中國軍隊自主耦合作戰：中國未來聯合作戰新趨勢
現代英語：
Faced with changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, the combat mode of fixed formation, task balance, and tree-shaped command formed in traditional warfare will be difficult to adapt to battlefield needs. It is urgent to change the concept and innovate the implementation of self-coupling operations. The so-called self-coupling operations refer to the support of big data, cloud computing, and intelligent network information systems. The participating forces focus on the commander’s intentions, based on mission objectives and combat needs, breaking through regional, organizational, and field restrictions, and instantly perceive the situation, quickly and dynamically form groups, and autonomously match tasks, aggregate system advantages, and maximize the release of system combat capabilities.
Using the most appropriate forces to carry out the most appropriate tasks and achieve the best release of combat effectiveness has always been the highest level of war guidance.
Turning over the pages of human war history, coupling energy release is closely related to the development of war and command coordination. What has changed is the coupling organizational form – evolving from “other coupling” to “self coupling”; what remains unchanged is the pursuit of coupling value – the pursuit of the best release of combat effectiveness and the pursuit of the best combat benefits.
In the cold weapon era, the two sides formed simple formations and fought face to face. The war leaders often relied on their own exemplary role or simple organization to achieve effective coordination of different combat forces and combat actions, thereby maximizing the release of combat energy. In this sense, in the cold weapon era, combat was mainly organized by the commander’s orders, that is, “hetero-coupling”.
In the era of hot weapons, with the increase of the strike distance, weapons and equipment such as artillery, aircraft, tanks, and ships have appeared one after another. Combat operations have become more complicated and mutual coordination has become more important. Commanders and their command agencies must make careful pre-war planning and rely on wired/wireless communications to implement wartime control. The release of combat effectiveness is mainly achieved by the force organization, task allocation, action sequence, and support guarantee determined by the commander, that is, it has not yet gotten rid of the constraints of “other coupling”. However, due to the rapid changes in the battlefield situation, pre-war planning and organization have been difficult to adapt to actual combat needs. In response to battlefield uncertainty, with a focus on giving full play to the subjective initiative of the task force, command methods such as decentralized command, delegated command, and task-based command have emerged one after another. From the perspective of energy release, these command methods can be used as self-coupling operations based on command authorization.
In modern joint operations, unmanned forces have emerged, long-range precision strikes have become the new cutting-edge, stealth and high speed have gradually become the main force, multi-dimensional battlefields are deployed in full depth, multiple forces are mixed, and multi-domain operations are coordinated and efficient. Although the release of combat effectiveness still relies on “other coupling”, more emphasis is placed on “self-coupling”. The concept of “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign militaries in recent years aims to emphasize the use of technical architecture to enable existing systems to be flexibly networked and quickly configured, and to provide the desired combat capabilities at the time and place specified by the commander. In recent years, in local wars and armed conflicts, the military of some countries has reconstructed the killing link based on the network information system, issued tasks based on the network, and the combat units implemented “order-based” strikes, which has begun to show signs of self-coupling operations.
Information and intelligent technology provides a means to support the best release of combat effectiveness, and it is mandatory to migrate to self-coupling combat.
With the widespread use of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum communications, it has become possible to distribute combat forces in all dimensions and to make heterogeneous isomorphism, to make extreme use of combat resources and to release them on demand, thus forcing the transformation of combat methods to self-coupled combat.
Real-time battlefield situation perception provides a “smart eye” for self-coupled operations. Supported by information network technology, multi-domain, multi-dimensional and multi-dimensional early warning and reconnaissance means such as space-based monitoring, air early warning, maritime detection, underwater surveillance, and ground perception can obtain battlefield intelligence information in real time and efficiently process and integrate various types of information, so that combat units distributed in various fields and full depth can obtain complete, accurate, and real-time battlefield situations, so that the entire combat system can clearly perceive potential threats and accurately judge the targets of attack, providing a “clairvoyance” for its autonomous implementation of combat operations.
Cross-domain operations and real-time strikes provide an “arm” for self-coupling operations. The concept of “multi-domain warfare” proposed by foreign militaries is actually a combination of the strengths of multiple domains to overcome the weaknesses of other domains. In recent local wars, foreign militaries have practiced cross-generational integration, system-based counterattacks, division-based counterattacks, and unmanned clusters to attack high-value targets with humans, which mostly reflect this asymmetric balance concept of multi-domain operations. The development of intelligent technology will further change this way of fighting. The “perception-decision-strike-assessment” link of various combat units will achieve instantaneous transmission from “sensor to shooter”, and strike preparations will achieve “zero warm-up”, and “discovery is destruction” can be truly realized. This “zero reaction” of cross-domain operations provides a “fist” for the implementation of self-coupling operations.
Highly intelligent decision-making systems provide the “brain” for self-coupled operations. With the evolution of artificial intelligence, the “external brain” functions of staff officers, such as auxiliary decision-making, command and control, and evaluation and deduction, will be increasingly replaced by artificial intelligence “smart brains”, and ubiquitous “intelligent staff officers” will replace the large group of staff officers. With the support of intelligence, force allocation will shift to real-time task-based combination, force selection will shift to domain aggregation, system selection, and on-demand selection, combat operations will shift to immediate response, synchronous collaboration, and precise energy release, the command system will be reshaped into a command structure with star-point distribution and different authority, and the command method will shift to task issuance and node control. Strike power, information power, and protection power will be released on the most appropriate target at the most needed time and in the most appropriate way to achieve the maximum transformation of combat potential.
The network information system provides the “meridians” for self-coupling operations. With the development of information technology, the network aggregation function of the network information system is more powerful than ever before. The dispersed combat forces, combat units, and weapons and equipment become equal network information nodes based on various information links, and can obtain and use information without distinction. Just like the meridians of the human body, this characteristic of the network information system not only facilitates the command organization to issue instructions and control actions, but also transports blood and provides nutrients for combat units. Based on the network information system, the joint combat command organization can not only issue tasks in the cloud to truly achieve “decentralization”, but also monitor the battlefield situation, perceive the effects of operations, and deploy force resources; combat units can carry out “order-based” task selection, and carry out autonomous actions based on network intelligence brains to minimize internal consumption of forces and form local optimal combat capabilities.
Strive to explore the way of combat operations dominated by “other coupling” in strategic campaigns and “self coupling” in tactics
Victory always smiles upon those who can foresee the changes in the nature of war. In response to changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, we must base ourselves on the current reality of the troops, look forward to future combat developments, and step up efforts to promote concept renewal, training transformation, and condition building, so as to get closer and closer to actual combat.
Actively promote the renewal of combat concepts. At present, intelligent unmanned combat forces have been widely used in modern battlefields, and joint operations are rapidly developing towards cohesive integration. We should break through the constraints of the concept of controlling platform weapons and transform to system optimization, highlight the rapid combination of forces and planning actions in battle, and build a modular and resilient combat system; we should break through the constraints of the traditional concept of the number of combat resources and transform to micro-group multi-function, build a highly intelligent combat group, and promote the transformation of the combat system to adaptive and system-emergent functions; we should break through the constraints of the traditional concept of overall control and transform to task command, set tasks, goals, and forces based on the situation, and promote the action mode of superior card point command and multi-level parallel implementation; we should break through the constraints of the traditional concept of coordination and transform to autonomous combat, based on task allocation, rule coordination, and situation collaboration, to promote the optimal release of combat energy.
Speed up the improvement of the combat rules system. The promotion of self-coupling combat is inseparable from the rules and constraints of unified action, mutual integration, and coordination of various combat forces within the system. These rules are not only the necessary prerequisites for intelligent decision-making support systems, but also the key to avoiding arbitrary actions and coordination disorders. An efficiency priority rule should be established, that is, according to the combat capabilities and strike effects of multi-domain combat units, the effectiveness of paralysis and disability should be used as the force selection standard to provide a basis for the integration of combat forces in different domains and of different qualities; a force-dominant rule should be established, that is, the coordination relationship between different forces should be clarified, and force-dominant rules should be established according to tasks, sub-targets, and fields, to provide a basis for the timing and coordination of combined domain actions; an authorization rule should be established, that is, combat units perform the command and responsibility of a certain field, a certain direction, or a certain action according to the authorization of the commander, to provide a basis for responding to the battlefield and commanding the lower level; a control rule should be established to clarify the timing, method, and authority of the commander’s control to ensure that the operation is always carried out according to the commander’s intention.
Focus on building a strong information support network. The joint combat system supported by cloud connection is the prerequisite for achieving system confrontation and system optimization. We should focus on the high-speed flow of information, build a cloud battlefield network chain that penetrates the barriers of military services, shares intelligence information, and connects combat units, to provide support for the dispersed deployment, network-based reorganization, and cross-domain integration of combat forces; we should aim at intelligent decision-making, accelerate the development of intelligent auxiliary models for rapid information processing and rapid solution generation, and provide support for cloud-based task release and intelligent order matching; we should improve the data resource pool, distinguish between enemy and friendly combat targets, platform equipment, combat units, and combat groups, and build a resource pool with fresh and authentic data and dynamic updates to provide objective support for mission operations.
現代國語：
來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：彭海 劉孝良 張付林 責任編輯：黃敏
2023-03-30 06:52:00
面對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，傳統戰爭中形成的固定編組、任務衡定、樹形指揮的作戰模式將難以適應戰場需要，亟需轉變觀念，創新實施自耦合作戰。所謂自耦合作戰，是指依託大數據、雲計算、智能化的網絡資訊體系支撐，參戰力量圍繞指揮員意圖，基於任務目標與作戰需求，打破地域、建制和領域限制，即時感知態勢、快速動態組群、自主匹配任務，聚合體系優勢，最大限度地釋放體係作戰能力。
用最合適力量遂行最恰當任務，達到作戰效能最佳釋放，歷來是戰爭指導的最高境界
翻開人類戰爭史的畫卷，耦合釋能與戰爭發展相生相伴、與指揮協同緊密關聯。變化的是耦合組織形式——從「他耦合」到「自耦合」演進；不變的是耦合價值追求——追求作戰效能最佳釋放，尋求最佳作戰效益。
冷兵器時代作戰，雙方擺成簡單隊形，展開面對面廝殺，戰爭指導者往往依靠自身的表率作用或簡單的組織，來實現不同的作戰力量、作戰行動的有效配合，從而最大限度地釋放作戰能量。從這種意義上看，冷兵器時代作戰，主要是透過將帥的發號施令，即「他耦合」來組織能量釋放。
熱兵器時代，隨著打擊距離的增大，火砲、飛機、坦克、艦艇等武器裝備相繼出現，作戰行動更加復雜，相互配合更加重要，必須由指揮員及其指揮機關進行周密戰前籌劃，依靠有線/無線通信實施戰中調控。作戰效能釋放，主要依靠指揮者所確定的力量編組、任務分配、行動時序、支援保障來實現，即仍沒有擺脫「他耦合」束縛。但由於戰場態勢的快速變化，戰前規劃組織已經難以適應實戰需求。應對戰場不確定性，著重發揮任務部隊主觀能動性，分散指揮、委託式指揮、任務式指揮等指揮方式相繼出現。從能量釋放角度來看，這些指揮方式可以作為基於指揮授權實施的自耦合作戰。
現代聯合作戰，無人力量嶄露頭角，遠程精打成為新銳，隱身高速漸成主力，多維戰場全縱深布勢，多元力量混合發力，多域行動協同增效，雖然作戰效能釋放還依靠“他耦合”，但更加註重“自耦合”。近年外軍提出的「馬賽克戰」概念，旨在強調透過技術架構使已有系統靈活組網並快速配置，在指揮官指定時間與地點提供期望的作戰能力。近年來，局部戰爭和武裝沖突中，有的國家軍隊基於網絡資訊體系，重構殺傷鏈路，依網發布任務，作戰單元實施「接單式」打擊，已經初現自耦合作戰端倪。
資訊化智慧化技術為作戰效能最佳釋放提供了手段支撐，強制要求向自耦合作戰遷移
隨著大數據、雲計算、人工智慧、量子通訊等新技術的廣泛運用，使作戰力量全維分佈、異質同構，作戰資源極限運用、按需釋放成為可能，強制推動作戰方式向自耦合作戰轉變。
戰場態勢即時感知為自耦合作戰提供了「慧眼」。在資訊網絡技術支撐下，天基監控、空中預警、海上探測、水下偵監、地面感知等多域多維多元預警偵察手段，實時獲取戰場情報信息，高效處理融合各類信息，使得分佈於各領域、全縱深的作戰單元，可以獲得完整、精準、實時的戰場態，使整個作戰體係可以清晰感知潛在威脅、準確性打擊目標
跨域行動即時打擊為自耦合作戰提供了「臂膀」。外軍提出的「多域戰」概念，其實質是集多域之所長克他域之所短。在近幾場局部戰爭中，外軍實踐的跨代融合、體系抗擊、以分抗散，以無人集群打有人高價值目標等大都體現了多域作戰的這一非對稱制衡理念。智慧技術發展將進一步改變這種作戰方式，各類作戰單元“感知—決策—打擊—評估”鏈路將實現從“傳感器到射手”的瞬間傳遞，打擊準備實現“零預熱”，“發現即摧毀”得以真正實現。這種跨域行動“零反應”，為實施自耦合作戰提供了“拳頭”。
高度智慧決策系統為自耦合作戰提供了「大腦」。隨著人工智慧的演進，參謀人員的輔助決策、指揮控制和評估推演等「外腦」功能，將更多地被人工智慧「智腦」所取代，泛在的「智慧參謀」將取代龐大的參謀人員群體。在智能化加持下，力量編配將向基於任務的實時組合轉變，力量選用將向並域聚優、體系選優、按需擇優轉變，作戰行動將向即時反應、同步協作、精準釋能轉變，指揮體係將重塑為星點分佈、權限不同的指揮架構，指揮方式向任務下達、節點把控轉變，打擊力、信息力、最成功
網絡資訊體係為自耦合作戰提供了「經絡」。隨著資訊科技的發展，網絡資訊體系的網聚功能較之以往任何時代都更加強大，分散配置的作戰力量、作戰單元、武器裝備基於各種資訊連結成為地位平等網絡資訊節點，可無差別獲取與使用資訊。正如人體的經絡一樣，網絡資訊體系這一特性，不僅為指揮機構下達指令、調控行動提供便利，也為作戰單元輸送血液、提供養分。基於網絡資訊體系，聯合作戰指揮機構不僅可以雲發布任務，真正實現“去中心化”，也可監控戰場態勢、感知行動效果、調配力量資源；作戰單元可以進行“接單式”任務選擇，基於網絡智腦進行自主式行動，最大限度地降低力量內耗，形成局部最優作戰能力。
努力探索戰略戰役上「他耦合」為主導、戰術上「自耦合」為主體的作戰行動之道
勝利總是向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑。應對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，必須立足當前部隊實際、前瞻未來作戰發展，加緊推動觀念更新、訓練轉型、條件建設，向著實戰貼近再貼近。
積極推動作戰理念更新。當前，智慧無人作戰力量已大量運用於現代戰場，聯合作戰正向內聚式融合快速發展。應突破掌控平台利器觀念束縛向體系聚優轉變，突出戰中快速組合力量、規劃行動，打造模塊化韌性強的作戰體系；應突破傳統作戰資源多少觀念束縛向微群多能轉變，打造高度智能化作戰群，推動作戰體係向自適應、系統湧現功能轉變；應突破傳統統攬統管觀念束縛向任務指揮轉變，基於態勢定任務、定目標、定力量，推動上級卡點指揮、多級並行實施的行動方式；應突破傳統協同觀念束縛向自主作戰轉變，基於任務編配，基於規則配合，基於態勢協作，推動作戰能量最佳釋放。
加緊完善作戰規則體系。推動實現自耦合作戰，離不開對體系內部各作戰力量統一行動、互相融合、協調配合的規則約束。這些規則，既是智慧化輔助決策系統必備的前提，也是避免行動隨意、協同失調的關鍵。應建立效能優先規則，即根據多域作戰單元作戰能力、打擊效果，以癱體失能成效為力量選用標準，為不同域、不同質作戰力量融合提供依據；應建立力量主導規則，即明確不同力量間協同關系，按任務、分目標、逐領域建立力量主導規則，為並域行動時序、配合提供依據；應建立授權性規則，即作戰單元根據指揮員授權履行某一領域、某一方向或某一行動指揮權責，為響應戰場、指揮下沉提供依據；應建立調控性規則，明確指揮員調控時機、調控方式、調控權限，確保作戰始終按指揮員意圖實施。
著力建強資訊支撐網系。雲聯支撐的聯合作戰體系，是實現體系對抗、體系聚優的前提基礎。應著眼資訊高速流轉，打造貫通軍種壁壘、共享情報資訊、銜接作戰單元的雲態戰場網鏈，為作戰力量分散部署、依網重組、跨域融合提供支撐；應瞄準智能決策，加速研發信息快速處理、方案快速生成的智能輔助模型，為任務雲發布、依網重組、跨域融合提供支撐；應瞄準智能決策，加速研發信息快速處理、方案快速生成的智能輔助模型，為任務雲發布、接單智能匹配.