中國軍隊跨域聯合作戰：未來解放軍聯合作戰新趨勢

中國軍網 國防部網
2020年9月8日 星期二

現代英語：

With the continuous improvement of information technology and the expansion of combat space, the combat capabilities of various services in modern warfare have been qualitatively improved. The joint combat concept that used to focus on the “service attributes” of combat forces is shifting to the “combat domain” affiliation of combat forces. On the basis of achieving “divided domain jointness” in a single combat domain, it seeks “cross-domain jointness” between various combat domains, thereby maximizing the combat capability of one’s own system.

Cross-domain joint operations are an advanced form of joint operations development

Since the transition from mechanization to informatization of warfare, the concept of joint operations that comprehensively utilizes the combat capabilities of various services has been gradually established, and has demonstrated a strong system combat power in recent local wars. At present, with the continuous development of information technology, supported by information and communication technology, the combat capabilities of various services are constantly enhanced, and the tentacles of action are constantly extending to multiple spaces, with overlapping situations in various dimensions. The traditional integration and integration of joint combat capabilities based on “services and arms” seems to be somewhat inadequate and difficult to meet the development requirements of information-based joint operations. It needs to be coordinated with a new concept of joint operations.

The combat domain has become the glue point for the integration of joint combat capabilities. There is no clear definition of the combat domain at present. Combined with the definition of domain in the modern Chinese dictionary, it can be understood as the scope involved in combat operations. There are many ways to divide this scope in the field of military operations. The most common one is according to the spatial scope involved in military operations, namely, land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic and other combat spaces. These combat spaces all have professional combat forces relying on this space. Around the competition for control of this space, an independent combat space domain, namely, the combat domain, has gradually formed. At present, the combat forces and combat operations of each service have more or less extended their tentacles to the traditional scope of other services. In joint operations, if the service continues to integrate joint capabilities, the operations in a certain combat space will appear in a situation of multiple command and control, with low command efficiency and large internal losses. Therefore, it is necessary to find another way to seek a new glue point for the integration of joint combat capabilities of various services. At present, integrating joint combat capabilities based on combat domains has become a new development direction. For example, during the Iraq War, the U.S. Army’s Joint Ground Component Command unified the command of the combat operations of the Army’s 5th Army and the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force’s ground forces, and the Joint Air Component Command unified the command of the combat operations of the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps flight forces.

Cross-domain joint operations are the combination of combat domains and military services. Cross-domain operations involve at least two combat domains in terms of the scope of combat space. For example, operations conducted by naval ships, naval aviation, and the Marine Corps involve three combat domains: land, sea, and air, and may even involve cyber and electromagnetic space. However, this may only be naval operations, and is not considered a joint operation. Joint operations involve at least two military services in terms of the military service attributes of combat forces. For example, operations jointly conducted by the Marine Corps, the Air Force Airborne Force, and the Army’s ground combat forces can be called land joint operations. However, this type of joint operation is mainly carried out on land, and cross-domain operations are not fully reflected. Cross-domain joint operations are a combination of the concepts of cross-domain operations and joint operations, that is, combat operations must involve at least two combat domains, and at least two military services must participate in combat operations.

Cross-domain joint operations are the main mode of future joint operations

With the support of the network information system, the barriers that previously affected the “coordination” of combat operations between the various services and arms and the “integration” of combat capabilities between various combat domains have been gradually broken down, and the conditions for implementing high-level and high-efficiency joint operations have basically been met. In future joint operations, the combat operations of various participating forces will be linked by the network information system and will work together around the overall combat intent. The combat concept of multi-domain coordination and cross-domain integration has become a general trend.

Future joint operations require multi-domain coordination. At present, from the perspective of the combat space of each service, each service has a certain cross-domain combat capability. The Army has the Army Aviation, the Air Force has the Airborne Force, and the Navy has the Naval Aviation and Marine Corps. At the service level, multiple combat domains have the ability to coordinate and engage in combat. This multi-domain coordination can be called “small coordination”. In future joint operations based on network information systems, these multi-domain coordination at the service level must develop to a higher level, toward the direction of integrating the capabilities of different services in the same combat space, that is, the direction of “big coordination”, that is, to achieve domain-specific joint operations between different services. In addition, combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space are indispensable and important components of joint operations. Even if a certain service implements relatively independent combat operations in a specific range and a certain joint combat stage, it will also need the support of space, network, and electromagnetic space combat operations. Therefore, future joint operations will inevitably be coordinated engagements in multiple combat space domains.

Future multi-domain operations require cross-domain joint operations. From the overall perspective of operations, the future will involve joint operations involving multiple services and multiple combat domains, and the operations of various services in various combat domains are interconnected and mutually supportive. On the surface, although some operations are carried out in a certain combat domain, the effects or targets they produce are in other combat domains. For example, the army destroys or occupies the enemy’s airport in ground combat, which has a significant impact on the air force’s seizure of air superiority; for example, electronic countermeasures forces implement electronic interference on space targets, causing the enemy’s reconnaissance and communication satellites to be paralyzed, which will have a huge impact on combat operations in land, sea, air and network combat domains. Therefore, future joint operations must be multi-domain operations, and multi-domain operations must achieve cross-domain joint operations, and better promote the achievement of combat objectives through the connection of actions and effects.

Cross-domain collaboration is an important way to achieve cross-domain efficiency

As the development direction of future joint operations, cross-domain joint operations seek to integrate the combat capabilities of different combat domains and complement each other’s advantages, so as to achieve the best combat effect in each combat domain. By superimposing the effects of each combat domain, the battle situation will develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself, thereby achieving the overall or local goals of the war. Cross-domain joint operations based on network information systems can achieve cross-domain effects and cross-domain efficiency.

Transformation from cross-domain action to cross-domain effect. There are two ways to understand cross-domain: the traditional understanding is the cross-domain of combat entities in geographic space, which is mainly reflected in the potential relationship in the combat space field, that is, the attack platform and the target platform are divided into different geographic spaces. For example, using land-based anti-satellite weapons to attack the opponent’s satellite is cross-domain; while using space-based anti-satellite weapons to attack the opponent’s satellite does not fall into the cross-domain category. Another understanding is cross-domain combat effectiveness, that is, combat operations in the same geographic space can also produce cross-domain effects. For example, the action of land combat forces to destroy the opponent’s airport and thus reduce the opponent’s air combat capability can also be considered as a cross-domain category.

The first understanding has already existed in the mechanized warfare period. The corresponding effect is mainly achieved through the coordinated actions of various military services, that is, the “action domain” and the “target domain” belong to different spaces, and the combat effectiveness is directly reflected in the “target domain”, focusing on the spatial attributes of the equipment means. In the current and even future information-based joint operations, cross-domain operations will be more inclined to the second understanding, that is, the “action domain” and the “target domain” can be both “same domain” and “different domains”, but the combat effectiveness can be reflected in the “different domain”, which is not limited by the spatial attributes of the equipment means themselves, but is related to the space and scope of the impact of the combat effect, and therefore has a wider range of applicability.

Transformation from joint efficiency enhancement to cross-domain efficiency enhancement. With the continuous expansion of the combat space and the improvement of the performance of weapons and equipment, a relationship of mutual checks and balances has been formed between the various combat space fields. For example, the so-called “controlling the land with the air” and “controlling the land with the sea” are the embodiment of this kind of checks and balances. The reason why each service develops its own cross-domain combat capabilities is also to focus on this kind of checks and balances in the combat space field. However, each service has its own key areas of construction, and it is impossible to develop the combat capabilities of each combat space field in a balanced manner. This requires the use of the combat effects of other services to promote the improvement of the combat effectiveness of this service.

In the era of mechanized warfare and the early stage of information warfare, each service fully exerted the combat effectiveness of its own service forces in combat according to the plan, and created conditions for the combat of other services on the basis of completing its own combat tasks. Compared with the army without joint combat capability, its combat effectiveness is significantly higher by several orders of magnitude. However, due to the imperfect construction of command information system and network, and the long-term fragmentation of various services, information transmission and sharing are restricted, the coordination between the forces of various services is relatively mechanical, and the complementarity, integration and utilization rate of combat effects cannot reach the ideal state. With the advancement of information technology, the participating forces in joint operations based on the network information system can smoothly realize the joint operation of different domains, and on this basis, conduct cross-domain joint operations with other combat domains. Through the efficient flow of information, the combat operations of each domain can achieve self-synchronous coordination around the combat mission, and the combat effect of a certain domain will be quickly utilized by other domains, and a cascade amplification effect will be generated, spreading to each domain, thereby achieving cross-domain efficiency.

現代國語：

逯 杰

随着信息化水平的不断提升和作战空间的拓展，现代战争中各军种作战能力有了质的提升。以往以作战力量“军种属性”为着眼点的联合作战理念，正在向作战力量的“作战域”归属为着眼点转变，在实现单一作战域“分域联合”的基础上，谋求各作战域之间的“跨域联合”，从而最大限度地释放己方体系作战能力。

跨域联合是联合作战发展的进阶形式

战争由机械化向信息化过渡发展以来，综合运用各军种作战能力的联合作战理念逐步得以确立，并在近几场局部战争中展现了强大的体系作战威力。当前，随着信息化技术的不断发展，以信息通信技术为支撑，各军种作战能力不断增强，行动触角不断向多个空间延伸，在各维空间出现相互交叠的情况，传统以“军兵种”为基础的联合作战能力整合与集成显得有些力不从心，难以满足信息化联合作战的发展要求，需要以新的联合作战理念加以统筹。

作战域已经成为联合作战能力集成的黏合点。作战域目前没有明确的定义，结合现代汉语词典中对域的释义，可以将其理解为作战行动所涉及的范围。这种范围在军事行动领域有多种划分方法，最为普遍的是按照军事行动所涉及的空间范围，即陆、海、空、天、网络、电磁等作战空间。这些作战空间都存在依托此空间的专业作战力量，围绕该空间控制权的争夺，逐步形成独立的作战空间领域，即作战域。当前，各军兵种作战力量和作战行动都多多少少地将触角延伸至其他军种的传统范围。在联合作战中，如果继续以军种进行联合能力集成，在某一作战空间的行动将会出现多头指挥控制的局面，指挥效率低，内部损耗大。因此，需要另辟蹊径，寻求各军种联合作战能力集成的新黏合点。当前，以作战域为依托进行联合作战能力集成已经成为新的发展方向。例如，伊拉克战争中，美军联合地面组成部队司令部统一指挥陆军第5军和海军陆战第1远征军地面部队的作战行动，联合空中组成司令部统一指挥空军、海军和海军陆战队飞行部队的作战行动。

跨域联合是作战域与军兵种的结合。跨域，是在作战空间范围上，作战行动至少涉及两个作战域。如海军舰艇、海军航空兵和海军陆战队所实施的作战，涉及陆、海、空三个作战域，甚至还可能有网络和电磁空间，但这种情况可能只是海军军种作战，并不算联合作战。联合，是在作战力量的军兵种属性上，作战行动至少涉及两个军兵种参战力量。如海军陆战队、空军空降兵和陆军地面作战力量共同实施的作战，就可以被称为陆上联合作战。但这种联合作战主要在陆域展开，跨域作战体现的并不充分。跨域联合是跨域作战与联合作战概念的结合体，即作战行动既要涉及至少两个作战域，还须至少有两个军兵种作战力量参与作战行动。

跨域联合是未来联合作战的主要模式

在网络信息体系的支撑下，以往影响各军兵种之间作战行动“配合”、各作战域之间作战能力“整合”的壁垒已经逐步被打破，实施高层次、高效率联合作战的条件已经基本具备。在未来联合作战中，各参战力量的作战行动将以网络信息体系为纽带，围绕整体作战企图联合发力，多域协同、跨域融合的作战理念已经成为大势所趋。

未来联合作战需要多域协同。当前，从各军兵种的作战空间领域来看，各军种都具有一定的跨域作战能力，陆军有陆军航空兵，空军有空降兵，海军有海军航空兵和海军陆战队等。在军种层面，多个作战域之间已经具备了协同交战的能力，这种多域协同可以被称为“小协同”。在未来基于网络信息体系的联合作战中，这些军种层面的多域协同要向更高层次发展，向不同军种同一作战空间领域能力整合的方向发展，即“大协同”的方向发展，即实现不同军种之间的分域联合。此外，太空、网络、电磁空间等作战域是联合作战不可或缺的重要组成部分，即便是某个军种在特定范围和某个联合作战阶段中实施相对独立的作战行动，也将需要太空、网络和电磁空间作战行动的支持。因此，未来的联合作战必将是多个作战空间领域的协同交战。

未来多域作战要求跨域联合。从作战的全局看，未来涉及多个军兵种和多个作战域的联合作战行动，各军兵种在各个作战域的行动相互联系和相互支撑。从表面上看，虽然有些行动是在某个作战域展开的，但是其产生的作用或者打击的目标是在其他作战域之中。如陆军在地面作战中摧毁或占领敌方的机场，这对空军夺取制空权具有重大影响；又如，电子对抗力量对太空目标实施电子干扰，导致敌方的侦察、通信卫星瘫痪，将对陆、海、空和网络等作战域的作战行动产生巨大影响。因此，未来联合作战必然是多域作战，而多域作战必须实现跨域联合，通过行动和效果的衔接来更好地促进作战目的的达成。

跨域联合是实现跨域增效的重要方式

跨域联合作战作为未来联合作战的发展方向，其谋求的是不同作战域作战能力集成、域间优势互补，从而在各个作战域达成最佳作战效果。通过各作战域效果的叠加，使战役态势向有利于己方的方向发展，进而达成战争全局或局部目的。基于网络信息体系的跨域联合可以实现效果跨域和跨域增效。

由行动跨域向效果跨域转变。对于跨域可以有两种理解：传统的理解是作战实体在地理空间的跨域，主要体现在作战空间领域的位势关系，即以攻击平台和目标平台分处不同地理空间来划分。例如，使用陆基反卫星武器攻击对方卫星，属于跨域；而使用天基反卫星武器攻击对方卫星则不属于跨域范畴。另一种理解则是作战效能的跨域，即处于同一地理空间中的作战行动也能产生跨域效果。例如，陆上作战力量通过摧毁对方机场，从而达到降低对方空中作战能力的行动，也可以认为是跨域的范畴。

第一种理解，在机械化战争时期就已经存在。主要通过各军兵种的协同行动达成相应效果，即“行动所在域”和“目标所在域”分属不同空间，作战成效直接反映在“目标所在域”，着眼于装备手段的自身空间属性。在当前乃至未来信息化联合作战中，跨域作战将更倾向于第二种理解，即“行动所在域”和“目标所在域”既可以“同域”也可以“异域”，作战成效却能够反映在“异域”，不受装备手段自身空间属性限制，而是与作战效果的影响空间和范围有关，因而具备更加广泛的应用性。

由联合增效向跨域增效转变。随着作战空间领域的不断扩展和武器装备性能的提升，各作战空间领域之间形成了相互制衡的关系，比如我们常说的“以空制地”“以海制陆”等等，就是这种制衡关系的体现。各军种之所以发展自身的跨域作战能力，也是着眼这种作战空间领域的制衡关系。但是，每个军种都有自身重点建设的领域，不可能均衡地发展各个作战空间领域的作战能力，这就需要借助其他军兵种的作战效果来促进本军种作战效能的提升。

机械化战争时代及信息化战争初期，各军种按照计划在作战中充分发挥本军种参战力量的作战效能，在完成本军种作战任务的基础上，为其他军种的作战创造条件。相较于没有联合作战能力的军队，其作战效能明显高出几个数量级。但是，由于指挥信息系统和网络建设不完善，加之各军兵种长期的条块分割，信息传递与共享受到限制，各军种力量之间的协同较为机械，作战效果的互补性、融合度和利用率还不能达到理想状态。随着信息技术的突进，基于网络信息体系联合作战的参战力量能够顺利实现分域联合，在此基础上与其他作战域进行跨域联合。通过信息的高效流转，各分域的作战行动能够围绕作战任务实现自同步协同，某个分域的作战效果将会迅速被其他分域所利用，并产生级联放大效应，扩散至各个分域，从而实现跨域增效。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-09/08/content_270364888.htm