Tag Archives: China’s Informatization – 中國信息化

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

解放軍：以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念

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People’s Liberation Army: Cognition-centered warfare: operational concepts for dealing with complex wars

2023-11-09 10:39:55來源：《軍事文摘》

「三個之變」揭示戰爭複雜性成長動因
戰爭是充滿蓋然性的領域，變是貫穿其始終的基本特徵。 習主席強調，要緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變。 科技之變是基礎，戰爭之變是主體，對手之變是關鍵，科技之變引發戰爭之變，戰爭之變促使對手之變。 「三個之變」促使戰爭形態演變、戰爭領域拓展、戰爭目標轉變、戰爭影響擴大，揭示了戰爭複雜性成長動因。
科技之變顛覆戰爭制勝基礎。 科學技術是核心戰鬥力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。 縱觀世界軍事發展史，每一次重大科學技術創新，都開啟了一場新的軍事變革，而每一場軍事變革都把軍事發展推向一個新的時代，科技創新成為提高軍隊戰鬥力的巨大引擎 。 目前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命加速發展，現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高，智慧化特徵日益顯現，對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯，一些前沿技術飛速發展，可能從根本上改變戰爭面貌和 規則，大國軍事博弈更體現為技術上的顛覆和反顛覆、突襲和反突襲、抵銷和反抵銷。 美海軍「復仇女神」項目，包括偵察、誘餌、幹擾等系統，誘餌類系統涵蓋空中、水面和水下，可在分散式人工智慧引擎的調度、指控下，互相補充，協同欺騙，真實營造出 一個“幽靈航母編隊”，徹底顛覆了傳統的電子欺騙手段，將資訊欺騙提升到前所未有的高度。 可以說，科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局，深刻介入、支持、主導戰爭形態演變和作戰樣式創新，甚至顛覆戰爭制勝機制。

美海軍「復仇女神」計畫基於網路化協同電子戰
概念，將不同系統集成，利用無人分散式
電子戰平台的集群實現大規模協同電子戰

戰爭之變突顯戰爭複雜性特徵。 現代戰爭正在發生深刻變化，呈現前所未有的多樣性和複雜性。 這種超級複雜性源自於多種原因：一是各種先進技術或武器不斷湧現，帶來許多不確定性；二是戰場覆蓋陸、海、空、天、網、電和認知等多個 領域；三是多種作戰對象、作戰樣式、作戰領域、作戰方式交叉關聯與組合，構成複雜的「混合戰爭」；四是人工智慧演算法將大量作戰要素建構到一個複雜的邏輯中，並以人類 思維所不及的機器速度促使各種要素組合、解構、再組合。 2022年烏克蘭危機中，表面上看來是俄羅斯和烏克蘭兩國之間的對抗，實質上是美西方國家和俄羅斯之間進行的「混合戰爭」；俄烏兩軍廣泛使用軍事、民用無人機，拓展 「無人+」運用模式，展現出未來無人智能作戰雛形；烏軍在美北約空天態勢情報的支持下，頻繁使用低成本的無人裝備對俄軍重要武器平台實施突襲，凸顯新質 作戰力量對傳統作戰體系大型武器裝備的不對稱破襲優勢。 科技之變最終將引發戰爭之變，單一要素對戰爭的影響越來越弱，多個要素構成的聯合作戰體系將對戰爭產生複雜影響，戰爭的非線性、不確定性、混亂性、開放性 、適應性、對抗性等複雜性特徵將呈指數級增長趨勢，這將導致人們對戰爭進展和勝負的認知判斷更加困難。
對手之變加速戰爭複雜性成長。 戰爭之變促使對手之變。 目前，我們正經歷百年未有之大變局，主要軍事強國積極進行戰略調整，推進新一輪軍事變革，呈現出以下特點：一是體制編制的聯合化、小型化、自主化趨勢更加明顯；二 是武器裝備呈現數位化、精確化、隱形化、無人化、智能化的發展趨勢；三是作戰形態向“四非”（非接觸、非線形、非對稱和非正規）和“三無” （無形、無聲、無人）作戰方向發展；四是軍隊指揮形態朝向扁平化、自動化、網路化、無縫化方向發展。 美國將我視為最主要的戰略對手，竭力對我打壓遏制，大力加強作戰概念創新，先後提出「混合戰爭」「多域戰」「馬賽克戰」等新型作戰概念，聲稱要打一場讓對手 「技術看不懂、打擊難預測、速度跟不上」的高端戰爭。 美軍「馬賽克戰」的核心是無人、低成本、快速、致命、靈活、可重組，基於分散式態勢感知，借助智慧化輔助決策工具，借鑒搭積木、構拼圖的概念，自適應制定任務規劃 ，動態重組作戰兵力，將作戰平台的功能分解到更多數量、單一功能的節點，大量功能節點建構作戰體系。 以“殺傷網”取代“殺傷鏈”，若干個節點失效或缺失，作戰體係可自適應重組。
戰爭複雜性成長推動戰爭制勝機理轉變
隨著國防科技的快速發展、武器裝備的更新換代和戰爭形態的快速嬗變，現代戰爭呈現指數式、爆炸性的複雜變化。 這些變化看起來眼花撩亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的勝利機理變了。 只有搞透現代戰爭制勝機理，才能準確識變、科學應變、善於求變，牢牢掌握未來戰爭主動權。
戰爭形態由冷兵器戰爭轉變為智慧化戰爭。 戰爭形態是關於戰爭的整體性認知。 迄今為止，人類戰爭形態大致經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊戰爭四個歷史階段，正朝向智慧化戰爭邁進。 認知戰的歷史幾乎和人類戰爭史一樣久遠。 在冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭時代，認知戰更多是以輿論戰、心理戰形式出現。 隨著人類進入資訊化時代，網路空間科技的發展大大拓展了認知戰的空間，豐富了認知戰的戰技術手段，使認知戰的滲透性、時效性、震懾性大大增強，認 知戰的地位和作用得到空前提高。 未來，戰爭形態將進入智慧化戰爭，大量智慧化的武器系統和平台將裝備軍隊、投入作戰。 認知戰不僅可對敵方人員的認知實施幹擾、欺騙，也能透過「對抗性輸入」「資料中毒」等演算法欺騙手段對智慧裝備的認知實施攻擊，其應用場景和範圍將進一步擴大 ，地位和作用也將進一步提高。

無人機逐漸成為戰爭的主角，
作戰複雜性進一步增加
戰爭目的由武力征服更多向精神征服轉變。 現代戰爭的致勝機制與以往相比發生了很大變化，戰爭的暴力性得到遏制，作戰目的由原來的攻城略地、殲滅敵有生力量，轉變到使對方服從己方意志，作戰手段從武力征服更多地向 著重心理和精神征服轉變，這使得認知戰在現代戰爭中的地位、角色日益凸顯。 近年來，「混合戰爭」成為大國競爭的主要手段，越來越多的國家開始專注於利用新型領域、新型手段來達到傳統作戰難以達到的政治、軍事、經濟目的。 「混合戰爭」是國家、非國家行為體以及個人等戰爭主體的混合，是常規戰爭、非常規戰爭等戰爭樣式的混合，是作戰、維穩、重建等軍事行動的混合，是政治、軍事、經濟 、民生等多領域的混合，是擊敗敵軍、爭取民心等多種作戰目標的混合，這與認知戰高度契合。 「混合戰爭」的作戰領域由軍事領域拓展到了政治、經濟、文化、民生等領域；作戰方式由火力戰、兵力戰向外交戰、經濟戰、網路戰、心理戰、輿論戰等多方向拓展， 這與認知戰高度一致，其核心要義都是“亂中取利”，主要目的都是爭奪人心，作戰指導都是以巧取勝。
戰爭制勝域由物理域資訊域轉變為認知域。 現代戰爭同時發生在物理、資訊和認知三個領域，物理域和資訊域是從物質域中脫離出來的，認知域是從精神域中脫離出來的。 物理域是傳統的戰爭領域，由作戰平台和軍事設施等構成，為資訊化戰爭提供物質基礎。 資訊域是新崛起的戰爭領域，即資訊產生、傳輸和共享空間，是資訊化戰爭較量的重點。 認知域是人類認知活動涉及的範圍和領域，既是人類感覺、知覺、記憶和思考活動的空間，也是知識生成、交換、關聯、儲存和運用的空間，也是作戰活動中感知、判斷、決策 和指揮與控制的空間。 認知域存在於作戰人員的意識領域之中，影響其判斷與決策，是正在崛起的戰爭領域。 隨著網路資訊和人工智慧等技術的發展，認知域的範圍大大拓展，正在從人的意識領域向現代認知工具和人工智慧領域拓展。 軍事技術的發展拓展了認知域的範圍，為認知戰提供了更先進、更快捷、更有效的物質技術手段，使認知戰的滲透性、時效性、震懾性大大增強，從根本上 改變了認知戰，使得認知域成為超越物理域、資訊域的新的致勝領域，成為大國博弈、軍事對抗的終極之域。
戰爭制勝機理由資訊制勝向認知制勝轉變。 戰爭對抗歸根究柢是認知的博弈與對抗，掌握了製認知權很大程度上就掌握了戰爭主動權，喪失了製認知權就會在戰爭中處於被動挨打的境地。 獲得更高、更強的製認知權是製勝強敵的關鍵。 想辦法掌握制認知權進而奪取戰場綜合製權，從而以最小代價獲得最大勝利，是現代戰爭特別是認知戰的重要機理和內在規律。 近年來，美軍先後提出以「決策中心戰」「馬賽克戰」等為代表的未來戰爭新理念，意圖將複雜性作為一種為對手製造多重困境的武器，要求在保障自身戰術「選擇優勢」的 同時，透過給敵方製造高複雜度決策影響，幹擾其決策能力，在認知域實現對敵顛覆性優勢。 在資訊化戰爭的初級和中級階段，作戰的關鍵是奪取制網權和製資訊權，貫穿著「網路優勢→資訊優勢→決策優勢→作戰優勢」的遞進模式。 在資訊化戰爭進入高級階段後，奪取制資訊權變得越來越困難，作戰的關鍵是使敵方陷入“決策困境”，使其即使擁有資訊優勢，也不能正確決策，從而失去作戰優勢，擁有認 知優勢才能擁有作戰優勢。 未來戰爭，認知優勢是最重要的戰略優勢，認知對抗是最主要的對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。
因應複雜戰爭催生認知中心戰作戰概念
為因應現代戰爭複雜性特徵指數級增長趨勢，我們必須運用複雜性科學的理論與方法，轉變以住平台中心戰火力至上、殺傷為王的觀念，確立以認知為中心的作戰思想。 認知中心戰，指以認知域為致勝領域，以奪取認知優勢為作戰目標，圍繞幹擾認知手段、壓制認知管道、影響認知產生，對敵人員和智慧裝備的認知進行 幹擾、壓制、欺騙和誘導，透過奪取和維持認知優勢來獲取作戰優勢的一種新型作戰概念。 其主要製勝機理有以下幾點。

《孫子兵法》中提到」故兵無常勢，
水無常形；能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神「
以網路威懾摧毀敵方作戰意志。 針對敵政治、經濟、軍事、外交、文化中的矛盾弱點，透過網路空間散播威懾性訊息，或透過網路發布閱兵、大規模軍事演習、新式武器裝備研發等訊息，使對手認知與心理產生極 大的恐懼和震撼，遏止敵不利於我的行動舉措執行。 綜合運用網電攻擊手段，對敵重要網電目標和關鍵核心節點實施點穴式打擊和警示攻擊，破壞敵體係作戰能力，影響敵武器裝備效能的正常發揮，對敵實施心理威懾。 美軍「灰色地帶作戰」理論，就是依靠自身技術優勢，主要採取網電反制等行動，應對對手“灰色地帶挑釁”，威懾對手要么放棄“對抗”，要么衝突升級，使之陷入兩難境地。
以資訊欺騙誘導敵方錯誤判斷。 針對敵方的偵察設備、情報機構和指揮系統，透過網路攻擊、電子欺騙等手段隱藏己方軍事企圖、軍事行動和軍事目標，向敵方傳送有關己方的錯誤和虛假的作戰企圖、部隊配置、作戰 能力、作戰方案以及戰場態勢等方面的訊息，或借敵方指揮資訊系統發送虛假命令和訊息，達到誘敵錯誤判斷，擾敵作戰指揮的目的。 針對人工智慧演算法實施「對抗性輸入」「資料中毒」等新型攻擊，使其透過深度學習訓練得到我預設結論，或使其陷入局部最優解中而忽略全局最優。 利用電腦影像、視訊合成、虛擬實境和人工智慧等技術，將聲音、視訊、影像、文字訊息等進行合成，或利用「深度造假」技術，產生以假亂真、真假難辨的虛假訊息，並透過網路 大量傳播，以迷惑欺騙對手，影響其決策和行動。
以資訊壓制阻塞敵方認知手段。 針對敵重要網路目標，以及核心路由器、交換器、網關、重點伺服器等，使用「軟體」「硬」攻擊手段，摧毀其網路節點。 針對敵指揮控制網、通訊傳輸網、武器鉸鍊網和預警探測網等無線鏈路的組網特點，綜合運用電子乾擾、GPS欺騙攻擊、指控鏈路接管、數據劫持控制等技術和手段，壓制其 數據通信，阻斷其通信鏈路，幹擾其作戰指揮。 對敵指揮控制、軍事通訊、預警偵測、空天資訊等軍事網路實施網電致癱攻擊，毀癱影響其作戰的核心網絡，削弱其作戰能力。
以輿論宣傳營造有利輿論環境。 配合國家政治、軍事、外交鬥爭，大力宣傳己方在戰爭中的正義性，激發全體民眾全力支持戰爭的熱情。 借助即時通訊工具、網路論壇、播客、推特、微信等新媒體平台，有計劃地散佈打擊敵方弱點的信息，取得廣泛關注和普遍共鳴後，再適時報料、製造新的熱點，反复造勢 增強影響，形成共振效應擴大效果。 透過巧妙設定議程來進行宣傳“定調”，透過強勢媒體進行輿論造勢，掀起“沉默的螺旋”，控制和引導輿論，改變人們的看法和行為。
以心理攻擊瓦解敵方軍民士氣。 透過網路廣泛傳播經過加工和處理過的訊息，宣傳己方的正義性，展現己方的力量、意志和決心，對敵方在政治上、道德上進行醜化，對內凝聚軍民的思想和意志，對外力爭 法理道義的製高點，從精神上「軟化」「弱化」敵人。 運用多種網路傳播方式和技術手段，向敵方軍民有針對性地發送各種欺騙性、幹擾性、誘導性、威懾性訊息，攻敵心理防線，促進其產生對抗無效心理，進而喪失作戰能力 。

Modern English:

Complexity science is one of the frontier fields of contemporary scientific development. It is a new tool for understanding, understanding, and exploring the phenomena, laws, and mechanisms of war. As the form of war evolves from information war to intelligent war, the complexity of war shows an exponential growth trend, and it becomes increasingly difficult to seize control of information. The key to combat is to put the enemy into a “decision-making dilemma” so that it can even Even with information superiority, it cannot make correct decisions, thus losing its combat advantage. The focus of operations will change from “information-centered” to “cognition-centered”, and the winning mechanism will change from “information winning” to “cognitive winning”.

“Three changes” reveal the driving forces behind the increasing complexity of war

War is a field full of possibilities, and change is the basic characteristic that runs through it. President Xi stressed that we must pay close attention to changes in technology, war, and opponents. Changes in science and technology are the foundation, changes in war are the subject, and changes in opponents are the key. Changes in science and technology lead to changes in war, and changes in war prompt changes in opponents. The “three changes” have promoted the evolution of war forms, the expansion of war fields, the transformation of war goals, and the expansion of war influence, revealing the driving forces behind the growth of war complexity.

Changes in technology have overturned the basis for winning wars. Science and technology are the core combat effectiveness and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Throughout the history of the world’s military development, every major scientific and technological innovation has started a new military revolution, and every military revolution has pushed military development into a new era. Scientific and technological innovation has become a huge engine to improve the military’s combat effectiveness. . At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution are accelerating. The degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly increasing, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming increasingly apparent. The role of driving the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent. The rapid development of some cutting-edge technologies may fundamentally change the face of war and war. According to the rules, the military game between great powers is more embodied in technological subversion and counter-subversion, raids and counter-raids, offsets and counter-offsets. The U.S. Navy’s “Nemesis” project includes reconnaissance, decoy, jamming and other systems. The decoy system covers air, surface and underwater. Under the scheduling and control of the distributed artificial intelligence engine, it can complement each other, coordinate deception, and truly create a A “ghost aircraft carrier formation” completely subverted traditional electronic deception methods and raised information deception to an unprecedented level. It can be said that science and technology has never had such a profound impact on the overall situation of national security and military strategy as it does today. It has profoundly intervened in, supported, and dominated the evolution of war forms and the innovation of combat styles, and has even subverted the mechanism of winning wars.

The U.S. Navy’s “Nemesis” project is based on networked collaborative electronic warfare

Concept, integrating different systems and utilizing unmanned distributed

Clusters of electronic warfare platforms enable large-scale collaborative electronic warfare

The changes in war highlight the complexity of war. Modern warfare is undergoing profound changes, showing unprecedented diversity and complexity. This super complexity stems from many reasons: first, various advanced technologies or weapons are constantly emerging, bringing many uncertainties; second, the battlefield covers land, sea, air, space, network, electricity and cognitive and other multiple third, multiple combat objects, combat styles, combat areas, and combat methods are cross-correlated and combined to form a complex “hybrid war”; fourth, artificial intelligence algorithms build a large number of combat elements into a complex logic, and use human Machine speed beyond the reach of thinking prompts the combination, deconstruction, and recombination of various elements. In the Ukraine crisis in 2022, on the surface it is a confrontation between Russia and Ukraine, but in essence it is a “hybrid war” between the United States and Western countries and Russia; the Russian and Ukrainian armies extensively use military and civilian drones to expand The “unmanned +” application model shows the prototype of future unmanned intelligent operations; with the support of U.S. NATO air and space situational intelligence, the Ukrainian army frequently uses low-cost unmanned equipment to carry out raids on important Russian weapons platforms, highlighting its new qualities Combat forces have asymmetric attack advantages against large weapons and equipment in traditional combat systems. Changes in technology will eventually lead to changes in war. The impact of a single element on war will become weaker and weaker. The joint combat system composed of multiple elements will have a complex impact on war. War is non-linear, uncertain, chaotic and open. Complex characteristics such as adaptability and confrontation will increase exponentially, which will make it more difficult for people to judge the progress and outcome of the war.

Changes in opponents accelerate the growth of war complexity. Changes in war prompt changes in opponents. Currently, we are experiencing major changes unseen in a century. Major military powers are actively making strategic adjustments and promoting a new round of military reforms, which exhibit the following characteristics: first, the trend of joint, miniaturized, and autonomous institutional establishments has become more obvious; second, The first is that weapons and equipment are showing a development trend of digitization, precision, stealth, unmanned, and intelligence; the third is that the combat form is moving towards the “four nons” (non-contact, non-linear, asymmetric and irregular) and the “three nos” (Invisible, silent, unmanned) combat; fourth, the military command form is developing in the direction of flattening, automation, networking, and seamlessness. The United States regards China as its main strategic opponent and strives to suppress and contain China. It has vigorously strengthened the innovation of operational concepts and has successively proposed new operational concepts such as “hybrid warfare”, “multi-domain warfare” and “mosaic warfare”, claiming that it will fight to defeat its opponents. A high-end war in which “technology cannot be understood, strikes are difficult to predict, and speed cannot keep up.” The core of the US military’s “mosaic warfare” is unmanned, low-cost, fast, lethal, flexible and reconfigurable. It is based on distributed situational awareness, with the help of intelligent auxiliary decision-making tools and the concept of building blocks and jigsaw puzzles to adaptively formulate mission planning. , dynamically reorganize combat forces, decompose the functions of the combat platform into a larger number of single-function nodes, and build a combat system with a large number of functional nodes. Replace the “kill chain” with a “kill network”. Several nodes will fail or be missing, and the combat system can be adaptively reorganized.

The increasing complexity of war drives the transformation of the winning mechanism of war

With the rapid development of national defense science and technology, the upgrading of weapons and equipment, and the rapid evolution of war forms, modern warfare has shown exponential and explosive complex changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are rules to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. Only by thoroughly understanding the winning mechanism of modern war can we accurately recognize changes, respond scientifically, be good at seeking change, and firmly grasp the initiative in future wars.

The form of war has changed from cold weapon warfare to intelligent warfare . The shape of war is a holistic understanding of war. So far, human war has generally gone through four historical stages: cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war, and information war, and is moving towards intelligent warfare. The history of cognitive warfare is almost as old as the history of human warfare. In the era of cold weapon war, hot weapon war, and mechanized war, cognitive warfare appears more in the form of public opinion warfare and psychological warfare. As mankind enters the information age, the development of cyberspace technology has greatly expanded the space for cognitive warfare, enriched the technical means of cognitive warfare, and greatly enhanced the permeability, timeliness, and deterrence of cognitive warfare. The status and role of Zhizhan have been unprecedentedly improved. In the future, the form of war will enter intelligent warfare, and a large number of intelligent weapon systems and platforms will be equipped with the military and put into combat. Cognitive warfare can not only interfere with and deceive the cognition of enemy personnel, but also attack the cognition of smart equipment through algorithm deception methods such as “adversarial input” and “data poisoning”. Its application scenarios and scope will be further expanded. , the status and role will be further improved.

Drones have gradually become the protagonist of war,

Combat complexity further increases

The purpose of war has changed from conquering by force to conquering by spirit. The winning mechanism of modern war has undergone great changes compared with the past. The violence of war has been curbed. The purpose of combat has changed from the original siege of cities and territories and annihilation of the enemy’s effective forces to making the opponent obey one’s own will. The means of combat have changed from conquering by force to conquering more areas. The emphasis on psychological and spiritual conquest and transformation has made cognitive warfare increasingly prominent in its status and role in modern warfare. In recent years, “hybrid warfare” has become a major means of great power competition. More and more countries have begun to focus on using new fields and new means to achieve political, military, and economic goals that are difficult to achieve with traditional warfare. “Hybrid war” is a mixture of war subjects such as states, non-state actors and individuals, a mixture of conventional warfare, unconventional warfare and other war styles, a mixture of military operations such as combat, stability maintenance and reconstruction, and a mixture of political, military and economic The mixture of multiple fields such as military and people’s livelihood is a mixture of multiple combat goals such as defeating the enemy and winning the hearts and minds of the people. This is highly consistent with cognitive warfare. The operational field of “hybrid warfare” has expanded from the military field to politics, economy, culture, people’s livelihood and other fields; the combat methods have expanded from firepower warfare and troop warfare to diplomatic warfare, economic warfare, cyber warfare, psychological warfare, public opinion warfare and other directions. This is highly consistent with cognitive warfare. Its core essence is to “make profit out of chaos”, its main purpose is to win people’s hearts, and its combat guidance is to win by cleverness.

The winning domain of war changes from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain. Modern war occurs in three fields: physics, information and cognition at the same time. The physical domain and information domain are separated from the material domain, and the cognitive domain is separated from the spiritual domain. The physical domain is a traditional war domain, consisting of combat platforms and military facilities, which provides the material basis for information warfare. The information domain is a newly emerging war field, that is, the space for information generation, transmission and sharing, and is the focus of information warfare competition. Cognitive domain is the scope and field involved in human cognitive activities. It is not only the space for human feeling, perception, memory and thinking activities, but also the space for knowledge generation, exchange, association, storage and application. It is also the space for perception, judgment and decision-making in combat activities. and spaces of command and control. The cognitive domain exists in the field of consciousness of combatants and affects their judgment and decision-making. It is a rising field of warfare. With the development of technologies such as network information and artificial intelligence, the scope of the cognitive domain has greatly expanded, and is expanding from the field of human consciousness to the field of modern cognitive tools and artificial intelligence. The development of military technology has expanded the scope of the cognitive domain, providing more advanced, faster, and more effective material and technical means for cognitive warfare, greatly enhancing the permeability, timeliness, and deterrence of cognitive warfare, and fundamentally It has changed cognitive warfare, making the cognitive domain a new winning field that transcends the physical domain and information domain, and has become the ultimate domain for great power games and military confrontations.

The mechanism for winning wars changes from information victory to cognitive victory. In the final analysis, war confrontation is a game and confrontation of cognition. Mastering the right to control cognition will largely control the initiative in war. Losing the right to control cognition will put you in a passive position of being beaten in the war. Obtaining higher and stronger control rights is the key to defeating powerful enemies. Finding ways to control cognitive power and then seize comprehensive battlefield control, so as to achieve maximum victory at the minimum cost, is an important mechanism and inherent law of modern warfare, especially cognitive warfare. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed new concepts of future warfare represented by “decision-centered warfare” and “mosaic warfare”, intending to use complexity as a weapon to create multiple dilemmas for opponents, requiring it to ensure its own tactical “selective advantage”. At the same time, by creating highly complex decision-making influences on the enemy and interfering with its decision-making capabilities, it can achieve a subversive advantage over the enemy in the cognitive domain. In the primary and intermediate stages of information warfare, the key to combat is to seize network control and information control, which runs through the progressive model of “network advantage → information advantage → decision-making advantage → combat advantage”. After information warfare enters an advanced stage, it becomes more and more difficult to seize control of information. The key to combat is to make the enemy fall into a “decision-making dilemma” so that even if it has information superiority, it cannot make correct decisions, thereby losing its combat advantage and having recognition. Only by knowing the advantages can you have the combat advantage. In future wars, cognitive advantage will be the most important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation will be the most important form of confrontation. It can be said that “without cognition, there is no war.”

Coping with complex wars has given rise to the concept of cognitive-centered warfare

In order to cope with the exponential growth trend of the complexity characteristics of modern warfare, we must use the theories and methods of complexity science to change the concept of platform-centered warfare where firepower is supreme and killing is king, and establish a cognitive-centered combat thinking. Cognition-centered warfare refers to taking the cognitive domain as the winning area, taking the cognitive advantage as the operational goal, and focusing on interfering with cognitive means, suppressing cognitive channels, affecting cognitive production, and conducting cognitive operations on enemy personnel and intelligent equipment. Interference, suppression, deception and inducement are a new operational concept that obtains combat advantages by seizing and maintaining cognitive advantages. Its main winning mechanisms are as follows.

Sun Tzu mentioned in “The Art of War” that “there is no constant force in an army;

Water has no permanent shape; those who can win due to the changes of the enemy are called gods.

Use cyber deterrence to destroy the enemy’s will to fight. Targeting the enemy’s political, economic, military, diplomatic, and cultural contradictions and weaknesses, disseminate deterrent information through cyberspace, or publish military parades, large-scale military exercises, new weapons and equipment research and development and other information through the Internet, so as to cause extreme cognitive and psychological changes in the opponent. Great fear and shock, deterring the enemy is not conducive to the implementation of my actions. Comprehensive use of network and electricity attack methods to carry out point strikes and warning attacks against the enemy’s important network and electricity targets and key core nodes, destroying the enemy’s system combat capabilities, affecting the normal performance of the enemy’s weapons and equipment, and providing psychological deterrence to the enemy. The US military’s “gray zone operations” theory relies on its own technological advantages and mainly takes actions such as cyber and electronic countermeasures to respond to the opponent’s “gray zone provocation” and deter the opponent from giving up “confrontation” or escalating the conflict, putting it in a dilemma.

Use information deception to induce the enemy to make misjudgments. Aiming at the enemy’s reconnaissance equipment, intelligence agencies and command systems, use cyber attacks, electronic deception and other means to conceal one’s military intentions, military operations and military objectives, and transmit to the enemy erroneous and false combat plans, troop configurations and operations. capabilities, combat plans, battlefield situation, etc., or use the enemy’s command information system to send false orders and information to induce the enemy to make wrong judgments and disrupt the enemy’s combat command. Implement new attacks such as “adversarial input” and “data poisoning” against artificial intelligence algorithms, allowing them to obtain preset conclusions through deep learning training, or causing them to fall into local optimal solutions and ignore the global optimal. Use technologies such as computer imaging, video synthesis, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence to synthesize sounds, videos, images, text information, etc., or use “deep fake” technology to generate false information that is difficult to distinguish between true and false, and transmit it through the Internet Spread in large quantities to confuse and deceive opponents and influence their decisions and actions.

Use information suppression to block the enemy’s cognitive means. Target the enemy’s important network targets, as well as core routers, switches, gateways, key servers, etc., and use “soft” and “hard” attack methods to destroy their network nodes. Based on the networking characteristics of wireless links such as the enemy’s command and control network, communication transmission network, weapon hinge network, and early warning detection network, comprehensively use technologies and means such as electronic jamming, GPS spoofing attacks, command link takeover, and data hijacking control to suppress them. Data communication, blocking its communication links and interfering with its combat command. Implement cyber-paralysis attacks on enemy command and control, military communications, early warning detection, aerospace information and other military networks, destroying core networks that affect their operations and weakening their combat capabilities.

Use public opinion propaganda to create a favorable public opinion environment . Cooperate with the country’s political, military, and diplomatic struggles, vigorously promote one’s own justice in the war, and stimulate the enthusiasm of all people to fully support the war. With the help of new media platforms such as instant messaging tools, online forums, podcasts, Twitter, and WeChat, we can systematically disseminate information that targets the enemy’s weaknesses. After gaining widespread attention and consensus, we can then promptly report information, create new hot spots, and repeatedly build momentum. Enhance the influence and form a resonance effect to expand the effect. Propaganda “sets the tone” by cleverly setting agendas, building public opinion through powerful media, setting off a “spiral of silence”, controlling and guiding public opinion, and changing people’s opinions and behaviors.

Use psychological attacks to undermine the morale of enemy soldiers and civilians. Through the Internet, processed and processed information is widely disseminated to promote one’s justice, demonstrate one’s strength, will and determination, vilify the enemy politically and morally, gather the thoughts and will of the military and civilians internally, and strive to win externally. The commanding heights of law and morality can “soften” and “weaken” the enemy spiritually. Use a variety of network communication methods and technical means to send various deceptive, disruptive, inductive, and deterrent messages to the enemy’s military and civilians in a targeted manner to attack the enemy’s psychological defense line, promote an ineffective confrontation mentality, and then lose combat capabilities. . Through the Internet, we can create, guide, plan, build, and expand momentum to create a “momentum” that is beneficial to ourselves but not beneficial to the enemy, causing a psychological impact on the other party’s people, thereby affecting or changing their psychological state, and implementing effective psychological attacks.

Use legal struggle to obtain legal and moral support. Use legal weapons to curb the enemy’s possible or future illegal acts, declare the legality of our actions, affirm our power of military counterattack, declare our determination to pursue war responsibilities, and deter the enemy. By exposing the illegality of the enemy’s provocative behavior, criticizing the legal basis for the enemy’s combat operations, and condemning the enemy’s illegal behavior, it causes the enemy’s strategic defeat and our own strategic gain. Use legal means to restrict the enemy’s possible actions, limit the possible interference of third parties, and block other parties from interfering with our own actions. Formulate the laws and regulations necessary for our operations to provide legal protection for our operations, or take legal remedial measures to reduce the possible negative impacts of our operations and ensure that combat operations are carried out in accordance with the law.

原中國軍事網站：https//www.81it.com/2023/1109/888沒有湯適合你.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

中國軍隊在認知領域建構網路戰作戰節奏

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Chinese Military Establishes Battle Rhythm of Cyber Warfare in the Cognitive Domain

目前，認知域已作為獨立一域登上戰爭舞台，日益成為大國博弈的常鬥之域、必爭之地、勝戰砝碼。 分析認知域作戰特徵及發展趨勢，至少反映為以下八個面向。

認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝勢的關鍵域

軍事對抗，表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看不管戰爭是什麼性質、何種目的，終歸是人的意志的較量。 勝利的關鍵是將己方意志強加在受眾身上的能力。 只要剝奪、擊潰了敵人的戰爭意志，就意味著贏得了戰爭。 認知域作戰，以人的意志、精神、心理等為對抗目標，增強己方意志的同時削弱敵方的意志，進而達成攻心奪志的政治目的。 從這個意義上講，認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝勢的關鍵領域。 隨著戰爭形態加速向智慧化演進，認知品質優勢帶來決策行動優勢，不僅可在道德、法理上佔據制高點，塑造正義合法的有利態勢，還可透過混合戰爭、綜合博弈手段，實現小戰 甚至不戰而勝的目的。 尤其是大國競爭背景下戰爭成本高昂，各方都希望透過加大認知域爭奪力度，以「人道」且「經濟」的形式，迫使對手知難而退。

透過改變對手認知，可改變其決策和行動

實施認知攻擊的目的，就是用一隻“看不見的手”操控對手意志，讓對手感到“我不能”“我不敢”，從而達到“我不想”的效果。 外軍實踐表明，對人的意志、信念、思維、心理實施認知攻擊，可以是長期的文化植入，可以是「資訊海洋+摀嘴封聲」式的資訊壓制，可以是先入為主、搶先發聲 的主動塑造，也可以利用歷史積怨來挑動矛盾爆發。 目前，資訊科技、人工智慧技術、媒體科技強化了對認知域的直接作用，利用智慧生成軟體，可製造大量認知“彈藥”，精準作用於作戰目標的認知層，直接將“意志強加 於對手”，快速改變戰略態勢。 展望資訊化智慧化戰場，態勢感知力量與平台廣泛分佈於陸海空天網等作戰域，規劃、決策、控制等認知行為主導各作戰域行動，尤其是未來智能化戰爭中人機混合的認知 優勢將主導戰場，可以透過認知幹擾、認知混淆、認知阻斷等手段，製造戰爭認知“迷霧”，誘使對手誤判態勢，做出錯誤決策和行動。

認知域作戰是全時攻防、全員覆蓋、全程使用、全域塑造、全政府行動

認知域作戰呈現出全方位、多層次、超時空、跨領域等特點，模糊了戰時和平時、前方和後方的界限，跨越了戰場和國界，超越了單純的軍事領域，廣泛滲透於政治 、經濟、外交等各社會領域，表現為「五全」特質。 全時攻防，沒有平時戰時之分，沒有前方後方之別，表現為全時在線、全時在戰。 全員覆蓋，任何人甚至包括智慧機器人，都可能成為認知域作戰的目標對象。 全程使用，貫穿聯合作戰的戰前戰中戰後，聯合軍事行動未展開，認知塑勢行動已開始，並且伴隨軍事行動而行，不隨軍事行動停而停。 全域塑造，認知塑造貫穿戰略、戰役、戰術各層，作用範圍涵蓋陸海空天網各域，跨域賦能，對全域行動都有影響。 全政府行動，認知塑造自然具有戰略性，需要跨部門、跨領域、跨軍地、跨層級一致協調行動，以求達到最佳傳播效果。

關鍵在於奪控行動或活動的性質定義權、過程主導權、結局評判權

認知賽局鬥爭，涉及多個對抗方，看似紛繁複雜，關鍵在於圍繞認知域的「三權」展開爭奪。 其一，爭奪事件性質定義權。 即這個事件該怎麼看，是正義的還是非正義的，是合法的還是非法的。 通常採取先發制人搶先定義、建群結盟強行定義、資訊壓制單方定義、設定議題套用定義等，引導塑造民眾形成定性認知。 其二，爭奪事件過程主導權。 即這事該怎麼幹、不該怎麼做，誰做的是對的、誰做的是錯的，通常採取設局布阱等方式，試圖按照己方所期望出現的狀態，主導目標事件發展方向、 快慢、暫停、繼續與終結。 其三，爭奪事件結局評判權。 即對這事該怎麼評，誰是獲利方、誰是受損方，誰是眼前的失利者、誰是長遠的受損者，等等。 各方都試圖透過掌控事件結局的評判權，放大於己有利之處、放大於敵不利之處，目的是利用事件延伸效應，持續傷敵利己。

道義和法理是各方爭奪的焦點

軍事行動歷來講究「師出有名」。 雖然戰爭形態加速演變，但是戰爭從屬於政治的本質屬性不會改變；戰爭性質和人心向背，仍是影響戰爭勝負的關鍵因素。 認知域戰場上，佔據了政治、道義、法理的製高點，就能夠贏得民心、道義支持，營造得道多助的輿論氛圍，進而掌握制敵先機。 每次戰爭或衝突，無論是強者或弱者，無論是進攻方防守方或第三方，各方都會全力搶佔認知主導權、輿論主動權，千方百計用道義包裝自己、注重宣示正義立場，設法為 戰爭定性、為行動正名，以消除阻力、增加助力，塑造以「有道」伐「無道」的有利態勢。 戰爭雙方實力對比不同，瞄準佔據道德法理制高點進行的認知對抗方式也會不同。 近幾場戰爭表明，當一方軟硬實力均很強大時，即軍事實力強、盟友夥伴眾多、國際話語權佔有率大，常常高調宣戰；當軍事行動有可能引發連鎖反應時，則常常模糊處理 「戰」的提法。

資訊是認知攻防的基本“彈藥”

網路資訊時代，人類溝通方式持續發生複雜深刻變化。 現場互動互動逐漸讓位給網路線上連線，一些大型社群平台成為認知博弈鬥爭的主陣地、影響民眾認知的主管道，以資訊為彈藥進行國際網路封鎖權、話語控制權爭奪成為當今認 知對抗的主要行動之一。 在這些平台上，各種短視頻成為公眾了解戰況的“第一現場”，訊息比砲彈跑得快。 圍繞平台的使用與封鎖、主導與規製成為認知域作戰爭奪的焦點，各方努力透過操控社交平台來傳播、放大己方宣傳，聲討、壓制對方宣傳，形成「我說的多、你說的少 」「我說的對、你說的錯」「只能我說、不讓你說」的局面。 民眾作為大型社群平台的使用者，在「聽」與「說」甚至「做」的過程中，受別人影響，也影響別人，不知不覺地成為幕後推手的代理人和攻擊道具。

軍事行動對認知塑造有關鍵支撐作用

人類戰爭史表明，兵戰永遠是政治較量的基礎支撐，心戰則是兵戰的效能倍增器。 戰場上拿不回來的東西，不能指望在談判桌上拿回來，更不能指望在輿論場上拿回來。 現代戰爭中，認知傳播行動總是與聯合軍事行動如影隨形，心戰與兵戰互相影響、互為支撐，兵戰心戰化和心戰兵戰化趨勢更為明顯。 從戰爭實踐看，沒有軍事實力是萬萬不能的，但僅有軍事行動又不是萬能的。 戰場上的多次勝利，並不是奪取戰爭勝利的充分條件。 越戰中，美雖「贏得了每次戰鬥，卻輸掉了整場戰爭」。 21世紀初，美國連續打的伊拉克戰爭、阿富汗戰爭，贏得了戰場勝利，也沒有贏得政治勝勢。 同樣的道理，軍事上的勝勢不等於贏得輿論上的強勢，贏得戰場勝利也不意味著贏得戰略的勝利。 現代戰爭中，兩類人員的角色越來越大，一類人員透過編寫成千上萬行程式碼謀勝，一類人員透過編寫成千上萬條資訊謀勝。 這兩類人員數品質都佔優的一方，取勝的機率往往就大。

認知對抗技術越來越直接運用於戰爭

過去戰爭中，對認知域的影響和作用，主要是透過物理域的大量毀傷行動，逐級逐層傳遞到認知域。 隨著資訊通訊、人工智慧、生物交叉、腦科學等技術的發展和突破，新的認知戰工具和技術直接瞄準軍事人員。 認知對抗不僅使用傳統的資訊戰武器，也使用以大腦為作戰目標的神經武器庫。 屆時，機器將可以讀懂人腦，人腦也將能夠直接控制機器，智慧指控系統可以直接提供戰場態勢和決策輔助，逼真的認知彈藥和精準的受眾投放將極大增強社會影響效果。 認知對抗技術越來越直接運用於戰爭，原來資訊化所隱含的間接認知，正逐步轉變為直接對人的認知進行影響與控制。 可以說，先進科技的支撐，使認知域作戰透過建構現代網路架構、開發資料視覺化平台，快速了解資訊環境並有效影響目標人群，可以更直接且有效率地達成政治目的。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院戰爭研究院）

Modern English:

Analysis of the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations

Cognitive domain operations take people’s will, beliefs, thinking, psychology, etc. as direct combat objects, and then affect their decisions and actions by changing the opponent’s cognition. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become an important form of great power game, with all parties striving to achieve political goals in a relatively controllable manner. Gaining insight into the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations is of urgent and important practical significance for winning future wars.

At present, the cognitive domain has entered the war stage as an independent domain, and has increasingly become a common domain, a battleground, and a weight for victory in the game between great powers. Analyze the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations, which are reflected in at least the following eight aspects.

The cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory.

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation between the hard power of both sides. On a deeper level, no matter what the nature of the war is and for what purpose, it is ultimately a contest of human wills. The key to victory is the ability to impose your will on your audience. As long as the enemy’s will to fight is deprived and defeated, the war is won. Cognitive domain warfare uses human will, spirit, psychology, etc. as the target of confrontation, strengthening one’s own will while weakening the enemy’s will, thereby achieving the political goal of conquering the heart and mind. In this sense, the cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory. As war accelerates its evolution toward intelligence, cognitive quality advantages bring decision-making and action advantages, which can not only occupy the moral and legal high ground and create a favorable situation of justice and legality, but also realize small wars through hybrid warfare and comprehensive game means. Even the purpose of winning without fighting. Especially in the context of great power competition, the cost of war is high. All parties hope to intensify the competition for cognitive domains and force their opponents to retreat in a “humane” and “economic” manner.

By changing the opponent’s perception, it can change its decisions and actions

The purpose of implementing cognitive attacks is to use an “invisible hand” to control the opponent’s will, making the opponent feel “I can’t” and “I dare not”, and then achieve the effect of “I don’t want to”. Foreign military practice has shown that cognitive attacks on people’s will, beliefs, thinking, and psychology can be long-term cultural implantation, information suppression in the form of “information ocean + covering one’s mouth to silence”, or preemptive speech. Active shaping of political power can also use historical grievances to provoke the outbreak of conflicts. At present, information technology, artificial intelligence technology, and media technology have strengthened their direct effects on the cognitive domain. Using intelligent generation software, a large amount of cognitive “munitions” can be produced to accurately act on the cognitive layer of combat targets, directly imposing “will” “to rivals” and quickly change the strategic situation. Looking forward to the informationized and intelligent battlefield, situational awareness forces and platforms are widely distributed in combat domains such as land, sea, air, and space networks. Cognitive behaviors such as planning, decision-making, and control dominate operations in various combat domains, especially the cognition of human-machine hybrids in future intelligent warfare. Advantages will dominate the battlefield. Cognitive interference, cognitive confusion, cognitive blocking and other means can be used to create a “fog” of war cognition, inducing opponents to misjudge the situation and make wrong decisions and actions.

Cognitive domain operations are full-time offense and defense, full personnel coverage, full use, full domain shaping, and full government action

Cognitive domain operations are all-round, multi-level, hyper-temporal, and cross-domain. They blur the boundaries between wartime and peacetime, front and rear, cross battlefields and national boundaries, go beyond the pure military field, and widely penetrate into politics. , economy, diplomacy and other social fields, showing the characteristics of “five completes”. Full-time offense and defense, there is no distinction between peacetime and wartime, and there is no difference between the front and the rear. It is expressed as being online all the time and in war all the time. Covering all personnel, anyone, including intelligent robots, may become the target of cognitive domain operations. It is used throughout the whole process of joint operations before and during the war. Before the joint military operation is launched, the cognitive shaping operation has begun and will accompany the military operation and will not stop with the military operation. Global shaping, cognitive shaping runs through all levels of strategy, operations, and tactics, and its scope covers all domains of land, sea, air, and space networks. Cross-domain empowerment has an impact on all-domain operations. As a whole-of-government action, cognitive shaping is naturally strategic and requires consistent and coordinated actions across departments, fields, military and localities, and levels to achieve the best communication effect.

The key is to seize control over the right to define the nature of an action or activity, the right to dominate the process, and the right to judge the outcome.

The cognitive game struggle involves multiple opposing parties and seems complicated. The key is to compete for the “three powers” in the cognitive domain. First, fight for the right to define the nature of the event. That is, how to view this incident, whether it is just or unjust, legal or illegal. Usually, pre-emptive definitions, group alliances and forced definitions, information suppression and unilateral definitions, setting issues and applying definitions are usually adopted to guide and shape the public to form qualitative perceptions. Second, compete for dominance over the event process. That is, how to do something, how not to do it, who did it right and who did it wrong, usually by setting up a trap and other methods, trying to dominate the development direction of the target event according to the state that one’s own side expects. Fast and slow, pause, continue and end. Third, compete for the right to judge the outcome of the incident. That is, how to evaluate this matter, who is the gainer and who is the loser, who is the immediate loser, who is the long-term loser, etc. All parties strive to control the outcome of the incident by amplifying their own advantages and amplifying the disadvantages of the enemy. The purpose is to use the extended effect of the incident to continue to harm the enemy and benefit themselves.

Morality and legal principles are the focus of contention between all parties

Military operations have always paid attention to the principle of “discipline and reputation”. Although the shape of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, the essential nature of war as subordinate to politics will not change; the nature of war and the support of people’s hearts are still the key factors that affect the outcome of a war. On the battlefield in the cognitive domain, by occupying the commanding heights of politics, morality, and law, we can win the hearts and minds of the people and moral support, create a public opinion atmosphere in which moral support is abundant, and then seize the opportunity to defeat the enemy. In every war or conflict, whether it is the strong or the weak, whether the attacker, the defender, or a third party, all parties will try their best to seize cognitive dominance and the initiative of public opinion. They will do everything possible to package themselves with morality, focus on declaring a just position, and try to find ways to defend themselves. Qualify the war, justify the action, eliminate resistance, increase support, and create a favorable situation in which “righteousness” defeats “unrighteousness”. The strength balance between the two sides in the war is different, and the cognitive confrontation methods aimed at occupying the moral and legal high ground will also be different. Recent wars have shown that when a party has strong soft and hard power, that is, it has strong military strength, many allies and partners, and a large share of international voice, it often declares war in a high-profile manner; when military actions may trigger chain reactions, it is often handled in a vague manner. The word “war”.

Information is the basic “ammunition” for cognitive attack and defense

In the network information age, the way humans communicate continues to undergo complex and profound changes. On-site interactive interactions have gradually given way to online connections. Some large-scale social platforms have become the main battleground for cognitive games and the main channels for influencing public cognition. Using information as ammunition to fight for the right to block international networks and control discourse has become a common practice today. One of the main actions of confrontation. On these platforms, various short videos have become the “first scene” for the public to understand the war situation, and information travels faster than cannonballs. The use and blocking, dominance and regulation of platforms have become the focus of battles in the cognitive domain. All parties strive to spread and amplify their own propaganda, denounce and suppress the other party’s propaganda by manipulating social platforms, forming a “I say more, you say less” “What I said is right and what you said is wrong” is a situation where “I can only say it and you are not allowed to say it”. As users of large-scale social platforms, the public is influenced by and affects others in the process of “listening”, “speaking” and even “doing”, and unknowingly becomes the agents and attack props of those behind the scenes.

Military operations play a key supporting role in shaping cognition

The history of human war shows that military warfare is always the basic support of political contests, while psychological warfare is the effectiveness multiplier of military warfare. What cannot be retrieved on the battlefield cannot be expected to be retrieved at the negotiation table, let alone in the field of public opinion. In modern warfare, cognitive communication operations always go hand in hand with joint military operations. Mental warfare and military warfare influence and support each other. The trend of military warfare becoming mental warfare and mental warfare becoming military warfare is more obvious. From the perspective of war practice, it is absolutely impossible without military strength, but military actions alone are not omnipotent. Multiple victories on the battlefield are not a sufficient condition for victory in war. In the Vietnam War, although the United States “won every battle, it lost the entire war.” At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States fought successive wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, winning battlefield victories but not political victory. By the same token, military victory does not mean winning public opinion, and winning the battlefield does not mean winning strategic victory. In modern warfare, two types of people play an increasingly important role: those who win by writing thousands of lines of code, and those who win by writing thousands of messages. The side with superior quantity and quality of these two types of personnel will often have a higher probability of winning.

Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly used directly in warfare

In past wars, the influence and effect on the cognitive domain were mainly transmitted to the cognitive domain level by level through a large number of damaging actions in the physical domain. With the development and breakthroughs of information communications, artificial intelligence, biocrossing, brain science and other technologies, new cognitive warfare tools and technologies are directly targeting military personnel. Cognitive countermeasures use not only traditional information warfare weapons, but also an arsenal of neural weapons that target the brain. By then, machines will be able to read human brains, and human brains will also be able to directly control machines. Intelligent command and control systems can directly provide battlefield situation and decision-making assistance. Realistic cognitive ammunition and precise audience placement will greatly enhance the social impact. Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly being used directly in warfare. The indirect cognition implicit in informatization is gradually transforming into a direct influence and control of people’s cognition. It can be said that with the support of advanced technology, cognitive domain operations can achieve political goals more directly and efficiently by building a modern network architecture and developing a data visualization platform to quickly understand the information environment and effectively influence target groups.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Sciences)

原來的 中国军网 国防部网: https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-08/888沒有湯給你.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用：智慧戰爭中的有效方法論

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Chinese Military’s Tactical Use of Dissipative Warfare: Effective Methodology within Intelligent Warfare

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。 所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。 加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。

耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智慧化戰爭體系 所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。 進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。 在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相 隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。 耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了 世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。

符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。 戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋 散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。 農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。 工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。 在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。 進入智慧化時代，智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、 以智釋能，形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態，主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。

具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。 社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和 語境體系。 從哲學角度看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現聯繫的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的 演進和運行。 依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的 新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。 因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度 統一起來，反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義

耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。

對抗綜合博弈。 隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方 的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。 戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈 中贏得主動和優勢。

主體跨域多元。 智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。 政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。 多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、 外交等多類社會域。 如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。

力量一體富聚。 虛實力量一體。 圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。 無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行 共生；多方力量一體。 基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。 總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。

效能累積湧現。 高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。 耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法 等的擴散與融合，對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。 在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。 當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。

在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰

智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。 要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。

著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。 截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。 如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。 在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。

著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。 智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。 運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。 如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。 在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構 ，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。

著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。 智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。 如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。 可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段， 戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

Modern English:

Introduction

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in military affairs, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical method of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to a combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal integration and integration and external mutation. Strengthening research on dissipative warfare will help us deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative war is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain in the intelligent era. It is reflected in the high degree of unity in the form of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the intelligent war system. openness, complexity and emergence.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the era of intelligence, technologies such as wide networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and ethnic groups have become more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and is intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and categories of intelligent warfare have continued to expand. The time and space of war have continued to expand. War and peace are like shadows. As they become more integrated, the war system will further transcend local geographical restrictions, move from a relatively closed world to a more open one, and form a higher-level and wider-scale confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive development of intelligent warfare systems in the physical, information and cognitive domains. It highly unifies political contests, economic competitions, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts and diplomatic checks and balances into the scope of confrontation between ourselves and the enemy, adapting to the The requirements of the times as the world security situation develops.

It is in line with the objective laws of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the birth of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent warfare, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in material consumption and energy release. A form of dispersion and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the main form of war was cold weapon warfare dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the era of industrialization, the main forms of warfare are thermonuclear weapons and mechanized warfare dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly information-based war dominated by information elements and centered on the network information system. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, Interpreting energy through intelligence has formed an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms. The main form of expression is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of the complex systems of intelligent warfare.

It is supported by a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. Social form is the matrix of war forms. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must be based on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of war forms and the social form in which intelligent warfare occurs, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that make up the world. Material embodies the existence of the source, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connections. The three progressively and alternately dominate the formation of social forms and war forms. Evolve and run. According to the principle of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be material again after matter, energy, and information. However, this material is formed after a spiral of high informatization. The main characteristic of new materials is that they have intelligent technical properties. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristic advantages of matter, energy and information in previous low-level warfare forms, and highly integrates the common forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion in war. Unified, it reflects the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inner essence of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of war subjects and categories, and presents many new characteristics.

Against comprehensive games. As the form of intelligent warfare accelerates to develop to a higher depth and breadth, the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more interconnected and have more extensive influence. The focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system, and the war stakeholders The confrontation will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances. The pursuit of war advantages is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to compete in comprehensive games in multiple fields Gain the initiative and advantage.

Subjects are diverse across domains. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly generalized, and the potential war forces that need to be mobilized for traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main body of the war. Diversified war subjects will span the real domain and the virtual domain, appearing in land, sea, air, space, electricity, psychology and other spatial domains, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering politics, economy, culture, Diplomacy and other social fields. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on military battlefields and pass it on to war stakeholders, causing the spread of key war information, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Strength is gathered into one body. Virtual and real power are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real and virtual forces that may be used will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and they will perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; they will be integrated with and without forces. Unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy after going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and human supervision. They can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and can effectively coordinate and operate in parallel under the constraints of common war rules. Symbiosis; multiple forces integrated into one. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the party, government, military, police and civilians and other forces closely coordinate and act in a unified manner with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles to form a comprehensive combat capability. In short, under the unified planning of the country or political group, although the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, and integration of excellence around the common war purpose.

Effectiveness emerges cumulatively. While high-level warfare forms have new technological features, they still include the characteristic advantages of lower-level warfare forms. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains. This includes not only the consumption of ammunition, materials, equipment and even combat personnel at the material level, but also the continuous collection and release of energy at the energy level. It also includes the use of data, knowledge, and algorithms at the information level. The diffusion and integration of information, etc. will have an unlimited impact on people’s thinking and cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotions, will, behavior patterns, etc. Under the constant deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare will become less bloody, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic stranglehold, etc. will become more serious and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the cumulative effectiveness reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Choose the right focus to fight the dissipation war well

The intelligent warfare system maximizes the combat effectiveness of the system through internal aggregation and integration, external mutation emergence, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation. This is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and identify the focus of war preparations.

Focus on the openness of the system and close and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, causing it to lack material, energy and information source channels, and gradually move towards a state of isolation, closure and weakness. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is adopted to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing an increase in system entropy. At the operational level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force the opponent’s war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focus on the complexity of the system and attack the opponent’s war system by domain. The more connections and the closer the connections between the elements of an intelligent warfare system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. Using the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, we can formulate overall strategic, local campaign and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based attacks on the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the use of economic blockade can greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the operational level, the vulnerability of the communication network of the combat system is exploited, and network and electricity composite attacks are used as the basic path and means, and methods such as “destroying terminals, attacking elements, lone groups, disconnecting networks, and breaking clouds” are used to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure. , prompting the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on the emergent nature of the system and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s combat system. Only when mutation and emergence effects occur in an intelligent warfare system can it quickly form and exert its effectiveness and gain advantages in dissipative warfare. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It is foreseeable that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking for understanding and discovering the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex systems of war, as well as new means of exploring objective laws and transforming nature and society. The dominant side in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dispersing the enemy’s war system.

中國國防部原網站：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/888沒有湯給你html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 資料來源：中國外交部

打贏資訊化智慧化戰爭解放軍必須找到科技融合點推進戰術創新

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To Win The Information-based Intelligent War China’s People’s Liberation Army Must Find Science and Technology Integration Point To Evolve Innovation of Tactics

戰法，即作戰方法，指作戰中運用的策略和技術。 戰法創新，既要深謀“策”，也要鑽研“技”。 有“策”無“技”，心有餘而力不足；有“技”無“策”，雖用力而不得法。 既要有策略指導，又具備技術支撐，方能百戰百勝。 打贏資訊化智能化戰爭，開展以謀為先、以智取勝的戰法創新，必須「策」「技」並施，有效解決理論創新與技術應用脫節、作戰行動與技術路徑脫軌等問題。

思維認知「融」。 現代科技快速發展，正推動未來作戰向高端戰爭演進。 既要搶佔理論制高點，又要塑造技術新優勢，理技深度融合創新戰法，是製勝戰場的要訣。 軍人作為戰法創新的主體，必須深刻認知現代戰爭制勝機理，根植理技融合理念，拓展理技融合思維。 目前，兩個突出問題和傾向值得注意：一是科技素養不夠，容易導致對新的戰爭形態認識不深不透，僅憑以往經驗套路研究戰法，對作戰體系中哪些技術起作用、什麼技術 真管用、對敵形成技術優勢從何入手、與強敵存在哪些技術差、如何避免被敵技術壓制等知之不深，重戰法輕技術、重“智謀”輕“智能”，創新的戰法 看似管用，其實缺乏技術支撐，風險度大。 二是把握不准作戰需求，未來戰場景象描繪不夠清晰，雖然技術原理、制勝機理明白了，但對科技在作戰行動中的運用知之不夠，忽略了人的主觀能動性對作戰效能發揮起到的決定性 作用，重技術輕戰法，就技術研技術，或只鑽研技術性能而不考慮戰法運用，或只知技術功效卻不嘗試戰法創新。 凡此，應把指戰員學科技、懂科技、用科技與科技人員學軍事、懂打仗、研戰法統籌起來協調推進，建立戰技專家融合創新機制，對接研究制勝機理，協同嵌入理技融合理念 ，交互幫帶提升戰法創新素質，形成以作戰行動牽引科技運用、以科技運用支撐作戰行動的思想認識，厚實理技融合開展戰法創新的根基。

作戰設計「融」。 世界上從來沒有完全相同的兩場戰爭，戰法創新可以繼承借鑒，不能複製翻版。 目前，軍事理論創新步伐加快、先進科技發展日新月異，戰爭形態深刻變革，呈現出混合多元、變幻莫測的顯著特徵，顛覆性技術、創新性概念、重塑性理論層出不窮。 理技融合設計未來作戰，才能找準提升戰法創新的起點。 要以敢領世界先的勇氣突破思維定勢，用超前眼光、獨特視角創新作戰理論，開發並落地作戰概念，構想作戰場景，創新戰法打法，先把未來戰場的「底圖」勾勒 好，以此對接現代科技應用、牽引先進技術研發。 同時，設計未來作戰不能超越科技極限過於遙遠地“空想”，應立足於一定時期內的科技可行性，在具有現實或可預期科技運用支撐、擁有技術實現路徑的前提下創新戰法，將技術 阻斷、技術突襲、技術壓制、技術調控嵌入作戰行動。

技高一籌「融」。 在現代戰爭中，人是決定性因素的地位沒有變，而科技對戰爭勝負的影響更加凸顯，爭奪科技勝勢在很大程度上決定戰爭勝負，必須始終把科技運用嵌入作戰鏈條、貫穿作戰全程 ，以技術效應支撐戰法運用，以技術優勢驅動作戰效能發揮。 當前，戰法創新中的理技融合，主要矛盾並非技術中少理論，而是理論中缺乏技術，最迫切的是著力推進前沿科技向作戰理論融合滲透。 要加強以武器裝備平台為依託的實質融合，著眼於最大限度地啟動作戰效能，廣泛進行基於行動效能釋放的裝備作戰運用研究、裝備作戰試驗鑑定，透過模擬推演、數據分析來偵測作戰行動的有效性 ，以「數算」驗證「勝算」。 要加強基於作戰任務選擇「最優解」技術手段的深度性融合，從研究作戰對手、確定行動方法，到擬製作戰預案、組織對抗演訓，都要充分考慮敵我技術力量對比，貫徹非對稱 作戰思想，把以優制劣、避強擊弱作為基本原則，謀求技術壓制並防敵壓制，謀求技術阻斷並防敵阻斷，謀求技術顛覆並防敵顛覆，最大限度發揮技術優勢，竭 全力限制敵方技術發揮，以此塑造有利態勢、支撐戰法運用。

集智聚力「融」。 資訊化智能化時代，不論是理論研究，或科技創新，都呈現出開放連結、交叉滲透的顯著特徵。 理技融合進行戰法創新，開放共享是重要的成長點。 推進人機一體式戰法創新，人出智謀、機器來算，以算的結果反推修訂戰法成果，在人機交互中實現理技融合；推進指技人才團隊式戰法創新，組建“ 科學家+指揮官」「戰鬥員+技術員」混合群體，實行聯調聯試、聯演聯訓、聯算聯謀，以戰法的科學性、技術的先進性謀求聯戰聯勝；推進開源眾 籌式戰法創新，軍內軍外結合，線上線下互動，以更開闊的視野、更靈活的形式，集中廣大官兵和各類專業化人才的聰明智慧，開展戰法創新領域的「創客 ”活動，發展匯聚新戰法“資源池”“成果庫”，以實現理技融合的最大效益。

實踐迭代“融”。 理論成果在實務運用中得到檢驗和昇華，科技手段在作戰行動中顯現功能與效益。 戰法創新非一日之功，理技融合也應迭代進步、滾動發展。 要注重整合應用資訊科技與智慧技術，虛擬構設未來作戰景象，在感觸與體驗智慧化作戰環境中創新戰法；要深入開展戰法創新成果虛擬模擬論證，透過虛擬實驗、模擬檢驗，充分驗證 戰法設計的可行性、作戰行動的有效性；要結合演訓活動進行技術性能檢測，透過武器裝備與資訊系統的聚能與釋能實際狀況分析，充分檢驗技術應用的功效與缺陷所在。 從而，在複盤研討、反覆論證、資料檢驗中動態發現與解決問題，理論不適用的修改理論，技術行不通的升級技術，讓戰法引進新領域技術，讓技術顛覆傳統式戰法，實現 技戰一體有機結合，持續推動戰法創新螺旋上升滾動發展。

Modern English:

Find the integration point of theory and technology for innovative tactics

Tactic, that is, combat methods, refers to the strategies and techniques used in combat. To innovate tactics, we must not only think deeply about “strategies”, but also study “techniques”. If there is “strategy” but no “skill”, the mind will be more than sufficient but the strength is insufficient; if there is “skill” but no “strategy”, no matter how hard you try, you will not be able to achieve the goal. It requires both strategic guidance and technical support to be victorious in every battle. To win information-based and intelligent wars and carry out strategic innovation that puts strategy first and wins by outsmarting, we must implement both “policy” and “technique” to effectively solve problems such as the disconnect between theoretical innovation and technological application, and the derailment of combat operations and technological paths.

“Integration” of thinking and cognition. The rapid development of modern science and technology is promoting the evolution of future combat to high-end warfare. It is necessary to seize the theoretical commanding heights and create new technological advantages. In-depth integration of science and technology and innovative tactics are the keys to victory on the battlefield. As the main body of innovation in tactics, military personnel must have a deep understanding of the winning mechanism of modern warfare, root the concept of integrating science and technology, and expand the thinking of integrating science and technology. At present, two outstanding problems and tendencies are worth noting: First, insufficient scientific and technological literacy, which can easily lead to an in-depth understanding of new forms of warfare. Only relying on past experience and routines to study tactics, and which technologies are effective and which technologies in the combat system. I don’t know much about how effective it is, where to start to form a technological advantage over the enemy, what are the technical differences with powerful enemies, how to avoid being suppressed by the enemy’s technology, etc. We emphasize tactics over technology, emphasis on “wisdom” over “intelligence”, and innovative tactics. It seems to work, but in fact it lacks technical support and is highly risky. The second is that the combat needs are not accurately grasped, and the future battlefield scene is not clearly described. Although the technical principles and winning mechanisms are understood, the application of science and technology in combat operations is not known enough, and the decisive role of human subjective initiative in combat effectiveness is ignored. Function, focusing on technology over tactics, researching technology based on technology, or only studying technical performance without considering the application of tactics, or only knowing the efficacy of technology without trying to innovate tactics. In this regard, officers and soldiers should learn, understand, and use science and technology and science and technology personnel should learn military affairs, understand warfare, and study warfare methods in a coordinated and coordinated manner, establish an integration and innovation mechanism for combat technology experts, conduct joint research on winning mechanisms, and collaboratively embed the concept of science and technology integration , interactively help and improve the quality of tactical innovation, form an ideological understanding that combat operations drive the application of science and technology, and use science and technology application to support combat operations, and lay a solid foundation for integrating theory and technology to carry out tactical innovation.

Combat design “integration”. There are never two identical wars in the world. Innovation in tactics can be inherited and learned from, but cannot be copied. At present, the pace of military theoretical innovation is accelerating, advanced science and technology are developing at a rapid pace, and the form of warfare is undergoing profound changes, showing the distinctive characteristics of being mixed, diverse, and unpredictable. Subversive technologies, innovative concepts, and reshaping theories are emerging one after another. Only by integrating science and technology to design future operations can we find and improve the starting point for tactical innovation. We must have the courage to lead the world and break through the stereotypes, use forward-looking and unique perspectives to innovate combat theories, develop and implement combat concepts, conceive combat scenarios, innovate tactics, and first outline the “base map” of the future battlefield. Well, in this way, we can connect the application of modern science and technology and promote the research and development of advanced technology. At the same time, the design of future operations cannot be too far-fetched and “utopian” beyond the limits of science and technology. It should be based on the feasibility of science and technology within a certain period of time, and on the premise of having the support of realistic or foreseeable technology application and having a path for technological implementation, innovate tactics and integrate technology. Interdiction, technological surprise, technological suppression, and technological control are embedded in combat operations.

“Integration” with superior skills. In modern wars, the status of people as the decisive factor has not changed, but the impact of technology on the outcome of wars has become more prominent. The fight for technological victory determines the outcome of wars to a large extent. The use of science and technology must always be embedded in the combat chain and throughout the entire combat process. , use technical effects to support the application of tactics, and use technical advantages to drive combat effectiveness. At present, the main contradiction in the integration of theory and technology in the innovation of tactics is not the lack of theory in technology, but the lack of technology in theory. The most urgent thing is to promote the integration of cutting-edge technology into combat theory. It is necessary to strengthen the substantive integration based on weapons and equipment platforms, focus on activating combat effectiveness to the maximum extent, carry out extensive research on the combat application of equipment based on operational effectiveness release, equipment combat testing and identification, and test the effectiveness of combat operations through simulation deductions and data analysis. , verify the “probability of winning” with “number calculations”. It is necessary to strengthen the in-depth integration of technical means to select “optimal solutions” based on combat tasks. From studying combat opponents and determining action methods to formulating combat plans and organizing confrontation exercises, we must fully consider the technical strength comparison between the enemy and ourselves, and implement asymmetric The operational philosophy takes the superiority of the inferior and the avoidance of the strong to attack the weak as the basic principle, seeks technological suppression and prevents the enemy from suppressing it, seeks technological blockage and prevents the enemy from blocking it, seeks technological subversion and prevents the enemy from subverting it, maximizes the use of technological advantages, and does everything possible. Make every effort to limit the enemy’s technological performance in order to create a favorable situation and support the use of tactics.

Gather wisdom and strength to “integrate”. In the era of informationization and intelligence, both theoretical research and scientific and technological innovation show the remarkable characteristics of open linkage and cross-penetration. The integration of science and technology carries out strategic innovation, and open sharing is an important growth point. Promote the innovation of man-machine integrated tactics, where people use their ingenuity and machines do calculations, and use the calculation results to revise the results of tactics, and realize the integration of science and technology in human-computer interaction; promote the innovation of team-based tactics for finger-technical talents, and form a ” A mixed group of “scientists + commanders” and “combatants + technicians” implements joint debugging and testing, joint exercises and training, and joint calculations and calculations, and seeks joint victory with the scientific nature of tactics and advanced technology; promotes open source and mass Tactics innovation, integration within and outside the military, online and offline interaction, with a broader vision and more flexible form, pool the wisdom of officers and soldiers and various professional talents to carry out “makers” in the field of tactics innovation “Activities, develop and gather new tactics “resource pools” and “results libraries” to achieve maximum benefits from the integration of science and technology.

Practice iterative “integration”. Theoretical achievements have been tested and sublimated in practical applications, and scientific and technological means have demonstrated their functions and benefits in combat operations. Innovation in tactics is not something that can be accomplished in a day, and the integration of science and technology should also be iteratively progressed and developed on a rolling basis. It is necessary to focus on the integrated application of information technology and intelligent technology, to virtually construct future combat scenarios, and to innovate tactics while feeling and experiencing the intelligent combat environment; it is necessary to carry out in-depth virtual simulation demonstrations of the innovative results of tactics, and fully verify them through virtual experiments and simulation tests. The feasibility of tactical design and the effectiveness of combat operations; technical performance testing must be carried out in conjunction with drills and training activities, and the efficacy and flaws of technical applications must be fully tested by analyzing the actual energy collection and release of weapons, equipment and information systems. Therefore, problems can be discovered and solved dynamically during review discussions, repeated demonstrations, and data testing, and we can modify theories where the theory is not applicable and upgrade technologies where technology is not feasible, so that tactics can introduce new field technologies, and technology can subvert traditional tactics and achieve success. The organic combination of technology and combat continues to promote the spiral and rolling development of tactical innovation.

中國國防部原文來源: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/888沒有湯適合你.html

中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 認知領域操作, 資料來源：中國外交部

透過智慧戰爭洞察中國軍隊打贏戰爭的演變

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Insight into Chinese Military’s Evolution of Winning Wars through the use of Intelligent Warfare

引言

軍事理論家常說，勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑。 近年來，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅速，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變，與之相應的戰爭觀也正在發生嬗變。 及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強打弱”到“以智制拙”

「強勝弱敗」是帶有一定普遍性的戰爭制勝法則。 即使是那些以弱勝強的戰例，往往也必須在局部和特定時段形成對敵的力量優勢才能真正取勝。 在智慧化戰爭時代，智力優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素。

在智慧化戰爭對抗中，人的智慧廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全域多維、各種類型的智慧化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求建構作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰， 任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智慧自主趨勢。 智慧程度更高更強的一方，能夠更好地開發和運用「以智制拙」機理，甚至據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。 也要看到，智慧化戰爭時代很可能存在由低到高的多個發展階段，盡可能讓自己處於高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維度的階段，也是以高打低「智勝」機理 的運用。

從“消滅力量”到“摧毀認知”

隨著戰爭形態加速向智慧化演進，作戰空間逐漸由物理域、資訊域拓展至認知域，以有形戰場擴展到無形戰場，由人的精神和心理活動構成的認知空間已成為新的作戰 空間。 與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智能化戰爭將更著重於削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的認知。

透過智慧分析對手的性格偏好、心理特徵、決策習慣，可有針對性地「量身定制」威懾訊息，利用智慧化等前沿技術優勢，以形象逼真的方式向對手展現強大實力，使焦慮、猜疑 、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致不攻自破。 被譽為「新石油」的大數據在豐富情報來源的同時，也成為作用於對手認知的重要「武器」。 透過對大數據進行加工處理，並刻意“洩露”給對手，將給其製造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知迷茫的境地。 在智慧化戰爭中，圍繞著攻心奪誌所展開的鬥爭博弈將更加激烈，而佔據認知優勢的一方將比對方先勝一籌，更加容易掌握主動、先機。

從“以人為主”到“人機協同”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織與運用均以人為主。 隨著智慧技術的廣泛應用，無人裝備的比例不斷提高。 在智慧化戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機融合、優勢互補。 外軍提出的第三次「抵銷戰略」將人機協作等作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的「忠誠僚機」等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。 可以預見，人機協同將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量進行立體多維的戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量即時提供情報支援；利用無人平台攜帶中繼負荷，可為有人作戰力量持續提供通訊中繼支援；利用無人作戰力量深入 前方戰場，可吸引敵方攻擊，迫敵暴露位置，為有人作戰力量提供目標引導和火力支援；利用無人運輸裝備為前線提供物資補給，可提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少非必要的 人員傷亡。 在人工智慧的輔助下，有人作戰力量與無人作戰力量將在數量規模、功能作用等方面實現科學分工與合理搭配，從而使整體效能最大化。

從“以大吃小”到“以快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要透過增加兵力數量來彌補在裝備性能等方面的短板。 “兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速OODA殺傷鏈循環 ，使「發現即摧毀」成為可能。

高超音波飛彈、雷射武器、微波武器、電磁脈衝武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向「秒殺」。 在海灣戰爭中，OODA環的迴路時間需要3天；在伊拉克戰爭中，迴路時間已縮短至10分鐘以內；而在敘利亞戰爭中，迴路已幾乎實現了近實時。 在智慧化戰爭中，利用察打一體無人平台對敵方的核心指揮所、高層指揮官等高價值目標進行快速定點清除，將使對方還來不及反應就遭受重創，甚至面臨癱瘓的險境。 可見勝利不一定眷顧軍力規模龐大的一方，行動迅速而精準的一方將更有可能贏得戰場先機。 根據統計，人工智慧應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400倍以上。 面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於借助人工智慧技術實現指控係統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指控模式由“人在環路上”轉變為“人在環路外”，從而在減輕 指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和執行任務的成功率。

從“整合製勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備發展概念是將大量資金投入到高度整合的高精尖武器平台研發中，以期在戰爭中憑藉代際優勢和性能優勢實現對敵方的降維打擊。 然而，開發部署多功能高階平台不僅需要耗費大量的時間和經費，當把多個軟硬體模組整合到單一武器平台時，還可能出現彼此之間不相容的情況。 一旦該平台被摧毀，將造成重大損失。 人工智慧等顛覆性技術的軍事應用促使無人群聚快速發展。 無人集群具有數量規模大、綜合成本低、去中心化等優勢，無人平台之間相互協調、分工合作，可自主決策並有組織地執行作戰任務，即使部分無人平台被毀，也不 影響整體作戰效能。 外軍提出的「決策中心戰」「馬賽克戰」等作戰概念，即著眼利用無人集群完成作戰任務。 在智慧化戰爭中，透過將偵察監視、資訊通聯、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，建構高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，然後根據任務 需要對組合方式進行調整，將使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手製造極大的不確定性，進而把對手困在OODA環的判斷環節，無法做出有效決策。 此外，由於無人集群數量龐大，可使對手的探測、跟踪、攔截能力迅速達到飽和，對手因無法摧毀集群中的所有無人平台，而不得不面臨防禦工事失效的困境。

從“軍事主導”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段使敵方屈服於己方意志，通常具有較強的戰爭強度，平時與戰時界線分明。 隨著軍事鬥爭領域向太空、網路、智慧等新型領域不斷拓展，以及經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用不斷凸顯，智能化戰爭將在「灰色地帶」為代表的多個領域 以「多管齊下」的形式展開。 戰爭強度可能會減弱，平戰界線將更加模糊。 無論是2019年沙烏地阿拉伯油田因遭到無人機攻擊而導致一半石油停產，或是2021年美國最大輸油管因遭遇網路攻擊而導致大面積油料短缺，各類新型攻擊手段所帶來的深遠影響均 不可小覷。

隨著智慧化技術的發展成熟，綜合運用多種手段對對手的工業、交通、金融、通訊、能源、醫療等設施和網路發動的攻擊將更加普遍。 智慧化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能採取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網路戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，使對手疲 於應付。

從“實戰驗兵”到“實驗演兵”

在傳統條件下，由於缺乏科學的模擬模擬與評估工具，因此只有在實戰中才能檢驗出軍隊的真實能力。 在智慧化條件下，利用虛擬實境技術可基於實際的戰場環境和任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景。 該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度對武器裝備等客觀事物進行還原，還能模擬大霧、大雨和暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，以可視化的形式展現戰場的地形、氣象、水文 、電磁、核化等訊息，接近戰場的真實狀況。

根據現實中敵方的特徵設定虛擬環境中的假想敵，並對戰局的可能走向進行智慧模擬仿真，可使官兵在正式開戰前就已在虛擬實境中數次「親歷」戰爭，從而對裝備性能 、戰爭節奏、敵我情況都了然於胸，在執行現實任務時將更加游刃有餘。 在伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍曾秘密開發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦遊戲，在派遣到伊拉克執行任務的人員中，接受過遊戲訓練的人員生存率高達90%。 隨著現實中收集到的數據不斷豐富完善，虛擬戰場的搭建將更加逼真，對戰場態勢的走向預測將更加準確，關於演習的綜合評估將更加可信，敵對雙方都力圖通過智能推演即可預先 獲知戰爭結果，將可能出現不戰或小戰就「屈人之兵」的情況。

Modern English:

Insight into the evolution of the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare

■Xie Kai, Zhang Dongrun, Liang Xiaoping

introduction

Military theorists often say that victory tends to smile on those who can foresee changes in the character of warfare, rather than on those who wait for changes to occur and then adapt. In recent years, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence have developed rapidly and are widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of war into intelligence. Correspondingly, the concept of war is also changing. Only by discovering changes in a timely manner, proactively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we remain invincible in future wars.

From “using the strong to defeat the weak” to “using wisdom to control the weak”

“The strong wins and the weak loses” is a certain universal law for winning wars. Even in those battles in which the weak defeat the strong, it is often necessary to form a strength advantage over the enemy locally and at a specific period of time in order to truly win. In the era of intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intelligence superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than other factors.

In intelligent warfare, human intelligence has widely penetrated into the combat field and been transplanted into weapon systems. All-domain, multi-dimensional, and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build combat systems based on mission requirements, and independently implement collaborative operations. After the mission ends, it quickly returns to the ready-to-fight state, showing a trend of intelligent autonomy. The side with higher and stronger intelligence can better develop and use the “wisdom to control” mechanism, and even design wars based on this, dominate the development of the war situation, and achieve final victory. It should also be noted that in the era of intelligent warfare, there are likely to be multiple stages of development from low to high. Try to keep yourself in an advanced stage and attack the opponent to a low-dimensional stage. This is also the mechanism of “outsmarting” by using high to defeat low. application.

From “destroying power” to “destroying cognition”

As the form of war accelerates to evolve towards intelligence, the combat space gradually expands from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, and extends from the tangible battlefield to the invisible battlefield. The cognitive space composed of human spirit and psychological activities has become a new combat space. space. Different from the main purpose of traditional war, which is to eliminate the enemy’s physical strength, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s cognition.

By intelligently analyzing the opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrence information can be “tailored” in a targeted manner, and the advantages of cutting-edge technologies such as intelligence can be used to demonstrate powerful strength to the opponent in a realistic way, making anxiety and suspicion Emotions such as fear and fear continued to ferment within it, eventually leading to its self-defeat. Big data, known as the “new oil”, not only enriches the source of intelligence, but also becomes an important “weapon” that affects the opponent’s cognition. By processing big data and deliberately “leaking” it to the opponent, a new “fog of war” will be created for it, making it fall into a state of cognitive confusion. In intelligent warfare, the struggle for the heart and mind will become more intense, and the party with the cognitive advantage will be better than the other party, making it easier to seize the initiative and take advantage of opportunities.

From “people-oriented” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and use of military force are dominated by people. With the widespread application of smart technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment continues to increase. In intelligent warfare, combat tasks will be completed by man-machine collaboration, and the two will achieve organic integration and complementary advantages. The third “offset strategy” proposed by foreign military forces focuses on human-machine collaboration as a key technology for development. Concepts such as “loyal wingman” proposed by them are also aimed at exploring the realization of manned/unmanned collaborative operations. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play an important role in future wars.

The use of unmanned reconnaissance forces to carry out three-dimensional and multi-dimensional battlefield situation awareness can provide real-time intelligence support for manned combat forces; the use of unmanned platforms to carry relay loads can continuously provide communication relay support for manned combat forces; the use of unmanned combat forces can provide in-depth The forward battlefield can attract enemy attacks, force the enemy to expose their positions, and provide target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; using unmanned transportation equipment to provide material supplies to the front line can improve logistics support efficiency, reduce transportation costs, and reduce unnecessary Casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces will achieve scientific division of labor and reasonable coordination in terms of quantity, scale, functions, etc., thereby maximizing overall effectiveness.

From “eating the small with the big” to “eating the slow with the fast”

In traditional wars, it is often necessary to increase the number of troops to make up for shortcomings in equipment performance and other aspects. “Soldiers love the main speed”, the rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and weapon strike accuracy, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command decision-making, fire strikes, damage assessment, and accelerated the OODA kill chain cycle , making “discovery and destruction” possible.

New rapid-kill weapons such as hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, and electromagnetic pulse weapons have further pushed the pace of war to “instant kill.” In the Gulf War, the loop time of the OODA loop took 3 days; in the Iraq War, the loop time has been shortened to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop time has almost achieved near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the use of unmanned platforms that integrate surveillance and combat to quickly and precisely eliminate high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command posts and high-level commanders will cause the opponent to suffer heavy damage before it has time to respond, and may even face the danger of paralysis. It can be seen that victory does not necessarily favor the side with large military strength. The side that moves quickly and accurately will be more likely to gain the upper hand on the battlefield. According to statistics, the reaction time required for artificial intelligence to respond to battlefield changes is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. Faced with the ever-changing battlefield situation, people will be more inclined to use artificial intelligence technology to realize adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making of the command and control system, so that the command and control mode changes from “people on the loop” to “people outside the loop”, thereby mitigating the While reducing the burden on command personnel, it can improve combat efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Integration to Win” to “Cluster to Win”

The traditional equipment development concept is to invest a large amount of money in the research and development of highly integrated, sophisticated weapon platforms, in order to achieve dimensionality reduction against the enemy by virtue of generational advantages and performance advantages in war. However, the development and deployment of multi-functional high-end platforms not only requires a lot of time and money, but when multiple software and hardware modules are integrated into a single weapon platform, there may also be mutual incompatibility. Once the platform is destroyed, significant losses will occur. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has promoted the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned clusters have the advantages of large scale, low overall cost, and decentralization. The unmanned platforms coordinate with each other, divide labor and cooperate, and can make decisions independently and carry out combat tasks in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, there will be no Affect overall combat effectiveness. The operational concepts such as “decision-centered warfare” and “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign military forces focus on using unmanned swarms to complete combat missions. In intelligent warfare, by dispersing reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, fire strike and other functions into a large number of unmanned combat units with single functions, a highly robust and elastic “kill network” is constructed, and then based on the mission The combination method needs to be adjusted, which will allow it to emerge with powerful group intelligence, creating great uncertainty for the opponent, thereby trapping the opponent in the judgment link of the OODA loop and unable to make effective decisions. In addition, due to the large number of unmanned swarms, the opponent’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities can quickly reach saturation. Because the opponent cannot destroy all unmanned platforms in the swarm, the opponent has to face the dilemma of defense failure.

From “military dominance” to “diversified mixture”

Traditional war mainly relies on violent means to make the enemy succumb to one’s own will. It usually has a strong war intensity and has a clear boundary between peacetime and wartime. As the field of military struggle continues to expand into new fields such as space, network, and intelligence, and the role of economic, cultural, diplomatic, legal and other means in war continues to become more prominent, intelligent warfare will be carried out in many fields represented by “grey zones” In the form of “multi-pronged approach”. The intensity of war may weaken, and the boundaries between peace and war will become more blurred. Whether it is the Saudi oil fields that were attacked by drones in 2019, which caused half of its oil production to cease, or the largest oil pipeline in the United States that suffered a cyber attack in 2021, which caused a large-scale oil shortage, the far-reaching impact of various new attack methods has been Not to be underestimated.

As intelligent technology develops and matures, it will become more common to use a variety of means to launch attacks on opponents’ industrial, transportation, financial, communications, energy, medical and other facilities and networks. The threshold for intelligent warfare will show a downward trend, and warring parties may resort to undeclared warfare to launch hybrid wars that integrate economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare and other styles to tire out their opponents. To cope.

From “actual combat test” to “experimental exercise”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of the military can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong three-dimensional sense and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. This scene can not only restore objective things such as weapons and equipment from multiple dimensions such as sound, appearance, and performance, but can also simulate various severe weather such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and blizzards, and visually display the terrain, meteorology, and hydrology of the battlefield. , electromagnetic, nuclear and other information, close to the real situation on the battlefield.

Setting the imaginary enemy in the virtual environment based on the characteristics of the enemy in reality and conducting intelligent simulation of the possible direction of the war situation can enable officers and soldiers to “experience” the war several times in virtual reality before the official war begins, thereby having a better understanding of the performance of the equipment. , the rhythm of war, and the situation between ourselves and the enemy are all clear, and you will be more comfortable when performing realistic tasks. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the US military secretly developed a computer game that simulated the combat environment in Baghdad. Among the personnel sent to perform tasks in Iraq, the survival rate of those who received game training was as high as 90%. As the data collected in reality continue to be enriched and improved, the construction of the virtual battlefield will become more realistic, the prediction of the direction of the battlefield situation will be more accurate, and the comprehensive assessment of the exercise will be more credible. Both sides of the enemy will strive to predict the situation through intelligent deduction. Knowing the outcome of the war, it may be possible to “subdue the enemy’s troops” without fighting or with a small battle.

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

中國軍隊做好戰爭準備，科學研究旨在實現戰場統治

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Chinese Military Readies for War with Scientific Research Designed to Achieve Domination on the Battlefield

4月下旬，軍事科學院戰爭研究院順利完成上報兩項作戰重大問題研究工程的立項論證建議書。 這是研究院著眼履行核心職能，科研攻關始終瞄準備戰打仗的具體實踐。

戰爭研究院是全軍專門研究戰爭、設計戰爭的科學研究機構。 作為新組成單位，大項任務多、臨時任務多、論證申報任務多是他們科學研究工作的主要特徵。 年初，針對人少事急、科研任務壓茬推進的實際情況，該研究院黨委對照戰鬥力標準，把旨在強軍勝戰的科研工作擺在重要位置。 他們依據備戰急需、打仗急用、部隊急盼的標準，調整確立了戰爭與作戰問題研究、條令法規編排等方向的重點科研任務，壓減了10餘項偏離主責主業的課題，新增 了一批戰爭形態、作戰風格等聚焦備戰打仗的課題研究。 該研究院領導介紹，院黨委要求班子成員在重大科研任務中既掛帥又出征，做到主要精力向重點任務投放，力量配備、經費支持等向作戰研究傾斜。

同時，研究院持續深化「小核心、大外圍」協同攻關，不斷創新科學研究組織模式。 他們在研究院內部進行軍事理論人員和軍事科技人員「捆綁式」研究，打通科研壁壘；與軍事醫學研究院、國防工程研究院等兄弟單位互派專家參與重大專案研究，實現優勢互補；組織科研 人員參加各類重大演訓活動，找準科研需求；舉辦多邊軍事交流活動，使科研人員及時了解最新軍事科技動態。 此外，他們也積極與地方科研院所合作，將地方優質科研資源為己所用，形成研究戰爭、設計戰爭、運籌戰爭、驗證戰爭的閉合迴路。

去年以來，該研究院先後完成百餘項科研課題，在核心作戰概念開發、聯合作戰實驗等研究上取得重要突破，提交國家高端智庫研究報告、重要問題評估報告等60餘份，推出一批戰略 性強、原創性強、前瞻性強的創新成果。

Modern English:

In late April, the Institute of War Research of the Academy of Military Sciences successfully completed the submission of project demonstration proposals for two major combat issue research projects. This is a concrete practice of the institute focusing on fulfilling its core functions and always aiming at scientific research and preparation for war.

The War Research Institute is a scientific research institution specializing in the study and design of war in the entire military. As a newly established unit, the main characteristics of their scientific research work are many major tasks, many temporary tasks, and many demonstration and application tasks. At the beginning of the year, in response to the actual situation where there were few people and urgent tasks and scientific research tasks were being pushed forward, the party committee of the institute put the scientific research work aimed at strengthening the army and winning the war in an important position in accordance with the combat effectiveness standards. Based on the criteria of urgent need for war preparation, urgent need for war, and urgent need of troops, they adjusted and established key scientific research tasks in the research of war and combat issues, and the compilation of doctrines and regulations, etc., and reduced more than 10 topics that deviated from their main responsibilities and main business, and added new A batch of research on war forms, combat styles and other topics focusing on war preparation and combat were carried out. According to the leader of the institute, the party committee of the institute requires team members to both take command and go out on major scientific research tasks, so that the main energy should be devoted to key tasks, and force allocation and financial support should be tilted towards combat research.

At the same time, the institute continues to deepen the collaborative research of “small core and large periphery” and continuously innovates the scientific research organization model. They carry out “bundled” research by military theoretical personnel and military scientific and technological personnel within the institute to break down barriers to scientific research; they exchange experts with sister units such as the Military Medical Research Institute and the National Defense Engineering Research Institute to participate in major project research to achieve complementary advantages; organize scientific research Personnel participate in various major exercises and training activities to identify scientific research needs; multilateral military exchange activities are held to keep scientific researchers informed of the latest military science and technology trends. In addition, they also actively cooperate with local scientific research institutes to use local high-quality scientific research resources for their own use, forming a closed loop of researching war, designing war, operating war, and verifying war.

Since last year, the institute has completed more than 100 scientific research projects, made important breakthroughs in the development of core operational concepts and joint operational experiments, submitted more than 60 national high-end think tank research reports and important issue assessment reports, and launched a number of strategies. Innovative results that are highly innovative, original and forward-looking.

解放軍原文參考：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0514/c1888沒有湯給你.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化

中國使用人工智慧作為武器系統

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China’s Use of Artificial Intelligence as a Weapon System

繼可自主執行對地攻擊的F-16無人僚機、X-58“女武神”和X-62 VISTA自主飛行項目之后，美軍開啟“毒液”項目，將人工智能引擎廣泛應用於當前和未來的各型飛機上，意圖讓其獲得自主飛行能力。與此同時，ChatGPT的出現讓人驚嘆於人工智能的強大。那麼，在以信息化和智能化作為重要發展方向的未來軍事中，人工智能的應用將擔任什麼角色，造成什麼影響呢？

見微知著——從當今發展見未來

1956年，人工智能被首次提出，60多年的不斷發展，其已成為一門廣泛的交叉和前沿科學，成為各國提升國家競爭力、維護國家安全的重大戰略手段。

美國於2019年發布一系列關於人工智能的戰略部署，加大對人工智能及相關技術的投入與開發﹔截止2022年底，中國國家AI創新應用先導區增至11個，覆蓋各大戰略區域及長江中游城市群﹔俄羅斯在經濟中運用的人工智能約佔整體管理量的20%，計劃於2024年提升至50%。

由以色列拉斐爾先進防務系統公司推出的海上破壞者，採用人工智能和決策算法，可利用人工智能進行深度學習巡航導彈以適應各種場景。作為世界上首款高智能巡航導彈，該導彈能自動識別目標，在GPS失效的情況下仍能自主完成精准命中目標。

在人工智能的幫助下，各類無人裝備進行著相對應的工作以滿足預警、探測、偵查、作戰等功能，自主分析態勢，獲取情報，並依此進行智能決策，指揮控制，最終達到適應復雜、高強度、高不確定性的戰場環境。

尖矛利盾——以攻守對立促成長

隨著信息化不斷發展，現代戰爭現代戰爭高強度、高動態、多領域等特征愈發明顯，逐漸由信息化向智能化演進，需要壓縮OODA環，充分發揮智能武器的優勢，不斷提高戰場態勢快速感知和快速准確決策的能力，提升裝備的集群作戰能力。

在實戰中，真實戰場局勢風雲變幻，天氣、士兵狀態、物資情況等影響因素眾多，所帶來的數據量大，人工智能處理起來相對困難。同時，如果雙方都使用人工智能來指導戰爭，將導致一方所需要處理的數據量與預測量成指數提高，而目前採用的弱人工智能可能無法處理如此巨大的數據量。而且人工智能對於戰場數據的分析屬於黑盒結構，指揮官無法預測其做出決策的邏輯判斷以及預期效果，容易與實時的戰爭形勢不符，發生嚴重決策錯誤。

目前，世界各國都認識到了人工智能對於戰爭的重要性，都在積極研發新型穩定的人工智能。早在2018年，美就已經投入了51億美元建立了專門的人工智能研究機構，而各國也在不斷與民間的人工智能系統合作，不斷強化軍用人工智能，將其用於自動化的無人機器，並為這種機器加裝武器設備與敵我判別標識系統。同時，人工智能對於通信的加密以及數據圖像的強有效的分析將導致各國衛星受到嚴密關注，很容易觸發各國敏感神經，打破戰略對峙局面。

觀往知來——鑒傳統經驗善規章

近期爆火的強人工智能ChatGPT已經達到了能夠幫助人類撰寫論文的水平，甚至讓學術界都感嘆“博學而專業”。隨著信息時代的發展，各國意識到了傳統的戰爭形式已不完全適用於現代戰爭。在如今高強度網絡信息的影響下，利用人工智能影響一國的科技研發、輿論甚至選舉，以更低的成本產生更高的效益。

綜合目前人工智能的表現，其在未來戰爭中可能會逐漸接手一些事務進行處理並提供參考意見，但戰爭的主體仍是人類，所以我們更應該合力加強對人工智能的管理，將其應用於民生而非軍事領域，全方位改善人類生活，為維護國家安全和人類和平福祉而共同努力。

Modern English:

Following the F-16 unmanned wingman, X-58 “Valkyrie” and X-62 VISTA autonomous flight projects that can independently perform ground attacks, the US military launched the “Venom” project to widely apply artificial intelligence engines to current and future aircraft. On various types of aircraft, the intention is to allow them to obtain autonomous flight capabilities. At the same time, the emergence of ChatGPT makes people marvel at the power of artificial intelligence. So, in the future military where informatization and intelligence are important development directions, what role will the application of artificial intelligence play and what impact will it have?

Seeing the subtleties and knowing the work – looking at the future from today’s development

Artificial intelligence was first proposed in 1956. After more than 60 years of continuous development, it has become an extensive cross-cutting and cutting-edge science, and a major strategic means for countries to enhance national competitiveness and maintain national security.

The United States released a series of strategic deployments on artificial intelligence in 2019 to increase investment and development in artificial intelligence and related technologies; by the end of 2022, China’s national AI innovation application pilot zones will have increased to 11, covering major strategic regions and the Yangtze River Midstream city agglomeration: The artificial intelligence used in Russia’s economy accounts for about 20% of the overall management volume, and plans to increase it to 50% in 2024.

The Maritime Destroyer, launched by Israel’s Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, uses artificial intelligence and decision-making algorithms. It can use artificial intelligence to conduct deep learning cruise missiles to adapt to various scenarios. As the world’s first highly intelligent cruise missile, the missile can automatically identify targets and accurately hit targets autonomously even when GPS fails.

With the help of artificial intelligence, various types of unmanned equipment perform corresponding tasks to meet the functions of early warning, detection, reconnaissance, combat, etc., independently analyze the situation, obtain intelligence, and make intelligent decisions, command and control accordingly, and ultimately achieve adaptation Complex, high-intensity, high-uncertainty battlefield environment.

Sharp spears and sharp shields—promoting growth through offensive and defensive opposition

With the continuous development of informatization, the characteristics of modern warfare such as high intensity, high dynamics, and multiple fields have become more and more obvious. It is gradually evolving from informatization to intelligence. It is necessary to compress the OODA loop, give full play to the advantages of smart weapons, and continuously improve the battlefield situation. The ability to sense quickly and make quick and accurate decisions improves the equipment’s swarm combat capability.

In actual combat, the real battlefield situation is constantly changing, and there are many influencing factors such as weather, soldier status, and material conditions. The resulting data volume is large, and it is relatively difficult for artificial intelligence to process it. At the same time, if both sides use artificial intelligence to guide the war, the amount of data one side needs to process will increase exponentially with the amount of predictions, and the weak artificial intelligence currently used may not be able to handle such a huge amount of data. Moreover, artificial intelligence’s analysis of battlefield data has a black-box structure. Commanders cannot predict the logical judgment and expected effects of their decisions, which can easily be inconsistent with the real-time war situation and lead to serious decision-making errors.

At present, all countries in the world have realized the importance of artificial intelligence in warfare and are actively developing new and stable artificial intelligence. As early as 2018, the United States has invested US$5.1 billion to establish a specialized artificial intelligence research institution, and various countries are also continuing to cooperate with civilian artificial intelligence systems to continuously strengthen military artificial intelligence and use it for automated drones. , and equip this machine with weapons and equipment and a identification system for identifying friend and foe. At the same time, artificial intelligence’s encryption of communications and powerful and effective analysis of data images will cause satellites of various countries to receive close attention, which can easily trigger the sensitive nerves of various countries and break the strategic confrontation.

Observe the past and know the future – learn from traditional experience and good rules

The recently popular strong artificial intelligence ChatGPT has reached a level that can help humans write papers, and even makes the academic community lament that it is “erudite and professional”. With the development of the information age, countries have realized that traditional forms of warfare are no longer fully suitable for modern warfare. Under the influence of today’s high-intensity network information, artificial intelligence can be used to influence a country’s technological research and development, public opinion and even elections, producing higher benefits at lower costs.

Based on the current performance of artificial intelligence, it may gradually take over some matters to handle and provide reference opinions in future wars. However, the main body of the war is still human beings, so we should work together to strengthen the management of artificial intelligence and apply it to people’s livelihood. In the non-military field, we strive to improve human life in all aspects and work together to safeguard national security and human peace and well-being.

中國人民解放軍 作者：國防科技大學國際問題研究中心研究員 梁庭宇、李彥達、楊靖凱、梅鐘文 (責編：陳羽、鄧志慧)

原創中文國防部網站：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/xxx/S888-1010.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

中國軍方看外軍網絡戰發展新動向

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Chinese Military Perspective on the New Development Trends in Foreign Military Network Warfare

After decades of development, cyberspace has become an important field of production and life in human society, and has become the fifth-dimensional battlefield after “land, sea, air, and sky.” In recent years, the United States and other developed countries have rushed to introduce cyberspace strategies, build (expand) cyber warfare forces, and implement cyber offensive and defensive operations. The moves in the construction, development, and application of cyber warfare deserve the attention of the world.

Pay attention to cyberspace security, and accelerate the establishment of supporting strategies and regulations

Since cyberspace security is a security issue in an emerging field, most countries lack supporting strategies and systems of laws and regulations. In recent years, major countries in the world have positioned it as a major security field, and the pace of promulgating network security strategies and regulations has been significantly accelerated. For example, since the first national network security strategy was proposed in 2000, the United States has continuously formulated, expanded, and updated various policies, strategies, regulations, and regulations in the field of network security. The network strategy alone includes the “National Network Strategy”, “International Cyberspace Strategy”, ” The Cyber ​​Strategy of the Ministry of National Defense and the cyber strategy of the military services, etc., are used to standardize and guide the development and application of cyber warfare. In October 2014, the U.S. military also issued the world’s first joint doctrine “Cyberspace Operations”, which elaborated and standardized the concepts, actions, and tasks of cyberspace operations. In response to cyber attacks by the United States and NATO, Russia announced the “Russian Federation Cyber ​​Security Strategic Concept” in 2014, and promulgated a new version of the “Information Security Doctrine” in 2016, proposing to ensure network information security. In order to strengthen the overall guidance of network security affairs, India issued the “National Cyber ​​Security Policy” in 2013 and plans to issue a “National Cyber ​​Security Strategy”; the Indian military has formulated policies such as the “Army Cyber ​​Security Policy” and “Navy Information Security Policy” regulations.

Strengthen the professional construction of cyber warfare forces, and pay attention to the use of non-governmental network forces

In recent years, the establishment, integration, and expansion of specialized cyber warfare forces have become a trend among foreign militaries. The United States was the first country to propose the concept of cyber warfare, and it was also the first country to form a professional cyber warfare force. The U.S. military established the Cyber ​​Command in 2010, and upgraded it to a first-level joint operations command in 2018. The number of cyber task forces under its jurisdiction has reached 133, with about 6,200 personnel. Russia established a professional information warfare unit in 2013, and cyber warfare is an important function of it. The Japanese Self-Defense Force established the Cyber ​​Defense Team in 2014, initially with more than 100 members, and has now increased to nearly 300, and plans to expand to a thousand in the future. The United Kingdom also announced in 2020 that it will soon create a national cyber force. On this basis, foreign militaries have generally carried out systematic design and layout of cyber warfare forces. In the field of cyber warfare, forces such as network attack, network defense, and network operation and maintenance are inseparable; externally, network warfare forces are integrated and integrated with information warfare forces such as signal reconnaissance and electronic warfare. For example, the commander of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command also serves as the director of the National Security Agency, and the network attack and defense are integrated with signal intelligence and reconnaissance. The Japanese Self-Defense Force has set up a special first-level command to oversee space, network, and electronic warfare affairs.

It is worth noting that foreign military forces constitute the “regular army” of cyber warfare forces, and private cybersecurity companies, technology companies, hacker organizations, etc. have also become important cyber offensive and defensive forces and have attracted much attention. The notorious “Eye of Sauron” and “Equation Group” and other hacker organizations are inextricably linked to the US military. In recent years, Iran, Russia, and Venezuela have encountered cyber attacks, all of which have the shadow of “Equation Group”. The Indian Army is also considering absorbing its rich IT talents to form a cyber warfare reserve force to further strengthen its cyber warfare capabilities.

Actively develop and build a network arsenal, and intelligent weapon systems are beginning to emerge

Cyber ​​weapons are special weapons used for network attack and defense. They can be viruses, loopholes, denial of service attacks, phishing attacks and other offensive and defensive technologies, or network attack and defense system platforms. Anatoly Smirnov, chairman of the International Information Security Association of the Russian Federation, disclosed in 2019 that many Western countries were developing cyber weapons; the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan also made no secret of possessing cyber weapons. According to the disclosures of Snowden and WikiLeaks, U.S. intelligence agencies and the U.S. military have built a systematic offensive cyber arsenal, some of which can be called “weapons of mass destruction” in cyberspace. In 2020, Patrick Saunders, commander of the British Strategic Command, took the initiative to declare that the UK has developed a “destructive” cyber weapon, which can effectively kill the enemy’s power grid and other facilities and equipment.

In terms of network system platforms, the U.S. military has built the most complete network warfare system platform in the world, including accusation management systems such as joint network command and control and unified platform, basic systems for network warfare planning and execution such as the IKE project, and network warfare and network warfare systems such as “Shute”. A weapon system with integrated firepower. In terms of network monitoring and defense, India has developed and built system platforms such as a central monitoring system, network traffic analysis system, and network security monitoring and evaluation system.

Cyber ​​weapons have a natural “kinship” with smart technology. At present, weapon systems in the fields of network situation monitoring, network attack and defense, and password deciphering have already taken shape in intelligentized countries in cyberspace dominant countries. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the trend of intelligent network weapons will become more and more obvious.

Focus on enhancing the actual combat capabilities of network attack and defense, and innovate network training methods

In view of the reality and destructiveness of cyber threats, foreign militaries attach great importance to testing the security of information network systems and improving the cyber offensive and defensive capabilities of military and government agencies through cyber exercises and training activities in the context of actual combat.

In terms of participating forces, it covers the military, government agencies, reserves and civilian cyber forces. In the method mode, opponents are generally set to ensure the confrontation of the exercise. Some also innovatively use the method of offering rewards to attract hackers to “legally” attack specific target networks and help find network system defense loopholes. In terms of the training environment, actively build a network shooting range to simulate the information network environment of one’s own side and the opponent’s. The United States, Britain, Japan, Canada and NATO have all established professional cyber ranges. As the world’s largest multinational cyber exercise, NATO’s “Lock Shield” exercise simulated a country’s information network environment in 2019. The content of the drill includes responsiveness testing, defense vulnerability inspection, and election interference analysis. India regularly holds “Cyber ​​Fortress” exercises. It is said that in the “Cyber ​​Fortress-8” exercise organized in 2015, the Indian Army’s cyber brigade used remote penetration and other means to successfully obtain the administrator authority of a certain network system of the Indian Army, and found that 13 major categories of security vulnerabilities were identified. In addition, the U.S. military has begun to practice the integration of cyber warfare and operations in other fields. In the U.S. military’s “Schriever” exercise, the integration of space operations and cyber warfare is one of the important contents.

At present, some countries have regarded some serious cyber attacks as acts of war. As the international rules of conduct in cyberspace restrict and deter cyber attacks more and more, cyber exercises may replace real network operations and become foreign military training and upgrading. The primary path to network offensive and defensive capabilities.

Emphasis on pre-emptive offensive operations, actual combat tends to integrate deterrence and multi-domain integration

The hugeness, complexity, and fragility of the network system make network defense difficult and costly. For this reason, the United States and other countries have gradually changed their network security policy and operational thinking from the initial comprehensive defense to preemptive offensive operations, emphasizing Conduct pre-emptive offensive operations in hostile networks to eliminate potential or actual threats.

Driven by offensive thinking, cyber warfare is common in international conflicts, and the targets of attacks are no longer limited to military targets. The United States is the first country to apply cyber warfare to actual combat. In 2009, the U.S. military used the “Stuxnet” virus to carry out cyber attacks on Iran’s nuclear facilities, causing more than 1,500 centrifuges to be scrapped and the Iranian nuclear process to be paused. In 2020, after the assassination of Soleimani, the U.S. military launched cyber attacks on the command and control of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, missiles, and air defense systems to deter and prevent Iran from carrying out military retaliation. Of course, the idea of ​​offensive cyber warfare does not require absolute cyber superiority. Some non-cyber powers have also proposed the idea of ​​using asymmetric cyber capabilities to carry out preemptive attacks on the enemy’s weaknesses, and then achieve the goal of using the small to gain the big and the weak in the network game. Mandatory.

It is worth noting that in recent international conflicts, the trend of multi-domain integration in the fields of cyber warfare and firepower warfare, electromagnetic spectrum warfare, and cognitive domain warfare has become very obvious. For example, when armed conflicts broke out between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Naka region in 2020, the two sides launched cyber offenses and defenses in cyberspace on the one hand, and on the other hand launched fierce confrontations in the cognitive domain around international and domestic public opinion, military morale, legal principles and morals.

At present, the low-intensity and ambiguous nature of cyber warfare attracts some international actors to frequently carry out cyberspace operations regardless of the consequences, and the risk of conflict escalation out of control is constantly accumulating. To this end, all countries in the world should start consultations and negotiations on international rules of conduct in cyberspace and cyber arms control as soon as possible, jointly restrict military activities in cyberspace, create a new pattern of cybersecurity, and build a community of shared future in cyberspace.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

經過幾十年的發展，網絡空間已經成為人類社會生產生活的重要領域，成為繼“陸、海、空、天”之後的第五維戰場。 近年來，美國等發達國家紛紛出台網絡空間戰略，建設（壯大）網絡戰力量，實施網絡攻防作戰。 網絡戰建設、發展和應用的動向值得世人關注。

關注網絡空間安全，加快建立配套戰略法規

由於網絡空間安全是一個新興領域的安全問題，大多數國家缺乏配套的戰略和法律法規體系。 近年來，世界主要國家將其定位為重大安全領域，出台網絡安全戰略和法規的步伐明顯加快。 例如，自2000年第一個國家網絡安全戰略提出以來，美國不斷制定、擴充和更新網絡安全領域的各種政策、戰略、規章制度。 僅網絡戰略就有《國家網絡戰略》、《國際網絡空間戰略》、《國防部網絡戰略》和《軍種網絡戰略》等，用於規範和指導發展 2014年10月，美軍還發布了世界上第一個聯合條令“網絡空間作戰”，對網絡空間作戰的概念、行動和任務進行了闡述和規範。 北約、俄羅斯2014年公佈《俄羅斯聯邦網絡安全戰略構想》，2016年頒布新版《信息安全條令》，提出保障網絡信息安全。為加強網絡安全統籌指導 事務方面，印度2013年出台《國家網絡安全政策》，併計劃出台《國家網絡安全戰略》；印度軍方制定了《陸軍網絡安全政策》、《海軍信息安全政策》等政策 安全策略”的規定。

加強網絡戰力量專業化建設，重視利用民間網絡力量

近年來，網絡戰專業化力量的建立、整合和壯大成為外軍發展趨勢。 美國是最早提出網絡戰概念的國家，也是最早組建專業網絡戰部隊的國家。 美軍於2010年成立網絡司令部，2018年升格為一級聯合作戰司令部，下轄的網絡特遣部隊已達133個，人員約6200人。 俄羅斯於2013年成立專業信息戰部隊，網絡戰是其重要職能。 日本自衛隊在2014年成立了網絡防衛隊，最初有100多名成員，現在已經增加到近300人，未來還計劃擴大到千人。 英國也在2020年宣布將很快創建一支國家網絡部隊。 在此基礎上，外軍普遍進行了網絡戰力量的系統化設計和佈局。 在網絡戰領域，網絡攻擊、網絡防禦、網絡運維等力量密不可分； 對外，網絡戰力量與信號偵察、電子戰等信息戰力量融合融合。 比如美國網絡司令部司令兼任國家安全局局長，網絡攻防與信號情報偵察相結合。 日本自衛隊設立了專門的一級司令部，負責監管太空、網絡和電子戰事務。

值得注意的是，外國軍隊構成了網絡戰力量的“正規軍”，民間網絡安全公司、科技公司、黑客組織等也成為重要的網絡攻防力量，備受關注。 臭名昭著的“索倫之眼”和“方程組”等黑客組織都與美軍有著千絲萬縷的聯繫。 近年來，伊朗、俄羅斯、委內瑞拉等國都遭遇過網絡攻擊，都有“方程組”的影子。 印度陸軍也在考慮吸納其豐富的IT人才，組建網絡戰後備力量，進一步加強網絡戰能力。

積極發展建設網絡化武庫，智能武器系統初現端倪

網絡武器是用於網絡的特殊武器

攻防。 它們可以是病毒、漏洞、拒絕服務攻擊、釣魚攻擊等攻防技術，也可以是網絡攻防系統平台。 俄羅斯聯邦國際信息安全協會主席阿納托利·斯米爾諾夫在2019年透露，許多西方國家正在研發網絡武器； 美國、英國、德國和日本也毫不掩飾擁有網絡武器。 根據斯諾登和維基解密的披露，美國情報機構和美國軍方已經建立了一個系統的進攻性網絡武器庫，其中一些武器堪稱網絡空間的“大規模殺傷性武器”。 2020年，英國戰略司令部司令帕特里克桑德斯主動宣稱，英國已經研製出“破壞性”網絡武器，可以有效殺傷敵方電網等設施設備。

在網絡系統平台方面，美軍建成了世界上最完備的網絡戰系統平台，包括聯合網絡指揮控制、統一平台等指控管理系統，IKE等網絡戰規劃與執行基礎系統。 項目，以及“樹特”等網絡戰和網絡戰系統。 具有綜合火力的武器系統。 在網絡監控防禦方面，印度開發建設了中央監控系統、網絡流量分析系統、網絡安全監控評估系統等系統平台。

網絡武器與智能技術有著天然的“親緣關係”。 目前，網絡態勢監測、網絡攻防、密碼破譯等領域的武器系統在網絡空間主導國家的智能化國家已經形成。 隨著人工智能技術的發展，網絡化武器的智能化趨勢將越來越明顯。

著力提升網絡攻防實戰能力，創新網絡訓練方式

鑑於網絡威脅的真實性和破壞性，外軍十分重視通過實戰背景下的網絡演習和訓練活動，檢驗信息網絡系統的安全性，提高軍政機構的網絡攻防能力。

在參與力量方面，它涵蓋了軍隊、政府機構、預備役和民間網絡力量。 在方法模式中，一般都會設置對手，以保證練習的對抗性。 有的還創新性地採用懸賞的方式，吸引黑客“合法”攻擊特定目標網絡，幫助尋找網絡系統防禦漏洞。 在訓練環境方面，積極建設網絡靶場，模擬己方和對方的信息網絡環境。 美國、英國、日本、加拿大和北約都建立了專業的網絡靶場。 作為全球規模最大的多國網絡演習，北約“鎖盾”演習模擬了2019年一個國家的信息網絡環境，演練內容包括響應能力測試、防禦漏洞檢查、選舉干擾分析等。 印度定期舉行“網絡堡壘”演習。 據稱，在2015年組織的“網絡堡壘-8”演習中，印陸軍網絡旅利用遠程滲透等手段，成功獲取了印軍某網絡系統的管理員權限，並發現13 確定了主要類別的安全漏洞。 此外，美軍也開始實踐網絡戰與其他領域作戰的融合。 在美軍的“施里弗”演習中，太空作戰與網絡戰的融合是重要內容之一。

目前，一些國家已將一些嚴重的網絡攻擊行為視為戰爭行為。 隨著網絡空間國際行為準則對網絡攻擊的約束和威懾越來越強，網絡演習有可能取代真正的網絡作戰，成為外國軍事訓練和升級。 網絡攻防能力的主要途徑。

強調先發製人的進攻作戰，實戰趨向綜合威懾和多域融合

網絡系統的龐大性、複雜性和脆弱性使得網絡防禦難度大、成本高。 為此，美國等國逐漸將網絡安全政策和作戰思路從最初的全面防禦轉變為先發製人的進攻作戰，強調在敵對網絡中進行先發製人的進攻作戰，以消除潛在或實際的威脅。

在進攻性思維的驅使下，網絡戰在國際衝突中屢見不鮮,

攻擊目標不再局限於軍事目標。 美國是第一個將網絡戰應用到實戰中的國家。 2009年，美軍利用“震網”病毒對伊朗核設施進行網絡攻擊，導致1500多台離心機報廢，伊朗核進程暫停。 2020年，蘇萊曼尼遇刺後，美軍對伊朗革命衛隊的指揮控制、導彈、防空系統等發起網絡攻擊，以威懾和阻止伊朗進行軍事報復。 當然，進攻性網絡戰的思路並不需要絕對的網絡優勢。 一些非網絡大國也提出了利用非對稱網絡能力對敵方弱點進行先發製人攻擊的想法，進而在網絡博弈中達到以小博大、以弱勝強的目的。 強制的。

值得注意的是，在近期的國際衝突中，網絡戰與火力戰、電磁頻譜戰、認知域戰等領域的多域融合趨勢十分明顯。 例如，2020年阿塞拜疆與亞美尼亞在納卡地區爆發武裝衝突，雙方一方面在網絡空間展開網絡攻防，另一方面圍繞國際國內展開認知領域的激烈交鋒。 民意、軍隊士氣、法理和道德。

當前，網絡戰的低烈度和模糊性，吸引了一些國際行為體不顧後果地頻繁開展網絡空間作戰，衝突失控升級的風險不斷累積。 為此，世界各國應盡快啟動網絡空間國際行為規則和網絡軍控磋商談判，共同製約網絡空間軍事活動，打造網絡安全新格局，構建網絡空間共享共同體。 網絡空間的未來。

Chinese Military Source: https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-04/08/content_XXXXX.htm

Chinese Military Informatization

加快推進國防和人民解放軍現代化建設Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the People’s Liberation Army

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加快推進國防和人民解放軍現代化建設

現代漢語：// Modern Chinese:

國防和軍隊現代化建設是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的一項戰略任務。 《綱要》著眼於到2035年基本實現社會主義現代化建設遠景目標和到2027年建軍百年目標，對加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設作出戰略部署，充分體現了 以習近平同志為核心的黨中央發展大局和安全大局。 富國強軍的戰略定力和深远战略謀劃。 要堅決貫徹落實《綱要》部署要求，在新的歷史起點上以更大的努力、更大的作為，努力開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面。 一、深刻認識國防和軍隊現代化時代特徵 黨的十八大以來，習主席把實現中國夢和強軍夢作為工作重點。 他開創和形成了習近平強軍思想。 現代化建設取得歷史性成就。 我軍思想政治基礎更加牢固，組織形式重塑重構，國防科技和武器裝備發展水平顯著提高，全軍隊伍建設得到加強，國防建設取得突破性進展。 法治建設和軍隊建設進一步聚焦備戰打戰。 創新驅動變革，軍事戰略能力大幅躍升。 但也要看到，我軍現代化水平與國家安全需要、與世界先進水平相比還有差距。 我軍打現代戰爭的能力和各級幹部指揮現代戰爭的能力亟待提高。 “十四五”時期，國際戰略形勢和國家安全環境面臨新的重大變化。 要適應國家發展戰略、安全戰略和軍事戰略的新要求，加快國防和軍隊現代化進程，切實維護國家主權、安全和發展利益。 . （一）國防和軍隊現代化建設必須為中華民族偉大復興提供更有力的戰略支撐 當前，世界大變局加速發生。 新冠肺炎疫情影響廣泛而深遠。 大國之間的戰略博弈明顯升溫。 國際力量對比深刻調整，國際形勢的不穩定不確定性明顯增加。 我國正處於由大變強的關鍵發展階段。 中華民族偉大復興既迎來了前所未有的歷史機遇，也面臨著前所未有的風險挑戰。 我們越發展、越成長，遇到的阻力和壓力就越大。 軍隊作為維護國家安全的重要手段，必須充分發揮軍事力量建設和運用對維護國家安全的戰略作用，加快發展軍事力量，加快形成強大的戰略威懾力和實戰能力，確保 切實履行新時代軍事使命使命，有力支持中華民族偉大復興。

國防和軍隊現代化建設是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的一項戰略任務。 《綱要》著眼於到2035年基本實現社會主義現代化建設遠景目標和到2027年建軍百年目標，對加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設作出戰略部署，充分體現了 以習近平同志為核心的黨中央發展大局和安全大局。 富國強軍的戰略定力和深远战略謀劃。 要堅決貫徹落實《綱要》部署要求，在新的歷史起點上以更大的努力、更大的作為，努力開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面。

一、深刻認識國防和軍隊現代化時代特徵

黨的十八大以來，習主席把實現中國夢和強軍夢作為工作重點。 他開創和形成了習近平強軍思想。 現代化建設取得歷史性成就。 我軍思想政治基礎更加牢固，組織形式重塑重構，國防科技和武器裝備發展水平顯著提高，全軍隊伍建設得到加強，國防建設取得突破性進展。 法治建設和軍隊建設進一步聚焦備戰打戰。 創新驅動變革，軍事戰略能力大幅躍升。 但也要看到，我軍現代化水平與國家安全需要、與世界先進水平相比還有差距。 我軍打現代戰爭的能力和各級幹部指揮現代戰爭的能力亟待提高。 “十四五”時期，國際戰略形勢和國家安全環境面臨新的重大變化。 要適應國家發展戰略、安全戰略和軍事戰略的新要求，加快國防和軍隊現代化進程，切實維護國家主權、安全和發展利益。 .

（一）國防和軍隊現代化建設必須為中華民族偉大復興提供更有力的戰略支撐

當前，世界大變局加速發生。 新冠肺炎疫情影響廣泛而深遠。 大國之間的戰略博弈明顯升溫。 國際力量對比深刻調整，國際形勢的不穩定不確定性明顯增加。 我國正處於由大變強的關鍵發展階段。 中華民族偉大復興既迎來了前所未有的歷史機遇，也面臨著前所未有的風險挑戰。 我們越發展、越成長，遇到的阻力和壓力就越大。 軍隊作為維護國家安全的重要手段，必須充分發揮軍事力量建設和運用對維護國家安全的戰略作用，加快發展軍事力量，加快形成強大的戰略威懾力和實戰能力，確保 切實履行新時代軍事使命使命，有力支持中華民族偉大復興。

（一）提高國防和軍隊現代化建設提質增效

國防和軍隊現代化建設進入轉型升級關鍵階段。 要將提質增效與加快現代化進程有機統一起來，加強先進作戰能力有效供給，發揮創新驅動在全面現代化建設中的核心作用，轉變發展觀念， 創新發展模式，增強發展動力，確保高質量發展。

加快軍事理論現代化。 人民軍隊不斷發展壯大，從勝利走向勝利，關鍵在於黨先進軍事指導理論的指導。 要繼續深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想，自覺用黨的軍事指導理論的最新成果解決軍事鬥爭和軍隊建設中的實際問題。 善於戰略謀劃，注重戰略引領和創新，是我們黨的鮮明特色和獨特優勢。 要深入貫徹落實習近平軍事戰略思想，深入研究現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機制，不斷創新發展我軍作戰方式和戰略導向，完善新時代軍事戰略體系。 時代。 要緊跟戰爭形態和作戰方式變化，加強作戰問題研究和作戰理念研製驗證，加快建設先進作戰理論體系。

加快軍隊編制現代化建設。 改革永遠在路上。 要堅持方向一致、道路正確、力量不減，深化國防和軍隊改革，不斷解放和發展戰鬥力，解放和增強軍隊活力。 現代化的軍隊需要現代化的管理。 要深入推進軍隊管理革命，更新管理理念，優化管理流程，完善管理機制，提高軍隊系統運行效率和國防資源使用效率。 現代戰爭強調系統戰和聯合勝利。 要加快軍隊和武警部隊轉型建設，壯大新領域、新素質的戰略力量和作戰力量，豐富戰略選擇，提升戰略權重，打造高水平的戰略威懾和作戰力量。 聯合作戰系統。 要強化練兵備戰導向，加強軍隊聯合訓練、聯合保障、聯合使用，提高基於網絡信息系統的聯合作戰能力和全域作戰能力。

加快軍隊人才現代化建設。 歸根結底，現代戰爭是人才的競爭。 要貫徹新時代軍事教育方針，著力培養聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高層次戰略管理人才，加快鍛造 培養高素質、專業化、德才兼備的新型軍事人才。 . 要完善軍隊院校、軍事訓練實踐、軍事職業教育三位一體的新型軍事人才培養體系，創新軍隊人力資源開發和管理，完善人才識別、集聚、 培訓、就業，加快形成適合崗位、人盡其才的人才隊伍。 ，人才輩出的生動局面。

加快武器裝備現代化建設。 武器裝備是軍隊現代化的重要標誌。 要堅持自主創新戰略立足點，以國防科技自主創新和原始創新為重點，加強基礎理論和基礎技術研究，加快突破關鍵核心技術，牢牢把握發展命脈。 要密切關注全球科技創新趨勢，加快發展戰略前沿和顛覆性技術，積極搶占軍事競爭戰略制高點。 要加快武器裝備更新換代和智能化武器裝備發展，加強高技術新概念武器裝備建設

（二）促進國防實力和經濟實力同步提升

與國家現代化進程相適應，適應國家構建新發展格局，加強跨軍隊、跨部門、跨領域力量和資源整合配置，健全組織管理、工作運作、政策體系， 人才隊伍、風險防控體系。 整合國家戰略體系和能力，實現發展與安全並舉，富國強軍。

做好戰略規劃。 把經濟建設和國防建設統籌安排在國家總體戰略中，是我們黨長期治國理政的成功經驗。 要加強戰略規劃銜接。 國家在製定戰略規劃時充分考慮軍事需要。 軍隊發展戰略和建設規劃貫徹落實黨和國家的總體部署，確保有關建設部署有計劃、有協調。 要深化資源要素共享，打破利益壁壘，完善有利於優勢軍地資源雙向高效流動的暢通機制。 要加強政策制度協同，做好流程銜接和任務協同，提高軍民相關政策制度對接度。

推動重點區域、重點領域、新興領域協調發展，進一步盤活存量資源，優化增量資源，提高資源利用水平。 加強經濟建設項目落實國防要求，推進空中交通管理改革，增強對經濟建設和國防建設的統籌支持。 要注重依托國民教育體系培養軍人，加快建立現代軍人交流使用、資格認證等製度，探索建立軍地干部有序交流機制。 要結合國家重大工程建設，集中力量實施國防領域重大工程，更好服務國家安全發展戰略需求。

優化國防科技產業佈局。 當前，我國國防科技工業總體上大而不強，還不適應強國強軍的要求。 要深化國防科技工業體制改革，調整軍隊科研生產能力結構，構建技術先進、佈局合理、反應靈活、開放融合的國防科技工業體系。 要激發軍品市場活力，推進武器裝備市場准入改革，調整軍品價格和稅收政策，營造公平競爭環境。 要加快標準化、通用化進程，在國防和軍隊建設中積極採用先進民用標準，促進先進軍民技術雙向轉移利用。

匯聚強大力量，推進強國強軍事業。 我們的軍隊是人民軍隊，我們的國防是全民的國防。 要健全國防動員體系，加強突發事件應對協調，構建黨中央集中統一領導、軍地各司其職的國防動員新格局。 各司其職，密切配合。 要健全邊防強邊機制，黨、政、軍、警、民共同努力，構建與中國特色社會主義制度相適應的邊防治國格局。 要加強全民國防教育，鞏固軍政軍民團結，為建設鞏固國防和人民軍隊提供有力支撐。

三、認真落實加快國防和軍隊現代化建設措施要求

“十四五”時期，國防和軍隊現代化建設任務艱鉅艱鉅。 要按照《綱要》決策部署，凝聚力量，下苦功夫，確保各項工作落到實處。

（一）發揮制度優勢

充分發揮黨總攬全局、協調各方的作用，把黨的領導落實到經濟建設和國防建設的各個領域和各個環節。 堅定不移堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導，全面深入落實軍委主席負責制，全面加強全軍黨的建設，把中國特色社會主義制度優勢轉化為推動全軍發展的強大力量 國防和軍隊現代化建設。

（二）著眼於能打能打

堅持戰鬥力基本標準，密切關注國家安全形勢變化，始終對敵情保持高度敏感，保持高度警惕。 以提升系統作戰能力為重點，強長補短、強本壘，加強鬥志修養，著力做好各項戰略方向軍事鬥爭準備工作。 統籌推進傳統安全領域和新型安全領域的軍事鬥爭準備，確保有事能打勝仗。

（三）深化改革創新

把改革創新作為解放和發展戰鬥力的根本出路，緊盯戰爭形態變化和科技發展變化，不斷深化自我提升和自主創新，推動改革舉措落到實處，發布 發揮改革紅利，突出原創創新超越，加強戰略必爭領域前瞻佈局，全面推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等方面的創新，努力建設創新型人民軍隊。

（四）完善法治保障

貫徹落實習近平依法治軍思想，堅持依法治軍、從嚴治軍，善於運用法治思想和方法推進建設開展工作，加強軍隊建設 中國特色法治建設，構建實用系統的軍事法律體系，加快推進軍隊治理模式發生根本性轉變，國防和軍隊現代化建設法治化水平不斷提高 得到不斷改進。

The modernization of national defense and the army is a strategic task for building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. The “Outline” focuses on basically realizing the long-term goal of socialist modernization by 2035 and the century-old goal of building the army by 2027. It makes a strategic deployment for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army, which fully embodies the overall development and security of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core. The strategic determination and far-reaching strategic planning to enrich the country and strengthen the army. We must resolutely implement the deployment requirements of the “Outline”, and strive to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the army at a new historical starting point with greater efforts and greater actions.

　　1. A deep understanding of the characteristics of the era of national defense and military modernization

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Chairman Xi has focused on the realization of the Chinese Dream and the dream of strengthening the military. He has created and formed Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. Historic achievements have been made in the modernization drive. The ideological and political foundation of our army has become stronger, the organizational form has been reshaped and reconstructed, the development level of national defense technology and weaponry has been significantly improved, the integrity of the military personnel has been strengthened, breakthroughs have been made in the construction of the rule of law, and the military construction has further focused on preparing for and fighting wars. Innovation drives transformation, and military strategic capabilities have leapt sharply. But we must also see that there is still a gap between our military’s modernization level and national security needs, and compared with the world’s advanced level. Our military’s ability to fight modern warfare and the ability of cadres at all levels to command modern warfare need to be improved urgently. During the ” 14th Five-Year Plan ” period, the international strategic situation and national security environment are facing new and major changes. It is necessary to adapt to the new requirements of the national development strategy, security strategy and military strategy, accelerate the modernization process of national defense and the military, and effectively safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests. .

　　(1) National defense and military modernization must provide stronger strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

　　At present, the world’s major changes are accelerating. The impact of the new crown pneumonia epidemic is extensive and far-reaching. The strategic game between major powers has obviously heated up. The international balance of power has been profoundly adjusted, and the instability and uncertainty of the international situation have increased significantly. Our country is in a critical stage of development from big to strong. The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has ushered in unprecedented historical opportunities, as well as unprecedented risks and challenges. The more we develop and grow, the greater the resistance and pressure we will encounter. As a means of safeguarding national security, the military must give full play to the strategic role of military power building and utilization in maintaining national security, accelerate the development of military power, accelerate the formation of strong strategic deterrence and actual combat capabilities, and ensure the effective fulfillment of military missions in the new era mission and strongly support the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　(2) The modernization of national defense and the military must accelerate the integration of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

　　The world’s new military revolution is developing rapidly, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming more and more obvious. Unmanned combat systems are heavily used in actual combat, which has a profound impact on the concept, elements, and methods of winning wars. The major military powers are speeding up the construction of an intelligent military system and seeking new advantages in military competition, which has created enormous strategic pressure on us. We must enhance scientific and technological insight and war insight, adhere to mechanization as the basis, informationization as the leading, and intelligence as the direction, promote the integration and development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence, actively cultivate and incubate new growth poles of combat effectiveness, and promote the process of intelligence. Develop highly developed mechanization and a higher level of informatization, leading the transformation and upgrading of national defense and military modernization.

　　(3) National defense and military modernization must be deeply integrated into the national modernization strategic layout

　　my country has become the world’s second largest economy, but its national defense strength is still not compatible with my country’s international status, and it is necessary to take effective measures to speed up the modernization of national defense and the military. Adapting to the development of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, our party has lost no time in proposing major goals such as building a scientific and technological power, a marine power, an aerospace power, and a cyber power. On the one hand, a series of strategic measures have been introduced, which will provide more substantial material and technical support for the modernization of national defense and the army. We must more consciously integrate into the overall layout of national development, make full use of the achievements of national modernization and development and high-quality social resources, promote the sound and rapid development of the cause of strengthening the military, and promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength.

　　2. Accurately Grasp the Strategic Task of Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the Army

　　The “Outline” clarifies the overall thinking and objectives and tasks for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. In general, we must implement Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military, implement the military strategic guidelines for the new era, uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s military, insist on building the military politically, strengthening the military through reform, strengthening the military through technology, strengthening the military with talents, and governing the military according to the law. The integrated development of modernization and intelligence will comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations, improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensure the realization of the century-old goal of the army in 2027 .

　　(1) Improving the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization

　　The modernization of national defense and the military has entered a critical stage of transformation and upgrading. It is necessary to organically unify the improvement of quality and efficiency with the acceleration of the modernization process, strengthen the effective supply of advanced combat capabilities, give play to the core role of innovation-driven in the overall modernization, change the concept of development, and innovate the development model , enhance development momentum and ensure high-quality development.

　　Accelerate the modernization of military theory. The key to the continuous development and growth of the people’s army, from victory to victory, lies in the guidance of the party’s advanced military guidance theory. It is necessary to continue to deepen the study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the army, and consciously use the latest achievements of the party’s military guidance theory to solve practical problems in military struggle and army building. It is the distinctive feature and unique advantage of our party to be good at strategic planning and focus on strategic guidance and innovation. It is necessary to thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, in-depth study of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the mechanism of victory, constantly innovate and develop our military’s warfare and strategic guidance, and improve the military strategic system in the new era. It is necessary to keep up with changes in the form of war and combat methods, strengthen the research on combat issues and the development and verification of combat concepts, and accelerate the construction of an advanced combat theory system.

　　Accelerate the modernization of the military organization. Reform is always on the way. We must adhere to the same direction, the right path, and the undiminished strength, deepen the reform of national defense and the army, continuously liberate and develop combat effectiveness, and liberate and enhance the vitality of the army. A modern army needs modern management. It is necessary to further promote the military management revolution, update management concepts, optimize management processes, improve management mechanisms, and improve the operational efficiency of military systems and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources. Modern warfare emphasizes systematic warfare and joint victory. It is necessary to speed up the transformation and construction of the armed forces and the armed police force, strengthen strategic forces and combat forces in new domains and new qualities, enrich strategic options, increase strategic weight, and create a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system. It is necessary to strengthen the clear orientation of military training and preparation, strengthen joint training, joint support, and joint use of military forces, and improve joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems.

　　Accelerate the modernization of military personnel. In the final analysis, modern warfare is a competition for talents. It is necessary to implement the military education policy for the new era, focus on the training of joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents, and accelerate the forging of high-quality, professional new-type military talents with both ability and political integrity. . It is necessary to improve the three-in-one new military personnel training system of military academies, military training practices, and military vocational education, innovate the development and management of military human resources, improve the system and mechanism of talent identification, gathering, training, and employment, and accelerate the formation of people who are suitable for posts and make full use of their talents. , A vivid situation where talents emerge in large numbers.

　　Accelerate the modernization of weapons and equipment. Weaponry is an important symbol of military modernization. We must adhere to the basic point of the independent innovation strategy, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, strengthen basic theory and basic technology research, accelerate breakthroughs in key core technologies, and firmly grasp the lifeline of development. It is necessary to keep a close eye on global technological innovation trends, accelerate the development of strategic frontier and disruptive technologies, and actively seize the strategic commanding heights of military competition. It is necessary to accelerate the upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strengthen the construction of high-tech and new-concept weapons and equipment, and promote the modernization of weapons and equipment to accelerate into the world’s advanced ranks.

　　(2) Promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength

　　Consistent with the country’s modernization process and adapting to the country’s construction of a new development pattern, strengthen the integration and allocation of cross-military, cross-departmental, and cross-field forces and resources, improve organizational management, work operations, policy systems, talent teams, and risk prevention and control systems. Integrate the national strategic system and capabilities to achieve both development and security, enrich the country and strengthen the military.

　　Do a good job in strategic planning. Coordinating economic construction and national defense construction in the overall national strategy is our party’s long-term successful experience in governing the country. It is necessary to strengthen the connection of strategic planning. The state fully considers military needs when formulating strategic planning. The military development strategy and construction plan implement the overall deployment of the party and the state to ensure that relevant construction arrangements are planned and coordinated. It is necessary to deepen the sharing of resource elements, break down barriers of interest, and improve a smooth mechanism that is conducive to the two-way and efficient flow of superior military and local resources. It is necessary to strengthen the coordination of policies and systems, do a good job in process connection and task coordination, and improve the coupling of military-civilian related policies and systems.

　　Promote the coordinated development of key regions, key areas, and emerging areas, further revitalize existing resources, optimize incremental resources, and improve the level of resource utilization. Strengthen the implementation of national defense requirements for economic construction projects, promote the reform of air traffic management, and enhance the overall support for economic construction and national defense construction. We must pay attention to relying on the national education system to cultivate military personnel, accelerate the establishment of modern military personnel exchange and use, qualification certification and other systems, and explore the establishment of an orderly exchange mechanism for military and local cadres. It is necessary to combine the construction of major national projects and concentrate on implementing major projects in the field of national defense to better serve the strategic needs of national security development.

　　Optimize the layout of national defense science and technology industry. At present, my country’s national defense science and technology industry is generally large but not strong, and it is not yet adapted to the requirements of a strong country and a strong army. It is necessary to deepen the reform of the defense science and technology industry system, adjust the structure of military scientific research and production capabilities, and build a defense science and technology industry system with advanced technology, reasonable layout, flexible response, openness and integration. It is necessary to stimulate the vitality of the military product market, promote the reform of market access for weapons and equipment, adjust the price and tax policies of military products, and create a level playing field. It is necessary to speed up the process of standardization and generalization, actively adopt advanced civilian standards in national defense and military construction, and promote the two-way transfer and utilization of advanced military and civilian technologies.

　　Bring together powerful forces to advance the cause of a strong country and a strong military. Our army is the people’s army, and our national defense is the national defense of the whole people. It is necessary to improve the national defense mobilization system, strengthen coordination in response to emergencies, and build a new pattern of national defense mobilization under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, with both the military and the local government performing their own responsibilities and closely coordinating. It is necessary to improve the mechanism of strong border defense, the party, the government, the army, the police and the people should work together to build a border governance pattern that is compatible with the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. It is necessary to strengthen national defense education for all, consolidate the unity of the military, the government, the military and the people, and provide strong support for building and consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army.

　　3. Conscientiously implement the requirements for measures to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military

　　During the ” 14th Five-Year Plan ” period, the national defense and military modernization tasks are arduous and arduous. It is necessary to make decisions and deploy in accordance with the “Outline”, gather strength and work hard to ensure the implementation of various tasks.

　　(1) Give full play to institutional advantages

　　Give full play to the role of the party in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, and implement the party’s leadership in all fields and links of economic construction and national defense construction. Unswervingly uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, comprehensively strengthen Party building in the military, and transform the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics into a powerful force to promote the modernization of national defense and the military.

　　(2) Focus on being able to fight and win

　　Adhere to the basic standard of combat effectiveness, pay close attention to changes in the national security situation, always maintain a high degree of sensitivity to the enemy’s situation, and maintain a high level of alertness. Focusing on improving the combat capability of the system, we will forge our strengths, make up for our weaknesses, and strengthen our bases, strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit, and step up efforts to complete various strategic directions Preparations for military struggles. Coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional and new security fields to ensure that once something happens, we can win the battle.

　　(3) Deepen reform and innovation

　　Take reform and innovation as the fundamental way to liberate and develop combat effectiveness, keep an eye on changes in the form of warfare and changes in technological development, continue to deepen self-improvement and self-innovation, promote the implementation of reform measures, release reform dividends, highlight originality, innovation and transcendence, and strengthen Forward-looking layout in strategically contested fields, comprehensively promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization, management, culture, etc., and strive to build an innovative people’s army.

　　(4) Improving the protection of the rule of law

　　Implement Xi Jinping’s thought on the rule of law, adhere to the principle of governing the military according to the law and strictly, be good at using the rule of law thinking and methods to promote construction and carry out work, strengthen the construction of the military rule of law with Chinese characteristics, build a practical and systematic military legal system, and accelerate the advancement of military governance Fundamental changes have been made in the mode, and the level of rule of law in the modernization of national defense and the armed forces has been continuously improved.

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 國家網絡空間安全戰略

People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power // 中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

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People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power //

中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

People’s Daily (April 19, 2018 01 edition)

In today’s world, the information technology revolution is changing with each passing day.

　　In contemporary China, the development of the network business has advanced by leaps and bounds.

　　From mobile payment everywhere to new high-level online transaction volume; from the nationwide e-government system to the booming big data industry… General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on network security and informationization work published two years ago, China’s online letter With the rapid and healthy development of the business, the Internet has increasingly become an important driving force for national development, and the digital field has continuously achieved leap-forward development.

　　

        Under the guidance of the strategic blueprint for the “two hundred years” struggle goal, China, which is opening a new era, is striding towards a new journey of network power.

　　Looking ahead and judging the situation, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core points the way forward for building a network power

　　In March 2018, the “Deepening the Party and State Institutional Reform Plan” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China opened a new chapter in the national network letter business – the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Leading Group was changed to the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Committee, responsible for Top-level design, overall layout, overall coordination, overall promotion, and supervision and implementation of major work in this field.

　　This is the far-sightedness of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the national network letter, and it is also the implementation of the important speech delivered by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the symposium on cybersecurity and informationization.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has accurately grasped the general trend of the times, actively responded to the requirements of practice, deeply examined the major changes in the main social contradictions, and issued a series of important speeches on the development of the network business, clearly proposing the strategic thinking of the network power.

　　”To develop a network business, we must implement a people-centered development thinking.”

　　——According to the ups and downs of Internet technology changes, General Secretary Xi Jinping always puts the people at the highest position, clearly defining “to adapt to people’s expectations and needs, speed up the popularization of information services, reduce application costs, and provide them with affordable and affordable The well-used information service has enabled hundreds of millions of people to gain more sense of sharing Internet development results.”

　　“Big data is a new stage in the development of information technology.”

　　——In the face of the information-based competitive environment that you chase after me, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a keen judgment to “understand the current status and trends of big data development and its impact on economic and social development, and analyze the achievements of China’s big data development and Problems exist to promote the implementation of the national big data strategy.”

　　”Building a community of cyberspace destiny.”

　　——Investigating the profound changes in the global Internet governance system, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed “four principles” and “five points of proposition”, calling for “the Internet is invisible, but the people who use the Internet are tangible, and the Internet is the common home of mankind. It is the common responsibility of the international community to make this home more beautiful, cleaner and safer.

　　……

　　New ideas lead new practices, and new strategies open up new journeys. Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, a colorful network of powerful powers is slowly unfolding.

　　One-point deployment, nine-point implementation, a series of new policies and new measures for the reform and development of the network letter business are turning into new achievements and new changes

　　”Party committees and governments at all levels should strengthen Internet thinking, be good at using the advantages of the Internet, and focus on integrating, sharing, facilitating, and security, promoting scientific decision-making in government, refining social governance, and improving the efficiency of public services. Perceive the social situation, open communication channels, assist decision-making and governance, and facilitate the masses to do things.

　　On April 13, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions during the inspection of the Hainan Provincial Government Affairs Data Center, once again in order to speed up the development of big data and use information technology to point the way.

　　Without informatization, there is no modernization.

　　General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on cybersecurity and informatization work has been published for two years. All localities and departments have kept pace with the times, pioneering and innovating, and introduced a series of new policies and new measures to promote the cause of major strategic opportunities in the network letter industry and usher in new Development, new leap.

　　——Continuously strengthen the top-level design, and the information development will add institutional guarantee.

　　The Outline of the National Informatization Development Strategy was published, which depicts the development of digital China’s construction in the next 10 years, and clearly sets a clear timetable and roadmap for the construction of a network power. The “13th Five-Year National Informationization Plan” was released. It is proposed to achieve significant results in the construction of digital China as the overall goal of China’s informatization development.

　　In the past two years, the informatization development strategy, the national big data strategy, and the “Internet +” action plan have been frequently deployed, and the foundation of the network is solid.

　　——The infrastructure is more perfect, and the digital development paves the way.

　　In 2017, the length of new optical cable lines in China was 7.05 million kilometers. The total length of national optical cable lines reached 37.47 million kilometers, an increase of 23.2% over the previous year; the number of Internet broadband access ports reached 779 million, an increase of 9.3%.

　　The Action Plan for Promoting the Scale Deployment of the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) was issued and implemented, and the scale of IPv6 deployment was comprehensively improved. As of December 31, 2017, the total number of IPv6 address allocations in China was 23,430 (/32).

　　In the past two years, the quality and coverage of mobile network services have continued to improve, and the development of next-generation Internet has shown great prospects.

　　– Internet innovative social governance tools, e-government work into the fast lane.

　　At the Taxation Hall of the State Taxation Bureau of Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, the financial manager Shi Jinxing received dozens of special value-added tax invoices through the self-service terminal. He felt that “it took a half-day to become a few minutes, and the government service became more and more convenient. Efficient.”

　　Innovative services to benefit the people. The data shows that the current total number of government websites in the country is nearly 32,000; the new government media has become a new channel for communication between the public and the public.

　　In December 2017, the Central Network Information Office and other departments jointly launched a two-year national e-government comprehensive pilot project in eight provinces including Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu to explore the development of e-government development experience that can be used for promotion, and more convenient and efficient e-government experience. Just around the corner.

　　Take the matter at any time, make meritorious deeds from the capital, and profit from the power of all things.

　　The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China formulated a blueprint for the development of a new era, and proposed to build a network power, digital China, and a smart society, promote the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and the real economy, develop the digital economy, share the economy, and foster new growth. Point, form new kinetic energy.

　　In Zhejiang, the digital economy, which is dominated by software services, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data, has exceeded 10 trillion yuan for three consecutive years. In Guizhou, where poverty alleviation is the main battlefield, big data has become one of the three development strategies. Its economic growth rate has been in the forefront of the country for seven consecutive years.

　　A series of data and an item of results reflect a series of historical achievements and historic changes in the digital development of China in recent years.

　　Let hundreds of millions of people gain more sense of sharing the Internet development achievements, and build a strong power for building a network power.

　　At the end of each course, Zhang Fan, an online training teacher, will carefully review the “Magic Mirror System” analysis of the students’ class status and adjust and optimize the teaching plan accordingly.

　　Through this system, the camera captures the classroom state, such as raising hands, practicing, listening to classes, speaking, etc., and even facial expression changes at any time. Through multi-dimensional measurement of data, a unique learning report for each student is generated.

　　With the help of digital technology, the goal of “there is no education, teaching students in accordance with their aptitudes”, which is the sage of the past dynasties, is now entering an ordinary life.

　　No longer just online shopping, sharing bicycles, today, digital technology represented by big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence is increasingly infiltrating into every aspect of Chinese life: the construction of cancer big data portraits makes health dreams clearer; The guardian platform gives the minors a clearer cyberspace; the 5G “super speed” makes the screen “flashing” words become history…

　　New products from the Internet have emerged, and digital technology has turned people’s imagined new life into reality. From the introduction of the network security law to the new stage of legal governance, to the digital economy, the “big artery” is more smooth… The world of the people of the world is more colorful because of the Internet, and the lives of the people are more abundant because of the Internet.

　　Promoting the development of the Internet and making good use of the power of the Internet are the basic projects that promote social progress and enhance people’s well-being.

　　Liuyu Village is located in the selenium-rich area of ​​southern Meizhou, Guangdong Province, and has a long history of growing tea. However, due to the remote location, poor traffic and information, the sales of tea has not been opened.

　　Since the staying tea has been stationed in the Guangdong mobile e-commerce informationization poverty alleviation platform to achieve online sales, the problem of slow sales of tea has been solved. In the past year, the tea sold by the “Lingnan Life” platform has reached 6,000 kilograms, and the single-day sales order has reached a maximum of 1423.

　　Statistics show that in 2017, China’s digital economy reached 27.2 trillion yuan, accounting for 32.9% of GDP; e-commerce and online retail continued to grow, e-commerce promoted the steady expansion of rural consumption, and rural consumer infrastructure such as logistics, telecommunications, and transportation. further improvement.

　　”Adhere to the people as the center”, digital development is constantly satisfying people’s yearning for a better life, and the people have more sense of gaining in sharing the development of the Internet.

　　“The way of benefit, and the time.”

　　In just over 20 years, starting from a network cable with a network speed of only 64 kilobits per second, China now has 700 million netizens and more than 4 million websites. It has built the world’s largest 4G network, and the scale of online retail transactions has jumped. The world’s first… a series of “great”, witnessed a slap in the face of a network power to the network power.

　　In just two years, from the speed increase and decrease of the network to the implementation of the Cyber ​​Security Law, from the continuous hosting of the four World Internet Conferences to the Alibaba Cloud Data Center, which covers the major Internet markets in the world, a series of “big-handed” highlights China’s move to a network powerhouse. Determination and confidence.

　　In December 2017, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in the second collective study of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee that “the situation will be judged, carefully planned, advanced, and proactive” “accelerate the construction of digital China and better serve China’s economic and social development and people. Life improvement.”

　　The construction of digital China is an important measure to implement the internship General Secretary General Ping Ping’s strategic thinking on network power. It is an effective way to adhere to the people-centered development thinking and continuously enhance the people’s sense of acquisition. It is an inevitable requirement for seizing development opportunities and accelerating the modernization process.

　　This is an urgent call for the new era, and it is a firm declaration of China in the new era.

　　Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, the development of China’s network information industry will surely take greater steps in the construction of a network powerhouse, and create a more awkward innovation for the Chinese dream of building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the nation. power.

 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

當今世界，信息技術革命日新月異。

當代中國，網信事業發展突飛猛進。

從隨處可見的移動支付到屢創新高的網絡交易額；從覆蓋全國的電子政務系統到蓬勃發展的大數據產業……習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來，我國網信事業快速健康發展，互聯網日益成為國家發展重要驅動力，數字領域不斷實現跨越式發展。

在“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標的戰略藍圖指引下，開啟新時代的中國，正在闊步邁向網絡強國的新征程。

高瞻遠矚、審時度勢，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央為建設網絡強國指明前進方向

2018年3月，中共中央印發的《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》，揭開了國家網信事業的新篇章——中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組改為中央網絡安全和信息化委員會，負責這一領域重大工作的頂層設計、總體佈局、統籌協調、整體推進、督促落實。

這是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央對國家網信事業的深謀遠慮，也是對習近平總書記在網絡安全和信息化工作座談會上發表的重要講話的貫徹落實。

黨的十八大以來，習近平總書記準確把握時代大勢，積極回應實踐要求，深刻審視社會主要矛盾新變化，就網信事業發展發表一系列重要講話，鮮明提出了網絡強國的戰略思想。

“網信事業要發展，必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。”

——順應風起雲湧的互聯網技術變革，習近平總書記始終把人民放在最高位置，明確“要適應人民期待和需求，加快信息化服務普及，降低應用成本，為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務，讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感”。

“大數據是信息化發展的新階段。”

——面對你追我趕的信息化競爭環境，習近平總書記敏銳地作出判斷，要求“深入了解大數據發展現狀和趨勢及其對經濟社會發展的影響，分析我國大數據發展取得的成績和存在的問題，推動實施國家大數據戰略”。

“構建網絡空間命運共同體。”

——洞察全球互聯網治理體系的深刻變革，習近平總書記提出“四項原則”“五點主張”，呼籲“互聯網雖然是無形的，但運用互聯網的人們都是有形的，互聯網是人類的共同家園。讓這個家園更美麗、更乾淨、更安全，是國際社會的共同責任”。

……

新理念引領新實踐，新戰略開啟新征程。在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，一幅五彩斑斕的網絡強國畫卷正在徐徐展開。

一分部署、九分落實，一系列網信事業改革發展的新政策新舉措正在化為舉世矚目的新成就新變革

“各級黨委和政府要強化互聯網思維，善於利用互聯網優勢，著力在融合、共享、便民、安全上下功夫，推進政府決策科學化、社會治理精細化、公共服務高效化，用信息化手段更好感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助決策施政、方便群眾辦事，做到心中有數。”

2018年4月13日，習近平總書記在考察海南省政務數據中心時作出的重要指示，再一次為加快大數據發展、用好信息化手段指明方向。

沒有信息化就沒有現代化。

習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來，各地各部門與時俱進、開拓創新，出台一系列新政策、新舉措，推動網信事業抓住重大戰略機遇期，迎來新發展、新飛躍。

——持續加強頂層設計，信息化發展更添制度保障。

《國家信息化發展戰略綱要》出台，描繪了未來10年數字中國建設的發展圖景，為網絡強國建設標識出清晰的時間表和路線圖；《“十三五”國家信息化規劃》發布，明確提出將數字中國建設取得顯著成效作為我國信息化發展的總目標。

兩年間，信息化發展戰略、國家大數據戰略、“互聯網+”行動計劃等頻密部署，網絡強國基礎夯實。

——基礎設施更加完善，數字化發展鋪就前進道路。

2017年，我國新建光纜線路長度705萬公里，全國光纜線路總長度達3747萬公里，比上年增長23.2%；互聯網寬帶接入端口數量達到7.79億個，增長9.3%。

《推進互聯網協議第六版（IPv6）規模部署行動計劃》印發實施，IPv6規模化部署全面提升。截至2017年12月31日，我國IPv6地址分配總數為23430塊（/32）。

兩年間，移動網絡服務質量和覆蓋範圍持續提升，下一代互聯網發展展現美好前景。

——互聯網創新社會治理手段，電子政務工作駛入快車道。

在福建晉江市國稅局辦稅大廳，財務經理施金星通過自助終端機領取了數十份增值稅專用發票後，深感“原先要花半天的時間變成了幾分鐘，政府服務越來越便捷高效”。

創新服務，利企便民。數據顯示，目前全國政府網站運行總數近3.2萬家；政務新媒體成為溝通社情民意的新渠道。

2017年12月，中央網信辦等部門聯合在北京、上海、江蘇等8省份開展為期2年的國家電子政務綜合試點，探索形成可藉鑑推廣的電子政務發展經驗，更加方便高效的電子政務體驗指日可待。

隨時以舉事，因資而立功，用萬物之能而獲利其上。

黨的十九大製定了面向新時代的發展藍圖，提出要建設網絡強國、數字中國、智慧社會，推動互聯網、大數據、人工智能和實體經濟深度融合，發展數字經濟、共享經濟，培育新增長點、形成新動能。

在浙江，以軟件服務業、物聯網、雲計算、大數據等為主體的數字經濟規模連續3年超萬億元；在脫貧攻堅主戰場的貴州，大數據成為三大發展戰略支撐之一，其經濟增速已連續7年位居全國前列。

一串串數據、一項項成果，折射出近年來我國數字化發展的一系列歷史性成就、歷史性變革。

讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果中有更多獲得感，為建設網絡強國凝聚磅礴力量

每次課程結束，在線培訓教師張帆都會仔細查看“魔鏡系統”對學生上課狀態的分析，並據此調整優化教學方案。

通過這一系統，攝像頭隨時捕捉學生上課時的舉手、練習、聽課、發言等課堂狀態，甚至面部表情的變化，通過多維度量化數據，生成專屬每一個學生的學習報告。

借助數字技術，“有教無類、因材施教”這一歷代先賢嚮往的目​​標如今正在走入尋常生活。

不再僅僅是網上購物、共享單車，如今，以大數據、雲計算、人工智能為代表的數字技術正日益滲透進中國人生活的方方面面：癌症大數據畫像的構建讓健康夢想更加清晰；“成長守護平台”給未成年人一片更為清朗的網絡空間；5G“超級網速”使屏幕閃現的“加載中”字樣成為歷史……

從互聯網催生的新產品新業態競相湧現，到數字技術將人們想像中的智能新生活變為現實；從出台網絡安全法開啟依法治網新階段，到數字經濟的“大動脈”更加通暢……億萬國人的世界因互聯網而更多彩，百姓的生活因互聯網而更豐富。

推動互聯網發展，用好互聯網的力量，是促進社會進步、增進人民福祉的基礎性工程。

留畬村位於廣東梅州南部的富硒地帶，種茶歷史悠久。但由於地理位置偏僻，交通和信息不暢，留畬茶的銷路一直沒有打開。

自從留畬茶進駐廣東移動電商信息化扶貧平台，實現在線銷售，茶葉滯銷難題迎刃而解。一年來，經“嶺南生活”平台售出的留畬茶多達6000餘斤，單日銷售訂單最高達1423單。

統計顯示，2017年，中國數字經濟規模達27.2萬億元，佔GDP比重達32.9%；電子商務、網絡零售持續增長，電商推動農村消費規模穩步擴大，物流、電信、交通等農村消費基礎設施進一步完善。

“堅持以人民為中心”，數字化發展正不斷滿足人民對美好生活的嚮往，百姓在共享互聯網發展成果上擁有了更多獲得感。

“凡益之道，與時偕行。”

短短20多年時間，從一條網速僅有64千比特每秒的網線出發，如今我國已經擁有7億網民、400多萬家網站，建成了全球最大的4G網絡，網絡零售交易額規模躍居世界第一……一連串的“了不起”，見證了一個網絡大國向網絡強國邁進的鏗鏘足音。

短短兩年間，從網絡提速降費到網絡安全法啟動實施，從連續主辦四屆世界互聯網大會到阿里雲數據中心基本覆蓋全球主要互聯網市場，一系列的“大手筆”，彰顯中國邁向網絡強國的決心與信心。

2017年12月，習近平總書記在十九屆中央政治局第二次集體學習時強調，“審時度勢、精心謀劃、超前佈局、力爭主動”“加快建設數字中國，更好服務我國經濟社會發展和人民生活改善”。

建設數字中國是貫徹落實習近平總書記關於網絡強國戰略思想的重要舉措，是堅持以人民為中心的發展思想、不斷增強人民獲得感的有效途徑，是搶抓發展機遇、加快現代化進程的必然要求。

這是新時代的迫切呼喚，更是新時代中國的堅定宣示。

在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，我國網信事業發展必將在網絡強國的建設中邁出更大步伐，為全面建成小康社會，實現民族偉大復興的中國夢凝聚更加澎湃的創新動力。

Referring URL: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2018-04/