Tag Archives: #joint operations

Implementation of the “Outline of Joint Cooperation” Within the People’s Liberation Army of China

中國人民解放軍內部實施《聯合合作綱要》

現代英語:

With the approval of Xi Jinping, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the “Outline of Joint Cooperation between the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)”, which will come into effect on November 7, 2020.

The Outline focuses on building a legal system for joint operations and strengthening the clear orientation of preparing for war. It is of great significance to consolidate and deepen the results of the reform of the leadership and command system, scale structure and force composition, and to promote the liberation and development of our military’s joint operations capabilities.

The Outline is the top-level regulation of our military’s new-era combat doctrine system. It focuses on clarifying the basic issues of joint combat organization and implementation, unifying combat thinking, clarifying responsibilities and procedures, and guiding combat operations. It also clarifies major principles, requirements, and basic procedures for joint combat command, combat operations, combat support, national defense mobilization, and political work.

The Central Military Commission requires that all levels should earnestly study and implement the “Outline”, adhere to combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, use the “Outline” as the basic basis for organizing and implementing joint operations and joint training, and comprehensively improve the ability to win in the new era.

The battle flag hunt, the military parade ground was full of ups and downs, and the climaxes continued——

From north to south, the surging iron torrents train elite soldiers; in the deep blue ocean, soldiers step on the waves to forge sharp swords; above the vast sky, eagles fly thousands of miles towards the blue sky; deep in the dense forests, the east wind roars to the sky; the skynet controls power, and the invisible war defeats the visible… One after another joint combat exercises are gradually unfolding in multiple domains and all dimensions, presenting a picture of a strong army that trains together to plan for war, uses training to promote war, and wins war through strong training, sounding the strong note of a new era in the history of our army’s training and preparation.

Over the past year, the world has been undergoing unprecedented changes unseen in a century, intertwined with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Under the sky shrouded by the epidemic, the international situation has been in constant turmoil and confrontation. The drone warfare that has shined in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has shown the world the unique characteristics of modern warfare.

“When times change, things change. When things change, we must be prepared for change.” In the future, “what kind of war to fight and how to fight it” carries the heavy mission, and the entire military is surging with enthusiasm for researching and winning wars.

Faced with new changes in the national security situation, new threats from powerful enemies and adversaries, and new developments in the form of warfare, we urgently need to provide answers to strengthening the military, winning battles, and meeting the needs of the times.

“Overall, modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are regularities behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Faced with the rapid development of the new world military revolution and changes in the war situation, under the guidance of the commander-in-chief and in accordance with the unified deployment of the CMC’s policy and system reforms, the CMC Joint Staff Department organized experts from the Academy of Military Sciences and capable personnel from relevant departments of the CMC, various theater commands, various military services and armed police forces to form a joint research group to pool wisdom and strength to tackle key problems and advance the formulation of new-era combat regulations.

On November 7, 2020, the “Outline of the Joint Cooperation Warfare of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)” was implemented throughout the army, marking a new coordinate system for our army’s joint cooperation war in the new era.

Since the issuance of the Outline, commanders have taken the lead in learning it, agencies have taken the lead in studying it, and troops have practiced learning it. The officers and soldiers of the whole army have been enthusiastic about learning and publicizing the Outline. A great discussion on joint operations in the new era, a great liberation of thoughts, and a great practice of preparation for war have been vigorously carried out in the whole army.

Pointing to victory, leading the new practice of preparing for war in the new era

“Following the main road, who would you follow to seek a shortcut?” In the world of soldiers, there is no such thing as “easy”. The only way to win a battle is to be prepared.

What kind of war we will fight in the future will require innovative tactics; if we cannot innovate tactics, it will be difficult to win future wars.

In essence, combat regulations are about solving the problem of how to fight and how to win, and are the refinement, deepening and concretization of military strategic policies. The Outline of Joint Cooperation of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) deeply studies the characteristics and laws of future wars, accurately grasps the era characteristics of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization of our army, and through the forward-looking and concrete design of future operations, implements the spiritual essence and content requirements of the new era’s military strategic policy into the troops’ preparation for war.

The Outline is not only a guideline for preparing for war, but also a guideline for winning joint operations.

At the beginning of the new year of 2021, a certain area of the Eastern Theater Command is organizing a multi-service, multi-directional, systematic combat training. Under the guidance of the newly issued “Outline”, this exercise involves the full-domain linkage of land, sea, air, space, network and electric power, close coordination of political and public opinion, and information-led throughout the entire process from combat preparation to situation shaping to mission implementation. All units work closely together, demonstrating the firm determination and strong ability to maintain national unity with a thunderous momentum, and also witnessing the transformation of our military joint cooperation from “formal linkage” to “spiritual linkage”.

In the west, at midnight in mid-spring 2021, a series of urgent alarm bells rang. According to the level transfer order of a certain base of the Western Theater Air Force, the officers and soldiers of a certain air defense battalion of the Army quickly rushed to their positions, and the level transfer time was further shortened. According to the unified deployment, more than 10 Army air defense forces in the theater air force responsibility area entered the Air Force command chain in an organized manner, breaking the information barrier of the services, sharing early warning information, and jointly taking on combat readiness duty, and initially forming a joint air defense combat system. “You lend me the ‘eye in the sky’, and I will help you with the ‘iron fist'”, the integrated joint air defense combat across the services has taken a new step and entered a new stage.

In the north, at the beginning of the summer of 2021, war eagles soared and iron currents rolled, and an exercise with the theme of air-ground joint operations was in full swing. According to the plan, a certain command post of the Air Force of the Northern Theater Command and a certain group army of the Army jointly organized a brigade-level command post exercise to study and explore the composition of joint command institutions and test the integrated joint combat command capabilities of the command post personnel. Intelligence analysis and processing, joint firepower strikes, and integrated rear-end support were coordinated and planned and carried out in an integrated manner, and the command institutions were organized in an integrated manner with all elements. Through repeated joint combat and training, the policy of leading training through combat and carrying out combat through training has been further implemented, and the joint combat and command capabilities of commanders of all services and arms have been significantly improved.

In the direction of the South China Sea, war eagles roared and attacked fiercely, dragons took off and stepped on the sea and waves, radars flew and missiles raised their heads… Under the unified command of the theater joint command, all mission forces worked as a whole and coordinated closely to quickly build a battlefield layout that was multi-domain joint, both offensive and defensive, and deployed in echelons. They adopted a combination of centralized command and decentralized command, and flexibly carried out sea and air escort and deterrence and expulsion in a reasonable, forceful and restrained manner, effectively maintaining peace and tranquility in the South China Sea.

In the past year since the implementation of the Outline, the orientation of preparing for war has become clearer and firmer, the sole fundamental standard of combat effectiveness has been more firmly established, training and preparation for war as the main responsibility of the troops has become more prominent, researching and planning war as the primary responsibility of officers and soldiers has become clearer, the ideas and measures for joint operations and victory have become increasingly effective, and the entire army has continued to set off a new upsurge in training and preparation for war.

Keep pace with the times and clarify the new mechanism of joint cooperation in the new era

“All beneficial ways go with the times.”

Military theorist Douhet once said: “Victory smiles only on those who can foresee the changes in the character of war, not on those who wait for the changes to happen and then adapt to them.”

Looking around the world, the game and struggle among major powers are intensifying, the threat of war exists, the war situation continues to evolve, new military reforms are booming, stealth, unmanned and intelligent weapons and equipment have become the mainstream trend, the battlefield space has expanded to all domains and dimensions, the integrated linkage of combat forces has become the norm, combat command, action and support have become more sophisticated, and winning future wars requires the support of more advanced combat theories.

The gap in combat concepts is the fundamental gap, and the backwardness of combat theory is the biggest backwardness. When modern wars are surging in the world, what is most needed is newer and braver minds.

The new-era combat regulations, led by the Outline, adhere to Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking and the new-era military strategic policy as the soul and outline, deeply grasp the new changes in national security, new adjustments in combat opponents, new designs in strategic layout, new connotations of active defense, and new developments in combat guidance, and materialize the principles and methods of commanders’ understanding and guidance of war into norms and standards for the specific implementation of the troops, so as to promote our military-joint cooperation war to a higher level.

——It comprehensively expounds the contemporary connotation of war guidance under information conditions.

The Outline aims to win future high-end wars, accurately grasps the characteristics of lowered thresholds for future armed conflicts, blurred boundaries of war, and increasingly prominent mutual influence and efficiency between the war field and other fields, strengthens the political and social attributes of combat operations, innovatively develops military struggle paradigms, emphasizes relying on the country’s integrated strategic system and capabilities, emphasizes the integration of war and non-war domains, emphasizes the comprehensive implementation of military and political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and other means, and gives full play to the overall advantages of the party, government, military, police and people. It reflects the modern war concept and the war guidance for winning the people’s war and total war in the new era.

——All elements standardize the style and methods of our joint military operations.

The Outline is based on the tasks and development of our army, and systematically expounds on the possible joint operations in the future, covering the core missions of various strategic directions, covering land, sea, air, space, network and electromagnetic multi-dimensional space. At the same time, it also creatively summarizes the basic types of joint operations, highlights the basic actions that run through the joint operations and have common characteristics, and forms a closed-loop chain of joint operations with all elements and in all fields.

——The joint combat command system and organizational operation mode were designed throughout the entire process.

The implementation of joint operations organizations is extremely complex and difficult. Whether they can be “coordinated” in terms of strength, “joined” in operations, and “excellent” in effectiveness depends crucially on whether they can achieve “unification” in command. The “Outline” focuses on building a strong and efficient joint operations command structure, closely integrates the Central Military Commission and the theater joint command operation model mechanism, fully considers that it not only complies with the general direction and general requirements of the reform, but also leaves room for flexible formation in practice. It focuses on solving major issues such as the construction of a joint operations command system, the differentiation of command authority and responsibility interfaces, and the integration of services into the joint system, so as to ensure that thousands of troops and horses can jointly act under unified orders.

Taking joint training as the guideline, promoting a new leap forward in joint training in the new era

At the Central Military Commission’s military training conference, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen joint training, adhere to joint training as the key, develop a joint training system with Chinese characteristics, and accelerate the improvement of integrated joint combat capabilities. Soldiers should be trained in the way they fight, and troops should be trained in what is needed for fighting. Today’s world-class armies all regard improving joint training as the top priority for war preparation.

The Outline is the opening chapter of the new era combat doctrine and the guiding principle for the transformation of joint training in the new era. The Outline provides direction, inspires vitality, and gives birth to a new pattern of joint training in the new era.

——Incorporate combat into training to present an “integrated posture” of training.

In the Taiwan Strait, the naval and air fleets carried out joint combat readiness patrols to test and enhance the joint combat capabilities of multiple services, maintain a high state of alert at all times, and resolutely defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Exercise preparation is combat preparation, and the exercise state is the combat state. Joint military exercises are no longer simple training activities, but have become a preparation process to promote combat readiness and enhance capabilities. Joint training, the “source” and “main stream” full of power, is guiding and driving the in-depth advancement and vigorous development of military struggle preparations, and fully unleashing the role and effectiveness of training to carry out combat and training to promote preparations.

——Systematic training has become the “new normal” of joint training.

“East”, “South”, “West”, “North”, and “Central” are joint live-fire exercises organized by various theater commands, “Crossing”, “Mobility”, “Red Sword”, “Sky Sword”, and “Joint Logistics Mission” are series of systematic exercises organized by various services, covering all seasons, all weather, and all regions. The CMC, theater commands, and services are responsible for division of labor, overall design, and systematic organization. They are decomposed from top to bottom and integrated from bottom to top, driving the operation and inspection of the joint combat system. Joint exercises and systematic training present a new look, and new changes have taken place in the training and preparation mode. Our military’s joint training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and overall improvement.

——Joint training between China and foreign countries highlights the “integration” of joint exercises.

At the foot of the Helan Mountains and in the heart of the Bronze Gorge Desert, the “Western Joint-2021” China-Russia joint exercise was booming. In this joint exercise, the Chinese and Russian militaries were mixed and planned together. The two sides shared their positions, coordinated closely, and acted together. They practiced more than 20 subjects such as joint air defense, joint obstacle removal, and joint three-dimensional seizure. With the support of the deeply integrated combat system between China and Russia, new breakthroughs in joint exercises and training were achieved. “Maritime Joint”, “Common Destiny”, “Peace Mission”… With the joint training between China and foreign countries as a “window”, the new changes in the joint training of the Chinese military are being brilliantly presented to the world.

——Intensive training in new domains, demonstrating an “open attitude” in research and warfare.

In joint exercises, underwater unmanned “fish schools”, land unmanned “wolf packs”, and air unmanned “bee swarms” began to emerge. New domains and new types of forces such as land aviation, special operations, electric power, unmanned, network, and aerospace were deeply integrated into the joint combat system and the joint exercise process, and realistic combat scenarios were carefully constructed to accurately experiment with modern war organization and management. As the most active practice area for preparing for war, joint training, with an innovative and open attitude, boldly tried and made great strides towards the new combat areas pointed out in the Outline.

Integrating war and construction to shape a new pattern of system construction in the new era

President Xi stressed that we must adhere to the principle of building the country in accordance with war, strengthen the coordination of war and construction, speed up the promotion of major strategic, leading and fundamental projects, and accelerate the creation of a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system.

If the “trouble” in the construction of the joint combat system is not resolved quickly, once the “interest” of the debt accumulates, it will become a “pain” on the battlefield tomorrow. From the perspective of war, the “Outline” calibrates the “sight” of construction and firmly points to the correct direction of military construction.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the needs of joint operations.

Under the guidance of the Outline, the concept of jointness has been gradually established, and the barriers of “coordination” of military operations and “integration” of combat domain capabilities have been gradually broken down. The land, sea, air, and fire arms have been combined in the same domain, and cross-domain integration of combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space has gradually become a reality. With the support of the network information system and combat data information as the link, a full-time and smooth command link has been built. The system is internally connected to each combat sub-center, and is connected to each combat group (team) command post. When necessary, it can directly reach the end of the individual platform to achieve joint command to the end. All operational forces worked together around the overall intention, realizing the transformation of the joint combat concept from focusing on the “service attributes” of combat forces to focusing on the “operational domain”, which has become the main feature of future joint combat. Studying, planning, and training for war with the “Outline” has become a trend throughout the military.

——Calibrate construction’s “sights” to point to system shortcomings and weaknesses.

Based on the Outline, our army insists on combining inheritance and innovation, theory and practice, innovatively designs strategies for winning future wars, focuses on highlighting problem orientation, takes root in training and preparation for war, promotes the construction of joint combat command system and new combat force construction, and effectively solves the outstanding shortcomings and weaknesses in military combat preparation. In mid-May 2021, the Party Committee of the Northern Theater Command held a special war meeting, and in accordance with the Outline, thoroughly identified contradictions and problems in joint combat research, command and control mode transformation, joint handling level, and efficient command capabilities. According to the Outline, it optimized system support, improved command and control methods, and improved command means, which promoted the transformation of the operation mode of the theater joint command center and the improvement of command effectiveness. Looking across the entire military, similar practices are becoming more and more common. Referring to the Outline to find gaps, ideas, and methods in the near and long term has become the new mainstream for planning and promoting construction at all levels and in all fields.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the urgent need to balance powerful enemies.

To implement the principle of building the military in accordance with war and coordinating the military construction, we must not only focus on solving current practical problems, but also pay attention to solving long-term development problems. The Outline is anchored on the future of defeating the strong and contains a far-sighted plan to build a world-class military. Guided by the Outline and focusing on changes in the war situation and changes in scientific and technological development, the construction of asymmetric means to check and balance powerful enemies has ushered in a qualitative leap. Batches of new drones, new helicopters and other advanced weapons and equipment have been tested and deployed, and a series of high-tech equipment has been deployed and developed, which has given us more confidence and stronger capabilities to win the war. The Outline condenses the “war code” of historical wisdom and also integrates the way to build first-class and win the future in the new era.

“But look at the path you have come from, and you will see verdant and green mountains.” One year after the implementation of the Outline, the new-era combat regulations are releasing capabilities and increasing efficiency in building a joint combat system with Chinese military characteristics.

In the new era and new journey, our path of joint military operations will surely become broader, our ability to defend the country’s strategic development interests will surely become stronger, our confidence in winning future informationized wars will surely become firmer, and the great goal of building a world-class military will surely be fully realized.

“We have a string that is tightly tied to us, a mission that we shoulder, and a storm that we are watching closely… We are always ready!”

現代國語:

經中央軍委主席習近平批准,中央軍委印發《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》,於2020年11月7日起施行。

《綱要》著眼構建聯合作戰法規體系,強化備戰打仗的鮮明導向,對鞏固深化領導指揮體制、規模結構和力量編成改革成果,對推動我軍聯合作戰能力解放和發展,具有重要意義。

《綱要》是我軍新時代作戰條令體系的頂層法規,重在明確聯合作戰組織實施的基本問題,重在統一作戰思想、釐清權責程序、指導作戰行動,明確聯合作戰指揮、作戰行動、作戰保障、國防動員、政治工作等重大原則、要求和基本程序。

中央軍委要求,各級要認真抓好《綱要》的學習貫徹,堅持戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准,將《綱要》作為組織實施聯合作戰和聯合訓練的基本依據,全面提高新時代打贏能力。

戰旗獵獵,演兵場上風起雲湧、高潮迭起——

大江南北,鐵流澎湃礪精兵;深藍大洋,蹈海踏浪鑄利劍;蒼穹之上,鵬飛萬裡向碧空;密林深處,東風浩蕩嘯九天;天網制權,無形之戰勝有形……一場場聯合作戰演練在多域全維漸次展開,鋪陳出一幅幅聯訓謀戰、以訓促戰、強訓勝戰的強軍畫卷,奏響著我軍練兵備戰史上新的時代強音。

一年來,世界百年未有之大變局交織全球新冠疫情之大流行,疫霾籠罩的天空之下,國際局勢波瀾不斷,伴隨著動蕩和對抗,納卡沖突中大放異彩的無人機作戰,向世界展現出現代戰爭獨有的特征。

“世異則事異,事異則備變。”未來“打什麼仗、怎麼打仗”承載著使命之重,全軍上下處處湧動著研戰謀勝的熱潮。

面對國家安全形勢新的變化,面對強敵對手新的威脅,面對戰爭形態新的演進,迫切需要我們給出強軍答案,給出勝戰答案,給出時代答案。

“總的看,現代戰爭確實發生了深刻變化。這些變化看上去眼花繚亂,但背後是有規律可循的,根本的是戰爭的制勝機理變了。”面對迅猛發展的世界新軍事革命和戰爭形態變化,在統帥指引下,按照軍委政策制度改革統一部署,軍委聯合參謀部組織軍事科學院專家力量和軍委機關有關部門、各戰區、各軍兵種和武警部隊精干人員成立聯合課題組,集智聚力攻關,緊前推動新時代作戰條令制定工作。

2020年11月7日,《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》在全軍施行,標定了新時代我軍聯合作戰新的坐標系。

《綱要》頒發以來,指揮員率先領學、機關帶頭熱學、部隊實際踐學,全軍官兵學習宣貫《綱要》熱潮奔湧,一場新時代聯合作戰大討論、思想大解放、備戰大實踐,在全軍部隊蓬勃開展。

劍指勝戰,引領新時代備戰打仗新實踐

“遵通衢之大道兮,求捷徑欲從誰?”軍人的世界,沒有“容易”二字。勝戰之道,唯有備戰。

未來打什麼樣的仗,就要創新什麼樣的戰法;創新不了戰法,就難以打贏未來的戰爭。

作戰條令實質上就是解決如何打仗、怎麼打贏的問題,是對軍事戰略方針的細化、深化和具體化。《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要(試行)》(以下簡稱《綱要》)深入研究未來戰爭特點規律,准確把握我軍機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展的時代特征,通過對未來作戰的前瞻性具象化設計,將新時代軍事戰略方針的精神實質和內容要求具體落實到部隊備戰打仗實踐中去。

《綱要》既是備戰指導綱要,更是聯戰勝戰綱要。

2021年新春伊始,東部戰區某區域,正在組織一場多軍種多方向成體系實戰化訓練。此次演練,在新出台的《綱要》引領下,陸海空天網電全域聯動,政治輿論密切配合,從作戰准備到態勢塑造再到任務實施,全流程信息主導,各單位密切協同,以雷霆萬鈞之勢彰顯了維護國家統一的堅定決心和強大能力,也見證了我軍聯合作戰由“形聯”到“神聯”的蛻變。

西部方向,2021年仲春午夜,一陣急促的警鈴聲響起,根據西部戰區空軍某基地等級轉進指令,陸軍某防空營官兵迅速奔向戰位,等級轉進時間進一步縮短。按照統一部署,戰區空軍責任區內,10余支陸軍防空力量成建制進入空軍指揮鏈條,打破軍種信息壁壘,實現共享預警信息、共同擔負戰備值班,初步形成聯合防空作戰體系。“你借我‘天眼’,我助你‘鐵拳’”,跨軍兵種的一體化聯合防空作戰邁出了新步伐,進入了新階段。

北部方向,2021年盛夏之初,戰鷹翱翔,鐵流滾滾,一場以空地聯合為主題的演習正在火熱進行。根據計劃,北部戰區空軍某指揮所與陸軍某集團軍共同組織軍旅兩級指揮所演習,研究探索聯合指揮機構編成,檢驗指揮所人員一體化聯合作戰指揮能力。情報分析處理、聯合火力打擊、綜合後裝保障等環節協同籌劃、一體展開,指揮機構人員一體編設、要素齊全。在一次次聯戰聯訓的淬煉下,以戰領訓、以訓載戰進一步落地落實,各軍兵種指揮員的聯合作戰指揮能力得到明顯提升。

南海方向,戰鷹呼嘯、攻勢凌厲,蛟龍出動、蹈海踏浪,雷達飛轉、導彈昂首……在戰區聯指的統一指揮下,各任務部隊一體聯動、密切協同,迅速構建起多域聯合、攻防兼備、梯次部署的戰場布勢,采取集中指揮與分散指揮相結合的方式,靈活機動開展海空護航和威懾驅離,有理有力有節,有效維護了南海的和平與安寧。

《綱要》施行一年來,備戰打仗的導向更加鮮明堅定,戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准樹得更牢,練兵備戰作為部隊主責主業更加突出,研戰謀戰作為官兵第一責任更加清晰,聯戰勝戰的思路舉措越來越見成效,全軍持續掀起練兵備戰新的熱潮。

與時俱進,釐清新時代聯合作戰新機理

“凡益之道,與時偕行。”

軍事理論家杜黑曾言:“勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑,而不是向那些等待變化發生再去適應的人微笑。”

放眼世界,大國博弈斗爭加劇,戰爭威脅現實存在,戰爭形態持續演進,新軍事變革蓬勃發展,武器裝備隱身化、無人化、智能化成為主流趨勢,戰場空間向全域全維拓展,作戰力量一體聯動成為常態,作戰指揮、行動和支援保障更趨精細,打贏未來戰爭需要更加先進的作戰理論支撐。

作戰理念的差距才是根本的差距,作戰理論的落後才是最大的落後。當現代化戰爭在世界洶湧澎湃的時候,最需要的是更新銳、更勇敢的頭腦。

以《綱要》為統領的新時代作戰條令,堅持把習近平軍事戰略思想、新時代軍事戰略方針作為魂和綱,深刻把握國家安全新變化、作戰對手新調整、戰略布局新設計、積極防御新內涵、作戰指導新發展,將統帥認知戰爭、指導戰爭的原則和方法,物化為部隊具體執行的規范標准,推進我軍聯合作戰邁向更高層次。

——全維度闡述了信息化條件下戰爭指導的時代內涵。

《綱要》瞄准打贏未來高端戰爭,准確把握未來武裝沖突門檻降低、戰爭界限模糊,戰爭領域與其他領域的斗爭相互影響增效日漸突出等特點,強化作戰行動的政治、社會屬性,創新發展軍事斗爭范式模式,強調依托國家一體化戰略體系和能力,強調戰與非戰多域融合,強調軍事與政治、外交、經濟、文化等多手段綜合施策,發揮黨政軍警民整體優勢,反映了現代戰爭理念和打贏新時代人民戰爭、總體戰的戰爭指導。

——全要素規范了我軍聯合作戰行動樣式和行動方法。

《綱要》立足我軍擔負任務和建設發展實際,對未來可能實施的聯合作戰樣式進行了系統闡述,覆蓋各戰略方向核心使命,遍及陸、海、空、天、網絡和電磁多維空間。同時,還創造性地總結歸納了聯合作戰基本行動類型,將貫穿聯合作戰始終並具有共性特征的基本行動突出出來,形成全要素全領域聯合行動的閉環鏈路。

——全流程設計了聯合作戰指揮體系及組織運行方式。

聯合作戰組織實施復雜度極高、難度極大,能否在力量上“合”、行動上“聯”、效能上“優”,關鍵要看指揮上能否實現“統”。《綱要》圍繞打造堅強高效的聯合作戰指揮機構,緊密結合軍委、戰區聯指運行模式機制,充分考慮到既順應改革大方向和總要求,又為實際中靈活編組留有余地,重點解決聯合作戰指揮體系構建、指揮權責界面區分、軍種融入聯合體系等重大問題,確保千軍萬馬在統一號令下聯合行動。

以聯為綱,推動新時代聯合訓練新躍升

一引其綱,萬目皆張。習主席在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上強調,要強化聯合訓練,堅持以聯為綱,發展我軍特色聯合訓練體系,加速提升一體化聯合作戰能力。仗怎麼打、兵就怎麼練,打仗需要什麼、部隊就應該練什麼。當今世界一流軍隊,無不把提高聯合訓練水平視為戰爭准備的第一要務。

《綱要》是新時代作戰條令的開篇之作,也是新時代聯合訓練轉型的指向遵循。《綱要》指引著方向,《綱要》激發著活力,催生了新時代聯合訓練的新格局。

——寓戰於訓,呈現訓備“一體態”。

台灣海峽,海空編隊實施聯合戰備警巡,檢驗提升多軍兵種聯合作戰能力,時刻保持高度戒備狀態,堅決捍衛國家主權和領土完整。演練准備就是作戰准備,演練狀態就是作戰狀態,聯合演兵不再是單純的訓練活動,已經成為推進備戰、提升能力的准備過程。聯合訓練這個充滿力量的“源頭”“干流”,正在牽引、帶動軍事斗爭准備深入推進、蓬勃發展,充分釋放以訓載戰、以訓促備的作用功效。

——體系實訓,成為聯訓“新常態”。

“東部”“南部”“西部”“北部”“中部”,各戰區組織的一場場聯合實兵演習,“跨越”“機動”“紅劍”“天劍”“聯勤使命”,各軍兵種組織的系列體系化演訓,覆蓋了全季節、全天候、全地域。軍委機關、戰區、軍兵種分工負責,整體化設計、體系化組織,從上到下逐級分解,從下向上逐級集成,帶動聯合作戰體系運轉檢驗。聯合演訓、體系練兵呈現新氣象,練兵備戰模式出現新變化,我軍聯合訓練進入了全方位變革、整體性提升的新階段。

——中外聯訓,突顯聯演“融合態”。

賀蘭山下,青銅峽大漠腹地,“西部·聯合-2021”中俄聯演炮聲隆隆。此次聯演,中俄兩軍混合編組、合帳籌劃,雙方態勢共享、密切協同、聯合行動,演練聯合防空、聯合破障、聯合立體奪要等20余個課目,在中俄深度融合的作戰體系支撐下,實現聯演聯訓的新突破。 “海上聯合”“共同命運”“和平使命”……以中外聯訓為“窗口”,中國軍隊聯合訓練的新變化正在向世界精彩呈現。

——新域精訓,展現研戰“開放態”。

一場場聯合演練活動中,水下無人“魚群”、陸上無人“狼群”、空中無人“蜂群”開始真正湧現,陸航、特戰、電抗、無人、網絡、空天等新域新質力量,深度融入聯合作戰體系,深度進入聯合演練流程,精細構設現實作戰場景,精准實驗現代戰爭組織管理。作為備戰打仗最活躍的實踐領域,聯合訓練以創新、開放的姿態,朝著《綱要》指出的新型作戰領域,大膽嘗試、闊步前進。

戰建一體,塑造新時代體系建設新格局

習主席強調指出,要堅持以戰領建,加強戰建統籌,抓緊推進戰略性、引領性、基礎性重大工程,加快打造高水平戰略威懾和聯合作戰體系。

聯合作戰體系建設上的“患”,如不加快解決,一旦欠賬“復息”疊加,就將成為明天戰場上的“痛”。《綱要》從戰的角度,校准建的“准星”,堅定地指向軍隊建設正確的方向。

——校准建設“准星”指向聯合作戰所需。

在《綱要》指引下,聯合理念逐步確立,軍兵種行動“配合”、作戰域能力“整合”的壁壘逐漸被打破,陸、海、空、火等軍兵種並域聯合,太空、網絡、電磁空間等作戰域跨域融合逐步成為現實。以網絡信息體系為支撐,以作戰數據信息為紐帶,構建起全時暢通的指揮鏈路。系統內聯各作戰分中心,下接各作戰群(隊)指揮所,必要時直達單兵平台末端,實現聯合指揮到底到邊。各行動力量圍繞整體意圖共同發力,實現了聯合作戰理念以作戰力量“軍種屬性”為著眼,向以“作戰域”歸屬為著眼的轉變,成為未來聯合作戰的主要特征。拿著《綱要》研打仗、謀打仗、練打仗,在全軍上下蔚然成風。

——校准建設“准星”指向體系短板弱項。

以《綱要》為依據,我軍堅持繼承與創新、理論與實踐相結合,創新設計未來戰爭制勝之策,注重突出問題導向,植苗扎根練兵備戰,推進聯合作戰指揮體系建設、新型作戰力量建設,有效解決了軍事斗爭准備的突出短板弱項。2021年5月中旬,北部戰區黨委召開專題議戰會,對照《綱要》深入查找聯合作戰研究、指控模式轉變、聯合處置層次、高效指揮能力等方面的矛盾問題,依據《綱要》優化體系支撐、改進指控方法、完善指揮手段,推動了戰區聯指中心運行模式轉變和指揮效能提升。放眼全軍,類似的做法越來越多,參照《綱要》顧近及遠找差距、找思路、找方法,成為各層級各領域謀劃推動建設的新主流。

——校准建設“准星”指向制衡強敵所急。

落實以戰領建、戰建統籌,既要立足解決當前實際問題,又要注重解決長遠發展問題。《綱要》錨定未來制強勝強,蘊含著建設世界一流軍隊的深遠謀劃。以《綱要》為引領,著眼戰爭形態之變、科技發展之變,制衡強敵非對稱手段建設迎來了質的飛越。一批批新型無人機、新式直升機等先進武器裝備試驗列裝,一系列高新技術裝備部署研發,我們勝戰的底氣更足、能力更強。《綱要》濃縮了歷史智慧的“戰爭法典”,也融匯了新時代建設一流、制勝未來的勝戰之道。

“卻顧所來徑,蒼蒼橫翠微。”《綱要》施行一年來,新時代作戰條令正在為構建我軍特色的聯合作戰體系釋能增效。

新時代新征程,我軍聯合作戰之路必將更加寬廣,捍衛國家戰略發展利益的能力必將更加強大,打贏未來信息化戰爭的信心必將更加堅定,建設世界一流軍隊的偉大目標必將全面實現。

“有一根弦我們緊繃著,有一種使命我們肩扛著,有一片風浪我們緊盯著……我們時刻准備著!”

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/4902340888.html

Advantages, Prospects of Multi-domain Integration & Cross-domain Attack and Defense

多域融合與跨域攻防的優勢與前景

現代英語:

“Multi-domain fusion operations” and “cross-domain collaborative operations” are the latest operational ideas proposed by the US military in recent years, guiding the gradual upgrade and evolution of the US military’s combat concepts to joint concepts, and building a new war style based on this, covering all combat fields such as “land, sea, air, space, and network”, and integrating various capabilities such as space, network, deterrence, transportation, electromagnetic spectrum, and missile defense. Through this new combat idea, we can compete with competitors such as Russia in various fields, develop asymmetric advantages, and ensure the leading position of our country’s military strength. What advantages do multi-domain fusion operations and cross-domain offense and defense have in actual combat, and what are their development prospects?

The evolution of the concept of global warfare

After the mid-1970s, the U.S. Army successively proposed combat concepts such as “central combat”, “expanded battlefield” and “integrated battlefield”, forming the “air-ground integrated combat” combat theory. Air-ground integrated combat requires the coordination and unity of ground forces and the air force, and conducts deep operations on the basis of the air force’s battlefield air interdiction and offensive air support. For the first time, the combat concept of multi-service coordinated operations appeared, and this combat theory was also tested in actual combat in the Gulf War. This is the starting point for the birth of the concept of multi-domain warfare and even global warfare.

On October 3, 2016, at the annual meeting of the Association of the United States Army, General David G. Perkins, then commander of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, delivered a public speech in which he used the word “domain” for the first time to accurately summarize the new form of international warfare, and put forward the view that “all domains of the United States are challenged” and “advantages in a single domain cannot win the war”, and then introduced the concept of “multi-domain combat”. The operational concept of “multi-domain combat” requires close cooperation between the combat forces of various services, abandoning the inertia of the service thinking of pursuing control in a single domain, and providing a “multi-domain solution” for the national command authorities.

In October 2018, the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command issued the 1.5 version of the concept of “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Operations 2028”. As the most mature version of the concept, it replaced the original word “battle” with “operation” and extended the concept of “multi-domain combat”. The concept of “multi-domain combat” is only applicable to the conflict stage, but in the case that the competition between nation states has become a new factor in the world situation, simply winning the actual conflict has very limited significance for the overall combat background, so the concept of “multi-domain” must be extended and deepened. The concept of “multi-domain combat” introduces relevant cross-government and cross-institutional elements into the “competition continuum” of “competition, armed conflict and return to competition”, and puts forward the three core concepts of “calibrating force posture, using multi-domain formations, and achieving multi-domain aggregation” in “multi-domain warfare”, clarifies the specific needs of “multi-domain formations”, and refines the corresponding combat capabilities that troops at different levels need to have in “multi-domain warfare”.

“Cross-domain coordination” refers to the mutual cooperation of various services to make up for the deficiencies of other forces in combat, thereby achieving complementary efficiency in various fields and successfully completing combat missions. Guided by the basic ideas of multi-domain integration and cross-domain coordination, the US military has formed the concept of “full-domain warfare”, that is, to develop the joint combat capabilities of various services throughout the entire process of combat and training, and realize the transformation of the army into a joint combat force.

The advantages of all-domain operations are obvious

Judging from the current international military development situation, countries will face an increasingly complex, deadly, extremely active, and urbanized battlefield. The combat environment is becoming increasingly fragile, and the combat mode of the traditional battlefield is no longer applicable to contemporary warfare. Against this background, the US military has proposed the concept of full-domain warfare in order to cope with the increasingly complex international environment. What are the advantages of multi-domain warfare and cross-domain attack and defense on the modern battlefield?

Multi-domain integration enables the advantages of different arms to overlap and their disadvantages to complement each other. The predecessor of multi-domain warfare, “Air-Land Integrated Warfare”, was a combat style of joint operations between the Air Force and the Army that the U.S. military attempted to establish in the early 1980s in response to the huge threat posed by Soviet tank clusters to NATO on the European plains. This combat mode requires a high degree of coordination between ground forces and air forces. Ground forces conduct offensive mobile defense operations on the front line, while the Air Force blocks the replenishment of front-line forces by striking the enemy’s rear, thereby providing tactical support to the front-line army. This is also the first time in the history of the U.S. military that the Air Force and the Army have conducted in-depth cooperation, which has increased the complexity and flexibility of the U.S. military’s operations, made the U.S. military’s tactical options richer and more dynamic, and posed a greater strategic deterrence to the enemy.

On the other hand, cross-domain attack and defense can expand asymmetric advantages and impose greater restrictions on the enemy’s power. Since the concept of cross-domain attack and defense emphasizes the coordination of offensive and defensive forces in different fields, during the battle, the army can exert greater pressure on the enemy through its own advantageous fields, making it difficult for the enemy’s power to be maximized, thereby expanding the asymmetric advantage, maximizing its own strength and weakening the enemy’s power. In recent years, all countries have attached great importance to the technical development and research in the field of network electromagnetics. To some extent, this is because the field of network electromagnetics is a new product that came with the information age. Emerging powers that try to catch up with old powers can establish their own advantages through the development of this field, while old powers do not want to be overtaken and have fields that can be used as weaknesses by the enemy. Therefore, all countries have unanimously regarded the research and development of the field of network electromagnetics as one of their current key areas of development, which also reflects the great power of cross-domain attack and defense in modern information-based intelligent warfare.

Global war has broad prospects for development

At present, the concept of “global warfare” only has a theoretical basis, and it still takes a lot of effort to convert theory into practice. The vice chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff clearly stated in an interview: “The seamless integration of various fields and effective command and control are still a daunting challenge. We are not sure how to do it, and no one has a ready-made answer.”

In the process of achieving true joint operations, there are obstacles in various aspects, including culture, economy, and politics. These problems will affect the establishment of truly joint combat forces and joint combat modes. First, each service has formed its own unique combat style and combat culture in the long-term development process. The differences in the culture of different services may lead to different concepts of combat focus on the construction of joint combat forces, which in turn leads to unclear directions and goals for force construction. Secondly, the budget for military construction is limited, and each service will try its best to use it for the update and research and development of its own weapons and equipment, resulting in the budget giving priority to meeting the needs of each service rather than joint combat needs. Finally, it is difficult for the Ministry of National Defense to obtain the power of integrated government and allies. “Cross-domain coordination” is a game of national comprehensive power, which includes politics, economy, diplomacy, intelligence and other aspects. It requires the coordination and coordination of government agencies in various fields of the country, and relying solely on the Ministry of National Defense does not have enough power to achieve the integration of various forces.

These issues all affect the development of “all-domain warfare”, but in any case, as a new combat concept, “all-domain warfare” will surely become an important mode of future combat. The United States released the “Joint All-Domain Combat Software” in April this year, aiming to develop theater-level joint all-domain combat software to allocate combat resources and achieve coordinated killing in the fields of land, sea, air, space, and electromagnetic fields. This action also shows the United States’ determination to achieve “all-domain warfare.” (Zhang Haoyue, Shen Qiyou, Ma Jianguang)

(Editors: Huang Zijuan, Chen Yu)

現代國語:

“多域融合作戰”與“跨域協同作戰”是美軍近年來最新提出的作戰思想,指導著美國軍種作戰概念逐步向聯合概念升級演進,並以此為基礎打造全新戰爭樣式,建設涵蓋“陸、海、空、天、網”等全部作戰領域,融合太空、網絡、威懾、運輸、電磁頻譜、導彈防禦等各種能力的聯合作戰部隊。透過這種全新的作戰思想與俄羅斯等競爭對手在各領域內角力較量,發展不對稱優勢,確保本國軍事實力的領先地位。多域融合作戰與跨域攻防在實戰中有著怎樣的優勢,發展前景又如何呢?

全局戰概念演變過程

1970年代中期後,美國陸軍先後提出了「中心戰」、「擴大的戰場」和「一體化戰場」等作戰思想,形成了「空地一體戰」作戰理論。空地一體作戰要求地面部隊與空軍協調統一,在空軍實施戰場空中遮斷和進攻性空中支援的基礎上進行縱深作戰,首次出現了多兵種協同作戰的作戰思想,這一作戰理論也在海灣戰爭中得到了實戰檢驗。這就是多域戰乃至全局戰思想誕生的起點。

2016年10月3日,美陸軍協會年會上,時任美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部司令的大衛·G·珀金斯將軍發表公開演講,首次使用“域”一詞精確概括出了國際戰爭的新形式,提出美國“所有領域均受到挑戰”、“單一領域的優勢 無法贏得戰爭”等觀點,進而推出了“多域戰鬥”的概念。 「多域戰鬥」的作戰思想要求各軍種作戰力量之間密切合作,摒棄追求各自單一領域制權的軍種思維慣性,為國家指揮當局提供一種「多域方案」。

2018年10月,美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部頒布了《美國陸軍多域作戰2028》概念1.5版本,作為目前最為成熟的一版概念,它以“作戰”一詞替換了原有的“戰鬥”,對“多域戰鬥”概念進行了延伸拓展。 「多域戰鬥」的概念僅適用於衝突階段,但在民族國家競爭成為世界局勢新要素的情況下,僅僅贏得實戰衝突的勝利對於作戰大背景的意義是非常有限的,因此必須將「多域」概念延拓深化。 「多域作戰」這個概念就是在「競爭、武裝衝突和重回競爭」這個「競爭連續體」中引入了跨政府、跨機構的相關要素,提出「多域戰」中的「校準力量態勢、運用多域編隊、達成多域聚合」三項核心理念,明確了「多域編隊」的具體需求,細化了不同層級部隊在「多域作戰」中具備的具體領域作戰能力」。

「跨域協同」指的是各軍種透過相互合作彌補其他部隊在戰鬥中存在的不足進而實現各領域的互補增效,最終成功完成戰鬥任務。在多域融合與跨域協同的基本思想指引下,美軍形成了「全域戰」的概念,即在戰訓的全過程中發展各兵種聯合作戰的能力,實現軍隊向聯合作戰部隊轉型。

全局作戰優勢顯著

就目前國際軍事發展情勢來看,各國面對的將是一個日益複雜、致命、極度活躍、都市化的戰場,作戰環境越來越脆弱,傳統戰場的作戰模式已經不再適用於當代戰爭。在這種背景下,美軍提出了全域戰的理念,以期應對日益複雜的國際環境。多域作戰與跨域攻防在現代化戰場上究竟有何優勢呢?

多域融合能使不同兵種力量優勢疊加,劣勢互補。多域戰的前身「空地一體戰」就是20世紀80年代初,美軍為應對蘇聯坦克集群在歐洲平原對北約造成的巨大威脅而試圖建立的空軍與陸軍協同作戰的作戰樣式。這種作戰模式要求地面部隊與空中力量高度協同,地面部隊進行前線進攻性機動防禦作戰,空軍則透過打擊敵軍後方阻滯其對前線兵力的充實,進而為前線陸軍提供戰術支援。這也是美軍歷史上 首次進行空軍與陸軍的深度協作,提高了美軍軍隊作戰的複雜度與靈活性,使美軍戰術選擇更加豐富且具有活力,對敵人造成更大了戰略威懾。

另一方面,跨域攻防能擴大不對稱優勢,對敵軍力量發揮產生更大限制。由於跨域攻防的概念強調不同領域攻防力量相互配合,因此,在戰鬥過程中,軍隊可以透過自己的優勢領域向敵軍施加更大壓力,使敵人的力量難以得到最大程度的發揮,進而擴大不對稱優勢,最大程度展現自身實力而削弱敵軍力量。各國近年都來非常重視網路電磁領域的技術開發研究,某種程度上就是因為網路電磁領域是隨著資訊時代而來的新產物,試圖趕超老牌強國的新興大國能夠透過這個領域的發展建立自身優勢,而老牌強國不希望被追趕,出現能夠被敵軍當作弱點打擊的領域。因此各國都不約而同地將網路電磁領域的研究發展作為了自己目前發展的重點領域之一,這也體現了跨域攻防在現代資訊化智慧戰爭中的巨大力量。

全局戰發展前景廣闊

目前,「全局戰」這一理念只是擁有了理論基礎,要將理論轉換為實踐仍需許多努力,美軍參聯會副主席在接受采訪時明確表示:“各領域的無縫融合和有效 指揮控制仍是一項艱鉅的挑戰,我們還不清楚究竟要如何做到,沒人有現成的答案。”

在實現真正的聯合作戰過程中,存在著包括文化、經濟、政治等各方面的阻礙,這些問題都會影響真正意義上的聯合作戰部隊、聯合作戰模式的建立。首先,各軍種在長期發展過程中都形成了本軍種特有的作戰樣式與戰鬥文化,不同軍種文化的分歧可能導致對聯合作戰部隊建設的作戰重點觀念不同,進而造成部隊建設的方向模糊,目標不明確。其次,軍隊建設預算有限,各軍種都會盡力爭取用於自身武器裝備更新研發,導致預算優先滿足各軍種需求而非聯合作戰需求。最後,國防部難以獲取整合政府與盟國力量,「跨域協同」是國家綜合力量的博弈,包含了政治、經濟、外交、情報等各個方面,需要國家各領域政府機構力量的配合協同,而僅依靠國防部是沒有足夠的權力實現各力量的整合。

這些問題都影響著“全局戰”的發展進程,但無論如何,作為新型作戰理念的“全局戰”都必將成為未來作戰的重要模式,美國更是在今年4月發布了“聯合全局作戰軟體”,旨在開發戰區級聯合全局作戰軟體,以編配作戰資源,實現陸、海、空、天、電磁等領域的協同殺傷。這項行動也昭示了美國實現「全域戰」的決心。 (張顴月、申起有、馬建光)

(編按:黃子娟、陳羽)

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0817/c1011-31824792888.html

Chinese Military Self-coupled Operations: China’s New Trend in Future Joint Operations

中國軍隊自主耦合作戰:中國未來聯合作戰新趨勢

現代英語:

Faced with changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, the combat mode of fixed formation, task balance, and tree-shaped command formed in traditional warfare will be difficult to adapt to battlefield needs. It is urgent to change the concept and innovate the implementation of self-coupling operations. The so-called self-coupling operations refer to the support of big data, cloud computing, and intelligent network information systems. The participating forces focus on the commander’s intentions, based on mission objectives and combat needs, breaking through regional, organizational, and field restrictions, and instantly perceive the situation, quickly and dynamically form groups, and autonomously match tasks, aggregate system advantages, and maximize the release of system combat capabilities.

Using the most appropriate forces to carry out the most appropriate tasks and achieve the best release of combat effectiveness has always been the highest level of war guidance.

Turning over the pages of human war history, coupling energy release is closely related to the development of war and command coordination. What has changed is the coupling organizational form – evolving from “other coupling” to “self coupling”; what remains unchanged is the pursuit of coupling value – the pursuit of the best release of combat effectiveness and the pursuit of the best combat benefits.

In the cold weapon era, the two sides formed simple formations and fought face to face. The war leaders often relied on their own exemplary role or simple organization to achieve effective coordination of different combat forces and combat actions, thereby maximizing the release of combat energy. In this sense, in the cold weapon era, combat was mainly organized by the commander’s orders, that is, “hetero-coupling”.

In the era of hot weapons, with the increase of the strike distance, weapons and equipment such as artillery, aircraft, tanks, and ships have appeared one after another. Combat operations have become more complicated and mutual coordination has become more important. Commanders and their command agencies must make careful pre-war planning and rely on wired/wireless communications to implement wartime control. The release of combat effectiveness is mainly achieved by the force organization, task allocation, action sequence, and support guarantee determined by the commander, that is, it has not yet gotten rid of the constraints of “other coupling”. However, due to the rapid changes in the battlefield situation, pre-war planning and organization have been difficult to adapt to actual combat needs. In response to battlefield uncertainty, with a focus on giving full play to the subjective initiative of the task force, command methods such as decentralized command, delegated command, and task-based command have emerged one after another. From the perspective of energy release, these command methods can be used as self-coupling operations based on command authorization.

In modern joint operations, unmanned forces have emerged, long-range precision strikes have become the new cutting-edge, stealth and high speed have gradually become the main force, multi-dimensional battlefields are deployed in full depth, multiple forces are mixed, and multi-domain operations are coordinated and efficient. Although the release of combat effectiveness still relies on “other coupling”, more emphasis is placed on “self-coupling”. The concept of “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign militaries in recent years aims to emphasize the use of technical architecture to enable existing systems to be flexibly networked and quickly configured, and to provide the desired combat capabilities at the time and place specified by the commander. In recent years, in local wars and armed conflicts, the military of some countries has reconstructed the killing link based on the network information system, issued tasks based on the network, and the combat units implemented “order-based” strikes, which has begun to show signs of self-coupling operations.

Information and intelligent technology provides a means to support the best release of combat effectiveness, and it is mandatory to migrate to self-coupling combat.

With the widespread use of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum communications, it has become possible to distribute combat forces in all dimensions and to make heterogeneous isomorphism, to make extreme use of combat resources and to release them on demand, thus forcing the transformation of combat methods to self-coupled combat.

Real-time battlefield situation perception provides a “smart eye” for self-coupled operations. Supported by information network technology, multi-domain, multi-dimensional and multi-dimensional early warning and reconnaissance means such as space-based monitoring, air early warning, maritime detection, underwater surveillance, and ground perception can obtain battlefield intelligence information in real time and efficiently process and integrate various types of information, so that combat units distributed in various fields and full depth can obtain complete, accurate, and real-time battlefield situations, so that the entire combat system can clearly perceive potential threats and accurately judge the targets of attack, providing a “clairvoyance” for its autonomous implementation of combat operations.

Cross-domain operations and real-time strikes provide an “arm” for self-coupling operations. The concept of “multi-domain warfare” proposed by foreign militaries is actually a combination of the strengths of multiple domains to overcome the weaknesses of other domains. In recent local wars, foreign militaries have practiced cross-generational integration, system-based counterattacks, division-based counterattacks, and unmanned clusters to attack high-value targets with humans, which mostly reflect this asymmetric balance concept of multi-domain operations. The development of intelligent technology will further change this way of fighting. The “perception-decision-strike-assessment” link of various combat units will achieve instantaneous transmission from “sensor to shooter”, and strike preparations will achieve “zero warm-up”, and “discovery is destruction” can be truly realized. This “zero reaction” of cross-domain operations provides a “fist” for the implementation of self-coupling operations.

Highly intelligent decision-making systems provide the “brain” for self-coupled operations. With the evolution of artificial intelligence, the “external brain” functions of staff officers, such as auxiliary decision-making, command and control, and evaluation and deduction, will be increasingly replaced by artificial intelligence “smart brains”, and ubiquitous “intelligent staff officers” will replace the large group of staff officers. With the support of intelligence, force allocation will shift to real-time task-based combination, force selection will shift to domain aggregation, system selection, and on-demand selection, combat operations will shift to immediate response, synchronous collaboration, and precise energy release, the command system will be reshaped into a command structure with star-point distribution and different authority, and the command method will shift to task issuance and node control. Strike power, information power, and protection power will be released on the most appropriate target at the most needed time and in the most appropriate way to achieve the maximum transformation of combat potential.

The network information system provides the “meridians” for self-coupling operations. With the development of information technology, the network aggregation function of the network information system is more powerful than ever before. The dispersed combat forces, combat units, and weapons and equipment become equal network information nodes based on various information links, and can obtain and use information without distinction. Just like the meridians of the human body, this characteristic of the network information system not only facilitates the command organization to issue instructions and control actions, but also transports blood and provides nutrients for combat units. Based on the network information system, the joint combat command organization can not only issue tasks in the cloud to truly achieve “decentralization”, but also monitor the battlefield situation, perceive the effects of operations, and deploy force resources; combat units can carry out “order-based” task selection, and carry out autonomous actions based on network intelligence brains to minimize internal consumption of forces and form local optimal combat capabilities.

Strive to explore the way of combat operations dominated by “other coupling” in strategic campaigns and “self coupling” in tactics

Victory always smiles upon those who can foresee the changes in the nature of war. In response to changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, we must base ourselves on the current reality of the troops, look forward to future combat developments, and step up efforts to promote concept renewal, training transformation, and condition building, so as to get closer and closer to actual combat.

Actively promote the renewal of combat concepts. At present, intelligent unmanned combat forces have been widely used in modern battlefields, and joint operations are rapidly developing towards cohesive integration. We should break through the constraints of the concept of controlling platform weapons and transform to system optimization, highlight the rapid combination of forces and planning actions in battle, and build a modular and resilient combat system; we should break through the constraints of the traditional concept of the number of combat resources and transform to micro-group multi-function, build a highly intelligent combat group, and promote the transformation of the combat system to adaptive and system-emergent functions; we should break through the constraints of the traditional concept of overall control and transform to task command, set tasks, goals, and forces based on the situation, and promote the action mode of superior card point command and multi-level parallel implementation; we should break through the constraints of the traditional concept of coordination and transform to autonomous combat, based on task allocation, rule coordination, and situation collaboration, to promote the optimal release of combat energy.

Speed up the improvement of the combat rules system. The promotion of self-coupling combat is inseparable from the rules and constraints of unified action, mutual integration, and coordination of various combat forces within the system. These rules are not only the necessary prerequisites for intelligent decision-making support systems, but also the key to avoiding arbitrary actions and coordination disorders. An efficiency priority rule should be established, that is, according to the combat capabilities and strike effects of multi-domain combat units, the effectiveness of paralysis and disability should be used as the force selection standard to provide a basis for the integration of combat forces in different domains and of different qualities; a force-dominant rule should be established, that is, the coordination relationship between different forces should be clarified, and force-dominant rules should be established according to tasks, sub-targets, and fields, to provide a basis for the timing and coordination of combined domain actions; an authorization rule should be established, that is, combat units perform the command and responsibility of a certain field, a certain direction, or a certain action according to the authorization of the commander, to provide a basis for responding to the battlefield and commanding the lower level; a control rule should be established to clarify the timing, method, and authority of the commander’s control to ensure that the operation is always carried out according to the commander’s intention.

Focus on building a strong information support network. The joint combat system supported by cloud connection is the prerequisite for achieving system confrontation and system optimization. We should focus on the high-speed flow of information, build a cloud battlefield network chain that penetrates the barriers of military services, shares intelligence information, and connects combat units, to provide support for the dispersed deployment, network-based reorganization, and cross-domain integration of combat forces; we should aim at intelligent decision-making, accelerate the development of intelligent auxiliary models for rapid information processing and rapid solution generation, and provide support for cloud-based task release and intelligent order matching; we should improve the data resource pool, distinguish between enemy and friendly combat targets, platform equipment, combat units, and combat groups, and build a resource pool with fresh and authentic data and dynamic updates to provide objective support for mission operations.

現代國語:

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:彭海 劉孝良 張付林 責任編輯:黃敏

2023-03-30 06:52:00

面對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,傳統戰爭中形成的固定編組、任務衡定、樹形指揮的作戰模式將難以適應戰場需要,亟需轉變觀念,創新實施自耦合作戰。所謂自耦合作戰,是指依託大數據、雲計算、智能化的網絡資訊體系支撐,參戰力量圍繞指揮員意圖,基於任務目標與作戰需求,打破地域、建制和領域限制,即時感知態勢、快速動態組群、自主匹配任務,聚合體系優勢,最大限度地釋放體係作戰能力。

用最合適力量遂行最恰當任務,達到作戰效能最佳釋放,歷來是戰爭指導的最高境界

翻開人類戰爭史的畫卷,耦合釋能與戰爭發展相生相伴、與指揮協同緊密關聯。變化的是耦合組織形式——從「他耦合」到「自耦合」演進;不變的是耦合價值追求——追求作戰效能最佳釋放,尋求最佳作戰效益。

冷兵器時代作戰,雙方擺成簡單隊形,展開面對面廝殺,戰爭指導者往往依靠自身的表率作用或簡單的組織,來實現不同的作戰力量、作戰行動的有效配合,從而最大限度地釋放作戰能量。從這種意義上看,冷兵器時代作戰,主要是透過將帥的發號施令,即「他耦合」來組織能量釋放。

熱兵器時代,隨著打擊距離的增大,火砲、飛機、坦克、艦艇等武器裝備相繼出現,作戰行動更加復雜,相互配合更加重要,必須由指揮員及其指揮機關進行周密戰前籌劃,依靠有線/無線通信實施戰中調控。作戰效能釋放,主要依靠指揮者所確定的力量編組、任務分配、行動時序、支援保障來實現,即仍沒有擺脫「他耦合」束縛。但由於戰場態勢的快速變化,戰前規劃組織已經難以適應實戰需求。應對戰場不確定性,著重發揮任務部隊主觀能動性,分散指揮、委託式指揮、任務式指揮等指揮方式相繼出現。從能量釋放角度來看,這些指揮方式可以作為基於指揮授權實施的自耦合作戰。

現代聯合作戰,無人力量嶄露頭角,遠程精打成為新銳,隱身高速漸成主力,多維戰場全縱深布勢,多元力量混合發力,多域行動協同增效,雖然作戰效能釋放還依靠“他耦合”,但更加註重“自耦合”。近年外軍提出的「馬賽克戰」概念,旨在強調透過技術架構使已有系統靈活組網並快速配置,在指揮官指定時間與地點提供期望的作戰能力。近年來,局部戰爭和武裝沖突中,有的國家軍隊基於網絡資訊體系,重構殺傷鏈路,依網發布任務,作戰單元實施「接單式」打擊,已經初現自耦合作戰端倪。

資訊化智慧化技術為作戰效能最佳釋放提供了手段支撐,強制要求向自耦合作戰遷移

隨著大數據、雲計算、人工智慧、量子通訊等新技術的廣泛運用,使作戰力量全維分佈、異質同構,作戰資源極限運用、按需釋放成為可能,強制推動作戰方式向自耦合作戰轉變。

戰場態勢即時感知為自耦合作戰提供了「慧眼」。在資訊網絡技術支撐下,天基監控、空中預警、海上探測、水下偵監、地面感知等多域多維多元預警偵察手段,實時獲取戰場情報信息,高效處理融合各類信息,使得分佈於各領域、全縱深的作戰單元,可以獲得完整、精準、實時的戰場態,使整個作戰體係可以清晰感知潛在威脅、準確性打擊目標

跨域行動即時打擊為自耦合作戰提供了「臂膀」。外軍提出的「多域戰」概念,其實質是集多域之所長克他域之所短。在近幾場局部戰爭中,外軍實踐的跨代融合、體系抗擊、以分抗散,以無人集群打有人高價值目標等大都體現了多域作戰的這一非對稱制衡理念。智慧技術發展將進一步改變這種作戰方式,各類作戰單元“感知—決策—打擊—評估”鏈路將實現從“傳感器到射手”的瞬間傳遞,打擊準備實現“零預熱”,“發現即摧毀”得以真正實現。這種跨域行動“零反應”,為實施自耦合作戰提供了“拳頭”。

高度智慧決策系統為自耦合作戰提供了「大腦」。隨著人工智慧的演進,參謀人員的輔助決策、指揮控制和評估推演等「外腦」功能,將更多地被人工智慧「智腦」所取代,泛在的「智慧參謀」將取代龐大的參謀人員群體。在智能化加持下,力量編配將向基於任務的實時組合轉變,力量選用將向並域聚優、體系選優、按需擇優轉變,作戰行動將向即時反應、同步協作、精準釋能轉變,指揮體係將重塑為星點分佈、權限不同的指揮架構,指揮方式向任務下達、節點把控轉變,打擊力、信息力、最成功

網絡資訊體係為自耦合作戰提供了「經絡」。隨著資訊科技的發展,網絡資訊體系的網聚功能較之以往任何時代都更加強大,分散配置的作戰力量、作戰單元、武器裝備基於各種資訊連結成為地位平等網絡資訊節點,可無差別獲取與使用資訊。正如人體的經絡一樣,網絡資訊體系這一特性,不僅為指揮機構下達指令、調控行動提供便利,也為作戰單元輸送血液、提供養分。基於網絡資訊體系,聯合作戰指揮機構不僅可以雲發布任務,真正實現“去中心化”,也可監控戰場態勢、感知行動效果、調配力量資源;作戰單元可以進行“接單式”任務選擇,基於網絡智腦進行自主式行動,最大限度地降低力量內耗,形成局部最優作戰能力。

努力探索戰略戰役上「他耦合」為主導、戰術上「自耦合」為主體的作戰行動之道

勝利總是向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑。應對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,必須立足當前部隊實際、前瞻未來作戰發展,加緊推動觀念更新、訓練轉型、條件建設,向著實戰貼近再貼近。

積極推動作戰理念更新。當前,智慧無人作戰力量已大量運用於現代戰場,聯合作戰正向內聚式融合快速發展。應突破掌控平台利器觀念束縛向體系聚優轉變,突出戰中快速組合力量、規劃行動,打造模塊化韌性強的作戰體系;應突破傳統作戰資源多少觀念束縛向微群多能轉變,打造高度智能化作戰群,推動作戰體係向自適應、系統湧現功能轉變;應突破傳統統攬統管觀念束縛向任務指揮轉變,基於態勢定任務、定目標、定力量,推動上級卡點指揮、多級並行實施的行動方式;應突破傳統協同觀念束縛向自主作戰轉變,基於任務編配,基於規則配合,基於態勢協作,推動作戰能量最佳釋放。

加緊完善作戰規則體系。推動實現自耦合作戰,離不開對體系內部各作戰力量統一行動、互相融合、協調配合的規則約束。這些規則,既是智慧化輔助決策系統必備的前提,也是避免行動隨意、協同失調的關鍵。應建立效能優先規則,即根據多域作戰單元作戰能力、打擊效果,以癱體失能成效為力量選用標準,為不同域、不同質作戰力量融合提供依據;應建立力量主導規則,即明確不同力量間協同關系,按任務、分目標、逐領域建立力量主導規則,為並域行動時序、配合提供依據;應建立授權性規則,即作戰單元根據指揮員授權履行某一領域、某一方向或某一行動指揮權責,為響應戰場、指揮下沉提供依據;應建立調控性規則,明確指揮員調控時機、調控方式、調控權限,確保作戰始終按指揮員意圖實施。

著力建強資訊支撐網系。雲聯支撐的聯合作戰體系,是實現體系對抗、體系聚優的前提基礎。應著眼資訊高速流轉,打造貫通軍種壁壘、共享情報資訊、銜接作戰單元的雲態戰場網鏈,為作戰力量分散部署、依網重組、跨域融合提供支撐;應瞄準智能決策,加速研發信息快速處理、方案快速生成的智能輔助模型,為任務雲發布、依網重組、跨域融合提供支撐;應瞄準智能決策,加速研發信息快速處理、方案快速生成的智能輔助模型,為任務雲發布、接單智能匹配.

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16213160888.html

Chinese Military Cross-domain Joint Operations: New Trend in Future PLA Joint Operations

中國軍隊跨域聯合作戰:未來解放軍聯合作戰新趨勢

中國軍網 國防部網
2020年9月8日 星期二

現代英語:

With the continuous improvement of information technology and the expansion of combat space, the combat capabilities of various services in modern warfare have been qualitatively improved. The joint combat concept that used to focus on the “service attributes” of combat forces is shifting to the “combat domain” affiliation of combat forces. On the basis of achieving “divided domain jointness” in a single combat domain, it seeks “cross-domain jointness” between various combat domains, thereby maximizing the combat capability of one’s own system.

Cross-domain joint operations are an advanced form of joint operations development

Since the transition from mechanization to informatization of warfare, the concept of joint operations that comprehensively utilizes the combat capabilities of various services has been gradually established, and has demonstrated a strong system combat power in recent local wars. At present, with the continuous development of information technology, supported by information and communication technology, the combat capabilities of various services are constantly enhanced, and the tentacles of action are constantly extending to multiple spaces, with overlapping situations in various dimensions. The traditional integration and integration of joint combat capabilities based on “services and arms” seems to be somewhat inadequate and difficult to meet the development requirements of information-based joint operations. It needs to be coordinated with a new concept of joint operations.

The combat domain has become the glue point for the integration of joint combat capabilities. There is no clear definition of the combat domain at present. Combined with the definition of domain in the modern Chinese dictionary, it can be understood as the scope involved in combat operations. There are many ways to divide this scope in the field of military operations. The most common one is according to the spatial scope involved in military operations, namely, land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic and other combat spaces. These combat spaces all have professional combat forces relying on this space. Around the competition for control of this space, an independent combat space domain, namely, the combat domain, has gradually formed. At present, the combat forces and combat operations of each service have more or less extended their tentacles to the traditional scope of other services. In joint operations, if the service continues to integrate joint capabilities, the operations in a certain combat space will appear in a situation of multiple command and control, with low command efficiency and large internal losses. Therefore, it is necessary to find another way to seek a new glue point for the integration of joint combat capabilities of various services. At present, integrating joint combat capabilities based on combat domains has become a new development direction. For example, during the Iraq War, the U.S. Army’s Joint Ground Component Command unified the command of the combat operations of the Army’s 5th Army and the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force’s ground forces, and the Joint Air Component Command unified the command of the combat operations of the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps flight forces.

Cross-domain joint operations are the combination of combat domains and military services. Cross-domain operations involve at least two combat domains in terms of the scope of combat space. For example, operations conducted by naval ships, naval aviation, and the Marine Corps involve three combat domains: land, sea, and air, and may even involve cyber and electromagnetic space. However, this may only be naval operations, and is not considered a joint operation. Joint operations involve at least two military services in terms of the military service attributes of combat forces. For example, operations jointly conducted by the Marine Corps, the Air Force Airborne Force, and the Army’s ground combat forces can be called land joint operations. However, this type of joint operation is mainly carried out on land, and cross-domain operations are not fully reflected. Cross-domain joint operations are a combination of the concepts of cross-domain operations and joint operations, that is, combat operations must involve at least two combat domains, and at least two military services must participate in combat operations.

Cross-domain joint operations are the main mode of future joint operations

With the support of the network information system, the barriers that previously affected the “coordination” of combat operations between the various services and arms and the “integration” of combat capabilities between various combat domains have been gradually broken down, and the conditions for implementing high-level and high-efficiency joint operations have basically been met. In future joint operations, the combat operations of various participating forces will be linked by the network information system and will work together around the overall combat intent. The combat concept of multi-domain coordination and cross-domain integration has become a general trend.

Future joint operations require multi-domain coordination. At present, from the perspective of the combat space of each service, each service has a certain cross-domain combat capability. The Army has the Army Aviation, the Air Force has the Airborne Force, and the Navy has the Naval Aviation and Marine Corps. At the service level, multiple combat domains have the ability to coordinate and engage in combat. This multi-domain coordination can be called “small coordination”. In future joint operations based on network information systems, these multi-domain coordination at the service level must develop to a higher level, toward the direction of integrating the capabilities of different services in the same combat space, that is, the direction of “big coordination”, that is, to achieve domain-specific joint operations between different services. In addition, combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space are indispensable and important components of joint operations. Even if a certain service implements relatively independent combat operations in a specific range and a certain joint combat stage, it will also need the support of space, network, and electromagnetic space combat operations. Therefore, future joint operations will inevitably be coordinated engagements in multiple combat space domains.

Future multi-domain operations require cross-domain joint operations. From the overall perspective of operations, the future will involve joint operations involving multiple services and multiple combat domains, and the operations of various services in various combat domains are interconnected and mutually supportive. On the surface, although some operations are carried out in a certain combat domain, the effects or targets they produce are in other combat domains. For example, the army destroys or occupies the enemy’s airport in ground combat, which has a significant impact on the air force’s seizure of air superiority; for example, electronic countermeasures forces implement electronic interference on space targets, causing the enemy’s reconnaissance and communication satellites to be paralyzed, which will have a huge impact on combat operations in land, sea, air and network combat domains. Therefore, future joint operations must be multi-domain operations, and multi-domain operations must achieve cross-domain joint operations, and better promote the achievement of combat objectives through the connection of actions and effects.

Cross-domain collaboration is an important way to achieve cross-domain efficiency

As the development direction of future joint operations, cross-domain joint operations seek to integrate the combat capabilities of different combat domains and complement each other’s advantages, so as to achieve the best combat effect in each combat domain. By superimposing the effects of each combat domain, the battle situation will develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself, thereby achieving the overall or local goals of the war. Cross-domain joint operations based on network information systems can achieve cross-domain effects and cross-domain efficiency.

Transformation from cross-domain action to cross-domain effect. There are two ways to understand cross-domain: the traditional understanding is the cross-domain of combat entities in geographic space, which is mainly reflected in the potential relationship in the combat space field, that is, the attack platform and the target platform are divided into different geographic spaces. For example, using land-based anti-satellite weapons to attack the opponent’s satellite is cross-domain; while using space-based anti-satellite weapons to attack the opponent’s satellite does not fall into the cross-domain category. Another understanding is cross-domain combat effectiveness, that is, combat operations in the same geographic space can also produce cross-domain effects. For example, the action of land combat forces to destroy the opponent’s airport and thus reduce the opponent’s air combat capability can also be considered as a cross-domain category.

The first understanding has already existed in the mechanized warfare period. The corresponding effect is mainly achieved through the coordinated actions of various military services, that is, the “action domain” and the “target domain” belong to different spaces, and the combat effectiveness is directly reflected in the “target domain”, focusing on the spatial attributes of the equipment means. In the current and even future information-based joint operations, cross-domain operations will be more inclined to the second understanding, that is, the “action domain” and the “target domain” can be both “same domain” and “different domains”, but the combat effectiveness can be reflected in the “different domain”, which is not limited by the spatial attributes of the equipment means themselves, but is related to the space and scope of the impact of the combat effect, and therefore has a wider range of applicability.

Transformation from joint efficiency enhancement to cross-domain efficiency enhancement. With the continuous expansion of the combat space and the improvement of the performance of weapons and equipment, a relationship of mutual checks and balances has been formed between the various combat space fields. For example, the so-called “controlling the land with the air” and “controlling the land with the sea” are the embodiment of this kind of checks and balances. The reason why each service develops its own cross-domain combat capabilities is also to focus on this kind of checks and balances in the combat space field. However, each service has its own key areas of construction, and it is impossible to develop the combat capabilities of each combat space field in a balanced manner. This requires the use of the combat effects of other services to promote the improvement of the combat effectiveness of this service.

In the era of mechanized warfare and the early stage of information warfare, each service fully exerted the combat effectiveness of its own service forces in combat according to the plan, and created conditions for the combat of other services on the basis of completing its own combat tasks. Compared with the army without joint combat capability, its combat effectiveness is significantly higher by several orders of magnitude. However, due to the imperfect construction of command information system and network, and the long-term fragmentation of various services, information transmission and sharing are restricted, the coordination between the forces of various services is relatively mechanical, and the complementarity, integration and utilization rate of combat effects cannot reach the ideal state. With the advancement of information technology, the participating forces in joint operations based on the network information system can smoothly realize the joint operation of different domains, and on this basis, conduct cross-domain joint operations with other combat domains. Through the efficient flow of information, the combat operations of each domain can achieve self-synchronous coordination around the combat mission, and the combat effect of a certain domain will be quickly utilized by other domains, and a cascade amplification effect will be generated, spreading to each domain, thereby achieving cross-domain efficiency.

現代國語:

逯 杰

随着信息化水平的不断提升和作战空间的拓展,现代战争中各军种作战能力有了质的提升。以往以作战力量“军种属性”为着眼点的联合作战理念,正在向作战力量的“作战域”归属为着眼点转变,在实现单一作战域“分域联合”的基础上,谋求各作战域之间的“跨域联合”,从而最大限度地释放己方体系作战能力。

跨域联合是联合作战发展的进阶形式

战争由机械化向信息化过渡发展以来,综合运用各军种作战能力的联合作战理念逐步得以确立,并在近几场局部战争中展现了强大的体系作战威力。当前,随着信息化技术的不断发展,以信息通信技术为支撑,各军种作战能力不断增强,行动触角不断向多个空间延伸,在各维空间出现相互交叠的情况,传统以“军兵种”为基础的联合作战能力整合与集成显得有些力不从心,难以满足信息化联合作战的发展要求,需要以新的联合作战理念加以统筹。

作战域已经成为联合作战能力集成的黏合点。作战域目前没有明确的定义,结合现代汉语词典中对域的释义,可以将其理解为作战行动所涉及的范围。这种范围在军事行动领域有多种划分方法,最为普遍的是按照军事行动所涉及的空间范围,即陆、海、空、天、网络、电磁等作战空间。这些作战空间都存在依托此空间的专业作战力量,围绕该空间控制权的争夺,逐步形成独立的作战空间领域,即作战域。当前,各军兵种作战力量和作战行动都多多少少地将触角延伸至其他军种的传统范围。在联合作战中,如果继续以军种进行联合能力集成,在某一作战空间的行动将会出现多头指挥控制的局面,指挥效率低,内部损耗大。因此,需要另辟蹊径,寻求各军种联合作战能力集成的新黏合点。当前,以作战域为依托进行联合作战能力集成已经成为新的发展方向。例如,伊拉克战争中,美军联合地面组成部队司令部统一指挥陆军第5军和海军陆战第1远征军地面部队的作战行动,联合空中组成司令部统一指挥空军、海军和海军陆战队飞行部队的作战行动。

跨域联合是作战域与军兵种的结合。跨域,是在作战空间范围上,作战行动至少涉及两个作战域。如海军舰艇、海军航空兵和海军陆战队所实施的作战,涉及陆、海、空三个作战域,甚至还可能有网络和电磁空间,但这种情况可能只是海军军种作战,并不算联合作战。联合,是在作战力量的军兵种属性上,作战行动至少涉及两个军兵种参战力量。如海军陆战队、空军空降兵和陆军地面作战力量共同实施的作战,就可以被称为陆上联合作战。但这种联合作战主要在陆域展开,跨域作战体现的并不充分。跨域联合是跨域作战与联合作战概念的结合体,即作战行动既要涉及至少两个作战域,还须至少有两个军兵种作战力量参与作战行动。

跨域联合是未来联合作战的主要模式

在网络信息体系的支撑下,以往影响各军兵种之间作战行动“配合”、各作战域之间作战能力“整合”的壁垒已经逐步被打破,实施高层次、高效率联合作战的条件已经基本具备。在未来联合作战中,各参战力量的作战行动将以网络信息体系为纽带,围绕整体作战企图联合发力,多域协同、跨域融合的作战理念已经成为大势所趋。

未来联合作战需要多域协同。当前,从各军兵种的作战空间领域来看,各军种都具有一定的跨域作战能力,陆军有陆军航空兵,空军有空降兵,海军有海军航空兵和海军陆战队等。在军种层面,多个作战域之间已经具备了协同交战的能力,这种多域协同可以被称为“小协同”。在未来基于网络信息体系的联合作战中,这些军种层面的多域协同要向更高层次发展,向不同军种同一作战空间领域能力整合的方向发展,即“大协同”的方向发展,即实现不同军种之间的分域联合。此外,太空、网络、电磁空间等作战域是联合作战不可或缺的重要组成部分,即便是某个军种在特定范围和某个联合作战阶段中实施相对独立的作战行动,也将需要太空、网络和电磁空间作战行动的支持。因此,未来的联合作战必将是多个作战空间领域的协同交战。

未来多域作战要求跨域联合。从作战的全局看,未来涉及多个军兵种和多个作战域的联合作战行动,各军兵种在各个作战域的行动相互联系和相互支撑。从表面上看,虽然有些行动是在某个作战域展开的,但是其产生的作用或者打击的目标是在其他作战域之中。如陆军在地面作战中摧毁或占领敌方的机场,这对空军夺取制空权具有重大影响;又如,电子对抗力量对太空目标实施电子干扰,导致敌方的侦察、通信卫星瘫痪,将对陆、海、空和网络等作战域的作战行动产生巨大影响。因此,未来联合作战必然是多域作战,而多域作战必须实现跨域联合,通过行动和效果的衔接来更好地促进作战目的的达成。

跨域联合是实现跨域增效的重要方式

跨域联合作战作为未来联合作战的发展方向,其谋求的是不同作战域作战能力集成、域间优势互补,从而在各个作战域达成最佳作战效果。通过各作战域效果的叠加,使战役态势向有利于己方的方向发展,进而达成战争全局或局部目的。基于网络信息体系的跨域联合可以实现效果跨域和跨域增效。

由行动跨域向效果跨域转变。对于跨域可以有两种理解:传统的理解是作战实体在地理空间的跨域,主要体现在作战空间领域的位势关系,即以攻击平台和目标平台分处不同地理空间来划分。例如,使用陆基反卫星武器攻击对方卫星,属于跨域;而使用天基反卫星武器攻击对方卫星则不属于跨域范畴。另一种理解则是作战效能的跨域,即处于同一地理空间中的作战行动也能产生跨域效果。例如,陆上作战力量通过摧毁对方机场,从而达到降低对方空中作战能力的行动,也可以认为是跨域的范畴。

第一种理解,在机械化战争时期就已经存在。主要通过各军兵种的协同行动达成相应效果,即“行动所在域”和“目标所在域”分属不同空间,作战成效直接反映在“目标所在域”,着眼于装备手段的自身空间属性。在当前乃至未来信息化联合作战中,跨域作战将更倾向于第二种理解,即“行动所在域”和“目标所在域”既可以“同域”也可以“异域”,作战成效却能够反映在“异域”,不受装备手段自身空间属性限制,而是与作战效果的影响空间和范围有关,因而具备更加广泛的应用性。

由联合增效向跨域增效转变。随着作战空间领域的不断扩展和武器装备性能的提升,各作战空间领域之间形成了相互制衡的关系,比如我们常说的“以空制地”“以海制陆”等等,就是这种制衡关系的体现。各军种之所以发展自身的跨域作战能力,也是着眼这种作战空间领域的制衡关系。但是,每个军种都有自身重点建设的领域,不可能均衡地发展各个作战空间领域的作战能力,这就需要借助其他军兵种的作战效果来促进本军种作战效能的提升。

机械化战争时代及信息化战争初期,各军种按照计划在作战中充分发挥本军种参战力量的作战效能,在完成本军种作战任务的基础上,为其他军种的作战创造条件。相较于没有联合作战能力的军队,其作战效能明显高出几个数量级。但是,由于指挥信息系统和网络建设不完善,加之各军兵种长期的条块分割,信息传递与共享受到限制,各军种力量之间的协同较为机械,作战效果的互补性、融合度和利用率还不能达到理想状态。随着信息技术的突进,基于网络信息体系联合作战的参战力量能够顺利实现分域联合,在此基础上与其他作战域进行跨域联合。通过信息的高效流转,各分域的作战行动能够围绕作战任务实现自同步协同,某个分域的作战效果将会迅速被其他分域所利用,并产生级联放大效应,扩散至各个分域,从而实现跨域增效。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-09/08/content_270364888.htm