Chinese Military: People’s Liberation Army’s Brief Analysis of Cognitive Domain Combat Styles in the Era of Intelligence
随着现代战争加速向智能化方向发展，底层的物理域、中层的信息域和顶层的认知域呈现多域联动的特点，认知域作战正逐渐成为战争舞台的焦点。认知域作战的目的主要是夺取制脑权，为夺取陆海空天制权和网电制权奠定坚实基础。准确把握、充分运用认知域作战主要样式，是在未来战争中抢占先机、赢得主动的必然要求。
一、认知电子战——认知战的“触角”
认知电子战是电子战与人工智能技术结合的产物，是争夺制电磁权的主要作战样式，也是战术与技术融合的典范。美国是最早开展认知电子战研究的国家，其国防部高级研究计划局（DARPA）和陆海空军开展了包括自适应雷达对抗和自适应电子战行为学习等项目。实施认知电子战需要重点把握好三个环节。
一是认知电子侦察。主要是利用电子手段，快速、准确、全面地获取战场数据，及时发现威胁信号、识别目标特征信号，建立并动态更新信号数据库，为指挥员判断情况、定下决心、评估效能等提供必要的信息支撑。
二是认知电子建模。主要是针对战场及周边电磁辐射源种类杂、功率大、数量多等特点，对辐射源的频率、带宽、波形特征、防护模式、到达方向等信息，区分动态和静态两个类别，建立统一的信息描述模型架构，进而为电磁感知提供依据。
三是认知电子干扰。主要是针对战场电子战装备复杂多样、抗干扰能力强的特点，将有源干扰与无源干扰、压制干扰与欺骗干扰结合起来，灵活实施自适应干扰样式决策、自适应干扰波形优化和自适应干扰资源调度，从而确保干扰质效。
二、认知情报战——认知战的“血脉”
国际电气与电子工程师协会曾提出“认知情报学”的概念；国内有学者将认知情报学定义为，从心理角度研究人们在情报生产及利用等各个环节中的认知结构、过程与特点的领域或学科。这里提出“认知情报战”概念，符合认知逻辑和情报本质，并且可以借用认知情报学的概念和原理。根据获取和利用情报的动因，实施认知情报战可运用三种策略。
一是基于个体认知获取和利用情报。主要是以作战主体的认知为中介进行情报协调，坚持战场用户驱动而不是作战系统驱动，以“意义构建理论”“知识非常态假说”为基础，改善情报服务主体认知结构，实现主体认知与情报服务的良性互动。
二是基于群体认知获取和利用情报。主要是突出关注用户群体所处的战场环境、社会背景等因素影响而形成的共同认知结构，充分利用情景分析、领域分析以及价值分析等先进分析方法，着力提高群体情报服务的针对性、适用性。
三是基于脑体认知获取和利用情报。主要是把人体大脑的认知结构和认知活动理解为计算逻辑和计算活动，充分利用机器智能认知和智能计算能力，着力改善战场人机融合环境，畅通情报到认知的信息链路，实施程序化、规模化的情报服务。
三、认知算法战——认知战的“大脑”
2017年美国国防部在一份备忘录中首次正式提出“算法战”，明确组建“算法战跨功能小组”。算法战与认知战一样贯穿于战争各领域全过程，体现了智能化战争的核心要求。这里提出“认知算法战”概念，是基于认知战与算法战的共同之处与内在联系。可以说，认知中有算法，算法中有认知。实施认知算法战主要有三种路径。
一是廓清战争迷雾。军事理论家克劳塞维茨指出，“战争是充满不确定性的领域，战争中所依据的情况有四分之三像隐藏在迷雾中一样”。认知算法战就是要在这种不确定性的领域中算出确定性的因素，尽可能廓清战场迷雾，准确识别信息“炸弹”，严防坠入信息“陷阱”。
二是扫清智能盲区。人工智能的灵感之源往往来源于生物智能特别是人类智能，人工智能离不开人类智能。认知算法战就是要充分运用认知心理学和认知神经科学的最新成果，推动人工智能的军事运用，提高认知域的智能化水平。
三是加快人机融合。机器算力虽然可以超越人类脑力，但是机器算法终究难以超越人类“想法”，人工智能与人类智能各有优长。认知算法战就是要把信息域的机器算法与认知域的人类“想法”紧密结合起来，不断提高物理域的战法水平。
四、认知政治战——认知战的“灵魂”
政治战是与军事战是相对的。毛泽东曾形象地指出“战争是流血的政治”“政治是不流血的战争”。由于政治战通常直接作用于认知域，认知政治战可以说是政治战的固有之意，不应被理解为一个新的概念。智能化时代实施认知政治战，无外乎三种形式。
一是心理攻防。主要是利用智能化、精准化手段“读心”“控心”，提高心理攻防质效。在进攻方面，主要运用攻心宣传、意志瓦解、情感影响、心智诱导等战法；在防御方面，主要采取心理教育训练、心理疏导调控和心理诊断治疗等措施。
二是舆论争夺。主要是运用新媒体和新技术增强舆论宣传的热度流量和影响力渗透力。在进攻方面，重在先声夺人、先入为主，集中造势、形成强势，抨击要害、重点突破；在防御方面，重在因势利导、防反结合、趋利避害。
三是法理斗争。主要是参与立法、精准释法、积极护法，挺法在前、针锋相对、切中要害。在进攻方面，主要是利用法律威慑、法律打击、法律约束、法律制裁等战法；在防御方面，主要是加强国际法尤其是战争法的研究和涉法行动法律防护，防止授人以柄。
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A brief analysis of cognitive domain combat styles in the era of intelligence
As modern warfare accelerates towards intelligence, the bottom physical domain, the middle information domain and the top cognitive domain are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Cognitive domain operations are gradually becoming the focus of the war arena. The main purpose of cognitive domain operations is to seize brain control and lay a solid foundation for seizing land, sea, air, space, and network power. Accurately grasping and fully utilizing the main modes of cognitive domain operations is an inevitable requirement to seize opportunities and gain the initiative in future wars.
1. Cognitive electronic warfare – the “tentacles” of cognitive warfare
Cognitive electronic warfare is the product of the combination of electronic warfare and artificial intelligence technology. It is the main combat style for fighting for electromagnetic control and is also a model of the integration of tactics and technology. The United States is the first country to carry out cognitive electronic warfare research. Its Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Army, Navy and Air Force have carried out projects including adaptive radar countermeasures and adaptive electronic warfare behavioral learning. Implementing cognitive electronic warfare requires focusing on three aspects.
One is cognitive electronic reconnaissance. It mainly uses electronic means to quickly, accurately and comprehensively obtain battlefield data, promptly discover threat signals, identify target characteristic signals, establish and dynamically update signal databases, and provide necessary information for commanders to judge situations, make decisions, and evaluate effectiveness. support.
The second is cognitive electronic modeling. Mainly in view of the characteristics of various types, large power and large number of electromagnetic radiation sources in the battlefield and surrounding areas, the frequency, bandwidth, waveform characteristics, protection mode, arrival direction and other information of the radiation source are distinguished between dynamic and static categories, and a unified system is established. The information describes the model architecture, thereby providing the basis for electromagnetic perception.
The third is cognitive electronic interference. Mainly in view of the complex and diverse characteristics of battlefield electronic warfare equipment and strong anti-interference capabilities, it combines active interference with passive interference, suppression interference and deception interference, and flexibly implements adaptive interference pattern decision-making, adaptive interference waveform optimization and adaptive interference. Interference resource scheduling to ensure interference quality and efficiency.
2. Cognitive intelligence warfare—the “bloodline” of cognitive warfare
The International Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers once proposed the concept of “cognitive information science”; some domestic scholars define cognitive information science as the study of people’s cognitive structures, processes and characteristics in all aspects of information production and utilization from a psychological perspective field or discipline. The concept of “cognitive intelligence warfare” is proposed here, which is consistent with cognitive logic and the nature of intelligence, and can borrow concepts and principles from cognitive intelligence science. Depending on the motivation for obtaining and using intelligence, three strategies can be used to implement cognitive intelligence warfare.
The first is to obtain and utilize intelligence based on individual cognition. It mainly uses the cognition of combat subjects as an intermediary for intelligence coordination, adheres to battlefield user-driven rather than combat system-driven, and is based on “meaning construction theory” and “knowledge abnormality hypothesis” to improve the cognitive structure of intelligence service subjects and realize subject cognition. Positive interaction between knowledge and intelligence services.
The second is to obtain and utilize intelligence based on group cognition. It mainly focuses on the common cognitive structure formed by factors such as the battlefield environment and social background of the user group, and makes full use of advanced analysis methods such as situation analysis, domain analysis, and value analysis to strive to improve the pertinence and applicability of group intelligence services. sex.
The third is to obtain and utilize intelligence based on brain-body cognition. It mainly understands the cognitive structure and cognitive activities of the human brain as computing logic and computing activities, makes full use of machine intelligent cognition and intelligent computing capabilities, strives to improve the human-machine integration environment on the battlefield, and smoothes the information link from intelligence to cognition. Implement programmed and large-scale intelligence services.
3. Cognitive algorithm warfare—the “brain” of cognitive warfare
In 2017, the U.S. Department of Defense officially proposed “algorithmic warfare” for the first time in a memorandum and clearly established an “algorithmic warfare cross-functional team.” Algorithmic warfare, like cognitive warfare, runs through the entire process of all fields of warfare, embodying the core requirements of intelligent warfare. The concept of “cognitive algorithmic warfare” is proposed here based on the similarities and intrinsic connections between cognitive warfare and algorithmic warfare. It can be said that there is algorithm in cognition, and cognition in algorithm. There are three main paths to implement cognitive algorithmic warfare.
The first is to clarify the fog of war. Military theorist Clausewitz pointed out, “War is a field full of uncertainty, and three-quarters of the situations on which war is based are as if hidden in fog.” Cognitive algorithm warfare is to calculate deterministic factors in this uncertain field, clarify the fog of the battlefield as much as possible, accurately identify information “bombs”, and strictly prevent falling into information “traps”.
The second is to clear up the blind spots of intelligence. The source of inspiration for artificial intelligence often comes from biological intelligence, especially human intelligence. Artificial intelligence is inseparable from human intelligence. Cognitive algorithm warfare is to make full use of the latest achievements in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience to promote the military application of artificial intelligence and improve the intelligence level of the cognitive domain.
The third is to accelerate human-machine integration. Although machine computing power can surpass human brain power, machine algorithms cannot surpass human “ideas” after all. Artificial intelligence and human intelligence each have their own advantages. Cognitive algorithm warfare is to closely integrate machine algorithms in the information domain with human “ideas” in the cognitive domain, and continuously improve the level of warfare in the physical domain.
4. Cognitive political warfare—the “soul” of cognitive warfare
Political war is the opposite of military war. Mao Zedong once vividly pointed out that “war is bloody politics” and “politics is bloodless war.” Since political warfare usually directly affects the cognitive domain, cognitive political warfare can be said to be the inherent meaning of political warfare and should not be understood as a new concept. There are three forms of cognitive political warfare in the era of intelligence.
One is psychological attack and defense. The main purpose is to use intelligent and precise means to “read the mind” and “control the mind” to improve the quality and effectiveness of psychological attack and defense. On the offensive side, we mainly use psychological propaganda, will disintegration, emotional influence, mental induction and other tactics; on the defensive side, we mainly adopt measures such as psychological education and training, psychological counseling and regulation, and psychological diagnosis and treatment.
The second is the competition for public opinion. The main purpose is to use new media and new technologies to enhance the popularity, flow and influence of public opinion propaganda. In terms of offense, the focus is on taking the lead, being the first to take advantage of the situation, concentrating on building momentum and forming a strong force, attacking key points, and making key breakthroughs; in terms of defense, the focus is on making the best use of the situation, combining prevention with counter-attacks, and seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages.
The third is the legal struggle. The main thing is to participate in legislation, accurately interpret the law, actively protect the law, stand up for the law, be tit-for-tat, and get to the point. On the offensive side, we mainly use legal deterrence, legal strikes, legal restraints, legal sanctions and other tactics; on the defensive side, we mainly strengthen the research on international law, especially the law of war, and legal protection of law-related actions to prevent others from being manipulated.
中文原文出處：淺析智慧時代認知域作戰方式. (2023). (Internet). Accessed: https://www.secrss.com/articles/68888