發展人民戰爭：中國軍事戰略與戰術
現代英語：
In his report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out the need to develop a people’s war strategy and tactics. Looking back on the glorious history of the People’s Liberation Army’s efforts to build a strong military and achieve victory, a central theme has been consistently upholding the leadership of the Party and proposing and implementing a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics. To win future wars, we must closely monitor changes in technology, warfare, and adversaries, continue to inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of our army, develop a people’s war strategy and tactics, and allow these powerful weapons to demonstrate their effectiveness on the modern battlefield.
The strategy and tactics of people’s war have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy.
Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is not only a profound insight into the inherent laws of our army’s ability to defeat the enemy, but also a far-sighted plan for building a strong country and a strong army. It has important strategic value for achieving the goal of the centenary of the founding of the army on schedule and accelerating the building of the People’s Army into a world-class army.
The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the concentrated embodiment of Marxist art of war guidance. Marxism holds that the masses are the creators of history and the decisive force driving historical progress. Based on this fundamental viewpoint and standpoint, the strategy and tactics of people’s war profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war, such as the people being the foundation of victory, that the decisive factor in the outcome of war is people, not things, and the necessity of organizing, mobilizing, and arming the broad masses of the people. Our army was born in the flames of war. Faced with exceptionally cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists, represented by Comrade Mao Zedong, insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the realities of the Chinese revolutionary war. They created a strategy and tactic of people’s war characterized by flexibility and mobility. Its essence was “you fight your way, I fight my way,” aiming to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses, and to seize and maintain the initiative in the war. This embodies the art of Marxist war guidance, shining with the truth of scientific, people-oriented, practical, and open-minded approach.
The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the winning formula for the Party’s leadership of all military struggles. Since the founding of the People’s Army, our Party has established a complete set of strategies and tactics for people’s war, based on the harsh reality of the enemy being strong and us weak, and the enemy being large and us small. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” during the Red Army period, to the “protracted war” during the War of Resistance Against Japan, from the “Ten Military Principles” during the War of Liberation, to the “nibbling away” tactics during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and then to the continuous adjustments to the military strategic policy after the founding of New China. The People’s Army learns from war, explores the laws of war through practice, and adheres to and develops this winning formula in a timely manner. During the war years, it created one after another war miracle of winning with fewer troops and with weaker forces. In peacetime, it resolutely safeguards national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, writing a brilliant chapter in the history of world military history of continuous innovation in the art of war guidance.
Actively developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inherent requirement for building a world-class military in all respects. “The most important matters for a nation depend on the victory of its army.” Ultimately, the measure of whether an army is world-class is its military strength. The strategy and tactics of people’s war are not only the key to victory for our army, but also the path to its development and growth. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and construct a powerful strategic deterrence system, we must uphold and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on adversaries and enemy situations, proactively understand the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare, innovate the people’s war strategy and tactics in line with the times, resolutely and flexibly carry out military struggle, give full play to the strategic functions of military forces in shaping a security situation, containing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively fulfill the new era’s mission and tasks entrusted to us by the Party and the people.
Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inevitable choice for our military to win future wars. While the forms of warfare are rapidly evolving, the essence of war remains unchanged, and the fundamental law that the deepest source of war’s power lies within the people remains unchanged. The wars we will face in the future will primarily be wars to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests. These wars are in line with the fundamental interests of all the Chinese people, are just actions that conform to the trend of the times, and will continue to receive the support of the broadest masses of the people and the people of the world. Adhering to and developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war will undoubtedly become an important path and an inevitable choice for our military to win future wars and counterbalance powerful enemies.
Scientifically grasp the contemporary implications of the development of people’s war strategy and tactics.
The strategy and tactics of people’s war are living theories and practices, not rigid dogmas. They must proactively adapt to the requirements of the times and inject new contemporary connotations in order to maintain their strong vitality.
Upholding a just war, establishing the broadest united front, and fighting a political and military battle are crucial. Emphasizing the political guidance of the war and consolidating the political foundation for victory are fundamental experiences from which the Party achieved victory in war, and are also the core essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In today’s era, the connection between military and political affairs is closer than ever, with increasing strategic relevance and integration, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming increasingly prominent. Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war requires always upholding the role of the Party Central Committee in overall planning and coordination, mobilizing, uniting, and organizing the broadest masses of people to participate in and support the war; enhancing political and organizational functions, strengthening the ideological, organizational, and will-based preparedness of the entire Party, the entire army, and the people of the whole country to respond to and win the war; strengthening political, diplomatic, and international public opinion and legal struggles, forming the broadest united front in support of the just war, firmly occupying the moral high ground, giving full play to the comprehensive effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinating the political and military battles.
Adhere to active defense, emphasize initiative, and attach importance to offensive operations. Active defense is a product of people’s war, and implementing active defense is a fundamental requirement of the people’s war strategy and tactics. Future wars will proceed at a faster pace, and strategic objectives may be achieved in a single battle or engagement; often, the first battle will be the decisive one. To develop the strategy and tactics of the people’s war, we must adhere to the organic combination of defense, counter-offensive and offensive, and give greater emphasis to the counter-offensive at the strategic level on both the inner and outer lines. At the beginning of the war, we must comprehensively utilize elite combat forces to carry out a combined, resolute and fierce strategic counter-offensive, forming a high-pressure counter-offensive posture and pressure, striking the enemy hard and instilling fear in them to the greatest extent possible, and achieving the strategic objectives of using offense to assist defense, striking later but arriving first, quickly defeating the enemy, containing them as soon as possible, and winning the war.
Adhering to asymmetric checks and balances—you fight your way, I fight my way—and striking with what we can defeat what we cannot—is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. It is a highly generalized and vivid description of the laws of war and the laws of war guidance, revealing the laws and methods of war guidance in defeating an enemy with superior equipment using inferior equipment, thus elevating flexible and mobile strategy and tactics to a new level. Compared to the past, modern warfare systems are vast and have numerous nodes, possessing many vulnerable “Achilles’ heel,” providing an opportunity to implement “striking with what we can defeat what we cannot.” To develop the strategy and tactics of people’s war, we must follow the winning mechanism of modern warfare, fully recognize the inherent weaknesses of informationized and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponent’s vulnerabilities and fatal flaws, innovate core operational concepts, accelerate the development of new domain and new quality operational capabilities and means, refine tactics such as dimensional reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes, fight against the enemy’s routines, target the enemy’s weaknesses, and leverage our military’s strengths to create new winning advantages by “attacking the incapable with the capable.”
Adhering to the principle of accumulating small victories into a major victory, and being adept at concentrating forces to fight annihilation wars. During the revolutionary war, our army was long in a position of overall disadvantage. Accumulating small victories against stronger enemies in local areas was a key strategy for defeating powerful adversaries. Compared to the past, modern warfare often unfolds in multiple dimensions and domains, providing a much broader space for implementing the strategy of “accumulating small victories into a major victory.” Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war requires strengthening the concept of “dispersed in appearance but united in spirit, scattered in form but combined in strength.” It involves dynamically concentrating and uniting various combat forces distributed across multiple battlefields, and through effective integration and timely concentration of superior forces, carrying out rapid localized concentrated attacks and wide-area guerrilla harassment, and launching annihilation and destructive strikes against key enemy positions. This has both a heavy-hitting effect and can continuously deplete the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.
Upholding the principle that the people are the foundation of victory, we must consolidate and enhance the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. The people are the backbone of the army’s victories. From its inception, our Party has viewed revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasizing that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can war be waged. It has created a complete set of strategies and tactics for people’s war, which is the key to the People’s Army’s invincibility. The confrontation under informationized and intelligent conditions is even more clearly manifested as a systemic confrontation based on the overall strength of the nation. To develop the strategy and tactics of people’s war, we must continuously consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, exert comprehensive efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, and build a powerful war capability and war potential that can achieve both strategic swift victory and strategic protracted war, thus trapping the enemy in the vast ocean of people’s war.
Vigorously promote the development and innovation of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era.
In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. We must strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, strengthen the practice of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the driving force of scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation exercises and tests in order to gather the driving force for innovative development.
Strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party to harness the immense power of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The Party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and a crucial guarantee for the realization and implementation of the people’s war strategy and tactics. We must uphold the Party’s leadership and mobilize and organize the masses as a whole. We should actively explore people’s war strategies and tactics in areas such as financial warfare, cyber warfare, and knowledge domain warfare. We should organize the masses to conduct intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, and ambush warfare as needed to flexibly contain and deplete the enemy.
Strengthening the practice of our fundamental purpose is crucial for consolidating the foundation for the strategic and tactical development of people’s war. The secret to the victory of people’s war lies in its sincere commitment to serving the interests of the masses, which has won the trust and support of the broad masses. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and the strategic foundation for the development of the strategic and tactical development of people’s war in the new era. The People’s Army must firmly stand on the people’s position, always adhere to the principle of putting the people first, rely closely on the people, continuously benefit the people, firmly root itself in the people, and forever maintain the nature, purpose, and true character of the people’s army.
Strengthening technological innovation will enhance the driving force for the development of people’s war strategy and tactics. With the entry of high-tech fields such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology into the military field, the technological content of warfare has undergone a qualitative leap. It is imperative to innovate and develop people’s war strategy and tactics supported by information and intelligent technologies, continuously promote the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligentization, and innovate and create “keys” to “strike the unseen with the capable,” making “intelligent victory” the main characteristic of people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, and forming a new era of people’s war strategy and tactics with contemporary, leading, and unique characteristics.
Strengthening simulation exercises and testing will enhance the effectiveness of developing people’s war strategies and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create highly realistic and immersive virtual scenarios based on actual battlefield environments and mission backgrounds. Soldiers can “experience” war multiple times in virtual reality before the war begins, enhancing their understanding of real battlefield aspects such as equipment performance, enemy and friendly forces, and the pace of war. This provides a platform for testing the correctness of strategies and tactics. The development of people’s war strategies and tactics should particularly emphasize the use of simulations, exercises, and other pre-war practice methods to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses, and further refine them in practice.
現代國語：
在向中共二十大作的報告中，習近平主席明確指出，要發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回顧中國人民解放軍建立強軍、取得勝利的光輝歷史，始終貫穿著一個核心主題：堅持黨的領導，提出並貫徹一套完整的人民戰爭戰略戰術。為了贏得未來的戰爭，我們必須密切關注技術、戰爭方式和對手的變化，繼續傳承和發揚軍隊的優良傳統，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，讓這強大的武器在現代戰場上發揮威力。
人民戰爭戰略戰術一直是軍隊戰勝敵人的重要法寶。
發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，不僅是對軍隊戰勝敵人內在規律的深刻理解，也是建立強國強軍的遠見。它對按期實現建軍百年目標、加速將中國人民軍隊建設成為世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。
人民戰爭的戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭藝術指導的集中體現。馬克思主義認為，群眾是歷史的創造者，也是歷史進步的決定性力量。基於這個基本觀點和立場，人民戰爭的戰略戰術深刻闡釋了人民戰爭的基本原則，例如人民是勝利的基礎，戰爭勝負的決定因素是人民而不是物，以及組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾的必要性。我們的軍隊誕生於戰爭的烈火之中。面對極其殘酷的客觀條件，以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人堅持將馬克思主義人民戰爭的基本原則與中國革命戰爭的現實相結合，形成了靈活機動的人民戰爭戰略戰術。其精髓在於“你走你的路，我走我的路”，旨在發揮各自優勢，縮小各自劣勢，並奪取和保持戰爭的主動權。這體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導的藝術，閃耀著科學、以人為本、務實、開放的真理光輝。
人民戰爭的戰略戰術是黨領導一切軍事鬥爭的致勝法寶。自人民軍成立以來，我們黨根據敵我實力懸殊的嚴峻現實，建立了一套完整的人民戰爭戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字方針”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“蠶食”戰術，再到新中國成立後對軍事戰略方針的不斷調整，都體現了這一戰略戰術的精髓。人民軍隊從戰爭中汲取經驗，透過實踐探索戰爭規律，並及時堅持和發展這項勝利之道。戰爭年代，它創造了一個又一個以少勝多的戰爭奇蹟；和平時期，它堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整，在世界軍事史上譜寫了戰爭指揮藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。
積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建立世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「國家大事取決於軍隊的勝利。」歸根結底，衡量一支軍隊是否世界一流的標準是其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術不僅是我國軍隊勝利的關鍵，也是軍隊發展壯大的道路。為加速建立世界一流軍隊，建構強大的戰略威懾體系，我們必須堅持和發展這一獨特優勢，加強對對手和敵情的研究，主動了解現代戰爭的特徵、規律和製勝機制，與時俱進地創新人民戰爭戰略戰術，堅決靈活地開展軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍隊在塑造安全形勢、賦予危機、打贏戰略戰術中的戰略使命，開展軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍隊在塑造安全形勢、賦予危機、打贏局部戰略戰術
發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我們軍隊贏得未來戰爭的必然選擇。儘管戰爭形式日新月異，但戰爭的本質不變，戰爭力量最深層源自於人民這一基本法則也依然不變。我們未來將面臨的戰爭，主要維持在國家主權、安全和發展利益的戰爭。這些戰爭符合全體中國人民的根本利益，是順應時代潮流的正當行動，也必將繼續得到廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，無疑將成為我國軍隊贏得未來戰爭、制衡強大敵人的重要道路和必然選擇。
科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的當代意義。
人民戰爭戰略戰術是鮮活的理論與實踐，而非僵化的教條。它必須積極適應時代需求，注入新的當代內涵，才能維持其強大的生命力。
堅持正義戰爭，建立最廣泛的統一戰線，打政治軍事鬥爭至關重要。強調戰爭的政治指導，鞏固勝利的政治基礎，是黨取得戰爭勝利的根本經驗，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心精髓。在當今時代，軍事與政治的連結比以往任何時候都更加緊密，戰略相關性和一體化程度日益提高，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制也日益突出。發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，需要始終堅持黨中央在統籌規劃、動員、團結、組織最廣泛的群眾參與和支持戰爭中的作用；要加強政治組織功能，提高全黨、全軍、全國人民應對和贏得戰爭的思想、組織和意志準備；加強政治、外交和國際輿論論以及法律鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛打擊正義戰爭的最廣泛和國際輿論全權鬥爭以及法律鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛和民主主義戰爭的最廣泛和軍事進攻和統一鬥爭。
堅持積極防禦，強調主動性，重視進攻作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物，實施積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本要求。未來戰爭的進程將加快，戰略目標可能在一次戰鬥或一次交鋒中實現；往往第一場戰鬥就是決定性的一戰。發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，必須堅持防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合，在戰略層面更重視內外的反攻。戰爭初期，必須全面運用精銳作戰力量，進行聯合、堅決、猛烈的戰略反攻，形成高壓反攻態勢，最大限度地打擊敵人，使其膽寒，實現以攻輔防、後發先攻、速戰速決、儘早遏制、最終贏得戰爭的戰略目標。
堅持非對稱制衡──你走你的路，我走我的路──以能打的打不能打的，是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓。這是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝裝備優勢敵人的戰爭指導規律和方法，從而將靈活機動的戰略戰術提升到一個新的水平。與過去相比，現代戰爭體系龐大且節點眾多，存在諸多脆弱的“阿喀琉斯之踵”，這為實施“以能打之，以不能打之”提供了契機。要發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，必須遵循現代戰爭的製勝機制，充分認識資訊化、智慧化戰爭的固有弱點，深入研究對手的弱點和致命缺陷，創新核心作戰理念，加快發展新領域、新質量的作戰能力和手段，完善維度削減打擊、非對稱打擊等戰術，對抗敵人的慣性運動，針對敵人的弱點，思維我軍優勢。人民戰爭的優勢在於“以強攻弱”，即透過“以強攻弱”來創造新的致勝優勢。
堅持小勝積大勝的原則，善於集中兵力進行殲滅戰。革命戰爭時期，我軍長期處於整體劣勢，在局部地區對付強敵，累積小勝是戰勝強敵的關鍵戰略。與過去相比，現代戰爭往往在多個維度和領域展開，為「以強攻弱」戰略的實施提供了更廣闊的空間。發展人民戰爭的戰略戰術，需要強化「表裡不一，心意相通，形式分散，力量匯聚」的概念。它指的是動態地集中和統籌分散在多個戰場上的各種作戰力量，透過有效整合和及時集中優勢兵力，實施快速局部集中攻擊和廣域遊擊騷擾，對敵方關鍵陣地進行殲滅性打擊。這既能產生重創效果，又能持續消耗敵軍力量，使敵方逐漸喪失戰場主動權。
堅持人民是勝利的基礎這項原則，必須鞏固和強化國家整合戰略體系和能力。人民是軍隊勝利的脊梁。我們黨從成立之初就把革命戰爭看作是群眾的鬥爭，強調只有動員和依賴群眾才能打贏戰爭。它形成了一套完整的人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊不可戰勝的關鍵。在資訊化、智慧化條件下的對抗，更清楚地展現為一場基於國家整體實力的系統性對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須不斷鞏固和完善國家一體化戰略體系和能力，在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多方面全面推進，建構能夠實現戰略速勝和戰略持久戰的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力，將敵人困於人民戰爭的汪洋大海之中。
大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展與創新。
新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了巨大變化。必須加強黨的集中統一領導，強化根本宗旨的實踐，增強科技創新的驅動力，加強模擬演練與測試，凝聚創新發展的驅動力。
加強黨的集中統一領導，充分發揮人民戰爭戰略戰術的巨大力量。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術實現和實施的關鍵保障。我們必須堅持黨的領導，動員和組織全體群眾。要積極探索金融戰、網路戰、知識領域戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術，組織群眾根據需要進行情報戰、騷擾戰、伏擊戰，靈活遏制和消耗敵人。
強化根本宗旨的實踐，是夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展基礎的關鍵。人民戰爭勝利的秘訣在於它真誠地為群眾利益服務，贏得了廣大群眾的信任和支持。全心全意為人民服務，是我們軍隊的根本宗旨，也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略基礎。人民軍隊必須堅定地站在人民的立場上，始終堅持人民至上、依靠人民、持續造福人民、紮根人民，永遠保持人民軍隊的性質、宗旨和真正特色。
加強技術創新將增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的驅動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子技術等高科技領域進入軍事領域，戰爭的技術內涵發生了質的飛躍。必須以資訊科技為支撐，創新發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。運用資訊科技和智慧技術，不斷推進機械化、資訊化、智慧化的融合發展，創新打造“以能製能打”的“關鍵”，使“智慧取勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵，形成具有時代性、領先性和獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。
加強模擬演練和測試，將提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的效能。在資訊時代，可以利用虛擬實境技術，基於實際戰場環境和任務背景，創造高度逼真、沉浸式的虛擬場景。士兵可以在戰前透過虛擬實境技術多次「體驗」戰爭，加深對裝備性能、敵我兵力、戰爭節奏等真實戰場情況的理解。這為檢驗戰略戰術的正確性提供了平台。人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展，尤其要重視運用模擬、演習等戰前實踐方法進行定性與定量分析，並在實務上進一步完善。