to increase the probability of killing, and the scale of troops and firepower was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness. The winning method was extensive energy release, following the law of quantitative change to qualitative change. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis was placed on consuming the opponent’s strength through large-scale killings and achieving strategic goals in exchange for military victory.

In the information warfare period, the “fog” of war still exists, but because information technology is integrated into the combat system, each combat system uses information to achieve real-time rapid response, which greatly improves the detection accuracy, positioning accuracy, and strike accuracy, so that the “fog” of war is minimized as much as possible. In particular, the development and application of network information systems have made it possible to make precise plans, select targets, use forces, strike at key points, make precise assessments, control actions, and provide precise guarantees. In combat, long-range precise strikes such as beheading, acupuncture, and surgical operations are usually used to directly hit the enemy’s key points. The winning method is mainly precise energy release, which follows the principles of systems theory and cybernetics. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on elite troops and quick decisions, so as to achieve combat objectives at the lowest cost, fastest speed, and lowest risk. A small-scale precision combat operation may achieve the same combat effectiveness as a large-scale war in the past. In modern warfare, precision warfare is not only a military means of application, but also has important political significance, because human life, property and the environment on which human beings depend for survival can be protected as much as possible under this combat method, rather than using unlimited violence, making precise control of the battle situation an important combat guide.

The path to victory shifted from destroying the enemy and seizing territory to destroying the system, and combat guidance shifted from emphasizing annihilation warfare to emphasizing system destruction warfare.

During the mechanized warfare period, the way to win the war mainly depends on destroying the enemy and seizing the territory. The direct purpose of the war is to destroy the enemy, often by destroying a large number of enemy manpower, seizing or occupying enemy territory, and forcing the enemy to surrender. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​annihilation warfare. In the Battle of Verdun during World War I, the German and French armies deployed nearly 2 million troops, with more than 700,000 casualties, becoming a terrible “meat grinder”.

In the information warfare period, the destruction of the enemy’s manpower is still of great value in winning the war, and the number of casualties is still an important variable in the effectiveness and tolerance of war. In several local wars in this century, the US military pursued the so-called “zero casualties”, which also shows the sensitivity of casualties in war, and on the other hand, it also reflects the importance of destroying the enemy’s manpower. However, the connection and integration of information, the updating of weapons and equipment, and the improvement of combat methods have made the confrontation between the two sides manifest as a confrontation between systems. The overlap of tactical objectives, campaign objectives and even strategic objectives is getting higher and higher. The large-scale destruction of the enemy’s manpower is no longer a necessary condition for winning the war. The way to win the war usually relies on system destruction, and the direct purpose of combat is to scare and control the enemy. The side with system advantage mainly achieves victory in the war by precisely striking the key nodes and key systems that support the operation of the enemy’s war system and combat system. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​system destruction warfare, with information as the main guide and system as the support, and the enemy’s “Achilles’ heel” is precisely struck. Through the collapse effect of the system, the purpose of disintegrating the system and winning the hearts and minds is achieved. During the Kosovo War, NATO carried out air strikes for 78 days. The casualties of the Yugoslav army were not many, but because the high-value targets in the combat system, such as the command information system, transportation hubs, energy bases, and power facilities, were hit hard, the war potential of the Yugoslavia was greatly weakened, and the will of the military and civilians to fight was gradually destroyed, leading to the defeat of the war. The limited purpose of information warfare makes the warring parties usually directly target the weaknesses of the opponent’s system to carry out precise destruction, making small-scale and clever system confrontation operations more popular, with few casualties, but can also achieve combat objectives.

國語中文：

■李海濱 霍雲超

引言

當前，戰爭形態正演進為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭，戰爭制勝機理也隨之發生深刻變化。積極研析資訊化戰爭制勝所蘊含的資訊主導、整體聯動、精確釋能、體系破擊等新機理，準確揭示其內在規律，對於創新具有智能化特徵的信息化局部戰爭作戰指導具有重要意義。

制勝主導因素由能量主導向資訊主導轉變，作戰指導從注重兵力火力主戰轉變為註重「資訊+火力」主戰

人類戰爭經歷了從兵力主導、火力主導到資訊主導的漫長過程。農業時代的戰爭，主要依靠人力搏擊制勝，作戰表現形式主要是攻城略地的“體力戰”，兵力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。在作戰指導上，以兵力規模換取作戰效能的提高，主張多多益善、以多擊少。工業時代的戰爭，火力逐漸佔據主導地位，戰爭的表現形式主要是摧毀敵戰爭物質基礎、殲滅敵有生力量的“火力戰”，火力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。戰爭制勝機理是以物釋能、規模製勝。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調集中優勢兵力火力殲敵。

在資訊化戰爭中，訊息成為作戰體系的“血液”和“神經”，滲透到偵察情報、指揮控制、聯合打擊、綜合保障等各個環節，作戰的表現形式主要是“信息火力戰”，信息主導是戰爭制勝的根本。此階段，資訊聚能、資訊賦能是重要的製勝機理，資訊火力的融合，改變了單純拼規模、拼火力的傳統作戰方法，大大提高了火力打擊的速度與精準度。誰獲取、處理、傳輸、利用和控制資訊的能力強，誰的資訊與火力的融合度高，誰就能在戰爭中獲勝。資訊主導的結果是火力的精確聚焦與快速釋放。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調奪取資訊優勢、透過資訊攻擊和火力打擊癱敵控敵，以資訊主導、「資訊+火力」主戰的體系對抗優勢換取作戰勝勢。 2018年4月14日凌晨，美英法聯軍出動1架EA-6B電子戰飛機對敘利亞防空飛彈系統實施「欺騙性+壓制性」幹擾，配合發射了105枚導彈，以資訊火力戰的方式襲擊並摧毀了大馬士革許多重要目標。

制勝形式由力量協同向整體聯動轉變，作戰指導從追求諸軍兵種聯合作戰轉變為追求多域聯合作戰

戰爭歷來注重整體威力製勝。機械化聯合作戰，由於受資訊技術水準的製約，各力量之間不能實現戰場資訊高度共享、戰場態勢共同感知，陸、海、空等諸軍兵種的作戰功能難以突破空間因素制約，在作戰上彼此聯合度還不高，雖有聯合作戰形式，但強調兩個以上軍種力量在不同作戰空間相互配合、密切協同，從而實現優勢互補、協調一致地打擊敵人。制勝形式主要表現為力量協同，作戰效能主要依靠各作戰力量能量的極限釋放和效果的物理疊加，追求的是「線性聚力」。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調實施諸軍兵種二維或三維空間力量上的聯合作戰，透過戰前周密計劃和戰中臨機協同，使各軍兵種、各作戰平台得到有力的協同配合從而形成整體威力。

資訊化聯合作戰，戰場由陸海空向天網電拓展，作戰域由物理域向資訊域、認知域延伸，作戰空間全局多維，虛與實依存、融合，諸軍兵種的行動範圍已突破固有空間限制，作戰活動已不再是諸軍兵種在自身活動空間通過與其他軍兵種的外部協調聯合來實現，而是演變為打破軍兵種界限、聚合各域的優勢來實現，整體聯動成為製勝的基本形式。各作戰力量已從簡單的“聯合”走向深度的“融合”，並形成“空間上分散部署，時間上協調一致，能量釋放上多域一體”的作戰體系，使作戰行動由過去的鬆散配合、作戰效果線性疊加，變為現今的整體聯動、作戰效能指數放大，最終達成對敵的非對稱優勢。因此，在作戰指導上，更突顯多域聯合作戰，強調以跨領域優勢互補，謀求整體作戰優勢。主要以網絡資訊體係為支撐，統籌運用陸海空天網電等多維空間作戰力量，達成空地一體、海空一體、多種力量一體，網絡戰、電子戰等與兵力、火力行動高度融合，並依托體系快速精確機動聚力，對敵作戰體系重要目標實施聚能打擊，將多域聯合形成的資訊優勢、速度優勢和火力優勢，轉化為製敵的行動優勢，並迅速達成作戰目的。

制勝方法由粗放釋能向精確釋能轉變，作戰指導從謀求大規模殺傷消耗對手實力轉變為謀求精確控制戰局

機械化戰爭時期，由於資訊獲取能力不足，指揮控製手段有限，使戰爭中存在許多“迷霧”，加之武器打擊精度不高，導致能量釋放無法得到有效控制。通常以地毯式轟炸、飽和式攻擊增加殺傷機率，以兵力火力的規模換取作戰效能的提升，制勝方法屬粗放釋能，遵循的是由量變到質變的規律。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調透過大規模殺傷力消耗對手實力，以軍事勝利換取戰略目標的實現。

在資訊化戰爭時期，戰爭「迷霧」仍然存在，但由於資訊科技融入作戰體系，各作戰系統借助資訊實現即時快速響應，大大提高了探測精度、定位精度、打擊精度，使戰爭「迷霧」盡可能降到最低。特別是網絡資訊體系的發展運用，使精確籌劃、精選目標、精用力量、精打要害、精準評估、精控行動、精細保障成為可能。作戰中，通常以斬首式、點穴式、外科手術式等遠程精確打擊方式直擊敵要害，制勝方法主要是精確釋能，遵循的是系統論、控制論的原理。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調精兵精打、速決作戰，以最小代價、最快速度和最低風險達成作戰目的。小規模的精確作戰行動可能會達到以往大規模戰爭的作戰效能。在現代戰爭中，精確作戰不僅是一種軍事手段的運用，更具有重要的政治意義，因為人的生命財產和人類賴以生存的環境在這種作戰方式下可以得到盡可能多的保護，而不是無限制地使用暴力，致使精確控制戰局成為重要的作戰指導。

制勝途徑由殲敵奪地向體系破擊轉變，作戰指導從強調殲滅戰轉變為強調體系破擊戰

機械化戰爭時期，戰爭制勝的途徑主要靠殲敵奪地，作戰的直接目的是將敵人消滅，往往通過大量殲滅敵有生力量、奪取或占領敵方領土，迫使敵人從意誌上屈服。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調殲滅戰思想。一戰時期的凡爾登戰役，德法雙方軍隊共投入兵力近200萬人，傷亡人數達70多萬，成為可怕的「絞肉機」。

在資訊化戰爭時期，殲滅敵有生力量對戰爭制勝仍有重要價值，人員傷亡數字仍是戰爭效益和戰爭承受力的重要變數。本世紀的幾場局部戰爭，美軍追求所謂的“零傷亡”，也說明傷亡數字在戰爭中的敏感性，從另一方面也反映出殲滅敵人有生力量的重要性。但資訊的連結與融合，以及武器裝備的更新、作戰方法的改進，使對抗雙方表現為體係與體系的對抗，戰術目的、戰役目的甚至是戰略目的的重合度越來越高，大量殲滅敵有生力量不再是取得戰爭勝利的必要條件，戰爭制勝的途徑通常靠體系破擊，作戰的直接目的是懾敵控敵。具有體系優勢的一方，主要透過精確打擊支撐敵戰爭體系和作戰體系運作的要害節點和關鍵系統，癱體攻心奪志即意味著作戰的勝利。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調體系破擊戰思想，以信息為主導、以體係為支撐，精打敵“阿喀琉斯之踵”，通過體系的坍塌效應，達成瓦解體系、攻心奪志的目的。在科索沃戰爭中，北約實施了78天的空襲作戰，南聯盟軍隊傷亡並不多，但由於作戰體系中的指揮資訊系統、交通樞紐、能源基地、電力設施等高價值目標遭到重點打擊，南聯盟的戰爭潛力被大大削弱，軍民的戰爭意志逐漸被摧毀，導致戰爭失敗。資訊化戰爭目的的有限性，使得交戰雙方通常直接瞄準對方的體系弱點實施精確破擊，使小打、巧打的體系對抗作戰更加流行，人員傷亡很小，但同樣能達成作戰目的。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李海濱 霍雲超 責任編輯：劉上靖 2023-02-02 06:54:53

國防部原文來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4931741.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military’s Three Core Focuses on Understanding Winning Mechanisms of Information Warfare

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中國軍隊三大核心聚焦資訊戰制勝機制

2016-11-22 03:03

現代英語：

Naval Command College Research Group

The winning mechanism of war is the most prominent and core characteristic of war. The winning mechanism of informationized war mainly includes three core contents: winning by information advantage, winning by structural destruction and winning by joint action.

Winning with information advantage

In the information age, wars are won mainly by information. Information is the first element of modern warfare, information resources are the first resource of modern warfare, and information advantage is the first advantage of modern warfare, and it determines the victory of the war.

The core of winning with information advantage is the right to control information. War is conducted under the guidance of information, which is implemented according to the law of events turning into information, information turning into situation, situation turning into cognition, cognition turning into decision, and decision turning into action. Information supports command and control, and dominates combat operations and the course of war. Only by gaining the right to control information can we seize the initiative and freedom on the battlefield.

Ways to achieve victory with information advantage. First, information flow leads material flow and energy flow, and information advantage multiplies cognitive power, control power and attack power, thereby regulating the course, direction, target and action of war. Second, information system leads weapon platform, combat force, unit and element are in the loop, the loop is under human control, under the guidance of information system, material energy can produce geometric series “fusion” and extremely precise “energy release”, so that combat power will have a qualitative leap. Then realize long-range rapid precision strike, system structure fixed point destruction and paralysis, and multi-method comprehensive victory. Third, cyberspace is based on physical space, penetrates physical space, transcends physical space and dominates physical space. Occupying the new field and new height of cyberspace warfare will gain new means and advantages of information warfare, and then evolve new concepts, new tactics and new ways to win in combat. Fourth, advanced technology, high-tech equipment, brilliant achievements and public opinion propaganda can have a strong deterrent and striking effect on the enemy’s psychology, fully disintegrate the enemy’s political will, resistance determination and public confidence, and then achieve all-round victory.

Structural destruction wins

Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The essence of system confrontation is a holistic and comprehensive confrontation. The formation, development and function of any overall comprehensive capability depends on the structure of the system.

The structure of the system determines the function, and the function generates the capability. Structural damage causes the system elements to be missing and the relationships to be out of order, which destroys the technical structure and system structure, and causes the loss of the organizational structure and functional structure, making it impossible to generate system capabilities.

The core of winning by structural destruction is network control. Network energy gathering, network energy empowerment, and network energy empowerment are the major functions of the network, which are based on the inherent characteristics of the information network system and the combat system. The first is network energy gathering. Through the network, various information is gathered together, and combat forces, units and elements are integrated into an organic whole. This whole is actually a collection of information energy, energy energy, and material energy, forming a full-factor advantage of information, energy, and material. The second is network energy empowerment. The combat forces, units, and elements in the system obtain all kinds of required information and support and coordination through the network, and have capabilities that they did not originally have, thereby improving their combat effectiveness. The third is network energy empowerment. In the combat system, target information, guidance information, coordination information, and command information are distributed to combat forces and units through the network, so that they are integrated into the system from the original passive listeners and executors, and become equal participants, executors, and advisers in the system, forming a flat charge. To control the network is to destroy the foundation and remove the fuel from under the cauldron, so that the combat system cannot gather energy; to break the network is to destroy the “hub”, cut off the flow of information, and make it impossible for the combat system to empower and authorize.

The strength of a system is based on its structure, the benefits of a system depend on its structure, and the strength of a system also lies in its structure. If you knock out the key nodes, the system will collapse; if you hit the vital point, the system will collapse. First, destroy the technical structure. The technical structure refers to the network structure, data structure, and software structure in the system. By destroying the key nodes of the network structure, destroying the software system of the network, destroying the database and information nodes, the various elements in the system cannot be interconnected and become a mess. Second, destroy the system structure. The combat system based on the information network is composed of a reconnaissance and early warning system, a command and control system, a precision strike system, an information confrontation system, and an integrated support system. Destroying the reconnaissance and early warning system will make the system “blind” and “deaf”. Destroying the command and control system will knock out the “vital point”, making the system leaderless and out of order. Destroying the integrated support system will make the system lose its support and become a water without a source and a tree without roots. Third, destroy the overall structure. The power structure, organizational structure, operation structure, and functional structure are the core of the overall structure. Destroying the power structure will cause the system elements to be missing, destroying the organizational structure will cause the system to be disordered, and destroying the operation structure will cause the system to malfunction, ultimately achieving the purpose of destroying the functional structure.

Joint action wins

Joint operations are the organic integration of combat forces, units, and element functions, which maximizes the combat effectiveness of the system. There is no joint operation without war, no war without joint operation, and no victory without joint operation. This has become the basic consensus of the world’s military powers and is an inevitable trend in future wars.

The connotation of joint operations is technology + tactics, system + system, plan + autonomy, action + support, discovery + destruction. It is a vivid manifestation of 1+1>2, the combination of combat operations, the integration of combat functions, and the concentrated release of combat effectiveness.

The core of winning joint operations is force control. Mechanized warfare pursues firepower, mobility, protection and support. Informationized warfare pursues the system’s reconnaissance and early warning capabilities, command and control capabilities, precision strike capabilities, information confrontation capabilities, and comprehensive support capabilities.

The implementation of joint operations must follow the rigid requirements of combat planning and the internal logic of “situation map”, “combat process”, “combat list”, “combat planning”, “autonomous action” and “effectiveness evaluation”. The first is the situation map that concerns the overall situation. Use a picture to fully present the battlefield situation. The second is a strict combat process, that is, the action process of detection, control, attack and evaluation, the command process of target discovery, target determination and action control, and the information process of information acquisition, transmission and processing. The third is a clear combat list, that is, the task list, target list and strike list. The task list is the clarification and summary of the combat tasks of the combat forces, units and elements. The target list is the batch numbering and sorting of the enemy’s targets. The strike list is the sorting and allocation of the strike targets according to the threat level of the enemy’s targets. The fourth is a detailed combat plan, that is, force planning, firepower planning, and information planning. It is a deepening, refinement and concretization of the combat plan, and it is also a substitute for the extensive combat plan. The fifth is flexible autonomous action, that is, self-organization, self-coordination, and self-action. It is the highest realm of joint action and the development of coordinated operations and contract operations, which enables temporary groups to effectively organize and coordinate and smoothly implement joint operations. The “three selfs” are organized and implemented in strict accordance with the combat process, based on the task list and strike list, and in accordance with the combat plan. Without the above prerequisites, it is impossible to achieve a real joint action. The sixth is a complete evaluation system to conduct timely and accurate evaluation of battlefield combat effectiveness and strike effects, providing a basis for subsequent combat planning.

In joint operations, the goal is the premise, calculation is the key, and precision is the core, and combat calculations run through the entire combat process, among which “one picture” is the preliminary calculation, “three processes” are the actuarial calculation, “three lists” are the in-depth calculation, three plans are the detailed calculation, three autonomies are the planning, and performance evaluation is the settlement.

國語中文：

海軍指揮學院主題組

戰爭制勝機理是戰爭最突出、最核心的特質。資訊化戰爭制勝機制主要包含資訊優勢制勝、結構破壞制勝和聯合行動制勝三個核心內容。

資訊優勢制勝

資訊時代的戰爭，主要靠資訊制勝。資訊是現代戰爭的第一要素，資訊資源是現代戰爭第一資源，資訊優勢是現代戰爭的第一優勢，決定戰爭勝勢。

資訊優勢制勝的核心是製資訊權。戰爭在資訊主導下進行，主導是依照事件轉化為資訊、資訊轉化為態勢、態勢轉化為認知、認知轉化為決策、決策轉化為行動的規律實施的。資訊支撐著指揮控制，主導作戰行動和戰爭進程。只有取得制資訊權，才能掌握戰場主動權、自由權。

資訊優勢制勝的實現途徑。一是以資訊流主導物質流、能量流，以資訊優勢倍增認知力、控制力和攻擊力，進而調控戰爭的進程、方向、目標和行動。二是資訊系統主導武器平台，作戰力量、單元、要素在迴路中，迴路在人的控制中，在資訊系統的引導下，使物質能產生幾何級數“聚變”和極其精準的“能量釋放” ，使戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。進而實現遠程快速精確打擊、體系結構定點毀癱、多法綜合製勝。第三是網路空間基於實體空間、滲透物理空間、超越實體空間、主導實體空間。佔領網路空間作戰這個新領域、新高點，便獲得了資訊作戰新手段、新優勢，進而演化出作戰制勝的新觀念、新戰法、新途徑。四是先進技術、高新裝備、輝煌戰果、輿論宣傳都能對敵方心理產生強大的威懾和打擊作用，充分瓦解敵方的政治意志、抵抗決心和民眾信心，進而實現全方位勝利。

結構破壞制勝

現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗，體系對抗實質是整體性對抗、綜合性對抗，而任何一個整體綜合能力的形成、發展和發揮作用，都在於體系的結構。

體系的結構決定功能，功能產生能力。結構破壞就是造成體係要素缺失、關係失序，使技術結構、系統結構破壞，組織結構、功能結構喪失，無法產生體系能力。

結構破壞制勝的核心是製網。網能聚能、網能賦能、網能賦權，這是網路的重大作用，是基於資訊網路體系、作戰體系的內在特徵。一是網能聚能。透過網路把各種資訊聚在一起，把作戰力量、單元和要素融合為有機整體。這個整體其實就是資訊能、能量能、物質能的集合體，形成了資訊、能量、物質的全要素優勢。二是網能賦能。體系內的作戰力量、單元、要素，透過網路獲得各種所需的資訊和支援配合，具備了自身原來不具備的能力，因而提高了其作戰效能。三是網能賦權。在作戰體系內，透過網路給作戰力量、單元分配目標訊息、引導訊息、協同訊息、指令訊息，使之由原來的被動聽令者、執行者融入體系，成為體系內平等的參與者、執行者、建議者，形成扁平化的指控。制網就是破根基，釜底抽薪，使作戰體係不能聚能；破網就是毀“中樞”，切斷資訊流，使作戰體係不能賦能、賦權。

體系之堅基礎在結構，體系之利取決於結構，體系之肋也在於結構。打掉關鍵節點，體係不攻自破；打準命門，體系土崩瓦解。一是破壞技術結構。技術結構指的是體系中網路結構、資料結構和軟體結構。透過破壞網路結構的關鍵節點、毀癱網路的軟體系統、破壞資料庫和資訊節點，使體系中的各要素無法互聯互通，成為一盤散沙。二是破壞系統結構。基於資訊網路的作戰體係是由偵察預警系統、指揮控制系統、精確打擊系統、資訊對抗系統、綜合保障系統所構成的。毀癱偵察預警系統，就會使體系變成「瞎子」和「聾子」。毀癱指控系統，就打掉了“命門”，使體系群龍無首、運行失序。毀癱綜合保障系統，體係就失去了支撐，成為無源之水、無本之木。三是破壞總體結構。力量結構、組織結構、運作結構、功能結構是整體結構的內核，破壞力量結構就會使體係要素缺失，破壞組織結構就會使體系失序，破壞運作結構就會使體系運作失靈，最終達到破壞功能結構的目的。

聯合行動制勝

聯合作戰是對作戰力量、單元、要素功能的有機融合，使體係作戰效能能最大限度地釋放。無戰不聯、無聯不戰、無聯不勝，已成為世界軍事強國的基本共識，是未來戰爭的必然趨勢。

聯合行動的內涵是技術+戰術、系統+系統、計畫+自主、行動+保障、發現+摧毀，是1+1>2的生動體現，是作戰行動的聯合，是作戰功能的融合，是作戰效能集中釋放。

聯合行動制勝的核心是製力。機械化戰爭追求的是火力、機動性、防護力和保障力。資訊化戰爭追求的是體系的偵察預警能力、指揮控制能力、精確打擊能力、資訊對抗能力、綜合保障能力。

實施聯合行動必須遵循作戰規劃的剛性要求和「態勢圖」「作戰流程」「作戰清單」「作戰規劃」「自主行動」「效能評估」的內在邏輯。一是事關全局的態勢圖。用一張圖把戰場態勢全面呈現出來。二是嚴格的作戰流程，即偵、控、打、評的行動流程，目標發現、目標確定、行動控制的指控流程，資訊取得、傳遞、處理的資訊流程。三是明確的作戰清單，即任務清單、目標清單、打擊清單。任務清單是己方對作戰力量、單元、要素作戰任務的明確和匯總，目標清單是對敵方目標的分批編號和梳理，打擊清單是根據敵方目標的威脅程度，對打擊目標的排序和分配。四是詳盡的作戰規劃，即兵力規劃、火力規劃、資訊規劃。它是對作戰方案的深化、細化和具體化，也是對粗放作戰計畫的替代品。五是靈活的自主行動，即自組織、自協同、自行動，它是聯合行動的最高境界，是協同作戰、合約作戰的發展，使臨時編組進行有效的組織和協同，順利實施聯合行動。 「三自」是嚴格遵循作戰流程，依據任務清單和打擊清單，依照作戰規劃組織實施的，沒有上述的前提條件，就無法實現真正意義上的聯合行動。六是完善的評估體系，對戰場作戰效能和打擊效果進行及時且準確的評估，為後續作戰規劃提供基礎。

聯合行動，目標是前提、計算是關鍵、精準是核心，且作戰計算貫穿作戰全過程，其中「一張圖」是初算、「三個流程」是精算、「三個清單」是深算、三個規劃是細算、三個自主是謀算、效能評估是結算。

資料來源：解放軍報作者：海軍指揮學院研究小組責任編輯：菅琳

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jwzl/2016-11/22/content_73788.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Hacker Methodology 中國黑客, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

China’s Military Emphasizing Research of System-based Superior Warfare: How to Fight Using Informationized Warfare? Analysis of Nine Typical Combat Styles

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中國軍隊重視系統優勢戰爭研究：資訊化戰爭如何打仗？九種典型戰鬥風格解析

現代英語：

System-based superior warfare is a system-based warfare in information warfare. It is not limited to a specific combat style, but a “combination punch” or a group of combat styles composed of multiple combat styles and tactics. It emphasizes that according to the changes in combat missions, combat opponents and battlefield situations, as long as it is conducive to forming relative advantages and achieving system victory, any appropriate combat means and styles can be flexibly used to form combat advantages. In the specific implementation of system-based superior warfare, these specific combat styles and action tactics can be organized and implemented separately as part of joint full-domain operations, and more emphasis is placed on “combination punches”, multiple strategies, and overall victory.
In order to better understand its core connotation, this article lists nine typical combat styles, including overall deterrence warfare, electromagnetic interference warfare, network attack warfare, cognitive control and interference warfare, and analyzes them.

System concentration warfare – a “combination punch” that flexibly uses a variety of combat styles. Author: Academic Plus Senior Observer Dong Zhou
The main content and keywords of this article

  1. Overall deterrence warfare: emphasize multi-domain joint deterrence; the implementation of overall deterrence warfare should have three major elements; strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
  2. Electromagnetic interference warfare: the key to competing for information advantage; in terms of combined means and methods, information empowerment is achieved through “connection + sharing”; an effective method to crack unmanned cluster warfare
  3. Network attack warfare: mainly soft killing, combining soft and hard, focusing on breaking the network and reducing energy
  4. Cognitive control and interference warfare: control the cognitive right of situational awareness, compete for information advantage; control the right to command and decision-making, compete for decision-making advantage; control the “brain” right, and seize the brain control advantage
  5. Agile mobile warfare: high-efficiency and rapid decision-making; high-efficiency formation of a favorable combat situation; high-efficiency and instant aggregation of combat forces; agile mobile warfare is an innovative development of traditional mobile warfare
  6. Swarm autonomous warfare: conducive to forming a system advantage to suppress the enemy; conducive to enhancing combat effectiveness; conducive to trapping the enemy in combat difficulties
  7. Precision point killing war: achieve high efficiency and cost-effectiveness in operations; hitting key node targets is an important option; large-scale system support is a basic condition; it is inseparable from accurate intelligence support
  8. Supply chain disruption war: the supply guarantee chain has a huge impact on the overall operation; the focus of attack is the key node of the enemy’s supply guarantee chain; the key is to choose the right time to use tactics
  9. System destruction and paralysis war: the combat goal is to make the enemy’s combat system disordered; hit the key nodes of the combat system with a heavy punch; implement a soft attack on the enemy’s combat system

For learning reference only, welcome to communicate and correct! The views of the article do not represent the position of this organization
The concept of operation is first proposed as a new combat style. Innovative combat style is the core content of the development of combat concepts. It can be said that system-based optimization warfare is a general term for a series of specific tactics. The following nine typical combat styles constitute the combat method system of system-based optimization warfare. They are: First, overall deterrence warfare, actively organizing static power demonstrations and deterrence actions in the system-based superiority warfare, striving to win the battle without fighting or with a small battle; second, electromagnetic interference warfare, using a variety of combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for electromagnetic spectrum advantages, seize information control, and thus win the initiative in combat; third, network attack warfare, using a variety of means such as soft strikes and hard destruction to break the enemy’s command network, intelligence network, communication network, and logistics supply network, and disrupt the enemy’s command and support; fourth, cognitive control and interference warfare. Through information attacks, public opinion attacks, and brain attacks, control advantages are formed in cognitive space; fifth, agile mobile warfare. Rapidly adjust the deployment of troops and weapons, quickly gather capabilities on the battlefield, and seize combat opportunities; sixth, swarm autonomous warfare. Widely use unmanned combat means such as “swarms”, “wolf packs”, and “fish schools” to autonomously organize actions and distributed attacks to achieve human-machine joint victory; seventh, precision point killing warfare. Accurately obtain intelligence, implement multi-domain precision strikes, strive to hit one point to shake the overall situation, and maximize combat effectiveness; Eighth, supply chain disruption warfare. Organize elite forces to attack the enemy’s logistics and equipment supply chain, supply lines and supply bases, and destroy the enemy’s loss of supply and withdrawal from the battle; Ninth, system destruction and paralysis warfare. Comprehensively adopt a variety of means such as breaking the network, training, and hitting nodes to interfere with, delay, destroy or even paralyze the effective operation of the enemy’s combat system and weaken the function of the enemy’s combat system.

  1. Overall deterrence warfare
    Overall deterrence warfare refers to actively organizing static power displays and deterrence actions in system-based superior warfare, striving to defeat the enemy without fighting or fighting a small battle. Sun Tzu said: “To defeat the enemy without fighting is the best of the best.” Deterrence and war are two main forms of military activities. Deterrence is mainly to show determination and will to potential opponents by showing strength or threatening to use strong strength to deter the opponent’s actions. It can be said that the overall deterrence warfare in the system-based superior warfare is an important means or tactics to achieve “stopping” the enemy’s troops without fighting. Clausewitz emphasized that the first rule of strategy is to be as strong as possible, first of all, strong in general, and then strong in key parts. Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The overall deterrence war under the informationized local war requires not only the traditional deterrence means and capabilities of land, sea, air and space, but also new deterrence means and capabilities such as space deterrence, electromagnetic deterrence, and network deterrence, and more importantly, the overall deterrence that demonstrates the overall strength of the country. In particular, with the rapid development of advanced technologies such as information technology, the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are accelerating integration, and the coupling relationship between strategic competitiveness, social productivity, and military combat effectiveness is closer. Winning the informationized war is more of a contest of national will and national overall strength. If you want to contain the war, you must first deter your opponent from the overall strength.
    1.1 Emphasize multi-domain joint deterrence
    Deterrence means usually include nuclear deterrence and conventional deterrence. In the system-based superiority war, the overall deterrence war is implemented, aiming to comprehensively use the conventional deterrence means of the land, sea, air, space, and power grid in the whole domain to achieve the purpose of deterrence. In particular, with the application of information network technology and space and directed energy technology in the military, space, network, and electromagnetic weapons have become new means of deterrence. Space deterrence mainly uses rapid response electromagnetic orbital weapons, space-ground networked anti-navigation and positioning service systems, large elliptical orbit laser weapons, high-power microwave weapons and other equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s space targets, forming an “interference and blocking” deterrence against the enemy’s space information. Network deterrence mainly uses cyberspace situational awareness and attack equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s military network and other key information infrastructure to achieve deterrence against the enemy. Electromagnetic deterrence mainly uses electromagnetic spectrum combat systems to threaten and attack enemy detection, navigation, communication and other informationized weapon equipment systems to achieve deafening and blinding deterrence against the enemy. 1.2 Three elements should be possessed in the implementation of overall deterrence warfare
    To implement overall deterrence warfare and achieve the expected deterrence effect, three elements are usually required: one is strength. The deterrent party must have reliable capabilities or strength that make the opponent feel daunted and fearful; the second is determination and will. The deterrent party must dare to use this capability when necessary; the third is clear information transmission. The deterrent party must accurately and effectively let the other party know its action capability and determination.
    Historically, there are three main changes in the criteria for judging deterrence strength: first, active military strength; second, comprehensive national strength or war potential; third, the total number of main combat weapons and equipment. For a long period of history, the number of troops was deterrence, and the strength of military strength directly depended on the size of the active army, the number of important weapons and equipment, and non-material factors such as military training and organization morale. After the 20th century, with the expansion of the scale of war, deterrence strength is no longer limited to the number of troops and important weapons and equipment, but is determined by the country’s war potential, including economic strength, scientific and technological strength, energy resources, and even population size, etc. The overall deterrence war in the system-based superiority war, the formation of its deterrence strength is mainly based on the network information system, and the joint full-domain deterrence capability formed under the integration of the system.
    1.3 Strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
    The development of information technology and its extensive penetration and application in the military field have provided favorable conditions for building overall strength and achieving overall deterrence. System-based superior warfare is supported by the network information system and makes full use of the penetration and connectivity of information technology. It not only integrates various combat forces, combat elements, and combat units into an organic whole to achieve military system combat advantages, but also connects and integrates various fields related to war and national mobilization, such as national politics, economy, diplomacy, finance, transportation, and energy, into the national war mobilization system, gathers various forces and resources to form an overall force, realizes the emergence effect of system capabilities, and shows the overall strength advantage. It forms a powerful invisible deterrent of unity and common hatred of the enemy, and creates a situation where the enemy “has power but cannot act” and “can act but has no effect”, which plays a role in containing and winning the war.
    In the overall deterrence war, the scope of national war mobilization will be wider, not limited to a certain direction or region, but throughout the country and even relevant regions of the world; the mobilization time will be faster, and the mobilization and action information can be quickly transmitted to everyone and every node at the first time by using the network and information system; the action coordination and collaboration will be more consistent, and the forces distributed in various regions can act in a unified manner almost at the same time based on the same situation and the same order, greatly improving the efficiency of action coordination; the resource utilization will be more sufficient, and various war resources based on the network can quickly realize the transition from peace to war and from military to civilian, and realize the integrated and precise guarantee of the front and rear.
  2. Electromagnetic interference warfare
    Electromagnetic interference warfare refers to the flexible use of various combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for the advantage of the electromagnetic spectrum, seize the right to control information, and then win the initiative in combat.
    2.1 The key to competing for information advantage Local information warfare is highly dependent on the electromagnetic spectrum, and the control and counter-control of electromagnetic space have become the focus of competing for the right to control information. Organizing and implementing electromagnetic interference warfare is mainly to destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum and protect one’s own side from destruction. The electromagnetic spectrum is the main carrier for transmitting information. Using electromagnetic means to disrupt and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum will effectively reduce the enemy’s information combat capability, and enable the enemy to ensure the rapid and effective flow of information in the scenario where the enemy has the right to control information, and drive the command flow, action flow, material flow, and energy flow through the information flow, thereby gaining the dominance and initiative of the operation.
    2.2 The basic focus is to disable and invalidate the enemy’s combat system. The implementation of electromagnetic interference warfare in the system-based superior warfare is mainly aimed at the enemy’s dependence on electromagnetic space. At the same time, in order to ensure the effective use of electromagnetic space by the enemy, various electronic reconnaissance, interference, attack, defense and support forces are organized to interfere with and attack the enemy’s communication network, radar network, computer network and command center, communication hub, radar station, computer network node, global navigation positioning system, space-ground integrated Internet and other space link systems, and other various frequency-using weapons and equipment, block and destroy their communication and data transmission, and destroy the “connection” and “sharing” structural center of gravity of the enemy’s combat system, and provide support for the seizure of information control and electromagnetic control from the root, thereby weakening the enemy’s command and control capabilities and disabling the enemy’s entire combat system.
    2.3 Effective tactics to crack unmanned swarm warfare
    Unmanned autonomous swarm warfare such as “bee swarm”, “wolf pack” and “fish pack” is an important feature of information-based local warfare with intelligent characteristics. There are a large number of various unmanned autonomous clusters, with various types and complex characteristics, and each individual can complement each other and replace each other to play a role. It will be very difficult to intercept and destroy the entire unmanned cluster. However, from a technical perspective, in order to achieve effective coordination in unmanned combat clusters, each individual must share and interact with each other. Once the communication coordination between unmanned clusters is interfered with, it will be impossible to share battlefield situation and information, and it will be difficult to coordinate actions with each other, and it will be difficult to play its due combat effectiveness. This provides an opportunity for the other party to implement communication interception and electromagnetic interference. Therefore, the implementation of electromagnetic spectrum warfare, interference and attack on the information and communication network of unmanned clusters, and destruction of their information sharing and interaction will make it impossible for each individual in the unmanned cluster to achieve effective coordination, thereby losing combat capability.
  3. Network attack warfare
    Network attack warfare refers to the comprehensive use of network and computer technologies and other effective means to conduct military confrontation actions around the control of information and information networks. It is a major combat style for cyberspace operations and the struggle for network control. Its main combat operations include both soft killing and hard destruction, mainly soft and hard. Among them, soft kill is mainly network attack, that is, the comprehensive use of blocking attack, virus attack and other means to block and attack the enemy’s information network, command system, weapon platform, etc., making it difficult for the enemy’s network, command information system, etc. to operate effectively or even paralyzed; hard destruction mainly uses precision firepower strikes, high-energy microwaves, electromagnetic pulses and anti-radiation attacks to paralyze the enemy’s information network physical facilities and destroy the enemy’s combat and weapon equipment entities.
    The focus is on breaking the network and reducing the ability to fail. Organizing network attack in the system concentration war is to target the weaknesses of the opponent’s military information network, take advantage of the system, organize various network attack forces, and continuously implement soft kill and hard destruction actions against the enemy’s combat command network, reconnaissance intelligence network, communication network and even logistics supply network throughout the combat process, destroy the enemy’s network system, and make the enemy’s combat system function decline or even disabled as a whole. Mainly against the enemy’s basic information network, intelligence network, command network, support network and other core targets, implement a series of combat operations such as network and electricity coordinated attack, deception confusion, link blocking, takeover and control, so that the enemy’s intelligent combat network system is disabled and ineffective, and achieve a key victory in paralyzing the enemy system.
  1. Cognitive control and disturbance warfare
    Cognitive control and disturbance warfare refers to the interference, destruction or control of enemy thinking and cognition through information attack, public opinion attack and brain attack in the system-based superiority warfare, so that the enemy cannot make correct judgments and decisions, thereby forming a control advantage over the enemy in the cognitive space.
    The cognitive domain, that is, the human thinking space and consciousness space, is a field that has a key impact on combat decisions and judgments. The development of information technology, especially artificial intelligence technology, and its wide application in the military field have expanded the competition of war from physical space and information space to cognitive space, making cognitive space a new combat domain. With the development of information and intelligent technology and their extensive and in-depth application in the military field, human-machine intelligence tends to merge, making the status of cognition in intelligent warfare operations more prominent, and the cognitive field has gradually become an important battlefield. Controlling cognitive rights has become a key factor in future battlefield control rights. Fighting for cognitive control rights has become an important combat style for winning in informationized local wars with intelligent characteristics.
    4.1 Controlling situational awareness and cognitive rights and fighting for information advantages
    In the system-based superiority warfare, information flow drives material flow and energy flow, and information advantage determines decision advantage. The rapid and accurate recognition of intelligence information and battlefield situation has an important impact on gaining command and decision-making advantages. Therefore, in order to organize and implement system-based optimization, we must make full use of intelligent technology and big data technology to analyze massive intelligence information data.

國語中文：

體系聚優戰是資訊化戰爭中的體係作戰，其不限定特指某一種作戰樣式，而是由多種作戰樣式和戰法組成的“組合拳”，或作戰樣式群。強調根據作戰任務、作戰對手和戰場情勢變化，只要有利於形成相對優勢、達成體系製勝，可以靈活運用任何適宜的作戰手段和样式，形成作戰優勢。在體系聚優戰具體實施過程中，這些具體作戰樣式和行動戰法既可以作為聯合全局作戰的一部分單獨組織實施，更強調打“組合拳”，多策並舉，整體制勝。
為更能理解其核心內涵，本文列舉了整體威懾戰、電磁擾阻戰、網路破擊戰、認知控擾戰等九大典型作戰樣式，並進行分析。

體系聚優戰――靈活運用多種作戰樣式的「組合拳」作者：學術plus高級觀察員 東週
本文主要內容及關鍵字
1.整體威懾戰：強調多域聯合威懾；實施整體威懾戰應具備三大要素；強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
2.電磁擾阻戰：爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵；在組合手段方法上，透過「連結+共享」實現資訊賦能；破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
3.網路破擊戰：軟殺傷為主，軟硬結合，重在破網降能失效
4.認知控擾：控制態勢感知認知權，爭奪資訊優勢；控制指揮決策權，爭奪決策優勢；控制「腦」權，奪取腦控優勢
5.敏捷機動戰：高效率快速決策；高效率形成有利作戰態勢；高效率即時聚合作戰力量；敏捷機動戰是對傳統機動作戰的創新發展
6.蜂群自主戰：有利於形成體系優勢壓制敵方；有利於增強作戰效果；有利於陷敵於作戰困境
7.精確點殺戰：實現作戰的高效費比；打關鍵節點目標是重要選項；大範圍體系支撐是基本條件；離不開精確情報保障
8.補給斷鍊戰：供應保障鏈對作戰全局影響巨大；打擊重心是斷敵供應保障鏈的關鍵節點；重在選準時機活用戰法
9.體系毀癱戰：作戰目標是使敵作戰體系運作失序；重拳打擊作戰體系的關鍵節點；對敵作戰體系實施軟打擊

僅供學習參考，歡迎交流指正！文章觀點不代表本機構立場
作戰概念首先是作為一種新的作戰樣式提出。創新作戰樣式是作戰概念開發的核心內容。可以說，體系聚優戰是一系列具體戰法的總稱。以下九大典型作戰樣式構成了體系聚優戰的戰法體系。分別為：一是整體威懾戰，在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示與威懾行動，力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵；二是電磁擾阻戰，運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式，擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮，積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢，奪取制信息權，進而贏得作戰主動；三是網絡破擊戰，運用軟打擊和硬摧毀等多種手段，破敵指揮網、情報網、通訊網、後勤補給網，亂敵指揮保障；四是認知控擾。透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊，在認知空間形成控制優勢；五是敏捷機動戰。快速調整兵力兵器部署，在即設戰場快速聚集能力，搶奪作戰先機；六是蜂群自主戰。廣泛運用「蜂群」、「狼群」、「魚群」等無人作戰手段，自主組織行動、分散式攻擊，實現人機聯合製勝；七是精確點殺戰。精準獲取情報，實施多域精確打擊，力爭打一點撼全局，實現作戰效益最大化；八是補給斷鏈戰。組織精銳力量，打敵後勤物資裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地，破敵失去補給而退出戰鬥；九是體系毀癱戰。綜合採取破網、鍛鍊、打節點等多種手段，幹擾、遲滯、破壞甚至癱瘓敵作戰體係有效運轉，削弱敵作戰系統功能。
1.整體威懾戰
整體威懾戰是指在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示和威懾行動，力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵。孫子曰：「不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。」威懾和戰爭是軍事活動的兩種主要形式。而威懾，主要是透過展現力量或威脅使用強大實力，向潛在對手錶明決心意志，以嚇阻對手行動的行為。可以說，體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰是實現不戰而「止」人之兵的重要手段或戰法。克勞塞維茨強調，策略的第一條規則是盡可能強大，首先是整體的強大，然後是在關鍵部位的強大。現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗。資訊化局部戰爭下的整體威懾戰，不僅要有陸海空天傳統威懾手段和能力，也需要太空威懾、電磁威懾、網路威懾等新型威懾手段和能力，更需要有顯示國家整體實力的整體威懾。特別是隨著資訊科技等先進科技的快速發展，科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命加速融合,戰略競爭力、社會生產力和軍隊戰鬥力耦合關聯更加緊密，打贏資訊化戰爭更大程度上是國家意志和國家整體實力的較量。若要遏止戰爭，首先要從整體實力上對對手形成嚇阻。
1.1 強調多域聯合威懾
威懾手段通常包括核威懾和常規威懾。在體系聚優戰中，實施整體威懾戰，旨在綜合運用陸海空天電網全域常規威懾手段，以達成威懾目的。特別是隨著資訊網路技術及太空、定向能技術在軍事上的應用，太空、網路、電磁武器等成為新型威懾手段。太空威懾，主要以快速響應電磁軌道武器、天地網路化反導航定位服務系統、大橢圓軌道雷射武器、高功率微波武器等裝備，威脅攻擊對手空間目標，形成對敵空間資訊「幹擾阻斷」威懾。網路威懾，主要是以網路空間態勢感知和攻擊裝備，威脅攻擊對手軍事網路及其它關鍵資訊基礎設施，實現對敵威懾。電磁威懾，主要以電磁頻譜作戰系統，威脅攻擊敵探測、導航、通訊等資訊化武器裝備系統，實現對敵致聾致盲威懾。 1.2 實施整體嚇阻戰應具備三大要素
實施整體威懾戰並達成嚇阻預期效果，通常必須具備三大要素：一是實力。威嚇方必須具備令對手感到忌憚畏懼的可靠能力或力量；二是決心意志。威懾方在必要時必須敢於使用這種能力；三是明確傳遞訊息。威懾方必須將行動能力與決心準確、有效地讓對方清楚知道。
從歷史上看，判斷威懾實力的標準主要有三個面向變化：一是現役軍事力量；二是綜合國力或戰爭潛力；三是主戰武器裝備總數。在相當長一段歷史時期內，軍隊數量就是威懾，軍事實力的強弱直接取決於現役軍隊的規模、重要武器裝備的數量，以及軍隊訓練組織士氣等非物質因素。二十世紀後，隨著戰爭規模的擴大，威懾實力已不再僅限於軍隊兵力和重要武器裝備的數量，而是由國家戰爭潛力所決定，其中包括經濟實力、科技實力、能源資源，甚至人口數量，等等。體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰，其威懾實力的形成主要基於網路資訊體系，以及在該體系融合整合下形成的聯合全局威懾能力。
1.3 強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
資訊科技的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛滲透和應用，為建構整體實力、實現整體威懾提供了有利條件。體系聚優戰以網路資訊體系為支撐，充分利用資訊科技的滲透性和聯通性，不僅把各種作戰力量、作戰要素、作戰單元融合為一個有機整體，實現軍事上的體係作戰優勢，而且把國家政治、經濟、外交、金融、交通、能源等與戰爭和國家動員相關的各領域，都連結、匯入國家戰爭動員體系，凝聚各方面力量和資源形成整體合力，實現體系能力的湧現效應，從整體上顯示綜合實力優勢，形成眾志成城、同仇敵愾的強大無形威懾，塑造使敵「有力量但不能行動」「能行動但沒有效果」的態勢，起到遏制和打贏戰爭的作用。
在整體威懾戰中，國家戰爭動員的範圍將更加廣泛，不僅限於某一方向、區域，而是遍及全國各地，乃至世界相關地區；動員時間更加迅速，利用網絡和信息系統，動員和行動信息可在第一時間迅速傳達到每個人、每個節點；行動協調和協同更加一致，分佈在各域各地的各方力量可以基於同一態勢、根據同一命令幾乎在同一時間統一行動，極大提高行動協同效率；資源利用更加充分，以網路為基礎的各種戰爭資源，可快速實現平戰轉換、軍民轉換，實現前方後方一體化保障、精確保障。
2.電磁擾阻戰
電磁擾動戰，指靈活運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式，擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮，積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢，奪取制信息權，進而贏得作戰主動。
2.1 爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵資訊化局部戰爭高度依賴電磁頻譜，對電磁空間的控制與反控製成為爭奪制資訊權的焦點。組織實施電磁阻擾戰，主要是破壞敵方電磁頻譜，保護己方不受破壞。電磁頻譜是傳遞訊息的主要載體。使用電磁手段對敵方電磁頻譜實施阻擾破壞，將有效降低敵資訊作戰能力，並使己方在擁有製資訊權的場景下，保障資訊的快速有效流動，透過資訊流驅動指揮流、行動流、物質流、能量流，進而擁有作戰的主導權、主動權。
2.2 基本著眼點是使敵作戰體系失能失效體系聚優戰中實施電磁擾阻戰，主要是針對敵方對電磁空間的依賴，同時為確保己方對電磁空間的有效利用，組織各種電子偵察、幹擾、攻擊、防禦和支援力量，對敵通信網、雷達網、電腦網和指揮中心、通信樞紐、雷達站、電腦網路節點，全球導航定位系統、天地一體互聯網等空間鏈路系統，及其他各種用頻武器裝備，實施幹擾、攻擊，阻斷、破壞其通訊聯絡與資料傳輸，破壞敵作戰體系的「連結」與「共享」結構重心，從根源為奪取制資訊權、制電磁權提供支撐，進而削弱敵指揮控制能力，使敵整個作戰體系失能、失效。
2.3 破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等無人自主集群作戰，是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭的重要特徵。各種無人自主集群數量龐大、類型多樣、特徵複雜，且每個個體都可以互補位置、互相替代發揮作用，攔截毀傷整個無人集群將十分困難。但從技術角度分析，無人作戰集群為實現有效協同，每個個體之間必須進行資訊共享與互動。無人集群間通訊協同一旦受到干擾，將無法分享戰場態勢與訊息，無法相互協同行動，也就很難發揮應有作戰效能。這就給對方實施通訊攔截與電磁幹擾提供了機會。因此，實施電磁頻譜戰，對無人集群的資訊通訊網路實施幹擾、攻擊，破壞其資訊共享與交互，將使無人集群中每個個體無法實現有效協同，從而失去作戰能力。
3.網路破擊戰
網路破擊戰，指綜合運用網路和電腦等技術以及其他有效手段，圍繞著資訊、資訊網路的控制權而進行的軍事對抗行動，是網路空間作戰、爭奪制網權的主要作戰樣式。其主要作戰行動既有軟殺傷也有硬摧毀，以軟為主、軟硬結合。其中，軟殺傷主要是網路攻擊，即綜合利用阻塞攻擊、病毒攻擊等手段，對敵資訊網路、指揮系統、武器平台等進行阻滯與攻擊，使敵網路、指揮資訊系統等難以有效運作甚至癱瘓；硬摧毀主要是利用精確火力打擊、高能量微波、電磁脈衝以及反輻射攻擊等手段，癱毀敵資訊網路物理設施，摧毀敵作戰及武器裝備實體。
重在破網降能失效。在體系聚優戰中組織網路破擊戰就是針對作戰對手軍事資訊網路存在的弱點，利用體系優勢，組織各種網路攻擊力量，在作戰全過程對敵作戰指揮網、偵察情報網、通訊網乃至後勤補給網等，持續實施軟殺傷與硬摧毀行動，破壞敵之網路體系，使敵作戰體系功能整體下降甚至失能。主要對敵基礎資訊網、情報網、指揮網、保障網等核心目標，實施網電協同攻擊、欺騙迷惘、連結阻塞、接管控制等一系列作戰行動，使敵智能化作戰網路體系失能失效，達成癱敵體系的關鍵性勝利。


4.認知控擾戰
認知控擾戰，是指在體系聚優戰中透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊，幹擾、破壞或控制敵對思維認知，使敵不能做出正確判斷、決策，從而在認知空間對敵形成控制優勢。
認知域，即人的思考空間、意識空間，是對作戰決策、判斷等具有關鍵性影響的領域。資訊科技特別是人工智慧技術的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使戰爭的較量從物理空間、資訊空間擴大到認知空間，使認知空間成為一個全新的作戰域。隨著資訊化、智慧化技術發展並在軍事領域廣泛深入應用，人機智慧趨於融合，使認知在智慧化戰爭作戰中的地位更加凸顯，認知領域逐漸成為重要的戰場。制認知權成為未來戰場控制權的關鍵要素。爭奪認知控制權成為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭作戰制勝的重要作戰樣式。
4.1 控制態勢感知認知權，爭奪資訊優勢
體系聚優戰中，資訊流驅動物質流、能量流，資訊優勢決定決策優勢。對情報資訊與戰場態勢的快速、準確認知，對奪取指揮決策優勢有重要影響。因此，組織實施體系聚優戰，要充分利用智慧技術、大數據技術，對海量情報資訊資料進行

中國軍事資料來源：https//www.81it.com/2022/0901/13716.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Intelligent Warfare, Japanese Cyber Capabilities, Mosaic Warfare, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military Analysis of Japan’s Space and Cyberspace Deterrence Strategy

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中國對日本太空和網路空間威懾戰略的軍事分析

現代英語：

The development of new military forces is changing the style of warfare. After years of development, space (also known as outer space) and cyberspace (hereinafter referred to as cyberspace) forces have transformed from conceptual forces to real forces. How to use these two new forces has become a key research topic for major powers in the world. In March 2024, the Security Research Group of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation of Japan released a research report entitled “War 3.0: Fundamental Changes in War” (hereinafter referred to as the “Report”), which explored how to use space and cyberspace to achieve strategic deterrence from the perspective of maintaining Japan’s national security. It also proposed a typical scenario of cyberspace confrontation against the background of an emergency in the Taiwan Strait, showing Japan’s thinking on the use of combat forces in emerging fields. The main contents are summarized as follows for readers.

0 1

War 3.0 is coming

The report believes that during the Cold War, the boundaries between civilians, the state and the military were clear, and the economic dependence between the two sides was low. This was the era of War 1.0. After the Cold War, globalization accelerated, and in 2001, the era of the war on terror began. The main body of the confrontation became state and non-state actors, which was the era of War 2.0. Around 2010, the confrontation between major powers reappeared. Due to the high degree of economic globalization, “war” occurred more in dimensions other than military. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine shows that in modern warfare, other means are becoming as important as military means. At the same time, commercial companies are also more involved in the research and development and use of emerging military technologies, and the government’s control over military power has been weakened. Since then, a new concept can be used to describe modern warfare, namely War 3.0.

As long as war occurs in the context of globalization, the characteristics of War 3.0 will appear. In the era of War 3.0, the target of deterrence is mainly state actors, but the specific form of conflict may be similar to hybrid warfare or conventional warfare. When formulating deterrence strategies in the space and cyberspace domains, both types of conflict should be taken into account. It is necessary to recognize that emerging domain capabilities are multipliers of traditional capabilities. The significance of competing for control in emerging domains lies in enhancing one’s own physical forces such as land, sea, and air forces or weakening the physical forces of opponents.

The report points out that using emerging field forces to carry out attacks can cause no tangible physical damage, is conducive to conflict management, and is the best tool for gray zone operations. Japan currently faces two main problems. One is that the emerging field forces owned by law enforcement agencies are not in line with mission requirements. The other is that it needs to consider how to use emerging field forces to achieve effective conflict management.

0 2

Strategic Deterrence in Emerging Fields

The report uses traditional deterrence theory for analysis and concludes that space and cyberspace have five common characteristics: difficult situational awareness, high defense difficulty, low attack threshold, mixed actors, and lack of international codes of conduct. Easy to attack and difficult to defend are the common characteristics of these two fields, so it is difficult to achieve effective strategic deterrence. In this regard, action should be taken in four aspects: First, improve situational awareness capabilities so that when problems occur, the cause of the failure can be quickly determined, the attacker can be identified, and the damage effect can be evaluated when counterattacked. Second, improve resilience to ensure that the loss of some functions will not cause the entire system to become disabled. Third, strengthen offensive capabilities, which can be used to attack in a certain field, or to use means in other fields to conduct cross-domain attacks. Fourth, achieve arms control cooperation between countries and build trust, formulate codes of conduct, etc.

0 3

Strengthening deterrence in air and space

1. The connotation of air and space control continues to be enriched

The report believes that the air and space can control the entire battlefield. In order to compete for air and space dominance, various types of equipment are constantly updated, combat systems are becoming more and more complex, and the scope of operations is becoming wider and wider. In combat, both sides often focus on the “find, locate, track, decide, engage, and assess (Find Fix Track Targeting Engage Assess, F2T2EA)” full kill chain, and simultaneously confront in emerging fields such as space, cyberspace, and electromagnetic space, which greatly expands the connotation of traditional dominance. In future high-end wars, the side with a higher level of space, cyberspace, and electromagnetic space capabilities may have an overwhelming advantage in overall combat capabilities.

2. How to exert the deterrent function of space power

The report emphasizes that space systems play an important role in intelligence collection, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), communications, positioning, navigation and timing (PNT), missile warning, environmental monitoring, etc., and also provide increasingly important support for the use of nuclear and conventional forces. In order to form a strong space deterrence, first, we must possess and demonstrate the corresponding capabilities, mainly the resilience, defense, counter-retaliation and situational awareness capabilities of the space system. Second, we must show the enemy our determination to use retaliatory capabilities. Third, we must form a cross-domain deterrence to ensure the security of the entire space system. In addition, systems in other fields such as land, sea and air must be able to supplement some of the functions of the space system. In the face of enemy attacks on our satellites, we must retaliate not only from space, but also through land, sea, air and cyberspace.

As space systems play an increasingly important role in Japan’s national defense, we will further enhance our deterrence against hostile offensive actions. While improving the resilience of space assets, we will attach great importance to the effective use of commercial space services.

3. How to enhance the deterrent effect of Japan’s aerospace power

The report points out that Japan should attach importance to cross-domain coordination of sea, land, air and space forces, especially to strengthen cooperation with the United States. It is necessary to closely monitor the surrounding airspace, use aircraft to perform denial missions when the situation escalates, and take active defense measures to prevent missile attacks. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of Self-Defense Force bases and realize the mutual use of air bases between Japan and the United States. Japan is surrounded by the sea, and it is necessary to attach importance to developing the ability to use air means to strike maritime targets to ensure the security of the homeland.

Faced with the vast Indo-Pacific region, it is difficult for Japan to accurately grasp the regional situation by relying solely on its own aerospace power. It is necessary to share intelligence information through multilateral cooperation and build a Common Operational Picture (COP) in the Indo-Pacific region to accurately and comprehensively grasp the regional situation and have a deterrent effect on potential enemies. It is necessary to strengthen cooperation with countries other than the United States, especially Australia. Japan, the United States and Australia should establish joint ammunition and fuel depots in their respective countries. In the field of space, Japan will expand cooperation in hosting payloads. If it can cooperate with European countries, then future attacks on Japanese satellites can be regarded as attacks on multiple countries. It is becoming increasingly important to make full use of the power of allies and use their aerospace power to achieve deterrence goals.

0 4

Strengthening Deterrence in Cyberspace

1. Characteristics of Cyberspace Operations

The report believes that cyberspace has an increasing impact on the course of war, and cyberspace combat capabilities can even deter the occurrence of an entire conflict. Cyberspace security plays an important role in protecting various systems from cyber attacks, ensuring that confidential information is not leaked, and ensuring the normal operation of other systems such as critical infrastructure. It is also of great significance for cognitive domain protection.

There are two main characteristics of cyberspace at present. First, the boundary between military and civilian is blurred. The potential of military application of Internet is constantly emerging. In the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the artillery combat management system (GIS Art for Artillery, GIS ARTA) used by Ukraine is to send data through drones and smartphones to determine the target location and launch attacks, which is very effective. Second, the security concept based on closed system is outdated. Even with physical isolation, it is impossible to completely prevent attacks. Cyberspace is easy to attack but difficult to defend, and the offense and defense are asymmetric. In addition, cyberspace operations can control the rhythm of conflict escalation in a low-intensity form, and can also be upgraded to a powerful weapon with high-intensity offensiveness after the official outbreak of military conflict.

2. Developing emerging technologies to enhance cyber warfare capabilities

The report points out that the development of emerging technologies will continue to change the rules of warfare, and the Japanese Ministry of Defense has begun to study the use of cloud computing to build a basic computing environment. It plans to build a diversified network environment, use Starlink satellites and 5G networks to provide Internet services, and consider enabling the new Internet communication protocol QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connection). The first quantum computer has been developed, and related research on anti-quantum cryptography has been carried out. At the same time, it also pays close attention to the specific ways of combining artificial intelligence with cyber warfare.

3. Ways to strengthen cyber deterrence

The report emphasizes that the development of artificial intelligence technology and the adjustment of the network component supply chain are two uncertain factors. Japan should focus on improving its cyber warfare capabilities from the following aspects: (1) vigorously promote intelligence information sharing; (2) build active defense systems; (3) introduce zero trust and risk management frameworks; (4) establish the ability to attack adversary networks; (5) accelerate legislation in the field of cybersecurity; (6) expand the scale of talent training and increase support for commercial enterprises. By carrying out the above work, Japan can achieve early detection and response to cyber attacks. Even if it encounters a cyber attack, it can be discovered, processed and recovered at an early stage to ensure the resilience of the system to continue to operate. In addition, when Japan is attacked, it should coordinate actions with the US military. In peacetime, joint training should be strengthened so that it can carry out joint operations with the Cyber ​​Mission Force (CMF) composed of relevant forces of the US Cyber ​​Command.

Responsible for directing, coordinating and conducting cyber operations

0 5

Conception of cyberspace combat scenarios

The report describes a basic scenario of cyber warfare between the Red and Blue sides, with the Taiwan Strait incident as the background, and puts forward the following important viewpoints: First, when the Blue side has an absolute advantage, the Blue side should focus on taking defensive actions to achieve deterrence. When the forces of the two sides tend to be balanced, the Blue side should actively take offensive actions to seize the initiative. Second, the Blue side can launch cyber attacks around the Red side’s observation, adjustment, decision-making, and action (OODA) links to weaken the Red side’s military capabilities, especially its maritime and landing combat capabilities, and carry out “anti-military cyber attack missions.” When necessary, strike the Red side’s social infrastructure to weaken its overall strength. At the same time, take cyber attacks to induce and divide public opinion, weaken the Red side’s willingness to take action, and carry out “anti-value cyber attack missions.” Third, in the anti-military cyber attack mission, the Blue side can attack the Red side’s aircraft, and can also take measures such as data pollution, deception cloud, and communication network interruption to attack the Red side’s command and control system. In the action of attacking the civilian network system, cyber attacks can be carried out on key entities of railway and ship operations in the Red coastal areas and key infrastructure such as the power grid in coastal metropolises that support social and economic systems. There are also options for attacking Red Team financial systems, media servers, and water and gas supply networks.

In order to deal with possible cyber attacks from the Red side in the event of an emergency in the Taiwan Strait, Japan should do the following: First, adopt an active defense strategy, require commercial operators to share information with the government, and introduce artificial intelligence to improve cyber situational awareness and network resilience. Second, introduce a large-scale data forensics platform to identify the authenticity of massive image data and counter false information. Third, give priority to countermeasures against domestic cyber attacks, effectively defend the networks of defense, government departments, law enforcement agencies and private enterprises through various active cyber defense measures, and deal with cognitive domain actions against the Japanese public.

0 6

Conclusion

The report proposed the concept of War 3.0 and launched a series of discussions on achieving cyberspace and space deterrence. While suggesting strengthening its own relevant capacity building, it repeatedly emphasized the need to strengthen cooperation with the United States, especially with countries related to the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) and AUKUS. With Japan’s application to join AUKUS on April 25, 2024, the Asia-Pacific version of the “mini-NATO” alliance has taken shape, and regional peace and stability will be severely impacted.

Disclaimer: This article is reprinted from Military High-Tech Online, the original author is Shi Honglin. The content of the article is the original author’s personal opinion. This public account is translated/reprinted only for sharing and conveying different opinions. If you have any objections, please contact us!

Reprinted from Military High-Tech Online

Author: Shi Honglin

Introduction to the Institute

The International Institute of Technology and Economics (IITE) was established in November 1985. It is a non-profit research institution affiliated to the Development Research Center of the State Council. Its main functions are to study major policy, strategic and forward-looking issues in my country’s economic, scientific and technological social development, track and analyze the development trends of world science and technology and economy, and provide decision-making consulting services to the central government and relevant ministries. “Global Technology Map” is the official WeChat account of the International Institute of Technology and Economics, dedicated to delivering cutting-edge technology information and technological innovation insights to the public.

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Tel: 010-82635522

繁體中文國語：

新領域軍事力量的發展正在改變戰爭樣式，其中太空（也稱為外層空間）和網路空間（以下簡稱網空）力量經過多年的發展，已由概念力量轉變為現實力量。如何利用這兩種新質力量，已成為世界各主要強國重點研究的內容。 2024年3月日本笹川和平財團安全研究小組發布研究報告《戰爭3.0：戰爭的根本變化》（以下簡稱《報告》），從維護日本國家安全的角度出發，探討如何利用太空和網空實現戰略威懾等問題，並以台海突發事件為背景，提出了一個網空對抗的典型場景，展示了日本在運用新興領域作戰力量上的思考。現將其主要內容整理如下，以颯讀者。

01

戰爭3.0時代到來

《報告》認為，在冷戰時期，平民、國家和軍隊之間的界線很清晰，對峙雙方經濟依賴度較低，此時是戰爭1.0時代。冷戰後全球化加速發展，2001年進入反恐戰爭時代，對抗的主體變成國家與非國家行為體，此時是戰爭2.0時代。 2010年前後大國對抗再次出現，由於經濟全球化發展程度較高，「戰爭」較多發生在軍事以外的維度。俄烏衝突顯示在現代戰爭中，其他手段正變得與軍事手段同等重要。同時，商業公司也更參與新興軍事技術的研發和使用，政府對軍事力量的控製程度受到了削弱。自此可以用一個新的概念來描述現代戰爭，即戰爭3.0。

只要戰爭在全球化背景下發生，就會出現戰爭3.0所包含的特徵。進入戰爭3.0時代，威懾的目標主要是國家行為體，但具體衝突形式可能類似混合戰爭，也可能是常規戰爭。在製定太空和網空領域威懾戰略時，要同時考慮這兩類衝突形式。要體認到新興領域能力是傳統能力的倍增器，爭奪新興領域制權的意義，在於提升己方陸、海、空軍等實體力量或削弱對手的實體力量。

《報告》指出，運用新興領域力量實施攻擊，可以不造成有形的物理破壞，有利於管控衝突，是在灰色地帶行動的最佳工具。日本當前主要面臨兩個問題，一是執法機構擁有的新興領域力量和任務需求不相適應。二是需要考慮具體如何運用新興領域力量，以達到衝突的有效管控。

02

新興領域的戰略威懾

《報告》利用傳統威懾理論進行分析，得出太空和網空具有五個共同特徵：態勢感知難、防禦難度大、攻擊門檻低、行動主體混雜、缺乏國際行為準則。易攻難守是這兩個領域的共同特點，因此較難實現有效的戰略威懾。對此，應從四個方面採取行動：一是提高態勢感知能力，以便在出現問題後，能夠迅速確定故障原因，識別攻擊者，並在反擊時評估毀傷效果。二是提升復原力，確保喪失部分功能不會導致整個系統失能。三是強化進攻能力，可在某一領域進行攻擊，也可利用其他領域手段進行跨域攻擊。四是實現國家間軍備控制合作並建立信任，制定行為準則等。

03

加強空中和太空的威懾

（一）空天制權的內涵不斷豐富

《報告》認為，空中和太空可以瞰整個戰場，為爭奪空天制權，各類裝備不斷更新，作戰系統越來越複雜，作戰範圍也越來越寬廣。在作戰中，雙方往往會圍繞「發現、定位、追蹤、決策、交戰、評估（Find Fix Track Targeting Engage Assess，F2T2EA）」全殺傷鏈各環節，在太空、網空、電磁空間等新興領域同時進行對抗，大大拓展了傳統制權的內涵。在未來高端戰爭中，利用太空、網空和電磁空間能力水準較高的一方，可能會在整體作戰能力上擁有壓倒性的優勢。
（二）如何發揮太空力量的嚇阻功能

《報告》強調，太空系統在情報收集、監視和偵察（Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance，ISR），通信，定位、導航和授時（Positioning, Navigation and Timing, PNT），導彈預警，環境監測等方面發揮著重要作用，也為使用核武力量和常規力量提供越來越重要的支持。為了形成強大的太空威懾，一要擁有並展現對應能力，主要是太空系統的復原力、防禦力、反制報復能力以及態勢感知能力。二要向敵方展示使用報復能力的決心。三要形成跨域威懾以確保太空全系統安全。此外，陸海空等其他領域系統要能補充太空系統的部分功能，面對敵方對己方衛星的攻擊，不僅要從太空報復，還要透過陸海空和網空進行報復。

由於太空系統在日本國防中的作用越來越大，所以要進一步提升對敵對進攻行為的威懾。在提升太空資產復原力的同時，要高度重視商業太空服務的有效運用。

（三）如何增強日本空天肌力嚇阻效果

《報告》指出，日本應重視海陸空天力量的跨域協同，特別是加強與美國的合作。若要緊密監視週邊空域，在局勢升級時使用飛機執行拒止任務，採取主動防禦措施，防止遭遇飛彈攻擊。要加強自衛隊基地建設，實現日美兩國空軍基地的互相使用。日本四面環海，要重視發展使用空中手段打擊海上目標的能力，以確保本土安全。

面對廣袤的印太地區，日本僅靠自身的空天力量，難以準確掌握區域態勢，要透過多邊合作分享情報訊息，建構印太地區通用作戰態勢圖（Common Operational Picture, COP），以精準全面地掌握地區態勢，對潛在敵人產生嚇阻效果。要加強與美國以外的國家，特別是澳洲的合作。日本、美國和澳洲應在各自國家建立聯合彈藥和燃料庫。在太空領域，日本將拓展託管有效載荷合作，如能和歐洲國家合作，那麼未來攻擊日本衛星的行為，將可以被視為對多個國家的攻擊。要充分借助盟友力量，利用其空天力量達成威懾目的，這一點正變得越來越重要。

04

加強網空的威懾

（一）網空作戰的特點

《報告》認為，網空對戰爭進程的影響越來越大，而網空作戰能力甚至可以嚇阻整個衝突的發生。網空安全對於保護自身各類系統免受網路攻擊、確保機密資訊不會外洩、確保關鍵基礎設施等其他系統正常運作發揮重要作用，對於認知域防護也有著十分重大的意義。

目前網空主要有兩個特點，一是軍民界線模糊。網路的軍事應用潛力不斷顯現，在俄烏衝突中，烏克蘭使用的砲兵作戰管理系統（GIS Art for Artillery, GIS ARTA），就是透過無人機和智慧型手機，發送資料確定目標位置並發動攻擊，且非常有效。二是基於封閉系統的安全觀念已經過時。即便是進行物理隔離，也不可能完全防止被攻擊，網空易攻難守，攻防呈現不對稱特徵。此外，網空作戰既可以低強度形式控制衝突升級的節奏，也可以在正式爆發軍事衝突後，升級為具有高強度攻擊性的強大武器。
（二）發展新興科技提升網路戰能力

《報告》指出，新興技術的發展將持續改變作戰規則，日本防衛省已開始研究使用雲端運算建構基本運算環境。計畫建置多樣化網路環境，使用「星鏈」衛星和5G網路提供網路服務，考慮啟用新的網路通訊協定QUIC（Quick UDP Internet Connection）。已研發首台量子計算機，並進行反量子密碼的相關研究。同時，也高度關注人工智慧與網路戰結合的具體方式。

（三）強化網空威懾的辦法

《報告》強調，人工智慧技術的發展和網路部件供應鏈的調整是兩個不確定的影響因素。日本應著重從以下幾點提升網路戰能力：（1）大力促進情報資訊共享；（2）建構主動防禦系統；（3）引入零信任和風險管理框架；（4）建立攻擊對手網路的能力； （5）加速網路安全領域立法；（6）擴大人才培育規模，增加對商業企業的支持。透過進行以上工作，日本可以實現提前發現和應對網路攻擊。即使遭遇網路攻擊，也可在早期階段發現、處理和恢復，確保系統繼續運作的彈性。此外，當日本受到攻擊時，要與美軍協調行動。平時要加強聯合訓練，以便能夠與由美國網路司令部相關部隊組成網路任務部隊（The Cyber​​ Mission Force, CMF）實施聯合行動。
負責指導、協調和執行網路行動

05

對網空作戰場景的構想

《報告》以台海突發事件為背景，描述了一個紅藍雙方網路戰的基本場景，提出了以下幾個重要觀點：一是當藍方擁有絕對優勢時，藍方應側重於採取防禦行動實現威懾。當雙方力量趨於平衡時，藍方則應積極採取攻擊行動以爭取主動權。二是藍方可以圍繞紅方觀察、調整、決策、行動（Observe Orient Decide Act， OODA）的各環節展開網絡攻擊，削弱紅方軍事能力，特別是海上作戰和登陸作戰能力，開展「反軍事網絡攻擊任務」。在必要時候打擊紅方社會基礎設施，削弱其整體實力。同時，採取網路攻擊誘導和分裂公眾輿論，削弱紅方採取行動的意願，進行「反價值網路攻擊任務」。第三是在反軍事網路攻擊任務中，藍方可以攻擊紅方飛機，還可以採取資料污染、欺騙雲以及通訊網路中斷等措施，攻擊紅方指控系統。在攻擊民用網路系統的行動中，可以對紅方沿海地區鐵路和船舶運營的關鍵實體以及支持社會和經濟系統的沿海大城市電網等關鍵基礎設施進行網路攻擊。還可以選擇攻擊紅方金融系統、媒體伺服器以及供水和天然氣供應網路。

為因應台海突發事件發生時紅方可能的網路攻擊，日本應做好以下幾點：一是採取主動防禦策略，要求商業業者要與政府分享訊息，引入人工智慧以提高網空態勢感知和網路彈性。二是引進大規模資料取證平台以辨識海量影像資料的真實性，反制假資訊。第三是優先採取針對本國網路攻擊的反制措施，透過各種積極網路防禦措施有效保衛防衛、政府部門、執法機構和私人企業的網絡，並處理針對日本公眾的認知域行動。
06

結語

該報告提出了戰爭3.0的概念，圍繞實現網空和太空威懾展開了一系列論述，在建議加強自身相關能力建設的同時，多次強調要加強與美國，特別是四方安全對話（Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, QUAD）和奧庫斯（AUKUS）相關國家的合作。隨著2024年4月25日日本申請加入“奧庫斯”，亞太版的“小北約”聯盟已現雛形，地區和平穩定將受到嚴重衝擊。

免責聲明：本文轉自軍事高科技在線，原作者史宏林。文章內容係原作者個人觀點，本公眾號編譯/轉載僅為分享、傳達不同觀點，如有任何異議，歡迎聯絡我們！

轉自丨軍事高科技在線

作者丨史宏林

研究所簡介

國際技術經濟研究所（IITE）成立於1985年11月，是隸屬於國務院發展研究中心的非營利研究機構，主要功能是研究我國經濟、科技社會發展中的重大政策性、策略性、前瞻性問題，追蹤分析世界科技、經濟發展態勢，為中央和相關部會提供決策諮詢服務。 「全球技術地圖」為國際技術經濟研究所官方微信帳號，致力於向大眾傳遞尖端技術資訊與科技創新洞見。

地址：北京市海淀區小南莊20號樓A座

中文原文來源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/J5UO0ID90514R8DE.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military Analysis of New Features and Trends of US Information Warfare

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中國軍事分析美國資訊戰新特色新趨勢

由國語音譯為現代英語

Information warfare has become an important topic in today’s international politics and security. As the world’s largest military and intelligence agency, the United States has very strong strength and resources in information warfare. It is an important initiator and participant in information warfare, and its information warfare capabilities have attracted much attention. In addition to adjusting the goals of information warfare, comprehensively advancing in various ways, and integrating domestic departments to unify actions, the US government is also actively expanding its information warfare alliances, by absorbing more countries to form a broad information warfare alliance, enhancing the effectiveness of information warfare, and further restricting the activity environment of rival countries.

    【Key words】Information warfare, U.S. national strategy 【Chinese Library Classification Number】D815 【Document Identification Code】A

    After the Biden administration came to power, the US national strategy has been further strengthened in terms of offensiveness and targeting, which has also brought about many new changes in the US information warfare. On the one hand, the Biden administration proposed the “integrated containment” strategy in the national security strategy, and information warfare has become an important tool to contain opponents in diplomacy, intelligence, economy and trade. On the other hand, the United States uses the Internet as the main field and widely uses modern information technology to comprehensively promote information warfare in various ways, trying to influence and change the public opinion and cognition of the target country. In addition, the United States has also vigorously expanded its information warfare alliances and included more countries in its alliance system to further restrict the activity environment of its competitors. Domestic academic circles have also conducted some research on US information warfare, such as: discussing the development of US information warfare from the aspects of origin, method, technical support and equipment, analyzing the implementation basis of information warfare from the perspective of US information security strategy, or exploring the training of US military information warfare talents. However, there is still a lack of relevant discussions in the academic community on the new changes and trends of US information warfare in recent years, especially under the Biden administration. This article focuses on analyzing the new characteristics and new trends of US information warfare.

    The historical origins of the United States launching information warfare around the world

    On May 4, 2023, the latest report released by the National Virus Emergency Response Center and 360 Company disclosed the main technical means by which the CIA planned, organized and implemented “color revolution” events around the world, including a non-traditional regime change technology called “swarming”, which was used to encourage young people connected by the Internet to join the “shoot and change places” mobile protests. For a long time, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States has secretly implemented “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions” around the world and continued to carry out espionage activities. Information communication and on-site command are the decisive factors affecting the success or failure of “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions”. The United States’ communication technology and its media applications are in a leading position internationally, which provides unprecedented technical support for the US intelligence agencies to launch “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions” abroad.

    Entering the 21st century, with the further development of the Internet, driven by social media, the speed, diversity and breadth of information dissemination have been unprecedentedly improved. All over the world, information can be shared and transmitted in real time. Due to the development of information technology, many countries have begun to realize the importance of information warfare: on the one hand, countries can contain opponents and create an information environment that is beneficial to their own country through information transmission and control. On the other hand, the mobility and uncontrollability of information will pose a threat to national security. Therefore, information warfare has become an important issue in today’s international politics and security. The United States has the world’s largest military and intelligence agencies, has very strong strength and resources in information warfare, is an important participant and initiator of information warfare, and its information warfare capabilities have attracted much attention.

    After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the United States mainly adopted a defensive posture in information warfare, strengthening the construction and security monitoring of network facilities to prevent attacks from terrorism and opponents. Although during the Obama and Trump administrations, the United States gradually moved from defense to active offense, proposing “preemptive” cyber sanctions against countries suspected of cyber attacks. However, judging from the National Cybersecurity Strategy released in March 2023, the United States focuses mainly on cyber deterrence, using “forward defense” to prevent attacks and infringements on key national facilities. According to media reports, when Musk announced the “amnesty” of Twitter, Meta, the parent company of another American social platform Facebook, announced a list of banned accounts, among which a group of accounts were related to the US military. This shows that the purpose, method and characteristics of the United States in information warfare are undergoing major changes, from cyber defense and deterrence to the field of influencing and shaping cognition.

    In 1995, Colonel Szafranski of the US Army defined information warfare as a conflict that directly attacks information systems to attack the knowledge or concept fields of the opponent. Information warfare can be conducted as part of a larger, more comprehensive hostile activity (such as cyber warfare), or as the only form of hostility. In 2021, Field, an expert at the Hoover Institution in the United States, also made a similar definition: information warfare aims to convey information to the target audience, which is selected to influence emotions, motivations, reasoning, attitudes, understandings, beliefs or behaviors, thereby promoting the interests of the actors. This shows that there is a general consensus among American elites on the form and purpose of information warfare, that is, to influence the cognitive system of the target object in a variety of ways. Previously, although the United States mainly adopted network defense and attack to target the opponent’s network facilities, with the changes in the international environment and the comprehensive strength of the United States, the United States gradually shifted the operational field and goals of information warfare to the cognitive system of the target country to create an international environment more favorable to the United States.

    Information warfare is an important part of the U.S. national strategy and changes with strategic adjustments.

    Information warfare is an important part of the US national strategy and an important means to achieve its national strategic goals. Today is an information age. Information and information technology not only determine the direction of social change, but are also key factors affecting competition between countries. Countries adjust their national strategies based on changes in the external environment and their own strength, and the content, characteristics, methods and fields of information warfare will also change accordingly.

    In 2016, the Obama administration issued a cybersecurity strategy called the National Cybersecurity Action Plan, which mainly includes: innovation and protection of networks, prevention of cybercrime, strengthening cybersecurity education, enhancing international cooperation and strengthening government cybersecurity management. During this period, the US government’s information warfare mainly focused on preventing cyber attacks from opponents and protecting its own network facilities and security. In September 2018, the Trump administration also issued the National Cybersecurity Strategy, which also emphasized the protection of network facilities and ensuring network security. However, in this strategy, Trump proposed the concept of “forward defense”. When it is believed that there is a possibility of an attack, the United States will take the lead in attacking the opponent, which means that the US information warfare has shifted from defense to active offense. In March 2023, the Biden administration released the latest National Cybersecurity Strategy, which further emphasized the offensive posture and greatly expanded the scope of information warfare. In this strategy, five pillars are proposed. In addition to protecting critical infrastructure and establishing international partnerships, it also emphasizes the need to combat and destroy threat actors, expand the scope of information warfare, expand public-private cooperation, combat adversaries through cooperation between public and private sectors, and shape market forces to promote security and resilience. This shows that in information warfare, the United States will further infiltrate the private sector through various means, promote American ideology and rules through the market and investment, and restrict the development environment of its competitors.

    After the Biden administration came to power, the US national strategy has also added more targeted and offensive elements. In the 2021 National Security Strategic Guidance, it is proposed to build a global strategy around the long-term competition with China and Russia; strengthen the US presence and cooperation in the Pacific region, while strengthening cooperation with Asian allies and partners to deal with the so-called “China threat”. The 2022 National Security Strategy clearly proposes the implementation of an “integrated containment strategy”, requiring the comprehensive use of comprehensive national security tools, including military, diplomatic, intelligence, economic, trade and financial means, to prevent any potential challenges to the United States and its allies. According to this strategy, information warfare is no longer just a function of defending against adversary cyber attacks and protecting domestic infrastructure. Information warfare occupies an important position in the “integrated containment strategy”. It not only undertakes the function of military strikes, but will also become an important tool for containing opponents in diplomacy, intelligence, economy and trade.

    The United States is comprehensively advancing information warfare with cognitive systems as its target

    Some scholars believe that the Gulf War was the beginning of information warfare, but as early as during the Cold War, the United States had conducted large-scale information warfare against the Soviet Union. The United States used the media it controlled to carry out extensive and in-depth false news propaganda on the Soviet people, instilling American ideology, and to a certain extent affecting the cognition of the Soviet people. After the end of the Cold War, American decision-makers are believed to have gradually reduced their emphasis on the non-material elements of war because they have defeated their ideological opponents. In the following decades, regarding information warfare, the United States is more inclined to frame these activities in a narrower military context. The “integrated containment strategy” proposed by the Biden administration shows that relying solely on a defense-oriented strategy may no longer be enough to limit competitors. The United States intends to contain its opponents in all areas of national strength, including diplomacy, economy, and information. This comprehensive containment approach focuses on mobilizing all elements of national power in competition other than military means. It requires not only the coordination of various important U.S. agencies, including the Department of Defense, the State Department, the CIA, the FBI, and the U.S. Agency for International Development, but also conventional military capabilities – focusing on destroying the target country and occupying its territory. It also requires the development of unconventional military capabilities – competing for influence and legitimacy among the people of various countries, enhancing the influence of the United States by influencing and changing the cognitive system of the people of the target country, and thereby undermining the opponent’s information environment and decision-making ability.

    The information market assumes that people will process information rationally, but psychological research shows that people often do not do so. Instead, the information environment in which people live affects their cognition, decision-making, and behavior, and the information environment is the operational environment of information warfare. In recent years, the U.S. Department of Defense has adopted an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the information environment. In the updated definition of the information environment, it points out that it “contains and aggregates many social, cultural, cognitive, technological, and physical attributes that affect the knowledge, understanding, beliefs, worldview, and ultimate actions of individuals, groups, systems, communities, or organizations.” Information warfare acts on the opponent’s information environment, by analyzing the opponent’s decision-making methods, psychological advantages and weaknesses, changing the information environment, and then affecting the “key factor” of the cognitive system, changing its national behavior to achieve the goal of winning.

    In the networked era, the transmission, aggregation and processing of information are mostly carried out through the network. The network constitutes the most important information environment, and the combat field of information warfare is also concentrated on the network. The United States not only uses its global media and cultural communication power to spread American culture and values ​​to the world through television, movies, music, games, etc., to strengthen its international influence and soft power. In addition, the US government and military also make extensive use of social media, search engines, artificial intelligence, the Internet and other information means, and through professional and systematic information operation agencies and cross-border cooperation between different agencies and departments, they carry out various forms of information warfare, such as posting political propaganda on social media, launching cyber attacks, conducting network monitoring and surveillance, and organizing network sabotage activities. It should be noted that social media is increasingly becoming an important medium for the United States to launch information warfare. This is because social media platforms can have a huge impact on a large number of people with their speed and breadth of information dissemination. At the same time, because people are irrational in cognition, large-scale simple repetition on social media has become a reliable way for people to believe in fallacies. The United States is deploying a large number of fake accounts on social media platforms to widely spread false information, manipulate information, incite emotions, create public opinion, mislead opponents’ decision-making behavior, and formulate and disseminate strategic narratives to prompt national behavior to change in a direction that is beneficial to the United States.

    Expanding the information warfare alliance and further constraining the environment for competitors

    In addition to adjusting the goals of information warfare, advancing it comprehensively in a variety of ways, and integrating domestic departments into unified actions, the U.S. government is also actively expanding its information warfare alliances by absorbing more countries to form a broad information warfare alliance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of information warfare and further restricting the environment in which rival countries can operate.

    In Europe, the United States has been strengthening its cooperation with its NATO allies on information warfare. In November 2010, NATO updated the “Lisbon Strategic Concept”, emphasizing the need to more thoroughly respond to the rapidly evolving security challenges of the 21st century, including cyber attacks. The policy focuses not only on protecting NATO’s own networks, but also on establishing agreed benchmarks to protect the national networks of allies. The 2014 Wales Summit proposed a policy to strengthen cyber defense, making the cyber field one of its key political and strategic priorities, emphasizing the cooperation and unified action of member states, and linking the cyberspace with the collective defense of the alliance. At the 2016 Warsaw Summit, NATO recognized cyberspace as a new field of military operations. In February 2018, NATO member states established a cyber operations center within the NATO military command structure, which aims to strengthen the defense and response capabilities of NATO member states in cyberspace and improve the overall level of cyber security. These measures show that under the leadership of the United States, NATO has gradually established a strong cyber cooperation platform for information warfare. On the basis of this platform, the United States will implement information warfare more comprehensively and across fields. During the Ukrainian crisis, the United States and its allies used this platform to provide cyber defense for Ukraine and launch a large number of cyber attacks. They also used the Internet to spread various false information, distorting and shaping the country’s image that was unfavorable to Russia.

    In Asia, based on the existing military alliance, the United States has been deepening its security alliances to maintain its interests in the Indo-Pacific region, vigorously promoting the “four-country mechanism” consisting of the United States, Japan, India and Australia, deepening its relations with India, and striving to promote trilateral cooperation between the United States, Japan and South Korea, further promoting network rules that are beneficial to the United States and expanding the alliances led by the United States. This makes it easier for the United States to insert information operators in the networks of allied countries, spread information that is beneficial to the United States in multiple networks, and shape the information environment dominated by the United States to exclude and restrict competing countries in the information environment. At the same time, this transnational network is still expanding, and the United States’ network standards and norms are constantly being implemented in other countries, which has greatly helped the US government and military to infiltrate these networks and conduct information warfare. The United States has also actively engaged with ASEAN countries and their individual member states, including Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam, and has achieved certain results in network expansion. Despite the differences in governance systems and technical capabilities among these countries, as well as competing domestic priorities, ASEAN has become the first region among developing countries to adopt a consistent e-commerce legal framework. They have adopted the cybersecurity framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States as a global common language to communicate with different industry sectors and other countries.

    In February 2022, the Biden administration issued a new Indo-Pacific Strategy, which is the first Indo-Pacific Strategy issued by the Biden administration and the second Indo-Pacific Strategy issued by the US government. The strategy proposes five major policy goals, including promoting freedom and openness, regional security and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region, and also proposes an “integrated containment” strategy. For China, the Indo-Pacific Strategy points out that “our goal is not to change China, but to shape the strategic environment in which it operates.” Especially in such a media age, the transmission and release of information are more convenient, and we need to pay more attention to the importance of information warfare. In this regard, we may also need to grasp the psychological demands and emotional needs of the masses more accurately. Taking the latest report released by the National Virus Emergency Response Center and 360 Company as an example, it is particularly important for domestic government agencies, scientific research institutions, industrial enterprises and commercial institutions to quickly “see” and deal with the highly systematic, intelligent and concealed cyber attacks launched by the CIA against my country in the first place. The report recommends that in order to effectively respond to imminent network and real threats, while adopting independent and controllable domestic equipment, we should organize self-inspection and self-examination of APT attacks as soon as possible, and gradually establish a long-term defense system to achieve comprehensive and systematic prevention and control to resist advanced threat attacks.

    As the US information warfare continues to advance, the meaning of shaping the environment has become more prominent, that is, not only to contain China politically, economically and militarily, but also to “shape” China’s activity environment in terms of network and information. For China, facing the more complex and severe international situation under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian crisis and the US’s continuously advancing information warfare strategy, it should make the following responses: First, strengthen network and information security construction to improve its own information security level and guard against attacks on network facilities and key infrastructure. Be vigilant against the spread of false information on the Internet and in the media, trace the source of the spread, and prevent the spread of information by large-scale false accounts and the conscious guidance of the public’s cognitive system. Secondly, continue to promote high-level reform and opening up, actively develop foreign trade, and further strengthen economic ties with countries around the world. This is the most effective strategy to prevent the US “integrated containment” and information warfare. Tell the Chinese story well in foreign exchanges, let the world know more about China, and promote mutual trust and cooperation with other countries through extensive exchanges and strengthening economic interdependence. Thirdly, adhere to economic development. Developing the economy is a necessary condition for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and is also a core task of the country. Through economic development, the world can also understand the Chinese plan and the Chinese road more clearly and vividly, and thus more effectively defend against false information and information distortion in information warfare. Finally, in terms of Sino-US relations, while maintaining the bottom line and preventing conflicts, China can also establish and restore exchanges and cooperation in certain important areas or important groups, increase and accumulate trust, and further expand cooperation to divide and ease the US integrated containment strategy.

    (The author is a professor at the Institute of Contemporary Socialism of Shandong University, a researcher at the Institute of National Governance of Shandong University, and a researcher at the Institute of South Asian Studies of Shandong University)

    【references】

    ① Liu Boran and Wei Xiuming: “U.S. Cyber ​​Security Strategy: Development Process, Evolutionary Characteristics and Essence”, Journal of Liaoning University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), Issue 3, 2019.

    ②Huang Yingxin: “Information Warfare and Its Development”, “Intelligence Command Control System and Simulation Technology”, Issue 6, 2000.

    ③Lu Xinde: “On the Expansiveness of the US Information Security Strategy”, Contemporary Asia-Pacific, Issue 7, 2005.

    ④Liu Xiaoyuan and Pang Bo, “A Perspective on the Training of Information Warfare Talents in the US Military and Its Implications”, Journal of Higher Education Research, No. 3, 2005.

    ⑤[Japan] Kosawa Kunio and Jiang Xinfeng, translators: “IT Revolution and the Development of the U.S. and Japanese Navies”, International Outlook, No. 15, 2001.

    ⑥Wu Fei and Li Xuan: “The Role of the Media in the Information War between Russia and the United States under Geopolitical Game”, “External Communication”, Issue 6, 2022.

    ⑦Yang Guangbin et al.: “Characteristics of the Era of Turbulent Change”, “World Economy and Politics”, Issue 2, 2023.

繁體中文

《 人民論壇 》（ 2023年10月09日 第 04 版）
【摘要】資訊戰已成為當今國際政治和安全領域的重要議題。因其全球最大的軍事和情報機構，在資訊戰方面有著非常強的實力和資源，是資訊戰的重要發起者和參與者，其資訊戰的能力備受關注。除了調整資訊戰的目標，以多種方式全面推進，整合國內各部門而統一行動外，美國政府還積極擴展資訊戰的同盟，透過吸收更多國家以形成廣泛的資訊戰聯盟，增強資訊戰的效果，並進一步限制對手國家的活動環境。

【關鍵字】資訊戰 美國國家戰略 【中圖分類號】D815 【文獻標識碼】A

拜登政府上台後，在美國國家戰略上進一步加強了攻擊性和針對性，這也使美國的資訊戰發生了許多新的變化。一方面，拜登政府在國家安全戰略中提出了「一體化遏制」策略，資訊戰在外交、情報、經濟和貿易等方面成為遏制對手的重要工具；另一方面，美國以網路為主要場域，廣泛運用現代資訊科技以多種方式全面推進資訊戰，試圖影響和改變目標國家的輿論風向和認知；此外，美國還大力擴展資訊戰同盟，將更多國家納入其同盟體係以進一步限制競爭對手的活動環境。國內學界對美國資訊戰也進行了一定的研究，例如：從起源、方式、技術支援和裝備等方面討論美國資訊戰的發展，從美國資訊安全戰略角度分析資訊戰的實施基礎，抑或探析美軍信息戰人才的培養。但對於近年來，特別是拜登政府治下美國資訊戰的新變化及其趨勢，學界仍缺乏相關討論，本文則聚焦於剖析美國資訊戰的新特徵與新動向。

美國在世界各地發動資訊戰的歷史溯源

2023年5月4日，國家病毒緊急處理中心和360公司發布的最新報告披露了CIA在全球各地策劃組織實施「顏色革命」事件的主要技術手段，其中包括一款被稱為「蜂擁」的非傳統政權更迭技術，用於推動透過網路連線的年輕人加入「打一槍換一個地方」的流動性抗議活動。長期以來，美國中央情報局（CIA）在世界各地秘密實施“和平演變”和“顏色革命”，並持續進行間諜竊密活動。資訊通信和現場指揮是影響「和平演變」和「顏色革命」成敗的決定性因素。美國的通訊技術及其媒體應用在國際上處於領先地位，這給美國情報部門對外發動「和平演變」和「顏色革命」提供了前所未有的技術支援。

進入21世紀，隨著網路的進一步發展，在社群媒體的推動下，資訊傳播的高速性、多樣性和廣泛性得到了空前的提升。在世界範圍內，各地資訊都能夠即時共享和飛速傳遞。因資訊科技的發展，許多國家開始意識到資訊戰的重要性：一方面，國家可以透過資訊傳遞和控制來遏制對手並創造有利於本國的資訊環境。另一方面，資訊的流動性和不可控性會對國家安全造成威脅。因此，資訊戰已成為當今國際政治和安全領域的重要議題。美國擁有全球最大的軍事和情報機構，在資訊戰方面有著非常強的實力和資源，是資訊戰的重要參與者和發起者，其資訊戰的能力備受關注。

在「911」恐怖事件後，美國在資訊戰方面主要是採用防禦為主的態勢，加強網路設施的建設和安全監控，以防止恐怖主義和對手的攻擊。雖然在歐巴馬和川普政府時期，美國由防禦逐漸走向主動進攻，提出對疑似網路攻擊國進行「先發制人」的網路制裁。但從2023年3月發布的《國家網路安全戰略》來看，美國的重點主要放在網路威懾上，透過「向前防禦」來防備對國家關鍵設施的攻擊和侵害。根據媒體報道，馬斯克宣布「大赦」推特之際，美國另一家社群平台臉書（Facebook）的母公司Meta公佈了一份封禁帳號名單，在名單中，有一批帳號與美國軍方有關。這顯示美國在資訊戰上的目的、方式和特徵正在發生重大變化，由網路防禦和威懾進入到影響和塑造認知領域。

美軍上校沙弗蘭斯基（Szafranski）在1995年對資訊戰進行過界定，資訊戰是一種直接攻擊資訊系統以攻擊對手知識或觀念領域的衝突。資訊戰可以作為更大規模、更全面的敵對活動的組成部分（如網路戰），或作為唯一的敵對形式進行。 2021年，美國胡佛研究所專家菲爾德（Field）也做出了類似的定義：資訊戰旨在向目標受眾傳達訊息，這些訊息被挑選出來，以影響情感、動機、推理、態度、理解、信仰或行為，從而促進行動者的利益。這說明在美國菁英中對於資訊戰的形式和目的有大致一致的認識，即透過多種方式影響目標對象的認知系統。此前，美國雖然主要採用網路防禦和攻擊，有針對性地打擊對手的網路設施，但隨著國際環境和美國綜合實力的變化，美國逐步將資訊戰的作戰領域和目標轉移到對象國的認知系統，以營造更有利於美國的國際環境。

資訊戰是美國國家戰略的重要組成部分，隨戰略調整而變化

資訊戰是美國國家戰略的重要組成部分，也是實現其國家戰略目標的重要手段。當今時代是資訊化時代，資訊與資訊科技不僅決定社會變革的方向，同時也是影響國家間競爭的關鍵因素。國家依據外部環境和自身實力的變化調整國家戰略，而資訊戰的內容、特徵、方式和領域也會隨之改變。

歐巴馬政府在2016年推出了名為《網路安全國家行動計畫》的網路安全策略，其主要內容包括：創新和保護網絡，預防網路犯罪，加強網路安全教育，增強國際合作與加強政府網路安全管理。在這段時期，美國政府在資訊戰上主要是防範對手的網路攻擊，保護自身的網路設施和安全。在2018年9月，川普政府也頒布了《國家網路安全戰略》，同樣強調對網路設施的防護，並確保網路安全。但在這份戰略中，川普提出了「向前防禦」的概念，當認為有可能遭遇到襲擊時，美國將率先攻擊對方，這意味著美國資訊戰由防禦轉向了主動進攻。 2023年3月，拜登政府公佈了最新的《國家網路安全戰略》，進一步強調了進攻的態勢，並大大擴展了資訊戰的範圍。在該戰略中，提出了5項支柱，除了保護關鍵基礎設施和建立國際夥伴關係外，還強調要打擊和摧毀威脅行為體，並且擴展資訊戰的範圍，擴大公私合作，透過公私部門間的合作來打擊敵手，並塑造市場力量以推動安全和彈性。這說明在資訊戰上美國將進一步透過各種方式滲透入私人領域，透過市場和投資宣揚美國的意識形態和規則，以限制競爭對手的發展環境。

拜登政府上台後，美國國家戰略中也加入了更多的針對性和攻擊性。在2021年的《國家安全戰略指導》中提出：圍繞與中國和俄羅斯的長期競爭，建構全球性戰略；強化美國在太平洋地區的存在和合作，同時加強與亞洲盟友和夥伴的合作，以應對所謂「中國的威脅」。 2022年的《國家安全戰略》更是明確提出實施“一體化遏制戰略”，要求綜合運用全面的國家安全工具，包括軍事、外交、情報、經濟、貿易和金融等手段，以防止對美國和其盟友的任何潛在挑戰。依照這個策略，資訊戰就不再只是發揮防禦對手網路攻擊和保護國內基礎設施的功能，資訊戰在「一體化遏制戰略」中佔據著重要的地位，不僅承擔著軍事打擊的功能，在外交、情報、經濟和貿易等方面也將成為遏制對手的重要工具。

美國以認知系統為目標全面廣泛推進資訊戰

有些學者認為海灣戰爭是資訊戰的開端，但早在冷戰期間，美國就對蘇聯進行大規模的資訊戰。美國利用掌控的媒體對蘇聯民眾進行了廣泛深入的假新聞宣傳，灌輸美國的意識形態，在一定程度上影響了蘇聯民眾的認知。冷戰結束後，美國的決策者被認為對於戰爭的非物質元素的強調逐漸減少，因為已經戰勝了其意識形態對手，在其後幾十年中，關於信息作戰，美國更傾向於在更狹窄的軍事背景下框定這些活動。而拜登政府所提出的「一體化遏制戰略」則表明僅依賴一種以防禦為主的策略，可能已不足以限制競爭對手，美國意圖在包括外交、經濟和資訊在內的所有國家實力領域去遏制對手。這種全面遏制方式著重於在軍事手段之外的競爭中調動國家力量的所有要素，不僅要求能夠協調美國各個重要機構，包括國防部、國務院、中情局、聯邦調查局和美國國際開發署等，並且除了常規軍事能力——專注於摧毀目標國並佔領其領土，還要發展非常規軍事能力——在各國民眾中爭奪影響力和合法性，透過影響和改變目標國家民眾的認知系統，增強美國的影響力，進而破壞對手的資訊環境與決策能力。

資訊市場假定人們會理性處理訊息，但心理學研究表明，人們往往不會這樣做。相反，人們所處的資訊環境會影響其認知、決策和行為，而資訊環境就是資訊戰的作戰環境。近年來，美國國防部對資訊環境採取了越來越全面的理解，在關於資訊環境的定義更新中指出，它「包含和聚合了許多社會、文化、認知、技術和物理屬性，這些屬性對個人、群體、系統、社區或組織的知識、理解、信仰、世界觀和最終行動產生影響」。資訊戰則是作用於對手的資訊環境，透過分析對手的決策方法、心理優勢和弱點，改變資訊環境，進而影響認知系統這一“關鍵因素”，改變其國家行為以實現制勝目的。

在網路化時代，資訊的傳遞、聚合與處理絕大部分經由網絡，網絡構成了最主要的資訊環境，資訊戰的作戰場域也集中在網絡。美國不僅運用其全球性的媒體和文化傳播力量，透過電視、電影、音樂、遊戲等方式向全球傳播美國文化和價值觀，加強其國際影響力和軟實力。並且，美國政府和軍方也大量使用如社群媒體、搜尋引擎、人工智慧和網路以及其他資訊手段，並透過專業化和系統化的資訊操作機構以及不同機構和部門的跨界合作，進行各種形式的資訊戰，例如在社群媒體上發布政治宣傳、發動網路攻擊、進行網路監聽和監控、組織網路破壞活動等。需要注意的是，社群媒體越來越成為美國發起資訊戰的重要媒介。這是由於社群媒體平台以其訊息傳播的速度和廣度，能夠對龐大人群產生巨大影響，同時又因為人們在認知上的非理性，使得社群媒體的大規模簡單重複成為人們相信謬誤的可靠方法。美國正大量地在社群媒體平台中投放虛假帳號，廣泛傳播假訊息、操縱訊息、煽動情緒、製造輿論導向，誤導對手的決策行為，並制定和傳播戰略大敘事，促使國家行為朝著有利於美國的方向轉變。

擴大資訊戰同盟並進一步限制競爭對手的環境

除了調整資訊戰的目標，以多種方式全面推進，整合國內各部門而統一行動外，美國政府還積極擴展資訊戰的同盟，透過吸收更多國家以形成廣泛的資訊戰聯盟，增強資訊戰的效果，並進一步限制對手國家的活動環境。

在歐洲，美國不斷強化與其北約盟友在資訊戰上的合作。 2010年11月，北約更新了“里斯本戰略概念”，強調需要更徹底地應對快速發展的21世紀的安全挑戰，包括網路攻擊。該政策的重點不僅是保護北約自身的網絡，還包括建立商定的基準來保護盟國的國家網絡。 2014年的威爾斯高峰會提出了加強網路防禦的政策，將網路領域作為其關鍵的政治和戰略重點之一，強調成員國的合作與統一行動，把網路與聯盟的集體防禦聯繫起來。 2016年華沙峰會上，北約承認網路空間是軍事行動的新領域。 2018年2月，北約成員國在北約軍事指揮機構內設立了一個網路行動中心，該中心旨在加強北約成員國在網路空間的防禦和應變能力，並提升網路安全的整體水準。這些舉措顯示在美國主導下，北約在資訊戰上逐步建立起一個強大的網路合作平台。在這一平台的基礎上，美國將更為全面且跨領域地實施資訊戰。在烏克蘭危機中，美國及其盟友就利用這個平台，為烏克蘭提供網路防禦，並實施大量的網路攻擊，也利用網路散播各種虛假訊息，歪曲和塑造對俄羅斯不利的國家形象。

在亞洲，在原有的軍事同盟基礎上，美國為維持其在印度—太平洋地區的利益，不斷深化其安全聯盟，大力推動「美、日、印、澳」組成的四國機制，深化與印度的​​關係，努力促進美、日、韓三邊合作，進一步推廣有利於美國的網路規則和擴展美國主導的同盟。這使得美國可以更為便利地在同盟國家的網絡中安插信息操作人員，在多個網絡中散佈有利於美國的信息，塑造美國主導的信息環境，以形成在信息環境上對競爭國家的排斥和限制。同時，這個跨國網絡仍在不斷擴展，美國的網路標準和規範不斷在其他國家得以實施，這為美國政府和軍方滲入這些網路並實施資訊戰提供了極大助益。美國也積極與東協國家及其個別成員國，包括印尼、新加坡和越南等國接觸，在網路擴展上取得了一定的成效。儘管這些國家在治理體系和技術能力上存在差異，並且存在競爭性國內優先事項，但東協成為發展中國家中第一個採用一致的電子商務法律框架的地區，他們採用了美國國家標準技術研究所

（NIST）的網路安全框架作為全球通用語言，以與不同產業部門和其他國家溝通。

2022年2月，拜登政府推出了新的《印太戰略》，這是拜登政府發布的首份，也是美國政府發布的第二份印太戰略。該戰略提出了促進印太地區的自由開放、區域安全和繁榮等五大政策目標，也提出了「一體化遏制」策略。對於中國，《印太戰略》指出「我們的目標不是改變中國，而是塑造其運作的戰略環境」。尤其是在這樣一個媒體時代，訊息的傳遞和發布更加方便，我們更需要重視資訊戰的重要性。在這方面，我們也可能需要更精確地抓住群眾的心理訴求和情感需求。以國家病毒緊急處理中心和360公司發布的最新報告為例，針對CIA對我國發起的高度體系化、智慧化、隱蔽化的網路攻擊，境內政府機構、科研院校、工業企業和商業機構如何快速「看見」並第一時間進行處置尤為重要。報告建議，為有效應對迫在眉睫的網路和現實威脅，我們在採用自主可控國產化設備的同時，應盡快組織開展APT攻擊的自檢自查工作，並逐步建立起長效的防禦體系，實現全面系統化防治，抵禦高階威脅攻擊。

隨著美國資訊戰的不斷推進，塑造環境的意義得以彰顯，即不僅是在政治、經濟和軍事上對中國進行遏制，同時在網路和資訊上也要「塑造」中國的活動環境。對中國而言，面對在新冠疫情和烏克蘭危機衝擊下更為複雜嚴峻的國際局勢以及美國不斷推進的信息戰策略，應該做好以下應對：首先，加強網絡和信息安全建設提高自身信息安全水平，防備對網路設施和關鍵基礎設施的攻擊。警惕網路和媒體中的假訊息傳播，追溯傳播源頭，防範大規模假帳號所進行的資訊散播和有意識地對民眾認知系統的引導。其次，持續推動高水準的改革開放，積極發展對外貿易，進一步加強與世界各國的經濟聯繫。這是防範美國「一體化遏制」和資訊戰最有效的策略。在對外交往中講好中國故事，讓世界更了解中國，透過廣泛交流和加強經濟互賴，促進和其他國家的互信與合作。再次，堅持經濟發展。發展經濟是中華民族復興的必要條件，同時也是國家的核心任務。透過經濟發展也可以讓世界更清楚、形象化地理解中國方案和中國道路，進而更有效地防禦資訊戰中的假訊息和訊息扭曲。最後，在中美關係上，中國在守住底線、防止衝突的同時，也可以建立和恢復某些重要領域或重要團體的交往與合作，增加和積累信任，並進​​一步擴展合作，分化和緩解美國的一體化遏制戰略。

（作者為山東大學當代社會主義研究所教授、山東大學國家治理研究院研究員、山東大學南亞研究所研究員）

【參考文獻】

①劉勃然、魏秀明：《美國網路資訊安全戰略：發展歷程、演進特徵與實質》，《遼寧大學學報（哲學社會會科學版）》，2019年第3期。

②黃迎馨：《資訊戰及其發展》，《情報指揮控制系統與模擬技術》，2000年第6期。

③盧新德：《論美國資訊安全戰略的擴張性》，《當代亞太》，2005年第7期。

④劉曉元、龐波：《美軍資訊戰人才培養透視及其啟示》，《高等教育研究期刊》，2005年第3期。

⑤[日]小繩國雄，江新鳳編譯：《IT革命與美日海軍發展》，《國際展望》，2001年第15期。

⑥吳非、李旋：《地緣政治博弈下俄美訊息戰中的媒體角色》，《對外傳播》，2022年第6期。

⑦楊光斌等：《動盪變革期的時代特徵》，《世界經濟與政治》，2023年第2期。

原始中國政府資源：http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/2023-10/09/content_26023698.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

People’s Republic of China’s Ten Major Military Principles and Dialectical Opposition Intent for Adversaries

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中華人民共和國十大軍事原則與辯證對敵意圖

現代英語音譯:

July 28, 2022 08:14 Source: People’s Liberation Army Daily

People’s Liberation Army Daily – China Military Network

Editor’s note

The Ten Military Principles are our Party’s scientific summary of the practical experience of the People’s Army in combat during the revolutionary war years. They are a concentrated reflection of Comrade Mao Zedong’s profound military thought and the commanding art of using troops like a god. They embody the basic principles and tactics of the People’s War strategy and tactics. The methodological principle of seeking truth from facts is full of materialism and dialectics, and has vitality that spans time and space. It is the historical responsibility of our generation of soldiers to continue to inherit the winning magic weapon of the people’s army. Of course, all military principles are moving forward. Today, when intelligent warfare has gradually become a new form of warfare, this article focuses on the ten major military principles, summarizes and sorts out the dialectical implications and enlightenment of the times in nine aspects, and provides readers with reference.

Strategic contempt and tactical attention

Operational judgment is the prerequisite for planning operations. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that we must despise the enemy strategically and attach great importance to the enemy tactically. Strategic contempt and tactical attention are a complete idea. The first is to strategically despise the enemy, dare to fight against them, and dare to win. At the same time, we must pay attention to the enemy tactically, adopt a cautious attitude, and pay attention to the art of struggle. If you cannot see the weak side of the enemy and cannot despise the enemy strategically, then paying attention to the enemy tactically may become a fear of the enemy; if you ignore the strong side of the enemy and ignore the enemy tactically, despising the enemy strategically will become underestimating the enemy. Recognizing the dual nature of struggle and preventing one tendency from overshadowing the other is the key to defeating the enemy. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was a victory in which our army despised the enemy strategically and paid attention to the enemy tactically. It was a victory in which our army had the courage to fight and was good at fighting.

In today’s era, a century of changes and a century’s epidemic are superimposed on each other, and the strategic game between countries has become more intense. We must always remain clear-headed and determined, defy all dangers and difficulties, organically combine strategic contempt for the enemy with tactical attention to the enemy, and deal with the enemy. Be fully prepared for all possible situations, be neither afraid of nor underestimate the enemy, dare to fight and be good at winning.

Careful preparation and cautious initial battle

Combat preparation is the basis for winning the battle. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we should never fight an unprepared battle or a battle that we are not sure of; he called for caution in the first battle, believing that the victory or defeat in the first battle would have a great impact on the overall situation of the war, and it would be especially important for the army at a disadvantage or in a defensive position. Long-term war practice tells us that the more complex and difficult the situation, the more detailed the preparation for combat is to analyze the strength and situation of friends and foes, and to put ourselves in their shoes and analyze what the opponent will think and do. In particular, we should strive to be prepared for every battle, anticipate the most difficult and dangerous possible situations, and strive to be sure of victory under the contrasting conditions between the enemy and ourselves. The Battle of Yijiangshan Island was our army’s first three-service joint operation. The planning of the battle lasted for several years, and the preparation for the battle lasted for more than 2 months. It is an example of careful preparation and cautious initial battle.

In today’s era, China, which is at a critical stage of development from big to strong, faces complex and diverse challenges. This requires us to strengthen the concept of combat readiness, improve the ability to win, be prepared for war at any time, and truly carry out construction, development, and preparation for war in accordance with the standards of war. We must anticipate the most difficult and complex situations and treat such situations as The starting point for all combat preparations is to make sufficient and detailed preparations and formulate a comprehensive plan for integrated implementation, so as to achieve the goal of winning if we do not fight and win if we fight.

Destroy enemies and capture places

The purpose of combat is the core of implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that the main goal be to annihilate the enemy’s effective forces and not to defend or capture cities and places. He vividly pointed out that for a person, it is better to cut off one of his ten fingers than to hurt him; for the enemy, it is better to annihilate one of his divisions than to defeat his ten divisions. When the enemy is large and we are small, the enemy is strong and we are weak, it is generally impossible to achieve the two goals of annihilating the enemy and seizing the place at the same time. Only after annihilating the enemy’s effective strength can the place be finally defended or captured. Therefore, annihilating the enemy is a means to seize territory, and seizing territory is the result of annihilating the enemy. Therefore, annihilating the enemy should be the first priority, and consolidating the territory second. During the Yan’an Defense War, the Party Central Committee resolutely withdrew from Yan’an, and while annihilating the effective strength of the Kuomintang army on a large scale, it realized the strategic concept of “save people and lose land, and save both people and land”.

In today’s era, system breaking and precise victory are becoming key words in modern combat theory. We must change the traditional operational thinking of annihilating the enemy and seizing territory, and regard the pursuit of deterrence effects and depriving the enemy of combat power as important operational options. We must step up efforts to forge capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield, so as to destroy the enemy’s key support elements and deprive them of their combat power. The objective material basis for its continued operations and the operational purpose of disintegrating its will to carry out war.

Pay attention to the overall situation and grasp the key points

Combat guidance is the criterion for controlling combat. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the overall situation and the local part of a war are the unity of opposites. The key to combat guidance is to unify focusing on the overall situation and grasping the key points, “seizing the strategic key point to deploy the campaign, and seizing the operational key point to deploy the battle.” Only in this way can the war situation be effectively promoted in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. In particular, a weak army must follow the objective laws of the development of things, start from the local area, and continue to accumulate the quantity of local victories to cause a qualitative leap and achieve overall changes. In the long-term revolutionary war, our army was good at firmly grasping strategic pivots to promote the development of the war situation, and firmly grasping the main contradictions to promote the transformation of contradictions. Only then did our army turn from passive to active, and from disadvantage to advantage. In the Liaoshen Campaign, our army made comprehensive considerations and decided to “attack Jinzhou first”, which effectively promoted the battle process and won the victory.

In today’s era, wars are becoming more and more hybrid, security threats are complex, diverse and multi-dimensional, and they are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Changes in war practice require us to consider the overall situation and the overall situation in operational guidance, focus on the actual situation on the battlefield, coordinate the struggle in the main strategic direction and other strategic directions, coordinate the military struggle in the traditional security field and the new security field, and coordinate the political, The economic, diplomatic, military, cultural, public opinion and other fronts realize the mutual superposition and accumulation of combat effects, forming an overall emergence of anti-hybrid warfare capabilities and ensuring the strategic goal of complete victory.

Fight weak enemies first and strong enemies later

The focus of operations is the key to implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we must first attack dispersed and isolated enemies, and then attack concentrated and powerful enemies. In the practice of long-term revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. We must first annihilate the enemies that are isolated, dispersed, weakly defended, and garrisoned in small and medium-sized cities. Then, the enemies that are concentrated, strong, well-garrisoned, and garrisoned in large cities will become weaker. , which creates conditions for the next attack and annihilation. If we attack the strong enemy first, not only will it be difficult to deal with the strong enemy quickly, but the weak enemy will also easily become a strong enemy, which will make us passive. Of course, sometimes when you are really sure, you can also wait for an opportunity to attack a strong enemy first to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. In the Battle of Menglianggu, Su Yu made the first attack and completely annihilated the reorganized 74th Division, the “first of the five main forces” of the Kuomintang army. This defeated the Kuomintang army’s key attack on the Shandong Liberated Areas and reversed the strategic situation on the East China battlefield.

In today’s era, war is a confrontation between systems. The fundamental goal of defeating the system is to attack the enemy’s center of gravity and key points. Combat operations must be carried out closely around the enemy’s center of gravity, and the selected targets must be the “keys”, “vital points” and “joints” in the enemy’s entire war system. These enemy targets may be “strong enemies” or “weak enemies” in the traditional sense. However, once they are identified as centers of gravity, all efforts should be concentrated on destroying these centers of gravity in order to paralyze the enemy’s entire combat system and quickly complete the operation. Purpose.

Concentrate and disperse forces

Combat posture is the posture in which troops are deployed. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that operations must focus on eliminating the enemy’s effective strength and concentrate superior forces to annihilate the enemy one by one. The essence of concentrating superior forces is to use forces intensively to obtain local advantages and initiative against the enemy based on the overall needs of the operation and to ensure a decisive victory in the decisive battle. In traditional wars, the concentration of troops is mainly reflected in the concentration of personnel and weapons, relying on quantitative advantages to make up for qualitative deficiencies. In battles, our army’s consistent thinking is to concentrate its absolutely superior forces, adopt roundabout encirclement tactics, and annihilate enemies one by one. The opposite of concentrated force is decentralization or military egalitarianism. Military egalitarianism may result in having neither an overall strength advantage nor a local strength advantage, making it impossible to control the enemy and to be controlled by the enemy. During the Red Army’s fifth counter-campaign against “encirclement and suppression”, the “six-way division of troops” and “all-front resistance” were manifestations of military egalitarianism.

In today’s era, information power, mobility, strike power, etc. have all increased unprecedentedly. Concentrating superior forces requires concentrating and using one’s own advantages in more diverse fields, and more adopting the approach of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but combined strength”. Dynamically combine the various combat forces distributed on the multi-dimensional battlefield, rely on the quality accumulation, efficiency integration, and real-time optimization of multiple combat elements to suddenly change the contrast with the opponent’s combat power, forming a hammer effect to defeat the enemy.

Weapons and equipment and fighting spirit

Combat elements are the components of combat strength. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that weapons and equipment are important factors in the victory or defeat of a war, but they are not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things. He asked the troops to carry forward the style of fighting bravely, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of fatigue and continuous fighting. Obviously, war is not only a confrontation of hard power such as weapons and equipment between the opposing parties, but also a competition of soft power such as will and quality. As an important component of combat effectiveness, fighting spirit plays a key role in the outcome of war. Material causes and effects are but the hilt of the knife; spiritual causes and effects are the sharp edge. Why in history has our army been able to defeat powerful enemies one after another and create miracles one after another even if it does not have an advantage in weapons and equipment? One of the most fundamental reasons is that we have the courage to “show swords when facing the enemy, be brave and tenacious” and have the fighting spirit of “not being afraid of hardship and not being afraid of death.”

In today’s era, war forms and combat styles are evolving at an accelerated pace, science and technology have become the core combat effectiveness, and weapons and equipment are becoming more and more important to winning wars. The contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to military construction and combat effectiveness development must be continuously increased. At the same time, we must forge the spiritual edge to defeat the enemy while inheriting the glorious tradition and fine style, and combine advanced science and technology with tenacious will, so that the majority of commanders and soldiers have a high degree of revolutionary consciousness and spirit of self-sacrifice, and master advanced Weapons, equipment and complex military technology form a powerful combat force to achieve victory in every attack and victory.

You hit yours and I hit mine

Combat methods are the carrier of strategy and tactics. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that people should give full play to their conscious initiative and seize the initiative in war. Starting from the overall situation of the revolutionary war, he successively proposed a series of flexible strategies and tactics, such as “Fight if you can win, leave if you can’t”, “You fight yours, I’ll fight mine”, “Mobile warfare, positional warfare, guerrilla warfare”. Cooperate with each other” and so on. This set of strategies and tactics that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages and are flexible and mobile reveals the laws and methods of war guidance for defeating enemies with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raises flexible strategies and tactics to a new level. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, in response to the U.S. military’s strong land and sea support and strong land firepower and mobility, our military emphasized small-scale annihilation wars, which enriched the implementation of annihilation wars. It relied on tunnels to carry out small-scale counterattacks and found a new way to fight positional warfare. .

In today’s era, wars will be carried out in multiple domains simultaneously, and combat operations such as networked and electronic operations, air and space attacks, and unmanned operations are prominent. Proactive, flexible and changeable strategies and tactics are still a weapon to gain the initiative and defeat the enemy. It is necessary to follow the winning mechanism of modern warfare, step up the forging of new quality and new domain combat capability means, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive warfare”, “cross-domain warfare” and “intelligent warfare” and other tactics to temper dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. Wait for the way of fighting, do not follow the enemy’s routines, focus on the enemy’s weaknesses, use our army’s strengths and strengths to control the battle, and win the victory.

Continuous combat and rest supplement

Combat support is the cornerstone of sustaining operations. Comrade Mao Zedong always believed that the deepest roots of the power of war exist among the people, and that soldiers and people are the foundation of victory. During the long-term revolutionary war, our army’s manpower and material resources supplementation mainly emphasized obtaining them from the enemy and relying on the support of the base areas. At the same time, we used the gaps between campaigns to reorganize and train the troops, improve military and political quality, and enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops. These are all necessary conditions for carrying out another battle. However, in order to prevent the enemy from taking a breather and to inflict continuous blows to the enemy, sometimes even without supplementary rest and recuperation, it is necessary to develop a style of not being afraid of sacrifice or fatigue and achieve continuous operations. Just after the Liaoshen Campaign, the Northeast Field Army changed its plan to use three months to half a year to rest and reorganize its troops. It took a shortcut and quickly sent troops into the pass to participate in the Pingjin Campaign, which changed the battlefield situation in North China in one fell swoop.

In today’s era, in a sense, fighting a war is fighting for security. With the profound changes in the international military competition landscape, national interests and military missions continue to expand, and the time and space span of combat support has expanded dramatically. In particular, the intensity, difficulty, and With the unprecedented increase in speed, we must continue to deepen national defense mobilization, build an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, and form strong war capabilities and war potential that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory.

現代繁體中文：

2022年07月28日08:14    來源：解放軍報

原標題：十大軍事原則的辯証意蘊及時代啟示 – 解放軍報 – 中國軍網

編者按

十大軍事原則是革命戰爭年代我們黨對人民軍隊作戰實踐經驗的科學總結，是毛澤東同志博大精深的軍事思想、用兵如神的指揮藝術的集中反映，它所體現的人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本原理和實事求是的方法論原則，充滿了唯物論、洋溢著辯証法，具有跨越時空的生命力。賡續傳承好人民軍隊的制勝法寶，是我們這代軍人的歷史責任。當然，一切軍事原則都是向前發展的，在智能化戰爭逐漸成為新戰爭形態的今天，本文聚焦十大軍事原則，總結梳理了9個方面辯証意蘊及時代啟示，供讀者參考借鑒。

戰略藐視與戰術重視

作戰判斷是籌劃作戰的前提。毛澤東同志指出，要在戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人。戰略藐視與戰術重視是一個完整的思想。首先是要戰略上藐視敵人，敢於同它們斗爭，敢於奪取勝利。同時，在戰術上重視敵人，要採取謹慎態度，講究斗爭藝術。如果看不到敵人脆弱的一面，不能在戰略上藐視敵人，那麼在戰術上重視就可能成了畏敵如虎﹔如果忽視敵人強大的一面，離開戰術上重視敵人，戰略上藐視便成了輕敵。認清斗爭的兩重性，防止一種傾向掩蓋另一種傾向，是克敵制勝的關鍵。抗美援朝戰爭勝利就是我軍戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人的勝利，就是敢於斗爭和善於斗爭的勝利。

當今時代，百年變局與世紀疫情相互疊加，國家間戰略博弈更加激烈，我們要時刻保持清醒和堅定，不畏一切險阻，不怕一切困難，把戰略上藐視敵人同戰術上重視敵人有機結合起來，對各種可能發生的情況做好充分的准備，既不畏敵、亦不輕敵，敢於斗爭、善於勝利。

周密備戰與慎重初戰

作戰准備是贏得作戰的基礎。毛澤東同志強調，不打無准備之仗，不打無把握之仗﹔要求慎重初戰，認為初戰的勝敗對戰爭的全局影響極大，尤其對劣勢或處於防御地位的軍隊更加重要。長期的戰爭實踐告訴我們，越是復雜困難的形勢下，作戰准備越是要細致地分析敵我友的力量、敵我友的情況，並換位思考分析對手會怎麼想、怎麼做。特別是每戰都應力求有准備，必須預計到最困難最危險的各種可能情況，力求在敵我條件對比下有勝利的把握。一江山島戰役，是我軍首次三軍聯合作戰，戰役籌劃長達幾年，戰役准備長達2個多月，是周密備戰與慎重初戰的范例。

當今時代，處在由大向強發展關鍵階段的中國，面臨的挑戰復雜多樣。這要求我們必須強化戰備觀念，提高打贏本領，做好隨時打仗的准備，真正按照打仗的標准搞建設、謀發展、抓備戰﹔必須預計到最困難最復雜的情況，並把這種情況當作一切作戰准備的出發點，做充分細致准備，制訂一體實施的周密計劃，實現不打則已、打則必勝。

殲滅敵人與奪取地方

作戰目的是實施作戰的中心。毛澤東同志要求，以殲滅敵人有生力量為主要目標，不以保守或奪取城市和地方為主要目標。他形象指出，對於人，傷其十指不如斷其一指﹔對於敵，擊潰其十個師不如殲滅其一個師。在敵大我小、敵強我弱條件下，殲滅敵人和奪取地方這兩個目標，一般不可能同時達到。隻有在殲滅敵人有生力量之后，才能最后保守或奪取地方。因此，殲滅敵人是奪取地方的手段，奪取地方是殲滅敵人的結果，所以要殲敵為主、略地次之。延安保衛戰，黨中央毅然撤出延安，在大規模殲滅國民黨軍有生力量的同時實現了“存人失地，人地皆存”的戰略構想。

當今時代，體系破擊、精打制勝等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞。我們必須轉變傳統殲敵奪地的作戰思維，把追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力作為作戰重要選項，加緊鍛造奪控綜合制權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段，達成摧毀敵方作戰關鍵支持要素、剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎、瓦解其遂行戰爭意志的作戰目的。

關照全局與抓住重點

作戰指導是駕馭作戰的准繩。毛澤東同志指出，戰爭的全局與局部是對立的統一物。作戰指導的關鍵就是把著眼全局與抓住樞紐統一起來，“抓住戰略樞紐去部署戰役，抓住戰役樞紐去部署戰斗”，如此方能切實推動戰局向著有利於己的方向發展。特別是弱小之軍必須遵循事物發展的客觀規律，從局部入手，不斷通過局部勝利的量的積累，以引起質的飛躍，達到全局的變化。在長期的革命戰爭中，我軍善於緊緊抓住戰略樞紐推動戰局發展，緊緊抓住主要矛盾推動矛盾轉化，才使我軍由被動轉為主動、劣勢轉為優勢。遼沈戰役，我軍通盤考量決定“首打錦州”，有力地推動了戰役進程並贏得了勝利。

當今時代，戰爭越來越呈現出混合化態勢，安全威脅復雜多樣多維，並呈現多域聯動的特點。戰爭實踐變化要求我們，作戰指導要通盤考慮、全局考量，從戰場實際出發抓樞紐，統籌好主要戰略方向和其他戰略方向斗爭，統籌好傳統安全領域與新型安全領域的軍事斗爭，統籌好政治、經濟、外交、軍事、文化、輿論等各條戰線，實現作戰效果相互疊加、累積，形成反混合戰爭能力的整體涌現，確保實現全勝的戰略目標。

先打弱敵與后打強敵

作戰重心是實施作戰的要害。毛澤東同志強調，要先打分散和孤立之敵，后打集中和強大之敵。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢，首先殲滅孤立分散、守備薄弱和據守中小城市之敵，則集中強大、守備堅固和據守大城市之敵即變弱了，這就為下一步攻殲創造了條件。若先打強敵，則不僅強敵難以迅速解決，弱敵也易變成強敵，反而使我方陷入被動。當然，有時在確有把握的情況下，也可伺機先打強敵，以迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。孟良崮戰役，粟裕首打且全殲國民黨軍“五大主力之首”的整編第74師，挫敗了國民黨軍對山東解放區的重點進攻，扭轉了華東戰場戰略態勢。

當今時代，戰爭是體系與體系的對抗，體系破擊的根本是要打敵重心、要害。作戰行動必須緊緊圍繞打敵重心展開，所選目標必須是敵整個戰爭系統中的“關鍵”“要害”與“關節”。這些敵之目標在傳統意義上可能是“強敵”，也可能是“弱敵”，然而一旦被確定為打擊重心,就應集中全力摧毀這些重心，以毀癱敵整個作戰體系，快速達成作戰目的。

集中兵力與分散兵力

作戰布勢是兵力部署的態勢。毛澤東同志要求，作戰必須著眼於消滅敵人有生力量，集中優勢兵力各個殲滅敵人。集中優勢兵力的實質是根據作戰全局的需要，集中使用兵力以獲得對敵之局部優勢和主動，確保決戰決勝。傳統戰爭中，集中兵力主要體現為人員、武器的規模集中，依靠數量上的優勢來彌補質量上的不足。在戰役戰斗上，集中絕對優勢兵力，採取迂回包圍戰術，各個殲滅敵人，是我軍作戰的一貫思想。與集中兵力對立的是分散兵力亦或軍事平均主義。軍事平均主義可能導致既沒有全局力量優勢，更沒有局部力量優勢，不能制敵反被敵所制。紅軍第五次反“圍剿”時“六路分兵”“全線抵御”就是軍事平均主義的表現。

當今時代，信息力、機動力、打擊力等都空前增強，集中優勢兵力要求在更加多元領域中集中和運用己方優勢，更多採取“貌散而神聚，形散而力合”的方式，將分布在多維戰場的諸作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，依靠多種戰斗要素的質量累聚、效能融合、即時聚優，突然改變與對方戰斗力量的對比，形成重錘效應，克敵制勝。

武器裝備與戰斗精神

作戰要素是作戰實力的構成。毛澤東同志指出，武器裝備是戰爭勝負的重要因素，但不是決定性因素，決定性因素是人而不是物。他要求部隊要發揚勇敢戰斗、不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞和連續作戰的作風。顯然，打仗既是敵對雙方武器裝備等硬實力的對抗，也是意志品質等軟實力的比拼。戰斗精神作為戰斗力的重要組成部分，對戰爭勝負起著關鍵性作用。物質的原因和結果不過是刀柄，精神的原因和結果才是鋒利的刀刃。為什麼我軍歷史上即使在武器裝備上不佔優勢，卻總能戰勝一個又一個強敵，創造一個又一個奇跡？其中一個最根本的原因，就是我們具有“逢敵亮劍、英勇頑強”的血性膽氣，具有“一不怕苦、二不怕死”的戰斗精神。

當今時代，戰爭形態和作戰樣式加速演變，科技成為核心戰斗力，武器裝備對打贏戰爭越來越重要，必須不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰斗力發展的貢獻率。與此同時，我們要在傳承光榮傳統和優良作風中鍛造克敵制勝的精神利刃，把先進科技與頑強意志很好地結合起來，使廣大指戰員既具備高度的革命覺悟和自我犧牲精神，又掌握先進的武器裝備和復雜的軍事技術，從而形成強大的戰斗力量，實現攻必克、戰必勝。

你打你的與我打我的

作戰方法是戰略戰術的承載。毛澤東同志強調，要發揮人的自覺能動性，掌握戰爭的主動權。從革命戰爭全局出發，他先后提出過一系列靈活機動的戰略戰術，比如“打得贏就打，打不贏就走”“你打你的，我打我的”“運動戰、陣地戰、游擊戰相互配合”等等。這一整套趨利避害、靈活機動的戰略戰術，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。抗美援朝戰爭中，針對美軍有海空支援以及陸上火力、機動力強的特點，我軍強調打小殲滅戰，豐富了殲滅戰的實現形式﹔依托坑道實施小規模反擊，找到了打陣地戰的新辦法。

當今時代，戰爭將在多域同時展開，網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位凸顯，積極主動靈活多變的戰略戰術仍然是贏得主動、克敵制勝的利器。要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，加緊鍛造新質新域的作戰能力手段，靈活運用“總體戰”“認知戰”“跨域戰”“智能戰”等戰法，錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在“以能擊不能”中掌控作戰制權，進而贏得勝利。

持續作戰與休整補充

作戰保障是維持作戰的基石。毛澤東同志始終認為，戰爭偉力之最深厚的根源存在於民眾之中，兵民是勝利之本。長期革命戰爭中，我軍人力物力的補充主要強調取之於敵和依靠根據地的支持，同時利用戰役間隙整頓訓練部隊，提高軍政素質，增強部隊戰斗力，這些都是實行再戰的必要條件。但是，為了不讓敵人喘息，給敵連續打擊，有時即使在未得到補充休整的情況下，亦須發揚不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞的作風，實現連續作戰。遼沈戰役剛結束，東北野戰軍改變利用三個月至半年時間休整部隊的計劃，取捷徑迅即揮師入關參加平津戰役，一舉改變了華北戰場態勢。

當今時代，從某種意義上講，打仗就是打保障。隨著國際軍事競爭格局深刻變化，國家利益和軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，作戰保障時空跨度急劇擴大，特別是戰爭作戰進程快、毀傷能力強、力量控制精、技術含量高，保障的強度、難度和速度空前增加，必須不斷深化國防動員，構建一體化國家戰略體系和能力，形成既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力。

中國共產黨原文參考：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0728/c443712-32487888.html