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中國軍隊探索信息戰制勝戰略

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Chinese Military Exploring the Strategy of Winning Superiority in Information Warfare

來源：中國國防報

In the era of information warfare, due to changes in the mechanism of winning wars, the strategy of winning with the inferior to the superior has also changed accordingly. Under the new situation, exploring the new characteristics, new laws, and new strategies of informatization warfare to win the war with the inferior has very important practical significance for winning future wars.

Information has become the dominant factor in winning a war, and the victory of the inferior is concentrated in seizing information superiority

As information technology is widely used in the military field, informationized weapons and equipment have become the main weapons on the battlefield. Information flow will determine material flow, force flow and energy flow, and become the dominant element of combat effectiveness, penetrating every corner of the battlefield. Competing for information superiority and linking multidimensional forces such as land, sea, air, space, and electricity have become the focus of confrontation in informationized warfare. Taking the information combat system as the primary target of using troops, finding the weak parts of the opponent’s information system, concentrating on destroying them, and making the opponent’s intelligence information system and command and control system paralyzed or unable to operate normally has become an important way for the inferior equipment to defeat the strong enemy. By striking information targets, one hair can affect the whole body and even directly achieve the purpose of war.

The more the party has the advantage of information technology, the more afraid the disadvantaged party will adopt asymmetric means of confrontation. As someone pointed out: our practice of using information as the focus of operations can become our strength, but it is also easy to become a vulnerable weakness. Therefore, aim at the weaknesses and weaknesses of the powerful enemy’s informationized combat platform, concentrate elite weapons and trumpet weapons and equipment, avoid the enemy’s sharp edge, take a slanted sword, and attack its weak links, such as comprehensively using information attack, navigation countermeasures, photoelectric interference and other means to destroy enemy information Even if only one or two of the network system, reconnaissance and early warning system, command and control system, and navigation and positioning system are successful, it can disrupt its overall structure and combat order, effectively paralyze its combat system, and finally achieve the effect of four or two.

System confrontation has become the basic law of victory in war, and the superiority of the inferior is highlighted by the weakening and deprivation of the enemy’s systematic combat advantages

In informationized warfare, the integration, complementarity, and interdependence of the various services and arms have increased, and the confrontation between the combat systems of the two hostile parties has become increasingly prominent. War is no longer a confrontation of single functions between combat units, but a systemic confrontation based on the comprehensive integration of various combat units and combat elements. The overall function of the combat system has a major impact on the success or failure of a war. In the face of an enemy with systemic advantages, it is very difficult to rely on a single force and a single means to achieve victory over the superior. Whether it can weaken and deprive the combat advantages of a powerful enemy system has become a key link in information warfare to achieve victory over the superior.

The practice of several local wars in recent years has proved that the party with inferior equipment can effectively destroy the key targets of the enemy’s combat system by developing and using some advanced weapons and combining them with other weapons and equipment when there is a “generational difference” in the overall combat capability. It is entirely possible to cause a powerful enemy’s overall operational dysfunction or paralysis. The larger and more sophisticated the combat system of a strong enemy in information technology, the easier it is to expose its vulnerable side. Once it is destroyed, it will often cause serious consequences. During the Iraq war, the U.S. military was shocked by the fact that GPS precision-guided weapons lost their accuracy after being interfered by the Iraqi army’s GPS jammers. During the Kosovo War, the soldiers and civilians of Yugoslavia used flexible and diverse computer network warfare, which also caused NATO’s computer network system to be attacked and paralyzed many times.

Quick decision has become the basic requirement for winning a war, and more emphasis is placed on immediate linkage to form a local advantage over the enemy by using the inferior to win the superior

The depreciation of the space factor and the sharp increase in the value of the time factor in the informationized battlefield lead to the acceleration of the combat rhythm, the shortening of the duration of the war, and the significant enhancement of the quick decision of the war. Although the basic combat procedures and information flow have not undergone fundamental changes, the processes of discovering targets, making decisions, issuing orders, and troop actions are carried out almost simultaneously in real time. The U.S. military’s book “Awe and Fear–The Way to Quickly Conquer the Enemy” pointed out that when talking about the quick victory of information warfare: “From a technical point of view, the speed here includes the formulation of combat plans, combat determination, and deployment and use of troops. Everything requires the troops to respond quickly in the shortest possible time.” In the Afghan war, it took about 19 minutes for the U.S. military to go from the “discovery-location-aiming-attack-assessment” kill chain, while it only took 10 minutes in the 2003 Iraq war about.

At the same time, various information-based weapons can carry out rapid and deadly long-range precision strikes, making the disadvantaged party form a passive situation where they cannot be seen, relied on, grasped, or hit. In exchange for room for maneuver in battles and battles; through long-term local gathering of superior forces and annihilating the enemy, accumulating small victories into big victories, it becomes more difficult to finally realize the growth and decline of the enemy and our forces. We must pay attention to the function of network aggregation, select and deploy new quality and elite forces, adopt modular organization, building block combination, task combination and other force formation methods, use multi-dimensional distribution, network chain combat configuration, and use link cycle linkage and leapfrog Response methods such as direct linkage, synchronous parallel linkage, sequential connection linkage, etc., realize network aggregation efficiency, system linkage, and multi-dimensional response to obtain local strength advantages against the enemy.

Technological factors are becoming more and more important in war, and the victory of the inferior depends on the close integration of people and technology

Information technology, especially disruptive technology, has triggered revolutionary changes in weaponry, organizational structure, and combat styles, and has become a direct driving force for the transformation of information warfare. Information warfare relies on the combination and application advantages of weapon platforms to realize domain linkage and cross-domain control. The proportion of technology-intensive arms and new-quality combat forces continues to increase. The concept of inferior superiority is facing challenges. However, information-based weapons and equipment put forward higher requirements for the quality of personnel. The organic combination of information-based weapons and equipment and high-quality personnel has become a key factor in winning a war. When the disadvantaged party confronts a strong enemy, it is even more necessary to do more in terms of human subjective initiative. enough articles.

In the man-machine system composed of man and weapon, the scientific and technological content of weapons and equipment is increasing day by day, and the trend of intelligence is becoming more and more obvious. The political, theoretical, military and technological literacy of commanders has become the key factor for winning an information war. General Sullivan of the U.S. Army once said: “Even in the information age, it is still people who dominate war operations. Changes in technology, equipment, and force structure will not lead to the disappearance of courage, selflessness, camaraderie, and leadership. “Information warfare has not changed that people are the decisive factor in the outcome of a war. How to make full use of strengths and avoid weaknesses for the party with inferior weapons and equipment, give full play to the effective combination of people and technology, and make up for technological disadvantages has become a key factor in defeating an enemy with superior equipment.

The contest of intelligence and strategy has become an important aspect of winning a war, and the strategy of using the inferior to win the superior exists in the active role

If a weak army wants to defeat a strong enemy, simply competing in military strength is tantamount to hitting a rock with an egg – there is no advantage at all; simply competing in equipment technology is tantamount to using its own strengths to defeat the enemy’s strengths – always being passive; Competing with external support is tantamount to discarding the decisive role of internal factors-willing to seek defeat with inferiority. What ultimately depends on the inferior to the superior? Relying on the active role of self-consciousness, relying on intelligence and strategic competition, this is the fundamental factor to realize the transformation from weak to strong, and the inferior to the superior.

Subjective initiative is manifested in many aspects for “surviving the superior with the inferior”. Although the “potential” here has a certain relationship with the strength of the opposing sides, it still depends on the degree of the commander’s subjective initiative. Those who plan well gain power, and those who do not plan lose power. The second is to actively plan a series of strategies to actively seize the advantages of opportunities. War is a vigorous confrontation between two sides fighting wits and courage. If the weaker side can make a superior move and make a living in a row, it will surely win the first opportunity. The third is to actively create local advantages and actively establish overall victory. Global strength does not mean local overall superiority, and overall global weakness does not mean local overall inferiority. Concentrating forces to form local advantages will eventually break the comparison of advantages and disadvantages and lay the foundation for overall victory. The fourth is to make the best use of the situation and actively innovate and adapt tactics. Water is impermanent, and soldiers are impermanent. According to changes in the enemy’s situation, we can flexibly innovate and change our own tactics, and constantly change the situation of both the enemy and ourselves, so as to gradually provide conditions for our own side to change from weak to strong.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

在信息戰時代，由於戰爭制勝機制的變化，以弱勝強的製勝策略也隨之發生了變化。 新形勢下，探索信息化戰爭的新特點、新規律、新戰略，以弱勝強，對打贏未來戰爭具有十分重要的現實意義。

信息成為打勝仗的主導因素，弱者的勝利集中在奪取信息優勢

隨著信息技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，信息化武器裝備成為戰場上的主力武器。 信息流將決定物質流、力量流和能量流，成為戰鬥力的主導要素，滲透到戰場的每一個角落。 爭奪信息優勢，聯動陸、海、空、天、電等多維力量，成為信息化戰爭的對抗焦點。 把信息作戰系統作為用兵的首要目標，發現對方信息系統的薄弱環節，集中摧毀，使對方情報信息系統和指揮控制系統癱瘓或無法正常運轉，已成為重要的作戰手段。 以劣裝備打敗強敵的方法。 通過打擊信息目標，一根頭髮絲牽一發而動全身，甚至直接達到戰爭目的。

越是擁有信息技術優勢的一方，就越害怕處於劣勢的一方採取不對稱的對抗手段。 正如有人指出的那樣：我們將信息作為作戰重點的做法可以成為我們的優勢，但也很容易成為我們脆弱的弱點。 因此，針對強敵信息化作戰平台的薄弱環節和弱點，集中精銳武器和喇叭武器裝備，避敵利刃，斜劍攻其薄弱環節，如綜合運用信息攻擊、航海導航等。 反制、光電干擾等手段破壞敵方信息 即使網絡系統、偵察預警系統、指揮控制系統、導航定位系統中只有一兩個得手，也能擾亂其整體結構和作戰秩序 ，有效地麻痺了它的戰鬥系統，最終達到四兩的效果。

體係對抗成為戰爭取勝的基本法則，劣勢通過削弱和剝奪敵方體係作戰優勢而凸顯

信息化戰爭中，各兵種融合、互補、依存度增強，敵對雙方作戰體係對抗性日益突出。 戰爭不再是作戰單位之間單一職能的對抗，而是各種作戰單位和作戰要素綜合融合的系統性對抗。 戰鬥系統的整體功能對一場戰爭的成敗具有重大影響。 面對擁有系統優勢的敵人，僅靠單一的力量和單一的手段，是很難戰勝上位的。 能否削弱和剝奪強敵系統的作戰優勢，成為信息戰制勝制勝的關鍵環節。

近年來的幾次局部戰爭實踐證明，裝備劣勢的一方在存在“代溝”的情況下，通過研製和使用一些先進武器，並與其他武器裝備相結合，可以有效摧毀敵方作戰體系的重點目標。 ”在整體作戰能力上。 完全有可能造成強敵整體作戰失靈或癱瘓。 信息化強敵的作戰體系越大越精密，越容易暴露其弱點。 一旦被破壞，往往會造成嚴重的後果。 伊拉克戰爭期間，GPS精確制導武器在受到伊拉克軍隊的GPS干擾器干擾後，精度下降，令美軍震驚。 科索沃戰爭期間，南斯拉夫軍民使用了靈活多樣的計算機網絡戰，這也導致北約的計算機網絡系統多次遭到攻擊而癱瘓。

速決已成為打贏戰爭的基本要求，更加註重即時聯動，以弱勝強，形成製敵局部優勢

信息化戰場空間因素的貶值和時間因素價值的急劇上升導致信息化戰場的加速

戰鬥節奏，戰爭持續時間的縮短，戰爭速決能力的顯著增強。 雖然基本的作戰程序和信息流沒有發生根本性的變化，但發現目標、決策、下達命令和部隊行動的過程幾乎是同時實時進行的。 美軍著作《敬畏與恐懼——速克敵之道》在談到信息戰的速勝時指出：“從技術角度看，這裡的速度包括作戰計劃的製定、作戰 決心，部署和用兵。一切都需要部隊在最短的時間內迅速做出反應。” 在阿富汗戰爭中，美軍從“發現-定位-瞄準-攻擊-評估”殺傷鏈走完大約需要19分鐘，而在2003年的伊拉克戰爭中只用了10分鐘左右。

同時，各種信息化武器可以進行快速、致命的遠程精確打擊，使處於不利地位的一方形成看不見、依靠不了、抓不住、打不著的被動局面。 以換取戰場上的迴旋餘地； 通過長期局部集結優勢兵力殲滅敵人，積小胜為大勝，最終實現敵我力量的消長變得更加困難。 要注重發揮網絡聚合作用，選拔部署新型精銳力量，採用模塊化編組、積木組合、任務組合等兵力編組方式，多維度佈局、網絡鍊式作戰配置、使用鏈條 循環聯動、蛙跳式直接聯動、同步並聯、順序連接聯動等響應方式，實現網絡聚合高效、系統聯動、多維響應，獲取對敵局部兵力優勢。

技術因素在戰爭中越來越重要，弱者的勝利取決於人與技術的緊密結合

信息技術特別是顛覆性技術引發了武器裝備、組織結構、作戰方式的革命性變革，成為信息化戰爭變革的直接驅動力。 信息戰依托武器平台的組合和應用優勢，實現域聯動和跨域控制。 技術密集型兵種和新型作戰力量比重不斷提高。 自下而上的概念正面臨挑戰。 但信息化武器裝備對人員素質提出了更高的要求。 信息化武器裝備與高素質人才的有機結合，成為打贏戰爭的關鍵因素。 當弱勢一方面對強敵時，更需要在人的主觀能動性上多做一些事。 足夠的文章。

在人與武器組成的人機系統中，武器裝備的科技含量與日俱增，智能化趨勢越來越明顯。 指揮官的政治素養、理論素養、軍事素養和科技素養成為打贏信息戰的關鍵因素。 美國陸軍將軍蘇利文曾說過：“即使在信息時代，主導戰爭行動的仍然是人。技術、裝備和部隊結構的變化不會導致勇氣、無私、友情和領導力的消失。” “信息戰沒有改變人是決定戰爭勝負的因素。 武器裝備劣勢黨如何揚長避短，充分發揮人與科技的有效結合，彌補科技劣勢，成為以優裝備克敵制勝的關鍵因素。

智謀與謀略的較量成為戰爭取勝的重要方面，以弱勝強的戰略存在於主動作用中

弱軍欲勝強敵，單純比武無異於以卵擊石——毫無優勢可言； 單純的比拼裝備技術，無異於以己之長克敵之長——永遠被動； 與外援競爭，無異於捨棄了內因的決定作用——以弱求敗。 到底是什麼決定了下位者對上位者的影響？ 依靠自覺的主動作用，依靠智慧和戰略競爭，這是實現由弱變強的根本因素，而

比上級高。

“以弱勝強”的主觀能動性表現在很多方面。 這裡的“勢”雖然與對方的實力強弱有一定的關係，但還是要看指揮官主觀能動性的高低。 計劃好者得勢，計劃不周者失勢。 二是積極謀劃系列戰略，積極搶占先機。 戰爭是雙方鬥智斗勇的激烈交鋒。 弱小的一方若能出高招，連續謀生，必能奪得先機。 三是積極打造局部優勢，積極確立全局勝利。 全球強不代表局部整體優勢，全球整體弱不代表局部整體劣勢。 集中力量形成局部優勢，終將打破優勢劣勢比較，為全面勝利奠定基礎。 四是因勢利導，積極創新調整戰術。 水無常，兵無常。 根據敵情變化，靈活創新和改變己方戰術，不斷改變敵我雙方形勢，逐步為己方由弱變強提供條件。

Source URL: http://www.mod.gov.cn/XXX/jmsd/4820576.html?big=fan

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

中國人民解放軍積極應對智能化作戰挑戰

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Chinese People’s Liberation Army Actively Responding to the Challenge of Intelligent Warfare

In recent years, the wave of intelligence has surged and has been widely used in the military field. Major countries in the world attach great importance to the construction and application of military intelligence, and various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapons and equipment continue to appear, and they are installed in troops and put into actual combat. In the face of the accelerated evolution of intelligent warfare, only by seizing development opportunities, actively responding to challenges, accelerating the development of military intelligence, and accelerating the forging of intelligent combat capabilities can we seize the strategic initiative of intelligent warfare and win future intelligent warfare.

Focusing on designing wars to create intelligent theory

Military theory comes from combat practice and is used to guide combat practice. Restricted by various conditions in the past, military theory research was mostly “looking backwards”, that is, summarizing battle examples to form combat guidance. With the rapid development of modern technology, especially big data, cloud computing and other disruptive technologies, the research on combat theory has got rid of the traditional follow-up and inductive reasoning mode, and has entered a new era of experimental warfare and design warfare. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for military theory innovation. To this end, we should create a basic theory of intelligent warfare in accordance with the idea of ​​”proposing concepts-needs analysis-innovating theories”, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat styles, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanisms, etc. of intelligent warfare. Features and laws, etc.; innovate intelligent combat methods and methods, give full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen research on new intelligent combat methods and methods such as man-machine collaborative intelligent combat, intelligent robot combat, and intelligent unmanned swarm combat, as well as intelligent Combat command, the process and methods of intelligent combat support, etc.; focus on effectively responding to the threat of intelligent combat, and research strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent interdiction warfare and intelligent disruption warfare. These theories are the cornerstone of the theoretical system of intelligent warfare. In the future, the theory of war centered on strengthening “controlling intellectual power” and competing for “algorithm-centric warfare” will most likely replace the theory of warfare centered on “network-centric warfare.”

Focus on cross-domain interconnection and explore intelligent forms

The military organization is the link connecting military technology and combat theory, and the lever to exert the overall combat effectiveness of the military. Modern combat places more emphasis on “elite combat under the support of a large system”, that is, supported by the joint combat system, “fine front and strong back”, according to the idea of ​​”integrated design, modular formation, and combined application”, the formation is more precise and more accurate. The powerful combat module enables the maximum release of combat energy. The organization of the future intelligent warfare system will be based on strategies, campaigns, and tactics at different levels and different arms and arms, and will form different types and purposes of small, multi-functional and intelligent new joint combat forces. According to the requirements of reconfigurability, scalability and self-adaptation, the intelligentized combat network can seamlessly link and flexibly organize individual weapon platforms according to changes in the enemy situation and battlefield environment, and then aggregate them to form System advantages, forming a combat module integrating offense and defense. The intelligent new combat force system is a comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new combat capabilities, and the evolution of war forms. new growth point.

Focus on the integration of man and machine to develop intelligent weapons With the development of information technology and intelligent technology, whoever can win in the field of artificial intelligence is expected to have the initiative in future military confrontation. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapon equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall planning, compile a road map for the development of intelligent weapon equipment systems, and develop high, medium, low-end, low-end, and Large, medium and small, long-range and short-range, covering space fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and networks, and an intelligent unmanned combat equipment system that matches combat and support, and establishes a “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, joint “Operation” manned-unmanned cooperation system, enhance the system integration of various military arms and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. Intelligent unmanned combat system is a new trend in the development of future war equipment. Its core is to aim at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage” and “fast response” in future wars, and make full use of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy, and new technology development achievements in two aspects: man-machine collaboration and autonomous action. Continuously make breakthroughs, build a three-level unmanned equipment sys

tem of strategy, campaign, and tactics, build a new type of intelligent unmanned division on a large scale, and realize the systematic and coordinated operations of unmanned combat systems. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the development of anti-enemy intelligent unmanned combat weaponry systems to ensure effective intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontation with the enemy.

Focus on ability compound innovation intelligent training

The professional division of labor in modern warfare is becoming more and more detailed, and the entire combat system is becoming more and more complex, which promotes the transition from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive operations, requiring combatants not only to have good physical fitness, but also to have good technical literacy and intellectual advantages , to meet the needs of different combat missions, combat environments, and combat opponents. Military intelligence puts forward higher requirements on the quality of people. Correspondingly, intelligent military talents should have the characteristics of group talents, sophisticated skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Intelligent warfare will be a war carried out by the combination of man and machine, and the combat force with the intelligent unmanned combat system as the main body will play an increasingly important role. The effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize combat effectiveness. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop the concept of intelligent training, and explore a new model for the generation of intelligent warfare combat power. At present, artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, and can realistically interpret the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. To this end, adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, focus on the improvement of the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, and make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system that can self-game and self-growth, forming a special strategy for intelligent warfare. Combat system training system, training environment and training mechanism, strengthen “human” control of intelligent system training, and explore a new training mode with “machine” as the main object. In this way, the intelligent combat system can obtain a leap in combat capability after short-term self-intensive training, so as to cope with the test of disorder, complexity and uncertainty in the future combat environment.

Focusing on Accurate and Efficient Improvement of Guarantee Mode

Intelligent battlefields and the degree of realization of comprehensive support for joint operations are important factors that directly affect the generation of combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will surely trigger a revolutionary change in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support. Comprehensive support is the foundation of combat effectiveness and a bridge that transforms national economic strength into military combat capability. With the continuous maturity of the Internet of Things technology, intelligent warfare puts more emphasis on integrated guarantee, precise guarantee, and distribution guarantee, that is, the required amount is delivered to the required place at the required time. Relying on the integrated support system, the dispersedly deployed support forces and resources are grouped according to functional modules such as supplies, supplies, maintenance, ammunition, and management, so that they cover all areas of combat service support. Relying on visualization technology, the entire process of combat supply is tracked and mastered According to the current situation, according to the real-time development of the battle situation, information control, reception and distribution of personnel flow and material flow are carried out to achieve point-to-point direct support. Through the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, upgrade and build an intelligent after-installation support system covering intelligent warehousing, intelligent delivery, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent medical treatment, so as to realize automatic, fast and accurate supply of after-load materials on the battlefield , Rapid diagnosis and maintenance of equipment failures, timely rescue of battlefield personnel, changing passive support into active service, and improving the overall support efficiency and effectiveness of aftermarket.

Focus on both military and

civilian use and deepen intelligent integration

Breakthroughs in the core and key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “country’s most important weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator of military intelligence. In the information age, the boundary between military technology and civilian technology is becoming more and more blurred, and the transferability is becoming stronger and stronger. Actively establish a military-civilian collaborative innovation mechanism, continuously strengthen the driving force for the innovation and development of intelligent core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, plan forward and support investment in core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, and give full play to the innovation power of the entire society. Promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate technological breakthroughs in key areas. It is necessary to focus on relevant key technical fields and break the technical bottleneck that restricts the development of military intelligence. Strengthen research on the basic support fields of military intelligence, such as military big data, military Internet of Things, etc.; start from combat requirements, strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various operational elements, especially intelligent command and decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, Research on intelligent battlefield perception and intelligent countermeasure technology. The research and development of the core key technology of military intelligence not only requires interdisciplinary and cross-field collaborative innovation, but also integrates the development of social intelligence and military intelligence. Intelligent technology is quickly embedded in operational elements and operational processes. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should explore the rules of cultivating relevant talents, make full use of military and local education resources, increase the intensity of training relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

近年來，智能化浪潮席捲而來，並在軍事領域得到廣泛應用。 世界主要國家高度重視軍事智能化建設和應用，各種無人作戰平台和智能化武器裝備不斷湧現，並列裝部隊，投入實戰。 面對智能化戰爭加速演進，只有抓住發展機遇，積極應對挑戰，加快軍事智能化發展，加快鍛造智能化作戰能力，才能搶占智能化戰爭的戰略主動權，贏得智能化未來。 戰爭。

專注於設計戰爭創造智能理論

軍事理論來源於作戰實踐，用於指導作戰實踐。 過去受制於各種條件，軍事理論研究多是“回頭看”，即總結戰例形成作戰指導。 隨著現代科技尤其是大數據、雲計算等顛覆性技術的迅猛發展，作戰理論研究擺脫了傳統的跟風和歸納推理模式，進入了實驗戰和設計戰的新時代 . 情報領域的顛覆性新技術為軍事理論創新開闢了新空間。 為此，應按照“提出概念——需求分析——創新理論”的思路，打造智能戰爭基礎理論，對概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰方式等進行深入研究。 智能戰的風格、攻防動作、制勝機制等。 特徵和規律等； 創新智能作戰方式方法，充分發揮智能作戰系統整體效能，加強人機協同智能作戰、智能機器人作戰、智能無人蜂群作戰等新型智能作戰方式方法研究， 如智能作戰指揮、智能作戰保障的流程和方法等； 重點有效應對智能化作戰威脅，研究智能化攔截戰、智能化干擾戰等克敵制勝策略。 這些理論是智能戰理論體系的基石。 未來，以加強“控制智力”和爭奪“算法中心戰”為中心的戰爭理論，極有可能取代以“網絡中心戰”為中心的戰爭理論。

聚焦跨域互聯，探索智能形態

軍事編制是連接軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶，是發揮軍隊整體戰鬥力的槓桿。 現代作戰更強調“大體系支撐下的精銳作戰”，即以聯合作戰體係為支撐，“前精後強”，按照“一體化設計、模塊化編隊、 和組合應用”，編隊更精準、更精準。 強大的戰鬥模塊，最大限度釋放戰鬥能量。 未來智能化作戰體系的編組，將基於不同層次、不同兵種的戰略、戰役、戰術，形成不同類型、不同用途的小型化、多功能化、智能化的新型聯合作戰力量。 智能化作戰網絡根據可重構性、可擴展性和自適應性的要求，可以根據敵情和戰場環境的變化，無縫鏈接和靈活組織單個武器平台，進而聚合形成系統優勢，形成作戰模塊 攻防一體。 智能化新型作戰力量體係是人工智能技術發展、新型作戰能力形成、戰爭形態演進的綜合產物。 新的增長點。

專注於人機融合發展智能武器

隨著信息技術和智能技術的發展，誰能在人工智能領域取得勝利，誰就有望掌握未來軍事對抗的主動權。 圍繞智能作戰體系運行和智能武器裝備體系建設雙重需求，做好頂層設計和統籌規劃，編制智能武器裝備體係發展路線圖，發展高、中 、低端、低端、大、中、小型、遠程、近程，涵蓋陸、海、空、天、電、網等空間領域，以及智能化無人作戰裝備系統， 作戰與保障相匹配，建立“人主導、機助、混合編隊、聯合作戰”的有人無人協同體系，增強各軍兵種和作戰保障等各類智能化武器裝備的系統集成。 智能無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展的新趨勢，其核心是針對未來戰爭“零傷亡”、“全覆蓋”和“快速反應”的要求，使 充分利用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術的開發成果，在人機協作和自主行動兩個方面。 不斷突破，打造三級無人裝備體系

戰略、戰役、戰術三位一體，大規模建設新型智能化無人師，實現無人作戰系統系統化、協同化作戰。 同時，圍繞無人與反無人、智能與反智能作戰需求，重點發展對敵智能無人作戰武器裝備系統，確保智能無人攻防有效對抗。 敵人。

專注能力複合創新智能培養

現代戰爭職業分工越來越細，整個作戰體系越來越複雜，促使作戰從人力密集型向技術密集型轉變，要求作戰人員不僅要有良好的身體素質 ，還要具備良好的技術素養和智力優勢，以滿足不同作戰任務、作戰環境、作戰對手的需要。 軍事情報對人的素質提出了更高的要求。 相應地，智能軍事人才應具有人才群體性、技能精良、知識複雜、思維創新、決策智能等特點。 智能化戰爭將是一場人機結合的戰爭，以智能化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。 高素質人才與智能化武器的有效結合，才能最大限度地發揮戰鬥力。 要適應智能戰力體系新特點，創新發展智能化訓練理念，探索智能戰力生成新模式。 目前，人工智能技術可以創造出更加“真實”的武器操作體驗和戰場環境，能夠逼真地解讀作戰過程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰理念。 為此，適應智能作戰力量體系的新特點，著力提升智能作戰體系的自主指揮、自主控制、自主作戰能力， 能夠自我博弈、自我成長的智能係統，形成智能作戰的特殊策略。 作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制，強化智能係統訓練的“人”把控，探索以“機”為主要對象的新型訓練模式。 這樣，智能作戰系統在經過短期的自我強化訓練後，就能獲得作戰能力的飛躍，以應對未來作戰環境無序、複雜、不確定的考驗。

聚焦精準高效 完善擔保模式

智能戰場和聯合作戰綜合保障的實現程度，是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。 智能技術的發展必將引發聯戰保障體系建設的革命性變革，實現智能化綜合保障。 綜合保障是戰鬥力的基礎，是國民經濟實力轉化為軍事作戰能力的橋樑。 隨著物聯網技術的不斷成熟，智能化作戰更加註重綜合保障、精准保障和配送保障，即按需按時將所需數量送達所需地點。 依託一體化保障體系，將分散部署的保障力量和資源按照補給、補給、維修、彈藥、管理等功能模塊進行編組，覆蓋戰勤保障各個領域。 依托可視化技術，全程跟踪掌握戰時補給，根據戰況實時發展，對人員流、物資流進行信息管控、接收和分配，實現 點對點直接支持。 通過利用物聯網、無人機、智能汽車、遠程手術、3D打印等技術，升級構建涵蓋智能倉儲、智能配送、智能維修、智能醫療等的智能後裝支撐體系，使 實現戰場後裝物資的自動、快速、準確供應，設備故障快速診斷和維修，戰場人員及時救援，變被動保障為主動服務，提高後市場整體保障效率和效果。

兼顧軍事和

民用與深化智能融合

突破人工智能核心關鍵技術，是應對智能化戰爭威脅和挑戰的“國之重器”。 智能技術的快速發展成為軍事智能化的加速器。 信息時代，軍事技術與民用技術的界限越來越模糊，可移植性越來越強。 積極建立軍民協同創新機制，不斷增強智能化核心技術創新發展的驅動力，構建面向全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系，統籌支持核心切削領域的投入—— 人工智能等前沿技術，充分發揮全社會創新力量。 推動軍事情報快速可持續發展。 加快重點領域技術攻關。 要聚焦相關關鍵技術領域，破解制約軍事情報發展的技術瓶頸。 加強軍事情報基礎支撐領域研究，如軍事大數據、軍事物聯網等； 從作戰需求出發，加強各作戰要素的智能化應用技術研究，特別是智能指揮決策、智能武器平台、智能戰場感知和智能對抗技術研究。 軍事情報核心關鍵技術的研發，不僅需要跨學科、跨領域的協同創新，還要融合社會情報和軍事情報的發展。 智能技術快速嵌入到運營要素和運營流程中。 加快軍隊智能化發展，探索相關人才培養規律，充分利用軍隊和地方教育資源，加大相關人才培養力度，為推進軍隊建設提供堅實的智力支持和人才保障 智力。

Source: https://www.81.cn/jpdbfy20xx/j0o0o0o.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

智能作戰時代的中國軍事高等教育

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Chinese Military Higher Education in the Age of Intelligent Warfare

“Military academies are born for war and built for war.” At the opening ceremony of the 2019 military academy principal training, Chairman Xi proposed the military education policy for the new era, pointing out the direction for the military academies to cultivate high-quality, professional new military talents. At present, the form of war is accelerating towards informationization and intelligence. What kind of soldiers are needed to win future intelligent wars, and how military higher education can cultivate talents suitable for intelligent warfare are major issues before us.

The form of war is accelerating towards intelligent development

The form of war is the expression form and state of war history staged mainly marked by the technical attributes of the main battle weapon. So far, after experiencing cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, and mechanized warfare, the form of warfare is accelerating its development towards informationized and intelligentized warfare. The increasingly widespread application of advanced technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and brain science in the military field is becoming an important driver of the new military revolution, giving rise to new forms of unmanned, autonomous, and intelligent warfare, changing the Traditional war winning mechanism. In 2014, a foreign military think tank released a research report titled “20YY: War in the Robot Era”, arguing that a storm of military transformation marked by intelligent armies, autonomous equipment, and unmanned warfare is approaching. Platforms, information systems and decision support systems, as well as new weapons such as directed energy, hypersonics, bionics, genes, and nanometers, will initially establish an intelligent combat system by 2035, and will develop to an advanced stage by 2050, fully realizing combat platforms, information Systems, command and control are intelligentized and even unmanned, new weapons such as bionics, genes, and nanometers are on the battlefield, and the combat space is further expanded to biological space, nanospace, and intelligent space.

In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on the human brain, the brain-computer interface technology is becoming more and more mature. In the future, the information exchange between human beings and the outside world will no longer be limited to the senses, and the direct information exchange between the brain and the outside world can also be realized through chips. People and people, people and things are fully interconnected, and human beings may surpass the Internet and the Internet of Things and enter the era of intelligence supported by the Internet of Brains. In the era of the Internet of Brains, soldiers’ brains are directly connected to combat platforms, information systems, and decision-making support systems, and decisions are made with the assistance of technologies such as quantum computing and cloud platforms. Information and mind merge. Some domestic experts believe that under the influence of artificial intelligence technology, the winning mechanism of future wars will change from “information dominance, system confrontation, precise strikes, and joint victory” in information warfare to “intelligence dominance, independent confrontation, and traceability” in intelligent warfare. Following the transformation of “strike, cloud and brain winning”, following matter, energy, and information, cloud intelligence that integrates man and machine has become the key to determining the outcome of a war. This transformation of the form of intelligent warfare is accelerating, and any hesitation may bring unimaginable consequences.

But it should be noted that no matter how the war develops, people are always the most fundamental element. The form of intelligent warfare will lead to changes in the functions and roles of soldiers, and will put forward higher requirements for the ability and quality of soldiers. Cognitive ability may surpass knowledge and skills and become the core ability of soldiers.

Intelligent warfare requires the upgrading and reconstruction of the comprehensive quality of soldiers.

Chinese Military Mandarin Chinese:

“軍校為戰而生，為戰而建”。 在2019年軍事院校校長培訓開班儀式上，習主席提出新時代軍事教育方針，為軍隊院校培養高素質、專業化的新型軍事人才指明了方向。 當前，戰爭形態正在加速向信息化、智能化方向發展。 打贏未來智能戰爭需要什麼樣的士兵，軍事高等教育如何培養適合智能戰爭的人才，是擺在我們面前的重大課題。

戰爭形態加速向智能化發展

戰爭形態是以主戰武器的技術屬性為主要標誌的戰爭歷史上演的表現形式和狀態。 目前，戰爭形態在經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱武器戰爭、機械化戰爭之後，正在加速向信息化、智能化戰爭發展。 大數據、物聯網、人工智能、生物技術、腦科學等先進技術在軍事領域的日益廣泛應用，正在成為新軍事革命的重要驅動力，催生了無人、自主、 智能化戰爭，改變傳統戰爭制勝機制。 2014年，國外某軍事智庫發布了一份題為《20YY：機器人時代的戰爭》的研究報告，認為一場以軍隊智能化、裝備自主化、無人化戰爭為標誌的軍事變革風暴正在逼近。 平台、信息系統和決策支持系統，以及定向能、高超音速、仿生、基因、納米等新型武器，到2035年初步建立智能化作戰體系，到2050年發展到高級階段，全面實現 作戰平台、信息系統、指揮控制智能化甚至無人化，仿生、基因、納米等新型武器投入戰場，作戰空間進一步向生物空間、納米空間、智能空間拓展。

近年來，隨著對人腦研究的不斷深入，腦機接口技術日趨成熟。 未來，人類與外界的信息交流將不再局限於感官，大腦與外界的直接信息交流也可以通過芯片實現。 人與人、人與物充分互聯，人類有可能超越互聯網、物聯網，進入以腦聯網為支撐的智能時代。 腦聯網時代，士兵的大腦直接與作戰平台、信息系統、決策支持系統相連，並藉助量子計算、雲平台等技術進行決策。 信息和思想融合在一起。 國內有專家認為，在人工智能技術的影響下，未來戰爭的製勝機制將從信息戰的“信息主導、系統對抗、精準打擊、共同製勝”轉變為“情報主導、自主對抗、追溯”。 在智能戰爭中。 隨著“打、雲、腦制勝”的轉變，繼物質、能量、信息之後，人機合一的雲智能成為決定戰爭勝負的關鍵。 這種智能化戰爭形態的轉變正在加速，任何猶豫都可能帶來不堪設想的後果。

但需要看到的是，無論戰爭如何發展，人永遠是最根本的要素。 智能化戰爭形態將導致士兵職能和作用發生變化，對士兵的能力和素質提出更高要求。 認知能力有可能超越知識和技能，成為軍人的核心能力。

智能化戰爭需要軍人綜合素質的升級改造

According to the talent growth cycle, soldiers who are currently receiving higher education will become the main force of combat training in more than 10 years, and will also become the first main force to meet the challenges of intelligent warfare. At present, there are still some deficiencies in the design of personnel training goals in our military’s higher education, and insufficient attention is paid to the ability to adapt to the ever-changing intelligent battlefield in the future. There is still a certain gap between the personnel training objectives and the needs of intelligent warfare. On July 23, 2020, when Chairman Xi inspected the Air Force Aviation University, he emphasized that we must persist in cultivating people with morality, educating people for war, strengthening m

ilitary spirit education, strengthening fighting spirit, and comprehensively strengthening the ideological and political, military, scientific and cultural aspects of pilot students. , Physical and psychological quality foundation. To implement President Xi’s important instructions and meet the needs of future intelligent warfare, it is urgent to build a higher-level military talent training goal with thinking as the core, and accelerate the upgrading and reconstruction of military personnel’s comprehensive quality.

Intelligent warfare is a complex giant system integrating multiple fields. Its intelligence-based characteristics and iterative and changeable development trend are changing the role of soldiers in warfare. Soldiers may gradually move from the foreground of the war to behind the scenes, from direct face-to-face combat to man-machine collaborative combat, from front-line charging to back-end planning and design of war. In order to be competent in man-machine coordination, planning and designing wars and other functional roles, in addition to ideological, political, physical and psychological requirements, in terms of military profession and scientific culture, soldiers should focus on improving the following five aspects of knowledge, ability and quality: First, multidisciplinary integration Master the core principles of multiple disciplines related to intelligent warfare, such as nature, military, cognitive psychology, and network intelligence, and be able to integrate knowledge across disciplines to guide military practice; the second is strong cognitive ability, with logical thinking, judgment Thinking and system thinking ability, able to use scientific methods to analyze and reason to solve combat problems; the third is human-machine collaboration ability, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare, skillfully use combat platforms, command and control systems, and decision support systems, and be able to control diversified intelligent weapons The fourth is the ability to innovate, with a keen sense of technology and strong creativity, able to grasp the frontiers of science and technology, innovate combat styles, and grasp the laws of war development; the fifth is the ability to self-growth, to be able to accurately recognize oneself , rationally plan military careers, freely use information means to acquire new knowledge, new technologies, and new methods, constantly improve the knowledge structure, enhance cognitive ability, and better adapt to the complex and changeable military revolution development.

Identifying the Emphasis Points of Military Higher Education Reform

At present, the superposition of informatization and intelligentization has brought greater complexity to the personnel training work of military academies. It is necessary to meet the actual needs of informatization operations and at the same time lay the foundation for adapting to intelligent warfare. We should focus on The following work.

Restructure the curriculum system. The curriculum system supports the formation of talent knowledge structure. In order to cultivate military talents that meet the needs of intelligent warfare and achieve the training goals of military majors, science and culture, it is necessary to break the practice of designing a curriculum system with a single major as the background and establish a curriculum system of “general education + direction”. The general education course is based on the existing natural science and public courses, adding courses such as mathematical logic, mathematical modeling, critical thinking, network foundation, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, system engineering, etc., to establish cross-field and interdisciplinary courses System, expand the knowledge of students, build a knowledge structure urgently needed for intelligent warfare, and lay a broad knowledge foundation for their lifelong growth. Orientation courses are to establish a discipline and professional direction, set up a vertical curriculum system of mathematical science, professional foundation, and professional positions, build a solid professional background, and cultivate students’ ability to use professional theories to solve complex combat training problems. The curriculum system of “General Education + Orientation” helps build a “T”-shaped knowledge structure and meets the needs of military personnel to adapt to diverse and intelligent warfare.

按照人才成長周期，目前正在接受高等教育的士兵將在10年以上成為作戰訓練的主力軍，也將成為迎接智能化戰爭挑戰的第一主力軍。 目前，我軍高等教育在人才培養目標設計上還存在一些不足，對適應未來瞬息萬變的智能戰場的能力重視不夠。 人才培養目標與智能化作戰需求還存在一定差距。 2020年7月23日，習主席視察空軍航空大學時強調，要堅持立德樹人、以戰育人、強軍

加強軍人精神教育，強化戰鬥精神，全面加強飛行員思想政治、軍事、科學、文化等方面的素質。 、身心素質基礎。 為貫徹落實習總書記重要指示精神，面向未來智能化戰爭需求，迫切需要構建以思維為核心的更高層次軍事人才培養目標，加快推進軍隊人才綜合素質升級再造。

智能戰爭是一個融合多領域的複雜巨系統。 其智能化特徵和迭代多變的發展趨勢正在改變士兵在戰爭中的角色。 士兵可能會逐漸從戰爭的前台走向幕後，從直接的面對面作戰走向人機協同作戰，從前線衝鋒走向戰爭的後端規劃設計。 為勝任人機協同、戰爭策劃設計等職能作用，除思想政治、生理心理等方面的要求外，在軍事職業和科學文化方面，士兵應著重提高以下五個方面 知識、能力和素質：一是多學科融合 掌握自然、軍事、認知心理學、網絡智能等與智能戰爭相關的多學科核心原理，能夠跨學科整合知識指導軍事實踐； 二是認知能力強，具有邏輯思維、判斷思維和系統思維能力，能夠運用科學的方法分析推理解決作戰問題； 三是人機協同能力，深刻把握智能作戰的特點和規律，熟練運用作戰平台、指揮控制系統、決策支持系統，駕馭多樣化智能武器。 具有敏銳的科技觸覺和極強的創造力，能夠把握科技前沿，創新作戰方式，把握戰爭發展規律； 五是自我成長能力，能夠準確認識自己，合理規劃軍旅生涯，自由運用信息手段獲取新知識、新技術、新方法，不斷完善知識結構，增強認知能力， 更好地適應複雜多變的軍事革命發展。

找准軍隊高等教育改革重點

當前，信息化與智能化的疊加，給軍隊院校的人才培養工作帶來了更大的複雜性。 既要滿足信息化作戰的實際需要，又要為適應智能化作戰打下基礎。 重點抓好以下工作。

重構課程體系。 課程體系支撐人才知識結構的形成。 為培養適應智能化作戰需求的軍事人才，實現軍事專業、科學文化的培養目標，必須打破以單一專業為背景設計課程體系的做法，建立課程體系 “通識教育+方向”。 通識教育課程在現有自然科學和公共課程的基礎上，增加數理邏輯、數學建模、批判性思維、網絡基礎、人工智能、認知神經科學、系統工程等課程，建立跨領域、跨學科的課程 課程體系，拓展學生知識面，構建智能化戰爭急需的知識結構，為學生終身成長奠定廣闊的知識基礎。 定向課程是確立學科專業方向，建立數學科學、專業基礎、專業崗位垂直課程體系，構建紮實的專業背景，培養學生運用專業理論解決複雜實戰訓練問題的能力。 “通識教育+迎新”課程體系構建“T”型知識結構，滿足軍隊人才適應多樣化、智能化戰爭的需求。

Deepen classroom reform. Educational neuroscience believes that education is the reshaping of students’ brains, and the classroom is the main position for reshaping students’ neural networks, especially for the formation of high-level cognitive abilities required for intelligent warfare. Continuously deepening classroom reform is the key to military Critical tasks for higher education today. It should be seen that a classroom with only knowledge and understanding is far from a good classroom. All human behaviors, though

ts and emotions are all controlled by the brain, and every knowledge, thought and emotion corresponds to a specific neural network of the brain. Therefore, classroom reform should center on students’ learning, follow the cognitive laws of the human brain, and Attract and maintain attention as the starting point, establish a scientific thinking framework, and mobilize students to think proactively. Usually, teaching methods aimed at higher-level abilities have a general model—problem-driven heuristic teaching, and the commonly used problem-based teaching methods, project-based teaching methods, and inquiry-based teaching methods all belong to this model. Therefore, the main path to promote classroom reform is to develop unknown, novel, and interesting questions and stories for students, design a thinking framework that points to logical reasoning, critical thinking, reflection, creativity, and learning ability, and inspire students under the guidance of the framework. Active thinking, supplemented by the output process of speaking and writing, finally achieves the goal of internalizing knowledge understanding and forming high-level abilities.

Promote comprehensive education. Modern educational theory not only regards the classroom as an important position of education, but also regards all time and space outside the classroom as an important resource for cultivating students. The time and space outside the classroom not only support classroom teaching and promote the formation of knowledge and ability, but also an important place to cultivate non-intellectual ability. Colleges and universities should make full use of these time and space, clarify specific training objectives, focus on going deep into the army, close to actual combat, highlighting practicality and creativity, and scientifically design education and training programs. Focus on giving full play to the advantages of military academies in management and education, explore the establishment of a student management model, and promote the cultivation of students’ leadership and management capabilities; continue to enrich the second classroom, build an innovative platform, create more opportunities for independent practice, and improve students’ innovation capabilities; make full use of various Large-scale activities to cultivate students’ competition awareness and teamwork ability; strengthen the construction of management cadres, improve scientific management and training capabilities, and effectively guide students to carry out time management, goal management, emotional management, psychological adjustment, habit formation, etc., to help students improve self-management and self-learning ability.

All in all, education is a systematic project. The above are only three aspects to break through the shortcomings of talent training in the era of intelligence. To truly solve the problem, military academies need to carry out systematic reforms, such as strategic planning, quality management, personnel quality, teaching conditions, etc. All aspects can effectively support the achievement of the goal of personnel training, and this requires us to continuously explore and innovate, continuously improve the level of running schools and educating people, and strive to create a new situation in the construction and development of military academies.

深化課堂改革。 教育神經科學認為，教育是對學生大腦的重塑，而課堂是重塑學生神經網絡的主要陣地，尤其是智能戰爭所需的高級認知能力的形成。 不斷深化課堂改革是當今軍事高等教育的關鍵任務。 應該看到，只有知識和理解力的課堂，遠談不上好課堂。 所有的人類行為，雖然

和情緒都是由大腦控制的，每一種知識、思想和情緒都對應著大腦特定的神經網絡。 因此，課堂改革應以學生的學習為中心，遵循人腦的認知規律，以吸引和保持注意力為出發點，建立科學的思維框架，調動學生主動思考。 通常，針對更高層次能力的教學方法有一個通用的模式——問題驅動啟發式教學，常用的問題導向教學法、項目導向教學法、探究式教學法都屬於這種模式。 因此，推動課堂改革的主要路徑是為學生開發未知的、新穎的、有趣的問題和故事，設計指向邏輯推理、批判性思維、反思、創造力和學習能力的思維框架，激發學生在 框架的指導。 思維活躍，輔之以說、寫的輸出過程，最終達到知識理解內化，形成高層次能力的目的。

推進綜合教育。 現代教育理論不僅把課堂視為教育的重要陣地，而且把課堂以外的一切時間和空間都視為培養學生的重要資源。 課堂外的時間和空間不僅支持課堂教學，促進知識和能力的形成，也是培養非智力能力的重要場所。 高校要充分利用這些時間和空間，明確具體培養目標，著眼於深入軍隊、貼近實戰、突出實踐性和創造性，科學設計教育培養方案。 著力發揮軍隊院校管理教育優勢，探索建立學生管理模式，促進學生領導力和管理能力培養； 繼續豐富第二課堂，搭建創新平台，創造更多自主實踐機會，提升學生創新能力； 充分利用各種大型活動，培養學生的競爭意識和團隊協作能力； 加強管理幹部隊伍建設，提高科學管理和培養能力，有效引導學生進行時間管理、目標管理、情緒管理、心理調適、習慣養成等，幫助學生提高自我管理和自主學習能力 能力。

總而言之，教育是一項系統工程。 以上只是要突破智能時代人才培養短板的三個方面。 要真正解決問題，軍隊院校需要進行系統性的改革，如戰略規劃、質量管理、人才素質、教學條件等，方方面面都能有效支撐人才培養目標的實現，這就需要我們 不斷探索創新，不斷提高辦學育人水平，努力開創軍隊院校建設發展新局面。

Source: PLA Military

http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jsyxgfs/000000.html?big=fan

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

中國軍方看智能戰制勝機制的演變

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Chinese Military Perspective on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms of Intelligent Warfare

Military theorists have often said that victory tends to smile to those who can foresee changes in the character of warfare, rather than to those who wait for changes to occur before adapting. In recent years, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence have developed rapidly and are widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of warfare to intelligence, and correspondingly, the concept of warfare is also undergoing changes. Only by discovering changes in time, actively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we be invincible in future wars.

From “fighting the weak with the strong” to “controlling the clumsy with wisdom”

“The strong win the weak and the weak lose” is a law of victory in war with certain universality. Even those battles in which the weak defeated the strong often had to form a strength advantage against the enemy at a local and specific period of time in order to truly win. In the era of intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intelligence superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than that of other factors.

In the confrontation of intelligent warfare, human intelligence widely penetrates into the combat field and is transplanted into weapon systems. Global multi-dimensional and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build a combat system according to mission requirements, and independently implement coordinated operations. After the end, it quickly returned to the standby state, showing the trend of intelligence and autonomy. The side with a higher and stronger level of intelligence can better develop and use the mechanism of “controlling stupidity with wisdom”, and even design wars based on this, dominate the development of the battle situation, and win the final victory. It should also be noted that in the era of intelligent warfare, there are likely to be multiple stages of development from low to high. Try to keep yourself at an advanced stage, and attack your opponent so that it is at a low-dimensional stage. use.

From “destroying power” to “destroying cognition”

With the accelerated evolution of warfare to intelligence, the combat space has gradually expanded from the physical domain and the information domain to the cognitive domain, from the tangible battlefield to the invisible battlefield. The cognitive space composed of people’s spiritual and psychological activities has become a new combat space. Different from the main purpose of destroying the enemy’s vital forces in traditional warfare, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s cognition.

Through the intelligent analysis of the opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrent information can be “tailored” in a targeted manner, and the advantages of cutting-edge technologies such as intelligence can be used to show the opponent’s powerful strength in a vivid way, so that anxiety, suspicion, etc. , panic and other emotions continue to ferment inside it, which eventually leads to its self-defeating. Known as the “new oil”, big data not only enriches intelligence sources, but also becomes an important “weapon” that acts on the opponent’s cognition. By processing big data and deliberately “leaking” it to the opponent, it will create a new “fog of war” for it, and make it fall into a situation of cognitive confusion. In an intelligent war, the game of struggle will be more intense, and the party with a cognitive advantage will be ahead of the opponent, and it will be easier to grasp the initiative and opportunities.

From “people-oriented” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and use of military power are dominated by people. With the widespread application of intelligent technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment continues to increase. In intelligent warfare, combat tasks will be completed by man-machine collaboration, and the two will achieve organic integration and complement each other’s advantages. The third “offset strategy” proposed by the foreign military regards human-machine cooperation as a key technology for key development, and its successively proposed concepts such as “loyal wingman” are also aimed at exploring the realization of manned/unmanned coordinated operations. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play an important role in future warfare.

Using unmanned reconnaissance forces to carry out three-dimensional and multi-dimensional battlefield situational awareness can provide real-time intelligence support for manned combat forces; use unmanned platforms to carry relay loads to continuously provide communication relay support for manned combat forces; use

Modern Military Mandarin Chinese:

軍事理論家常說，勝利往往會向那些能夠預見戰爭性質變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生再適應的人微笑。 近年來，以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅速，廣泛應用於軍事領域，加速戰爭向智能化演進，相應地，戰爭理念也在發生變化。 只有及時發現變化，積極應對變化，積極適應變化，才能在未來的戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強抗弱”到“以智治拙”

“強勝弱勝”是戰爭的製勝法則，具有一定的普遍性。 即便是那些以弱勝強的戰鬥，往往也需要在局部的、特定的時間段對敵形成實力優勢，才能真正取勝。 在智能化戰爭時代，情報優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他因素。

在智能戰爭的對抗中，人類智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域，並被移植到武器系統中。 全球多維度、多類型智能作戰平台，可快速耦合作戰力量，按任務需求構建作戰體系，獨立實施協同作戰。 結束後迅速回到待機狀態，呈現出智能化、自主化的趨勢。 智力水平更高更強的一方，才能更好地開發和運用“以智治愚”機制，甚至以此為基礎設計戰爭，主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。 還需要看到的是，在智能化戰爭時代，很可能存在從低到高的多個發展階段。 盡量讓自己保持在高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維階段。 使用。

從“毀滅權力”到“毀滅認知”

隨著戰爭向智能化加速演進，作戰空間逐漸從物理域、信息域擴展到認知域，從有形戰場擴展到無形戰場。 由人的精神心理活動構成的認知空間成為新的作戰空間。 與傳統戰爭以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智能化戰爭將更加註重削弱敵人的士氣、瓦解敵人的意志、摧毀敵人的認知。

通過對對手的性格偏好、心理特徵、決策習慣等進行智能分析，有針對性地“量身定做”威懾信息，利用情報等前沿技術的優勢，展現對手的強大實力 以生動的方式表現力量，使焦慮、懷疑等、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致其弄巧成拙。 被譽為“新石油”的大數據不僅豐富了情報來源，更成為作用於對手認知的重要“武器”。 通過處理大數據，故意“洩露”給對手，為其製造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知混亂的境地。 在智慧戰爭中，博弈博弈會更加激烈，擁有認知優勢的一方會先於對手，更容易掌握主動權和先機。

從“以人為本”到“人機協作”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織和運用都是由人主導的。 隨著智能化技術的廣泛應用，無人化裝備比例不斷提高。 在智能戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機結合，優勢互補。 外軍提出的第三次“抵消戰略”將人機協作作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的“忠誠僚機”等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。 可以預見，人機協作將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量進行三維、多維戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量提供實時情報支持； 利用無人平台搭載中繼載荷，持續為有人作戰部隊提供通信中繼保障； 使用

unmanned combat forces to go deep into the front battlefield, It can attract the enemy to attack, force the enemy to expose its position, and provide target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; use unmanned transport equipment to provide supplies for the front line, which can improve the efficiency of logistics support, reduce transportation costs, and reduce unnecessary casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces will realize scientific division of labor and reasonable collocation in terms of quantity, scale and function, so as to maximize the overall effectiveness.

From “eat the small with the big” to “eat the slow with the fast”

In traditional warfare, it is often necessary to make up for shortcomings in equipment performance and other aspects by increasing the number of troops. The rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command decision-making, firepower strikes, and damage assessment, and accelerated the OODA kill chain cycle. , making “find and destroy” possible.

Hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic pulse weapons and other new rapid-kill weapons have further pushed the rhythm of war to “second kill”. In the Gulf War, the loop time of the OODA loop required 3 days; in the Iraq War, the loop time has been shortened to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop has almost achieved near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the use of an unmanned platform for surveillance and attack to quickly target high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command post and high-level commanders will cause the opponent to suffer heavy losses before they can react, and even face the danger of paralysis. It can be seen that victory does not necessarily favor the side with a large military force, and the side that moves quickly and accurately will be more likely to win the battlefield. According to statistics, the reaction time required by artificial intelligence to respond to changes in the battlefield is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. In the face of the rapidly changing battlefield situation, people will be more inclined to use artificial intelligence technology to realize the adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making of the command and control system, so that the command and control mode will be changed from “people on the loop” to “people outside the loop”, so as to reduce the While shouldering the burden of commanding personnel, it can improve combat efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Integrated Winning” to “Cluster Winning”

The traditional concept of equipment development is to invest a lot of money in the research and development of highly integrated high-precision weapon platforms, in order to achieve dimensionality reduction strikes on the enemy by virtue of intergenerational advantages and performance advantages in war. However, developing and deploying a multi-functional high-end platform not only takes a lot of time and money, but when multiple software and hardware modules are integrated into a single weapon platform, there may be incompatibility among them. Once the platform is destroyed, it will cause heavy losses. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has led to the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned swarms have the advantages of large scale, low comprehensive cost, and decentralization. Unmanned platforms coordinate with each other, divide labor and cooperate, and can make independent decisions and carry out combat tasks in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, it will not affect the overall operation. efficacy. Combat concepts such as “decision-making center warfare” and “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign militaries focus on the use of unmanned swarms to complete combat tasks. In intelligent warfare, by dispersing functions such as reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, and fire strikes into a large number of single-function unmanned combat units, a highly robust and highly elastic “kill net” is constructed, and then Adjusting the combination method will make it emerge a powerful group intelligence, creating great uncertainty for the opponent, and then trap the opponent in the judgment link of the OODA loop, unable to make effective decisions. In addition, due to the large number of unmanned swarms, the opponent’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities can be quickly saturated, and the opponent has to face the dilemma of fortification failure because it cannot destroy all unmanned platforms in the swarm.

From “Military Dominance” to “Multiple Mixture”

Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to make the enemy submit to one’s own will, and usually has a strong war intensity, with clear boundaries between peacetime and wartime. With the continuous expansion of the field of military struggle to new fields such as space, network, and intelligence, and the increasingly prominent role of economic, cultural, diplomatic, and legal means in warfare, intelligent warfare will be carried out in many fields represented by the “grey zone”. Developed in the form of “multi-pronged approach”. The intensity of war may be weakened, and the boundary between peace and war will become more blurred. Whether in 2019, half of Saudi Arabia’s oil fields were attacked by drones and half of its oil production was shut down, or in 2021, the largest oil pipeline in the United States was hit by cyber attacks and caused a large-scale oil shortage. The far-reaching impact of various new attack methods cannot be ignored underestimate.

無人作戰部隊深入前線戰場，可以吸引敵人進攻，迫使敵人暴露位置，為有人作戰部隊提供目標引導和火力支援； 使用無人運輸設備為前線提供補給，可以提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少不必要的人員傷亡。 在人工智能的輔助下，有人作戰力量和無人作戰力量將在數量、規模和功能上實現科學分工和合理搭配，實現整體效能最大化。

從“大吃小”到“快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要通過增加兵力數量來彌補裝備性能等方面的短板。 軍事情報的快速發展極大地提高了信息傳輸速度和武器打擊的準確性，大大縮短了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速了OODA 殺傷鏈循環。 ，使“發現並摧毀”成為可能。

高超音速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈衝武器等新型速殺武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。 在海灣戰爭中，OODA循環的循環時間需要3天； 在伊拉克戰爭中，循環時間縮短到不到10分鐘； 而在敘利亞戰爭中，環路幾乎做到了近乎實時。 在智能化戰爭中，利用無人監視攻擊平台快速瞄準敵方核心指揮所、高級指揮員等高價值目標，使對方來不及反應就損失慘重，甚至面臨 癱瘓的危險。 由此可見，勝利並不一定偏向兵力多的一方，行動迅速準確的一方更容易贏得戰場。 據統計，人工智能應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400多倍。 面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於利用人工智能技術實現指揮控制系統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指揮控制模式從“人”轉變為“人”。 環上”轉變為“環外人”，從而在減輕指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和任務執行的成功率。

從“綜合製勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備研製理念是投入大量資金研發高度集成的高精度武器平台，以期憑藉代際優勢和戰爭性能優勢實現對敵降維打擊。 然而，開發和部署一個多功能的高端平台不僅需要花費大量的時間和金錢，而且當多個軟硬件模塊集成到一個武器平台時，它們之間可能會出現不兼容的情況。 一旦平台被破壞，將造成重大損失。 人工智能等顛覆性技術的軍事應用，催生了無人蜂群的快速發展。 無人蜂群具有規模大、綜合成本低、分散化等優點。 無人平台相互協調、分工協作，能夠自主決策、有組織地執行作戰任務。 即使部分無人平台被毀，也不會影響整體運作。 功效。 外軍提出的“決策中心戰”、“馬賽克戰”等作戰概念，著眼於利用無人蜂群完成作戰任務。 在智能化戰爭中，通過將偵察監視、信息通信、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，構建高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，進而 調整組合方式會使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手製造很大的不確定性，進而將對手困在OODA循環的判斷環節，無法做出有效的決策。 此外，由於無人蜂群數量眾多，對方的探測、跟踪、攔截能力會很快飽和，對方不得不面臨無法摧毀蜂群中所有無人平台的設防失敗的困境。

從“軍事獨霸”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依靠暴力手段使敵人屈服於自己的意志，通常具有強烈的戰爭強度，和平與戰時界限分明。 隨著軍事鬥爭領域不斷向太空、網絡、情報等新領域拓展，經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用日益凸顯，智能化戰爭將在眾多領域展開 由“灰色地帶”。 以“多管齊下”的形式開展。 戰爭的激烈程度可能會減弱，和平與戰爭的界限將變得更加模糊。 無論是2019年，沙特半數油田遭到無人機襲擊、一半石油生產停產，還是2021年，美國最大的輸油管道遭到網絡攻擊，造成大規模石油短缺。 各種新型攻擊手段的深遠影響不容忽視低估。

With the development and maturity of intelligent technology, the comprehensive use of various means to attack opponents’ industrial, transportation, financial, communication, energy, medical and other facilities and networks will become more common. The threshold of intelligent warfare will show a downward trend, and the warring parties may adopt the method of undeclared war to launch a hybrid war that integrates economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, etc., so that the opponent is exhausted. Handle.

From “actual combat inspection” to “experimental exercise”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of the army can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, using virtual reality technology can create a virtual scene with a strong sense of three-dimensional and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and task background. This scene can not only restore objective things such as weapons and equipment from multiple dimensions such as sound, appearance, and performance, but also simulate various severe weather such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and snowstorm, and display the terrain, meteorology, hydrology, etc. of the battlefield in a visualized form. Electromagnetic, nuclear and other information, close to the real situation of the battlefield.

Set the imaginary enemy in the virtual environment according to the characteristics of the enemy in reality, and carry out intelligent simulation of the possible trend of the battle situation, so that officers and soldiers can “experience” the war in virtual reality several times before the official war, so as to improve the equipment performance, The rhythm of the war and the situation of the enemy and the enemy are all clear, and it will be easier to perform realistic tasks. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the U.S. military secretly developed a computer game that simulated the combat environment in Baghdad. Among the personnel dispatched to Iraq to perform missions, the survival rate of those trained in the game was as high as 90%. With the continuous enrichment and improvement of data collected in reality, the construction of virtual battlefields will be more realistic, the prediction of the battlefield situation will be more accurate, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercises will be more credible. If the outcome of the war is known in advance, there may be a situation where “surrender the enemy” without a fight or a small fight.

隨著智能技術的發展和成熟，綜合運用各種手段攻擊對手的工業、交通、金融、通信、能源、醫療等設施和網絡將變得更加普遍。 智能戰的門檻將呈下降趨勢，交戰各方可能會採取不宣戰的方式，發動集經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等為一體的混合戰爭。 ，使對手筋疲力盡。 處理。

從“實戰考察”到“實驗演練”

在傳統條件下，由於缺乏科學的模擬和評估工具，軍隊的真實能力只能在實戰中檢驗。 在智能化條件下，利用虛擬現實技術，可以根據實際戰場環境和任務背景，營造立體感強、真實感強的虛擬場景。 該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度還原武器裝備等客觀事物，還可以模擬大霧、暴雨、暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，展示地形、氣象、水文等 等戰場的可視化形式。 電磁、核等信息，貼近戰場真實情況。

根據現實中敵人的特點，在虛擬環境中設置假想敵，對可能的戰局走向進行智能模擬，讓官兵在臨戰前數次在虛擬現實中“體驗”戰爭 正式戰爭，從而提升裝備性能，戰爭的節奏和敵我雙方的情況都一目了然，更容易執行逼真的任務。 伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍秘密研發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦遊戲。 在派往伊拉克執行任務的人員中，在遊戲中受訓人員的存活率高達90%。 隨著現實採集數據的不斷豐富和完善，虛擬戰場的構建將更加真實，戰場態勢的預測將更加準確，演習的綜合評價將更加可信。 如果事先知道戰爭的結果，可能會出現不戰不戰、不戰不戰“投敵”的情況。

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/XXXX

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

中國軍隊著力推進機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展

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Chinese Military to focus on the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

Adhere to the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

——Conscientiously study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

■Chinese People’s Liberation Army Unit 66011

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. This important exposition endows the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with new connotations of the times, and further points out the development direction and path for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. We must seize the opportunity, based on the status quo, insist on promoting the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence with systematic thinking, coordinate the development of various fields, especially key areas, realize the positive interaction of the three, and promote the overall improvement of national defense and military modernization.

Engels pointed out: “Human beings fight in the same way as they produce.” At present, the new military revolution in the world is developing rapidly, the degree of informatization in modern warfare is constantly improving, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming increasingly apparent. Especially under the influence of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, the concepts, elements and methods of winning war are undergoing major changes. Judging from the recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world, a large number of high-tech weapons and equipment have been used in actual combat, and intelligent technology, unmanned equipment, and data information have become new growth points for combat effectiveness. In the face of increasingly fierce military competition, only by standing at the forefront of war and technology, and adhering to the integration of mechanization, information, and intelligence, can we seize the opportunity and win the initiative in military strategic competition.

“Everything must come, and it is a matter of course.” Mechanization, informatization, and intelligence are superimposed, interpenetrated, and mutually supported. Among them, mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of informatization and intelligence; informatization plays a connecting role between mechanization and intelligence; intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness and is the development direction of future military construction. Without the previous “transformation” as the premise and foundation, there would be no emergence and development of the latter “transformation”.

Adhering to the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is in line with the reality of our military construction and development, and is the only way for the modernization of national defense and the military in the future. Our army has basically achieved mechanization, and the construction of informatization has made significant progress but has not yet been completed. If the intelligentization is carried out after completing the informatization step by step, it will open up a new generation gap with the armed forces of developed countries; if the construction focus is fully shifted to intelligentization, it is unrealistic to expect to be in place in one step.

Science and technology are the core combat capability and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. The key to adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence lies in promoting technological innovation. We should vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology, actively promote self-reliance and self-improvement in high-level science and technology, accelerate the breakthrough of key core technologies, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies, and realize the transformation from following and running to leading and running as soon as possible. Persist in seeking combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, improve scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application capabilities, speed up the resolution of “stuck neck” problems, and firmly grasp the lifeline of our army’s development in our own hands.

Wars change with the times, and preparations for wars should not be conservative or rigid. To promote war preparations in the new era, we must focus on winning the new requirements of information-based and intelligent warfare. The construction of our army’s combat effectiveness has accelerated transformation, overall reshaping, and leapfrog development to ensure that it can attack and defend freely and win opportunities in future wars.

(Author unit: Unit 66011)

Original Mandarin Chinese:

堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展

——認真學習宣傳貫徹黨的二十大精神

■ 中國人民解放軍66011部隊

黨的二十大報告強調，要堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展。 這一重要論述賦予了國防和軍隊現代化建設新的時代內涵，進一步為加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了發展方向和路徑。 我們要抓住機遇，立足現狀，堅持以系統思維推進機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展，統籌各領域特別是重點領域發展，實現三者良性互動，促進 國防和軍隊現代化建設全面加強。

恩格斯指出：“人類以生產的方式進行鬥爭”。 當前，世界新軍事革命快速發展，現代戰爭信息化程度不斷提高，智能化特徵日益明顯。 特別是在新一輪科技革命的影響下，打贏戰爭的觀念、要素和方式正在發生重大變化。 從近期全球發生的局部戰爭和武裝衝突來看，大量高科技武器裝備投入實戰，智能技術、無人裝備、數據信息等成為戰鬥力新的增長點。 面對日益激烈的軍事競爭，只有站在戰爭和科技的前沿，堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合，才能搶占先機，贏得軍事戰略競爭的主動權。

“凡事必來，順理成章。” 機械化、信息化、智能化相互疊加、相互滲透、相互支撐。 其中，機械化是信息化、智能化發展的物質基礎和載體； 信息化在機械化和智能化之間起著承上啟下的作用； 智能化代表著先進的戰鬥力，是未來軍隊建設的發展方向。 沒有前一個“轉化”作為前提和基礎，就沒有後一個“轉化”的產生和發展。

堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展，符合我軍建設發展實際，是未來國防和軍隊現代化建設的必由之路。 我軍基本實現機械化，信息化建設取得重大進展但尚未完成。 如果在逐步完成信息化後進行智能化，將與發達國家軍隊拉開新的代溝； 如果建設重心全面轉向智能化，指望一步到位是不現實的。

科技是核心作戰能力，是軍隊發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。 堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展，關鍵在於推進科技創新。 大力實施科技強軍戰略，積極推進高水平科技自立自強，加快突破關鍵核心技術，加快發展戰略性、前沿性、 和顛覆性技術，盡快實現從跟隨跑向引領跑的轉變。 堅持從科技創新中求戰鬥力，提昇科技認知、創新和應用能力，加快化解“卡脖子”問題，把我軍發展的生命線牢牢掌握在自己手中。

戰爭隨著時代的變化而變化，戰爭準備不能保守僵化。 推進新時代備戰，必須圍繞打贏信息化、智能化戰爭新要求。 我軍戰鬥力建設加快轉型、全面重塑、跨越發展，確保攻守自如，在未來戰爭中贏得先機。

（作者單位：66011部隊）

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926673.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Strategic Support Forces

中國軍隊將切實打好信息化和網絡戰的堅實基礎丨軍事論壇
來源：解放軍日報

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Chinese Military Will Effectively Create a Solid Foundation for informatization & cyberwarfare丨 Military Forum
Source: PLA Daily

黨的二十大報告強調，堅持機械化信息化智能化融合發展。從機械化、信息化和智能化之間的關系看，機械化是信息化的基礎，智能化是信息化的升華。沒有機械化就沒有信息化，沒有充分的信息化，智能化也不可能取得重大突破。當前，大力推進軍事智能化，首先必須切實打牢信息化建設基礎，著力提升部隊信息化水平。

夯實物質基礎。巧婦難為無米之炊。為縮短與強敵的“體系差”，信息化建設應緊貼使命任務，緊跟前沿科技，搞好頂層設計，平戰一體推進。首先，升級完善各類信息系統。要以指控中心建設為重點，以信息基礎設施為平台，統籌抓好分系統建設和諸系統聯動建設，全要素、成體系推進指揮控制等領域建設，實現各分域信息網絡一體化、指揮控制實時化。其次，建好用好作戰數據庫。按照“平戰一體、統籌規劃、分類實施”的原則，建好作戰綜合數據庫，實現信息共享、數據支撐、輔助決策，以“信息流”支撐“指揮鏈”。再次，預置備份機動指揮所。積極借鑑外軍有益做法，大力加強人防工程，形成多點布局、動靜互補、快速配置的機動指揮能力。

建強力量隊伍。打贏具有智能化特征的信息化局部戰爭，建強信息力量隊伍是重要保證。綜合來看，應著力培養四類人才：一是信息指揮人才。一線中高級指揮員，應該像研究用兵一樣研究信息與數據，像研究戰役突破口一樣研究信息系統的構建，像研究彈藥性能一樣研究電磁頻譜的使用。二是信息作戰人才。培養一批勝任信息化作戰的智能參謀、作戰規劃、認知作戰等人才。三是信息保障人才。以信息保障部門和信息保障運維專業技術分隊人員為主要對象，持續加大專業培訓力度，提高網絡管理、系統使用、檢測維修等能力。四是信息研發人才。采取請進來、走出去等方式，放手壓擔子、交任務，培養一批具有較強系統研發能力的專家型技術人才，建立信息化高端人才流動站，形成“不為我有、但為我用”的良性循環。

變革指揮理念。現代戰爭拼的是體系，聯合作戰指揮是其中關鍵一環。為應對現實威脅挑戰，需確立與未來戰爭相適應的新型指揮觀。一是樹牢一體化指揮觀。克服狹隘的單一軍兵種指揮觀，全面協調陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維戰場行動，綜合集成各種作戰要素，切實提升整體制勝、聯合制勝的作戰效能。二是樹牢數字化指揮觀。由粗放式向精確化指揮轉變，將任務區分、力量使用、時空劃分、目標確定等具體化精細化，將聯合作戰力量的指揮程序、指揮方法、指揮內容等流程化標准化，將偵察情報、武器平台、指揮控制等網絡化實時化，縮短指揮流程，提高指揮時效。三是樹牢智能化指揮觀。積極探索人工智能技術成體系應用，加快智能決策、數字孿生、大數據、雲計算等新型技術開發運用，提升戰場復雜信息處理水平，實現指揮員在智能雲腦支撐下對作戰分隊及各類武器平台的任務式指揮。

推進創新實踐。為適應科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，應加快構建打贏信息化戰爭的“三個體系”。首先是創新戰法體系。深入研討強敵對手全方位信息打擊和火力硬摧毀的情況下，防敵信息攻擊、抗敵信息干擾、對敵信息反擊的真招實策，努力實現精准制敵。其次是創新訓法體系。圍繞強敵對手和作戰任務，設置信息作戰環境，深度研練指揮協同、戰法運用、體系構建、綜合保障等課題，推動實戰化部署運用。再次是創新管理體系。堅持平戰一體管、虛實結合管，建立以戰領建的需求牽引機制、計劃主導機制、檢驗評估機制，打造自主可控的產業鏈、供給鏈、保障鏈，確保“平時管”“戰時用”無縫銜接，助力信息化作戰能力不斷提升。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. From the perspective of the relationship between mechanization, informatization and intelligence, mechanization is the foundation of informatization, and intelligence is the sublimation of informatization. Without mechanization, there will be no informatization, and without sufficient informatization, it is impossible to achieve a major breakthrough in intelligence. At present, to vigorously promote military intelligence, we must first lay a solid foundation for informatization construction, and strive to improve the level of army informatization.

Lay a solid material foundation. Make bricks without straw. In order to shorten the “system gap” with powerful enemies, informatization construction should closely follow missions and tasks, keep up with cutting-edge technology, do a good job in top-level design, and promote peacetime and wartime integration. First, upgrade and improve various information systems. It is necessary to focus on the construction of the command and control center, use the information infrastructure as a platform, coordinate the construction of sub-systems and the linkage construction of various systems, promote the construction of command and control with all elements and a system, and realize the integration of information networks in various sub-domains, command and control real-time. Second, build and use the combat database well. In accordance with the principle of “integration of peacetime and wartime, overall planning, and classified implementation”, a comprehensive operational database will be established to achieve information sharing, data support, and decision-making assistance, and “information flow” to support the “chain of command.” Again, a backup mobile command post is preset. Actively learn from the beneficial practices of foreign militaries, vigorously strengthen civil air defense projects, and form a mobile command capability with multi-point layout, dynamic and static complementarity, and rapid deployment.

Build a strong team. Building a strong information force team is an important guarantee for winning an informationized local war with intelligent features. On the whole, we should focus on cultivating four types of talents: First, information command talents. Front-line mid-level and senior commanders should study information and data like they study soldiers, study the construction of information systems like they study the breakthroughs of battles, and study the use of electromagnetic spectrum like they study the performance of ammunition. The second is information warfare personnel. Cultivate a group of intelligent staff, combat planning, cognitive operations and other talents who are competent in information-based operations. The third is information security personnel. Focusing on the personnel of the information assurance department and the information assurance operation and maintenance professional technical team as the main target, continue to increase professional training efforts to improve network management, system use, inspection and maintenance capabilities. The fourth is information research and development personnel. Take the method of inviting in and going out, let go of the burden and hand over tasks, cultivate a group of expert technical talents with strong system research and development capabilities, establish a mobile station for high-end informatization talents, and form a “not for me, but for me” “A virtuous circle.

Change the concept of command. Modern warfare is all about the system, and joint combat command is a key part of it. In order to cope with the challenges of real threats, it is necessary to establish a new concept of command that is compatible with future warfare. The first is to firmly establish the concept of integrated command. Overcome the narrow command concept of a single service and arms, comprehensively coordinate multi-dimensional battlefield operations such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network, comprehensively integrate various combat elements, and effectively improve the combat effectiveness of overall and joint victory. The second is to firmly establish the concept of digital command. Transform from extensive to precise command, specify and refine task division, force use, time-space division, and target determination, standardize the command procedures, command methods, and command content of joint combat forces, and integrate reconnaissance intelligence, weapons Platforms, command and control, etc. are networked and real-time, shortening the command process and improving command timeliness. The third is to firmly establish the concept of intelligent command. Actively explore the systematic application of artificial intelligence technology, accelerate the development and application of new technologies such as intelligent decision-making, digital twins, big data, and cloud computing, improve the level of complex information processing on the battlefield, and enable commanders to control combat units and various weapons with the support of intelligent cloud brains. Platform mission command.

Promote innovative practices. In order to adapt to changes in technology, changes in warfare, and changes in opponents, we should speed up the construction of the “three systems” to win the information war. The first is to innovate the tactical system. In-depth research on the real tactics of defending against enemy information attacks, resisting enemy information interference, and counterattacking enemy information under the circumstances of all-round information strikes and hard fire destruction by powerful enemies, and strive to achieve precise control of the enemy. The second is to innovate the training system. Focusing on powerful enemies and combat missions, set up an information warfare environment, conduct in-depth research on topics such as command coordination, tactical application, system construction, and comprehensive support, and promote actual combat deployment and application. The third is the innovation management system. Adhere to the integration of peacetime and wartime management and the combination of virtual reality and real situation, establish a demand traction mechanism led by war, a plan-led mechanism, and an inspection and evaluation mechanism to create independent and controllable industrial chains, supply chains, and guarantee chains to ensure that “peacetime management” and “wartime management” “Use” seamless connection to help the continuous improvement of informationized combat capabilities.

(Author unit: Central Theater)

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/0x0x0x0x0

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization

中國風諜戰遊戲

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Chinese Spying Operations – Games Chinese Spooks Play

From 國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ to 新華社 ‘Xinhua’, how China’s espionage network operates in shadows.

China has systemically set up one of the quietest but most lethal espionage networks across the world.

As the world continues to debate over the spy balloons allegedly sent by China for espionage in the United States, probably it is missing the big picture. The real threat to global security comes from China’s spy network which is a complex web of many agencies, most of whom have successfully remained in the shadows. This multipart series would unravel the lesser known as well the unknown details about the Chinese espionage network.

The Chinese spy network has successfully remained in the shadows for decades. The Chinese Communist Party had built its spy network much before it came to power in China in 1949 turning a republic into a communist dictatorship. Since then, China has systematically set up one of the quietest but one of the most lethal espionage networks across the world.

The information regarding the Chinese spy network is scant and so scattered that it makes it difficult for even keen China watchers to paint the big and the real picture.

Ministry of State for Security

Ministry of State for Security (MSS) is China’s premier intelligence agency. It is also known as 國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’. MSS is largely responsible for operations outside China. The domestic intelligence and surveillance is looked after by the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). In addition, Chinese defence forces have their own intelligence agencies which conduct operations all over the globe.

Peter Mattis, one of the foremost authorities on Chinese intelligence operations, explains the Chinese military intelligence network (A Guide to Chinese Intelligence Operations, August 18, 2015), “Within the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), intelligence organizations fall under the General Staff Department (the Second and Third Departments, or, respectively, China’s DIA and NSA equivalents); the General Political Department for intelligence and covert influence operations; the PLA Navy, Air Force, and Second Artillery headquarters; and technical reconnaissance bureaus in the military regions. Much of the military intelligence infrastructure is based in China, but defence attachés and clandestine collectors do operate abroad, including from the service intelligence elements.”

New China News Agency (Xinhua)

Founded in 1931 by the Chinese Communist Party, Xinhua is the official news agency of China and a major facilitator for China’s intelligence gathering. According to an investigative report in Greek media outlet Pentapostagma published in April 2021, “Xinhua is primarily the eyes, ears, and voice of China. It is one of the important arms of the Chinese Intelligence agency in gathering information. Its prime objective is to promote positive news/narrative about CCP leadership/Chinese government and to marginalize, demonize, or entirely suppress anti-CCP voices, incisive political commentary and exposes that present the Chinese Government/CCP leadership in a negative light. It owns more than 20 newspapers and a dozen magazines and prints in eight languages: Chinese, English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic and Japanese It has established 107 bureaus in foreign countries including eight sub offices or editorial offices in Hong Kong, New York, Mexico, Nairobi, Cairo, Paris, Moscow, and Rio de Janeiro and currently employs more than 10,000 people.”

The report explained the standard operating procedure of gathering intelligence by this Chinese agency which has been operating in India also for several years, “Xinhua covers all news and developments/events in foreign countries which have meaning, or which could be of any significance for China. It then forwards reports/articles to China’s Ministry of State Security which directly handles the information inflow from Xinhua. The reports/articles are uploaded in a secured web system. Those that contain intelligence value are treated as classified and forwarded to CCP leadership for their consumption. Xinhua journalists are trained to be able to identify news/articles that are suitable for the CCP leaders and not for the public.” 

According to this investigative report, “The agency (Xinhua) maintains a huge database of experts across the world and contacts favorable pro-Chinese contacts/assets in foreign countries and forwards their articles/reports to concerned departments back in Beijing.”

United Front Work Department (UFWD)

Set up in 1942, UFWD is the blue-eyed boy of the Communist Party Chinese (CPC). President Xi Jinping has further strengthened it ever since he came to power in 2012 and now it plays a significant role in China’s overall espionage network as well foreign policy framework. According to a research report published in August 2018 by the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “The United Front strategy uses a range of methods to influence overseas Chinese communities, foreign governments, and other actors to take actions or adopt positions supportive of Beijing’s preferred policies.”

‘Several official and quasi-official entities conduct overseas activities guided or funded by the United Front including Chinese government and military organizations, cultural and “friendship” associations, and overseas academic groups such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs) and Confucius Institutes.  The UFWD also oversees influence operations targeting Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau that aim to suppress independence movements, undermine local identity, and promote support for Beijing’s political system.

In all these cases, United Front work serves to promote Beijing’s preferred global narrative, pressure individuals living in free and open societies to self-censor and avoid discussing issues unfavorable to the CPC and harass or undermine groups critical of Beijing’s policies.’

Ryan Fedasiuk, a research Analyst at Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET) meticulously calculated the budget for UFWD in his essay ‘How China Mobilizes Funding for United Front Work (China Brief Volume: 20 Issue: 16). This indicates the priority given to this agency by the Chinese government and the CCP.

There is no direct budget for UFWD but there are several government and quasi-government bodies which fund it. That include Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, State Administration of Religious Affairs, Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council and All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. The current annual budget for UFWD allocated through these bodies stands at not less than $1.4 billion.

“Chinese officials maintain that the United Front system is a benign network of administrative organizations, and that the PRC’s foreign policy is based on “mutual respect and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs” (PRC Embassy in Sweden, August 2019; ABC, June 2020). If this really were the case, regional governments probably would not classify their united front spending as secret 秘密資助 (Mìmì zīzhù) or refuse to disclose the structure of government offices ostensibly reserved for public diplomacy,” says Fedasiuk.

He further adds, “That regional governments in China budget nearly as much for united front work ($1.3 billion annually) as they do for CPC propaganda indicates how highly the Party values the united front as a tool for both domestic and foreign influence’.”

Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO)

This department /office is a front for keeping tabs on the Chinese communities abroad. It works closely with the Chinese Ministry of Education. According to Mattis, “The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office and the Ministry of Education… keep tabs on Chinese who live outside of China. The former office maintains ties to overseas Chinese communities and sponsors a variety of Chinese professional associations. The Ministry of Education keeps tabs on Chinese students abroad and helps support students’ and scholars’ associations. Both assist in mobilizing Chinese expats and émigrés for visible displays of support when Beijing wants, such as during the 2008 Olympic torch relay.”

According to the official website of ‘Overseas Chinese Office’, its major responsibilities include, “To study and formulate the guidelines, policies and regulations concerning overseas Chinese affairs, as well as to supervise and check their implementation; and to conduct research and study on the development of overseas Chinese affairs both domestically and abroad, to provide the information to the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council.

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC)

Established in 1956, the ISTIC is officially a premier scientific research institute of China. But that is a façade. Its real task is to collect technologies and related information from all over the world in whichever manner it is possible. If one can read between the lines, the official website of ISTIC gives ample indications about the real work it does. The website says, “ISTIC has established long-term and stable business cooperation relations with relevant research institutions in the United States, Canada, Japan and other countries and regions, and has become an important platform for international cooperation and exchange in the field of science and technology information in China.”

George Soros and Chinese spy agency worked together as comrades.

George Soros’ history with the Chinese reveals his hypocrisy as he presents himself as a champion of democracy.

George Soros, the US-based controversial billionaire, and the Chinese premier spy agency Ministry of State Security (MSS) have worked hand in glove in the 1980s where Soros provided substantial funding to MSS through Economic System Reform Institute (ESRI) and China International Culture Exchange Center (CICEC).

It appears that Soros was playing a ‘double game’ by pursuing the Western interests to infiltrate China while also forging a close partnership with Chinese intelligence network and top bosses of the Chinese Communist Party. The apparent reason was an opportunity that he must have seen to benefit from China’s economic growth in the 1980s.

But this partnership fell apart with the change in the Chinese regime after 1989. Several representatives of Soros’ entity ‘China Fund’ were arrested by the Chinese authorities post- Tiananmen square massacre in 1989. The Chinese authorities accused them of working for the US’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Soros’ China Fund and the Ministry of State Security

Soros started making overtures to China in the 1980s. He first identified and handpicked Liang Heng, a bestselling author in 1984 to set up his shop in China. Heng had become famous after publishing his memoir Son of the Revolution’ that was a personal account of how China was opening to the West and the purges carried out at regular intervals by the Communist Party China (CPC).

Liang connected Soros with important people in the Chinese establishment. The façade kept for this whole initiative was that Soros wanted to help China to carry out reforms.

By that time, he had already set up ‘Open Society Foundations’, a funding arm known for instigating coups, political upheavals, and chaos in various countries through a web of well-funded non-Governmental organizations (NGOs). But given the fact that bets were very high in China, Soros decided to set up a separate entity which would work only in China.

In 1986, Soros set up ‘China Fund’ with a $1 million endowment. Through Liang’s network, the China Fund initially partnered with a Chinese think tank Economic System Reform Institute (ESRI).

In October 1986, Soros opened the China Fund formally in a signing ceremony at Beijing’s Diaoyutai State Guesthouse. This was his first trip to China.

Soros struck gold by roping ESRI as it was close to the premier Zhao Ziyang, who became the Party’s general secretary the next year. Zhao’s personal secretary, Bao Tong, was also known for helping the China Fund-ESRI joint venture whenever they needed to get through the Chinese bureaucracy.

Behind the façade of helping China to shape reformist economic policies, the China Fund started spreading its tentacles very fast. Within a year of its establishment, it set up an artists’ club in Beijing and an academic unit at Nankai University in Tianjin. Within the first two years of arriving in China, Soros’ China Fund gave hefty grants for at least 200 proposals. However, as the Fund started pushing the envelope too far by funding research on sensitive topics like the notorious ‘Cultural Revolution’ that had resulted in torture and deaths of millions of Chinese in 1960s, alarm bells started ringing in Chinese official circles and Zhao Ziyang had to step in despite his support for Soros and China Fund.

Alex Joske says in Spies and Lies: How China’s Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World, “In the face of complaints from Party elders about the China Fund, Zhao Ziyang ceded its control to new management. It wasn’t a fight he wanted to pick, nor one he could dare to. Zhao agreed to sever ties between the ESRI and the China Fund, bringing in the China International Culture Exchange Center (CICEC), a group under the Ministry of Culture, as its new partner institution.

Things weren’t all bad, or so it seemed. CICEC had the backing of senior Party leaders, including (present Chinese president) Xi Jinping’s father, and served as one of the only official channels for cultural exchanges with the outside world. Its strong ties to officialdom could insulate Zhao and the China Fund.”

Soros travelled to China in February 1988 to sign a revised agreement with Yu Enguang, a Chinese spy master who was a high-ranking official of the MSS. CICEC itself was a front for the MSS. It would be too naïve to accept that Soros didn’t know about this ‘open secret’ though he tried to defend himself later by pleading ignorance about this fact.

Soros got along well with Yu Enguang at a personal level. The latter secured Soros a rare meeting with the top leadership of CCP in Beijing. Soros, reconfirmed his commitment to bankroll joint operations of China Fund and CICEC. The new Chinese co-chair of this project Yu Enguang.

According to Joske, Yu Enguang was the pseudonym of the Chinese spy master Yu Fang. ‘Among his comrades in the MSS, Yu Fang was just as respected as ‘Yu Enguang’ was by the targets he cultivated. At some point in his career, he headed the agency’s important central administrative office, and in the early nineties helped secure the passage of China’s first National Security Law, which expanded and codified MSS powers. The authors of several MSS publications, marked for internal distribution only, thank him for advising on and improving their drafts. He also oversaw MSS production and censorship of histories, TV dramas and movies about spies, which were designed to build public awareness and support for the MSS’s mission.’

Joske adds, “Ironically for a man who helped bring Chinese intelligence history into the public sphere, Yu’s true legacy is an official secret. Official references to his achievements are brief and elliptical. The authoritative People’s Daily eulogized him in 2013, an honor only a handful of intelligence officers receive: ‘In his sixty years of life in the revolution, Comrade Yu Fang was loyal to the Party, scrupulously carried out his duties and selflessly offered himself to the Party’s endeavors, making important contributions to the Party’s state security endeavor.’ The article also noted that he’d been a member of the National People’s Congress, China’s national legislature.”

Thus, Soros was dealing with a top-ranking Chinese intelligence official. Initially, this partnership was going off well. In fact, MSS was using Soros’ money to fund its operations under the garb of cultural exchange programs carried out by CICEC.

Incidentally, the official website of the CICEC, when accessed currently, doesn’t show any link it had in the past with Soros and the China Fund. It talks about its focus on ‘cultural exchange programs, which is a common phrase used frequently by the Chinese intelligence agencies to give legitimacy to their spy operations. The CICEC holds cultural festivals across the world and officially claims to be working to create support for China’s ‘One belt, one road’ initiative. Incidentally, CICEC was set up in 1984, a year after MSS came into existence and it was just a couple of years old when Soros’ China Fund forged a partnership with it. It was well-known to China watchers right since its inception that CICEC was a front for the MSS. It is difficult to apprehend that Soros didn’t know about this!

Post-Tiananmen Square

Everything was going well for Soros’ China Fund till Tiananmen square happened in 1989. Chinese authorities suspected that the China Fund played an active role in fueling demonstrations at Tiananmen square that ended in a massacre of thousands of people by Chinese authorities. Meanwhile the Tiananmen square massacre also led to a purge within the party as CCP’s general secretary Zhao Ziyang was not only replaced but was also put under house arrest.

With the arrest of Zhao as well as his secretary Bao Tong, both of whom backed Soros and his China Fund, the Chinese authorities began their crackdown. Soros immediately shut the shop leaving many of his Chinese associates in the lurch and at the mercy of Chinese authorities.

MSS, in its updates to the top party bosses, days before the Tiananmen massacre happened gave details about the role of China Fund as a CIA front in fueling these demonstrations.

According to The Tiananmen Papers, a huge cache of internal CCP reports related to the massacre, that was leaked later, the MSS told the party bosses, “Our investigations have revealed that Liang Heng, the personal representative of the (China Fund) chairman George Soros, was a suspected US spy. Moreover, four American members of the foundation’s advisory committee had CIA connections.”

“According to the MSS’s narrative, Soros showed his ‘true colors’ by asking Yu to close the fund in May 1989 once he realized that supporters of reform were being purged,” observed Joske.

Soros co-chaired the China Fund-CICEC partnership with a top-level Chinese spy master Yu Enguang (also known as Yu Fang). The MSS used the funds provided by Soros’ China Fund to finance many of its operations. Had there not been an internal turmoil in the Chinese Communist Party throwing Soros’ supporters in the Chinese establishment out of power, Soros would have been working closely with an authoritarian Chinese government and continued to play the ‘double game’ ultimately benefiting his business interests from both sides. This history of Soros with the Chinese also exposes his double speak as he claims to be the champion of democracy!

What a Chinese spy agency the Ministry of State Security disrupts the world

MSS was set up in 1983 to bring together multiple agencies which were already functional so that Chinese spy networks could work more cohesively as well as ruthlessly.

國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ MSS facilities

國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ MSS facilities in Xiyuan, Haidian District, Beijing. Image courtesy: Wikimedia commons

China’s premier spy agency Ministry for State Security (MSS) has been on the forefront of setting up and running a ruthless global espionage and counter-espionage network.

MSS was set up in 1983 to bring together multiple agencies which were already functional so that Chinese spy networks could work more cohesively as well as ruthlessly.

Officially the proposal to set up this agency was brought by Zhao Ziyang at the first session of the sixth National People’s Congress (NPC) on June 20, 1983. The NPC can be broadly termed as the Parliament of China.

Ziyang proposed the establishment of a state security ministry “to protect the security of the state and strengthen China’s counterespionage work.” The NPC approved it and voted to appoint Ling Yun as the first minister.

The inaugural meeting of the MSS was held on 1 July 1983 to announce the formal establishment of the. The opening speech was delivered by chairman Chen Pixian of the ‘Central Political-Legal Commission’ one of the key bodies of CCP. He categorically said, “Doing state security work well will effectively promote socialist modernization and the cause of realizing the unification of the motherland opposing hegemonism and defending world peace.” The Chinese intent was clear: MSS would be its ace espionage and counter-intelligence agency.

Since President Xi Jinping took over the reins of the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Chinese establishment in 2012, MSS has been endowed with even greater authority and its sphere of influence has increased significantly. In Xi Jinping’s scheme of things, Chinese espionage agencies, especially MSS, lead from the front to change the existing world order.

Since the remit of China’s intelligence agencies is much broader than those of Western nations, they need more resources, and Xi Jinping has made sure they receive them, say Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg in Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World.

Roger Faligot (Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping) has written, there has been a “formidable increase in the authority of the Chinese intelligence apparatus, specifically since 2017”.

The MSS indulges in all kinds of dubious clandestine activities including sabotage, industrial espionage, theft of technology. It has created several fronts in the form of think tanks and trade and cultural bodies to carry out such activities. The prominent among them are China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, China Reform Forum and Chinese Association for the Promotion of Cultural Exchange and Cooperation.

Structure of MSS

Last known, MSS has 18 bureaus spread over at least four compounds in Beijing serving as their headquarters and then they have provincial and other local networks within China as well as a global network. The functions of many of them are not yet known. China Institute of Contemporary International Relations is the public façade of 11th bureau of MSS. Peter Mattis and Matthew Brazil have painstakingly gathered some details about these bureaus in ‘Chinese Communist Espionage: A Primer’ such as:

“     • First Bureau: “secret line” operations by MSS officers not under covers associated with Chinese government organizations.

  • Second Bureau: “open line” operations by MSS officers using diplomatic, journalistic, or other government-related covers.
  • Fourth Bureau: Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.
  • Fifth Bureau: Report Analysis and Dissemination.
  • Seventh Bureau: Counterespionage Intelligence Bureau, gathers information and develops intelligence on hostile intelligence services inside and outside China.
  • Eighth Bureau: Counterespionage Investigation, runs investigations to detect and apprehend foreign spies in China.
  • Ninth Bureau: Internal Protection and Reconnaissance Bureau, supervises and monitors foreign entities and reactionary organizations in China to prevent espionage.
  • Tenth Bureau: Foreign Security and Reconnaissance Bureau, manages Chinese student organizations and other entities overseas and investigates the activities of reactionary organizations abroad.
  • Eleventh Bureau: China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, performs open-source research, translation, and analysis. Its analysts also meet regularly with foreign delegations and spend time abroad as visiting fellows.
  • Twelfth Bureau: Social Affairs or Social Investigation Bureau, handles MSS contributions to the CCP’s united front work System (also known as United Front Works Department-UFWD, which is another major espionage network of Chinese government and CPC).
  • Thirteenth Bureau: Network Security and Exploitation (also known as the China Information Technology Evaluation Center, manages the research and development of other investigative equipment.
  • Fourteenth Bureau: Technical Reconnaissance Bureau, conducts mail inspection and telecommunications inspection and control.
  • Fifteenth Bureau: Taiwan operations linked to the broader Taiwan Affairs work system. Its public face is the Institute of Taiwan Studies at the China Academy of Social Sciences.
  • Eighteenth Bureau: US Operations Bureau for conducting and managing clandestine intelligence operations against the United States.”

There is hardly any information about the real work done by the third, sixth, sixteenth and seventeenth bureau of the MSS.

According to an online report by China Digital published in 2015, the MSS had a strength of 100,000 ‘spies’. Around 60,000 of them worked within China while 40,000 of them were working in other countries for China.

Explaining this mammoth size and the massive expansion of MSS, Mattis and Brazil elaborated, “The expansion occurred in four waves. The original departments (or those created within the first year) appeared to be the municipal bureaus or provincial departments of state security for Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, and Shanghai. A second wave appeared shortly thereafter between 1985 and 1988, including Chongqing, Gansu, Hainan, Henan, Shaanxi, Tianjin, and Zhejiang. The third wave from 1990 to 1995 completed the expansion of the ministry across the country at provincial levels, bringing in Anhui, Hunan, Qinghai, and Sichuan provinces.161 The fourth wave of MSS expansion was vertical. The provincial-level departments either took over local public security bureaus or established subordinate municipal or county bureaus. For many local PSB officers, they were police one day and state security the next. When MSS minister Jia left in 1998 for the MPS, the MSS was a nationwide organization at every level.”

“From the national level to the local levels, the MSS and its subordinate departments and bureaus report to a system of leading small groups, coordinating offices, and commissions to guide security work while lessening the risk of politicization on behalf of CCP leaders. At present, the two most important of these are the Political-Legal Commission and the Central State Security Commission.”

Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg have mentioned in Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World, “It was reported in 2005 that the FBI believed the MSS had set up around 3000 front companies to conceal its activities. The MSS has various arms engaged in economic espionage and it has ‘embedded itself deep in major financial and commercial organizations, particularly in Shanghai and Hong Kong’. Not all economic espionage is state directed. Chinese nationals are known to set up firms that take orders from companies in China to obtain and supply specific pieces of intellectual property from their competitors in the West, usually by identifying an employee willing to provide such secrets.”

Bloody Purge within MSS

While MSS has successfully infiltrated many spy agencies of other countries, it also suffered a major setback when in 2010, it was revealed that there are several Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) moles working in China and MSS for the American agency.

This led to a bloody purge within MSS. The CIA assets were exposed because of a botched-up communication system of the US spy agency. It reportedly used the same equipment in China which it was using to communicate with its operatives in the middle east. But the Chinese spy agency was much more efficient than the middle east and the CIA underestimated its tech capability. MSS was able to crack this communication network. According to various reports, anywhere between one dozen to two dozen operatives of the CIA were rounded up and executed over a period of two years by the MSS. The CIA did manage to take out many of its ‘assets’ but it had to suffer a major loss.

According to a report published in the journal Foreign Policy in 2018, “It was considered one of the CIA’s worst failures in decades: Over a two-year period starting in late 2010, Chinese authorities systematically dismantled the agency’s network of agents across the country, executing dozens of suspected US spies.”

Recruitment and working pattern.

One of the key methods deployed by MSS is to use the Chinese diaspora to create assets in other countries. Its first bureau plays a significant role in this regard. A survey done by the US-based Centre for Strategic Studies gives an indication about MSS’ approach towards espionage. This survey listed 160 publicly reported instances of Chinese espionage directed at the United States since 2000. According to the survey report:

  • 42% of actors were Chinese military or government employees.
  • 32% were private Chinese citizens.
  • 26% were non-Chinese actors (usually U.S. persons recruited by Chinese officials)
  • 34% of incidents sought to acquire military technology.
  • 51% of incidents sought to acquire commercial technologies.
  • 16% of incidents sought to acquire information on U.S. civilian agencies or politicians.
  • 41% of incidents involved cyber espionage, usually by State-affiliated actors.

According to Hamilton and Ohlberg, “Ego, sex, ideology, patriotism, and especially money is all exploited by China’s intelligence services to recruit spies. In 2017 an FBI employee, Kun Shan Chun (Joey Chun), was convicted of supplying information about the bureau’s organization and operations to Chinese agents, in exchange for free international travel and visits to prostitutes. Among those who spy for China, ideology is a factor mainly for people of Chinese heritage (unlike during the Cold War, when Westerners spied for the USSR for ideological reasons). Beijing also deploys the threat of punishment of family members in China if a target refuses to cooperate.

UFWD: ‘Magic weapon’ in China’s espionage arsenal

The UFWD’s work is inspired by the Leninist theory of uniting with lesser enemies to defeat greater ones

Chinese President Xi Jinping

One of the key constituents of the global Chinese Spy Network is the United Front Work Department (UFWD). It is entrusted with coordination and operational aspects of ‘united front’ activities. The Chinese initially defined ‘united front’ more as a concept. Later it set up UFWD to carry out these activities as the nodal agency.

Background

The UFWD’s work is inspired by the Leninist theory of uniting with lesser enemies to defeat greater ones. Since its founding, this has been a key element of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) strategy to consolidate its hold on power, both domestically and internationally.

The UFWD’s first deployment was to join and subvert the then ruling Nationalist government, the Kuomintang, in the early 1920s. A 2018 research report by US-China Economic and Security Review Commission explained it further, “The CCP then formed an alliance of convenience with the Kuomintang to discourage it from trying to wipe out the fledgling CCP while uniting their efforts against Japan.”

According to Gerry Groot, senior lecturer at the University of Adelaide and renowned expert on the United Front, this campaign evolved into a systematic effort to recruit “fellow travelers,” mostly “famous intellectuals, writers, teachers, students, publishers, and businesspeople who were not necessarily Communists.”

Modus Operandi

The modus operandi of the UFWD is one of the least discussed issues in the public domain when it comes to Chinese covert operations. It is not surprising as UFWD operates through a complex web of organizations which act as a front for united front work.

There are thousands of organizations which work for UFWD under the garb of cultural, educational, commercial, and philanthropic organizations. Alex Joske explains the philosophy behind UFWD in his groundbreaking expose of Chinese intelligence operations Spies and Lies, “Party leaders since Mao Zedong have referred to the united front as one of their three ‘magic weapons’. Together with armed struggle and efforts to strengthen Party organization, the two other magic weapons, the CCP credits the united front work with major contributions to its victory in 1949, China’s modernization and subsequent economic development.”

The key task of UFWD is to build a global network of influencers and ‘operators’ who manipulate the global narrative by hook or crook.  The UFWD specifically brings into its spy net intellectuals, local community leaders, religious and ethnic figures, journalists, academia, and business magnates.

According to Joske, recent cases from around the world have shown, the (Chinese Communist) Party seeks to insert itself into segments of diaspora communities and then mobilize them as political influence. Co-optees can be used to suppress dissidents, make political donations, mentor political candidates and staffers, and otherwise apply pressure in support of Beijing’s interests.

In a 2020 research paper on UFWD, ASPI said, “There’s no clear distinction between domestic and overseas united front work: all bureaus of the UFWD and all areas of united front work involve overseas activities. This is because the key distinction underlying the United Front is not between domestic and overseas groups, but between the CCP and everyone else. For example, the UFWD’s Xinjiang Bureau plays a central role in policy on Xinjiang but is also involved in worldwide efforts to whitewash the CCP’s internment of an estimated 1.5 million people in Xinjiang, primarily ethnic Uyghur Muslims, as an anti-terrorism and vocational training effort.”

Structure

The UFWD follows the directions given by an important CCP body known as the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The latter is led by a member of the CCP’s Politburo Standing Committee.

According to the latest information available, UFWD has a presence across all provinces in China, in all its embassies abroad, in foreign universities and in various international trade organizations as well as in civil society also. According to the ASPI report, “Internally, the department has 10 leaders, at least six of whom hold ministerial rank or higher. It has 12 bureaus, half of which were created after 2015. Bureaucratic changes in 2018 that brought overseas Chinese affairs under the UFWD’s ‘unified management’ also injected dozens if not hundreds of officials with substantial overseas experience into the department. Jinan University, Huaqiao University and the Central Institute of Socialism in Beijing are all subordinate to the UFWD and carry out research and training to support its efforts. Additionally, the UFWD runs dedicated training facilities, such as the Jixian Mountain Estate, which is a complex in the outskirts of Beijing used for training China Overseas Friendship Association cadres.”

Organizations such as the China Overseas Friendship Association, are part of the ‘united front system’. At least two such organizations held special consultative status as non-governmental organizations in the UN Economic and Social Council. According to an ASPI report, “In 2014, an official from one of them, the China Association for Preservation and Development of Tibetan Culture, was barred from a UN human rights hearing after he intimidated a woman testifying about her father, political prisoner Wang Bingzhang.”

The 12 bureaus of UFWD

UFWD’s 12 bureaus deal with separate tasks. Here is how the work has been distributed to them:

First Bureau: Minor Parties Work Bureau (Oversees China’s eight democratic parties)
Second Bureau: Deals with Ethnic Affairs
Third Bureau: Deals with Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
Fourth Bureau: Deals with business persons and private companies
Fifth Bureau: Non-Affiliated and Minor Party Intellectuals related work
Sixth Bureau: Targets urban professionals such as employees of foreign companies
Seventh Bureau: Handles Tibet related issues
Eighth Bureau: Handles issues related to Xinjiang province
Ninth Bureau: Overseas Chinese affairs (regional responsibilities)
Tenth Bureau: Overseas Chinese Affairs (Media, Cultural and educational activities)
Eleventh Bureau and Twelfth Bureau: Issues related to religion

Xi Jinping and UFWD

Though UFWD has always been used by the CCP as a key element of its spy network, Xi Jinping pushed it to a new high after he took over as Chinese President in 2012. In 2015, Xi declared in an important central united front work meeting, “The United Front … is an important magic weapon for strengthening the party’s ruling position … and an important magic weapon for realizing the China Dream of the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation.”

More than 40,000 new personnel were recruited for different wings of UFWD within a few years of Xi taking over the reins of CCP. Xi’s specific focus on UFWD shouldn’t surprise those who know his background. Xi Jinping’s father Xi Zhongxun was known for carrying out UFWD missions in Tibet. One of his key assignments was to influence the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. As a Politburo member he supervised the UFWD work in the 1980s. Xi rose in the party by climbing through CCP ranks in Fujian province which is known to be a hotbed of united front activities targeting Taiwan. In 1995, he wrote a paper on united front work in the Chinese diaspora. He advocated several new ideas in this paper regarding UFWD which he started implementing in 2012 and expedited it further after the 2015 conference of united front work.

The result is evident. Countries like Australia, US, Canada have exposed how Chinese have been using their spying arms like UFWD to create a deep Chinese state in their countries especially in their political and policy making sphere.

What Jamie Watt, a contributing Columnist to The Toronto Star, wrote in his column on 23 February 2023, would aptly explain the lethalness of Chinese ‘magic weapons’ such as UFWD. Commenting on how incriminating evidence has come out regarding Chinese interference in Canadian elections benefitting Justin Trudeau’s party, Watt wrote: “Just this past week, the Globe and Mail reported news from CSIS that Canadian politicians, government officials, business executives and Chinese Canadians all have been prime targets of Chinese government espionage. This espionage has deployed blackmail, bribery, and sexual seduction. The range and nature of the tactics used are usually reserved for spy novels, but national security experts now deem China’s espionage infrastructure to go far deeper than even the Soviet’s efforts at the height of the Cold War.”

Watt sounds an alarm bell about Canada which explains how Chinese espionage works through organs like UFWD, “It is time that we understand our politicians have proven incapable of addressing Chinese state influence. Chinese aren’t just at our gates, they own them. And they’re standing idly by flipping us the bird.”

A US State Department report on China’s Coercive Activities Abroad specifically highlights the role of UFWD as it says, “The CCP’s United Front Work Department (UFWD) is responsible for coordinating domestic and foreign influence operations, through propaganda and manipulation of susceptible audiences and individuals. The CCP’s United Front permeates every aspect of its extensive engagements with the international community. It targets the highest levels of Western democracies; creates a permanent class of China lobbyists whose primary job is to sell access to high level Chinese leaders to corporate America. The United Front has also penetrated deeply into state, local and municipal governments through a myriad of front organizations such as the CCP’s sister-cities programs, trade commissions, and friendship associations.”

This report also reiterates that China considers UFWD to be its ‘magic weapon’ used by China to dominate the world and manipulate the global narrative.

Chinese Military intelligence: How a mammoth war machine plays spy games across the globe.

India remains one of the primary targets of the Chinese espionage network. And Chinese military has a significant role to play in this game of cloak and dagger.

One of the key elements of the Chinese espionage network is the military intelligence that it has been able to keep under wraps. What we are witnessing is a new avatar of Chinese Military intelligence under President Xi Jinping who as a head of the Central Military Commission directly controls the Chinese military.

He started restructuring the Chinese military in 2015-16 and that also included revamping of the Chinese military intelligence network. Peter Mattis explained the importance and implications of this exercise of Chinese espionage network in China reorients strategic military intelligence (Janes, 2017), “On 26 November 2015, Chinese president Xi Jinping announced the first significant revision of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) since its reorganization during the 1950s, when the PLA transformed from an army fighting a civil war to one capable of protecting a nation-state. The reforms removed the Soviet-inspired system of general departments, established a new division of labour, and realigned the PLA organizationally to better fulfil the Military Strategic Guidelines that state the goal of winning informationized local wars.”

“Many elements of the PLA’s modernization effort in the past 25 years have had strictly military implications, but this round of reforms reaches far beyond the Chinese military to reshape how the leadership receives information. To reinforce the Central Military Commission’s (CMC’s) control over operational forces and provide better battlefield intelligence support, the PLA created the Strategic Support Force (PLASSF). The new force consolidated much of the PLA’s technical collection capabilities to direct them towards supporting military operations.”

Chinese Military Intelligence Arm: Joint Staff Department

The Chinese military intelligence arm has been innocuously named as Joint Staff Department (JSD). Earlier it was known as 2PLA or second department of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Staff Department. The JSD came into existence around seven years ago.

According to Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg (Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World), “The Intelligence Bureau of the CMC Joint Staff Department is not only responsible for military intelligence but also has a history of extensive activity in civilian domains. It draws on military attachés and signals intelligence to gather intelligence. The Joint Staff Department has its own think tanks — the China Institute for International Strategic Studies, which focuses on research, and the China Foundation for International and Strategic Studies, which engages in academic and policy exchanges. Its Institute of International Relations (now part of the National University of Defense Technology) trains military attachés and secret agents.”

Structure of Chinese Military Intelligence Apparatus

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) controls the PLA through its Central Military Commission. President Xi Jinping has been the chairman of the CMC ever since he came to power in 2012.

According to a US Congressional Research Report published in June 2021, China’s current military modernization push began in 1978 and accelerated in the 1990s. Xi Jinping, the General Secretary and “core leader” of the CCP, Chairman of the CCP’s Central Military Commission, and State President, has continued to make military modernization a priority and has linked military modernization to his signature issue: the “China Dream” of a modern, strong, and prosperous country.

‘In 2017, Xi formalized three broad goals for the PLA: (1) to achieve mechanization of the armed forces and to make significant progress toward what the United States would call a “networked” force by 2020; (2) to “basically complete” China’s military modernization process by 2035; and (3) to have a “world-class” military by 2049, the centenary of the establishment of the PRC. Xi has initiated the most ambitious reform and reorganization of the PLA since the 1950s, to transform the military into a capable joint force as well as to further consolidate control of the PLA in the hands of Xi and the CCP.’

Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology (ICIT), a Washington-based think tank has worked extensively on detailing the structure of Chinese military intelligence through their senior fellow James Drew and Researcher Scott Spaniel. According to Scott and Spaniel, “The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Joint Staff Department (JSD) replaced the General Staff Department on January 11, 2016, as part of Xi Jinping’s military reforms. It manages most military and covert operations. The JSD, as a division of the PLA, is dedicated to warfare. The duties of the PLA JSD include PLA Operations Command, Recruitment, Mobilization, Formation, Training, and Administration.”

Second and Third Department

The JSD has three departments which work in coordination to conduct various intelligence operations. These departments deal respectively with electronic intelligence, human intelligence, and signal intelligence. The section within the PLA’s Joint Staff Department that deals with conventional human intelligence (HUMINT) is known as ‘Second Department’.

James Scott and Drew Spaniel estimated in their 2016 book, China’s Espionage Dynasty, that this department had around 30,000–50,000 agents around the world. Their primary task is to collect useful, relevant, and confidential information and send it back to China.

‘A common misconception is that agents of the Chinese government are “sloppy”; however, agents of the second department who serve as high level spies or handlers are rarely caught. Rather, low-level assets, often belonging to the overt structure, are more often detected by foreign intelligence agencies.’

The Third Department which is entrusted with the task of signals intelligence (SIGNIT). According to Drew and Spaniel, “The Third Department is the largest intelligence agency in the Chinese government, consisting of an estimated 250,000- 300,000 linguists, technical staff, and cyber soldiers. There are at least four known Research Institutes (56, 57, 58, and 61) under the Third Department. Within the 61 Research Institute are approximately 20 bureaus that launch cyberattacks. The Third Department intercepts phone calls, launches cyberattacks, and monitors communications. Much of its efforts involve hacking devices and exfiltrating targeted data. The Third Department may launch obvious cyberattacks, such as DDoS or ransomware attacks, against target systems to mask the activity of Second Department operatives.”

Fourth Department

The Fourth Department is responsible for electronic intelligence (ELINT) operations. Its prime focus is on intercepting satellite and radar data. The operatives of Fourth Department are experts in altering, jamming, or spoofing of signals.

“It is believed that the Fourth Department research direct methods of disabling enemy communication networks. State-Sponsored APTs (i.e., Chinese state sponsored advanced persistent threats) can be identified based on their choice of targets, their proclivity for cyberespionage, and the language settings on the keyboards used to develop the malware, and their connections to other campaigns. Some groups, such as APT 1 (Unit 61398), APT 2 (Unit 61486) and APT 30 (Unit 78020) can be linked to specific units within the Third Department. Other APTs remain less defined.”

PLA Unit 61398

In May 2014, five officers of the PLA who belonged to its unit ‘61398’ commonly known for cyber espionage and cyberattacks were indicted by a US court. Several cyber security firms have reported about the clandestine operations of this unit which is one of the key parts of the Chinese Military Intelligence apparatus. This unit primarily targets countries with flourishing democracies as they are a perfect antidote to the Chinese authoritarian system. Hence along with several other countries, India has also been one of their targets. Several cyberattacks on the Indian establishment are believed to have been carried out by this unit. It is reportedly headquartered in Datong Avenue of Pudong district in Shanghai. There has been a consistent spurt in its activities.

Conclusion

The Chinese military intelligence is committed to pursue the so-called vision of Xi Jinping and peddle a pro-China global narrative. China Institute of International Studies (CIIS), a front form the Chinese military intelligence network, carried a detailed comment on India. Authored by Lan Jianxue, Director of the Department for Asia-Pacific Studies at CIIS, this is what Chinese military intelligence conveyed, “Noticeably, the connotation of the so-called Asian Century, as understood by the United States, is not quite the same as that understood by the Chinese. The expression “Asian Century” was coined by former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1988. Deng pointed out that no genuine Asian Century can come until China, India and other neighboring countries are developed.

It is clear the United States remains one of the primary targets of the Chinese espionage network. And the Chinese military has a significant role to play in this game of cloak and dagger.

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 國家網絡空間安全戰略

People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power // 中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

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People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power //

中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

People’s Daily (April 19, 2018 01 edition)

In today’s world, the information technology revolution is changing with each passing day.

　　In contemporary China, the development of the network business has advanced by leaps and bounds.

　　From mobile payment everywhere to new high-level online transaction volume; from the nationwide e-government system to the booming big data industry… General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on network security and informationization work published two years ago, China’s online letter With the rapid and healthy development of the business, the Internet has increasingly become an important driving force for national development, and the digital field has continuously achieved leap-forward development.

　　

        Under the guidance of the strategic blueprint for the “two hundred years” struggle goal, China, which is opening a new era, is striding towards a new journey of network power.

　　Looking ahead and judging the situation, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core points the way forward for building a network power

　　In March 2018, the “Deepening the Party and State Institutional Reform Plan” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China opened a new chapter in the national network letter business – the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Leading Group was changed to the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Committee, responsible for Top-level design, overall layout, overall coordination, overall promotion, and supervision and implementation of major work in this field.

　　This is the far-sightedness of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the national network letter, and it is also the implementation of the important speech delivered by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the symposium on cybersecurity and informationization.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has accurately grasped the general trend of the times, actively responded to the requirements of practice, deeply examined the major changes in the main social contradictions, and issued a series of important speeches on the development of the network business, clearly proposing the strategic thinking of the network power.

　　”To develop a network business, we must implement a people-centered development thinking.”

　　——According to the ups and downs of Internet technology changes, General Secretary Xi Jinping always puts the people at the highest position, clearly defining “to adapt to people’s expectations and needs, speed up the popularization of information services, reduce application costs, and provide them with affordable and affordable The well-used information service has enabled hundreds of millions of people to gain more sense of sharing Internet development results.”

　　“Big data is a new stage in the development of information technology.”

　　——In the face of the information-based competitive environment that you chase after me, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a keen judgment to “understand the current status and trends of big data development and its impact on economic and social development, and analyze the achievements of China’s big data development and Problems exist to promote the implementation of the national big data strategy.”

　　”Building a community of cyberspace destiny.”

　　——Investigating the profound changes in the global Internet governance system, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed “four principles” and “five points of proposition”, calling for “the Internet is invisible, but the people who use the Internet are tangible, and the Internet is the common home of mankind. It is the common responsibility of the international community to make this home more beautiful, cleaner and safer.

　　……

　　New ideas lead new practices, and new strategies open up new journeys. Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, a colorful network of powerful powers is slowly unfolding.

　　One-point deployment, nine-point implementation, a series of new policies and new measures for the reform and development of the network letter business are turning into new achievements and new changes

　　”Party committees and governments at all levels should strengthen Internet thinking, be good at using the advantages of the Internet, and focus on integrating, sharing, facilitating, and security, promoting scientific decision-making in government, refining social governance, and improving the efficiency of public services. Perceive the social situation, open communication channels, assist decision-making and governance, and facilitate the masses to do things.

　　On April 13, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions during the inspection of the Hainan Provincial Government Affairs Data Center, once again in order to speed up the development of big data and use information technology to point the way.

　　Without informatization, there is no modernization.

　　General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on cybersecurity and informatization work has been published for two years. All localities and departments have kept pace with the times, pioneering and innovating, and introduced a series of new policies and new measures to promote the cause of major strategic opportunities in the network letter industry and usher in new Development, new leap.

　　——Continuously strengthen the top-level design, and the information development will add institutional guarantee.

　　The Outline of the National Informatization Development Strategy was published, which depicts the development of digital China’s construction in the next 10 years, and clearly sets a clear timetable and roadmap for the construction of a network power. The “13th Five-Year National Informationization Plan” was released. It is proposed to achieve significant results in the construction of digital China as the overall goal of China’s informatization development.

　　In the past two years, the informatization development strategy, the national big data strategy, and the “Internet +” action plan have been frequently deployed, and the foundation of the network is solid.

　　——The infrastructure is more perfect, and the digital development paves the way.

　　In 2017, the length of new optical cable lines in China was 7.05 million kilometers. The total length of national optical cable lines reached 37.47 million kilometers, an increase of 23.2% over the previous year; the number of Internet broadband access ports reached 779 million, an increase of 9.3%.

　　The Action Plan for Promoting the Scale Deployment of the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) was issued and implemented, and the scale of IPv6 deployment was comprehensively improved. As of December 31, 2017, the total number of IPv6 address allocations in China was 23,430 (/32).

　　In the past two years, the quality and coverage of mobile network services have continued to improve, and the development of next-generation Internet has shown great prospects.

　　– Internet innovative social governance tools, e-government work into the fast lane.

　　At the Taxation Hall of the State Taxation Bureau of Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, the financial manager Shi Jinxing received dozens of special value-added tax invoices through the self-service terminal. He felt that “it took a half-day to become a few minutes, and the government service became more and more convenient. Efficient.”

　　Innovative services to benefit the people. The data shows that the current total number of government websites in the country is nearly 32,000; the new government media has become a new channel for communication between the public and the public.

　　In December 2017, the Central Network Information Office and other departments jointly launched a two-year national e-government comprehensive pilot project in eight provinces including Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu to explore the development of e-government development experience that can be used for promotion, and more convenient and efficient e-government experience. Just around the corner.

　　Take the matter at any time, make meritorious deeds from the capital, and profit from the power of all things.

　　The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China formulated a blueprint for the development of a new era, and proposed to build a network power, digital China, and a smart society, promote the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and the real economy, develop the digital economy, share the economy, and foster new growth. Point, form new kinetic energy.

　　In Zhejiang, the digital economy, which is dominated by software services, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data, has exceeded 10 trillion yuan for three consecutive years. In Guizhou, where poverty alleviation is the main battlefield, big data has become one of the three development strategies. Its economic growth rate has been in the forefront of the country for seven consecutive years.

　　A series of data and an item of results reflect a series of historical achievements and historic changes in the digital development of China in recent years.

　　Let hundreds of millions of people gain more sense of sharing the Internet development achievements, and build a strong power for building a network power.

　　At the end of each course, Zhang Fan, an online training teacher, will carefully review the “Magic Mirror System” analysis of the students’ class status and adjust and optimize the teaching plan accordingly.

　　Through this system, the camera captures the classroom state, such as raising hands, practicing, listening to classes, speaking, etc., and even facial expression changes at any time. Through multi-dimensional measurement of data, a unique learning report for each student is generated.

　　With the help of digital technology, the goal of “there is no education, teaching students in accordance with their aptitudes”, which is the sage of the past dynasties, is now entering an ordinary life.

　　No longer just online shopping, sharing bicycles, today, digital technology represented by big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence is increasingly infiltrating into every aspect of Chinese life: the construction of cancer big data portraits makes health dreams clearer; The guardian platform gives the minors a clearer cyberspace; the 5G “super speed” makes the screen “flashing” words become history…

　　New products from the Internet have emerged, and digital technology has turned people’s imagined new life into reality. From the introduction of the network security law to the new stage of legal governance, to the digital economy, the “big artery” is more smooth… The world of the people of the world is more colorful because of the Internet, and the lives of the people are more abundant because of the Internet.

　　Promoting the development of the Internet and making good use of the power of the Internet are the basic projects that promote social progress and enhance people’s well-being.

　　Liuyu Village is located in the selenium-rich area of ​​southern Meizhou, Guangdong Province, and has a long history of growing tea. However, due to the remote location, poor traffic and information, the sales of tea has not been opened.

　　Since the staying tea has been stationed in the Guangdong mobile e-commerce informationization poverty alleviation platform to achieve online sales, the problem of slow sales of tea has been solved. In the past year, the tea sold by the “Lingnan Life” platform has reached 6,000 kilograms, and the single-day sales order has reached a maximum of 1423.

　　Statistics show that in 2017, China’s digital economy reached 27.2 trillion yuan, accounting for 32.9% of GDP; e-commerce and online retail continued to grow, e-commerce promoted the steady expansion of rural consumption, and rural consumer infrastructure such as logistics, telecommunications, and transportation. further improvement.

　　”Adhere to the people as the center”, digital development is constantly satisfying people’s yearning for a better life, and the people have more sense of gaining in sharing the development of the Internet.

　　“The way of benefit, and the time.”

　　In just over 20 years, starting from a network cable with a network speed of only 64 kilobits per second, China now has 700 million netizens and more than 4 million websites. It has built the world’s largest 4G network, and the scale of online retail transactions has jumped. The world’s first… a series of “great”, witnessed a slap in the face of a network power to the network power.

　　In just two years, from the speed increase and decrease of the network to the implementation of the Cyber ​​Security Law, from the continuous hosting of the four World Internet Conferences to the Alibaba Cloud Data Center, which covers the major Internet markets in the world, a series of “big-handed” highlights China’s move to a network powerhouse. Determination and confidence.

　　In December 2017, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in the second collective study of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee that “the situation will be judged, carefully planned, advanced, and proactive” “accelerate the construction of digital China and better serve China’s economic and social development and people. Life improvement.”

　　The construction of digital China is an important measure to implement the internship General Secretary General Ping Ping’s strategic thinking on network power. It is an effective way to adhere to the people-centered development thinking and continuously enhance the people’s sense of acquisition. It is an inevitable requirement for seizing development opportunities and accelerating the modernization process.

　　This is an urgent call for the new era, and it is a firm declaration of China in the new era.

　　Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, the development of China’s network information industry will surely take greater steps in the construction of a network powerhouse, and create a more awkward innovation for the Chinese dream of building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the nation. power.

 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

當今世界，信息技術革命日新月異。

當代中國，網信事業發展突飛猛進。

從隨處可見的移動支付到屢創新高的網絡交易額；從覆蓋全國的電子政務系統到蓬勃發展的大數據產業……習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來，我國網信事業快速健康發展，互聯網日益成為國家發展重要驅動力，數字領域不斷實現跨越式發展。

在“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標的戰略藍圖指引下，開啟新時代的中國，正在闊步邁向網絡強國的新征程。

高瞻遠矚、審時度勢，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央為建設網絡強國指明前進方向

2018年3月，中共中央印發的《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》，揭開了國家網信事業的新篇章——中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組改為中央網絡安全和信息化委員會，負責這一領域重大工作的頂層設計、總體佈局、統籌協調、整體推進、督促落實。

這是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央對國家網信事業的深謀遠慮，也是對習近平總書記在網絡安全和信息化工作座談會上發表的重要講話的貫徹落實。

黨的十八大以來，習近平總書記準確把握時代大勢，積極回應實踐要求，深刻審視社會主要矛盾新變化，就網信事業發展發表一系列重要講話，鮮明提出了網絡強國的戰略思想。

“網信事業要發展，必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。”

——順應風起雲湧的互聯網技術變革，習近平總書記始終把人民放在最高位置，明確“要適應人民期待和需求，加快信息化服務普及，降低應用成本，為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務，讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感”。

“大數據是信息化發展的新階段。”

——面對你追我趕的信息化競爭環境，習近平總書記敏銳地作出判斷，要求“深入了解大數據發展現狀和趨勢及其對經濟社會發展的影響，分析我國大數據發展取得的成績和存在的問題，推動實施國家大數據戰略”。

“構建網絡空間命運共同體。”

——洞察全球互聯網治理體系的深刻變革，習近平總書記提出“四項原則”“五點主張”，呼籲“互聯網雖然是無形的，但運用互聯網的人們都是有形的，互聯網是人類的共同家園。讓這個家園更美麗、更乾淨、更安全，是國際社會的共同責任”。

……

新理念引領新實踐，新戰略開啟新征程。在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，一幅五彩斑斕的網絡強國畫卷正在徐徐展開。

一分部署、九分落實，一系列網信事業改革發展的新政策新舉措正在化為舉世矚目的新成就新變革

“各級黨委和政府要強化互聯網思維，善於利用互聯網優勢，著力在融合、共享、便民、安全上下功夫，推進政府決策科學化、社會治理精細化、公共服務高效化，用信息化手段更好感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助決策施政、方便群眾辦事，做到心中有數。”

2018年4月13日，習近平總書記在考察海南省政務數據中心時作出的重要指示，再一次為加快大數據發展、用好信息化手段指明方向。

沒有信息化就沒有現代化。

習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來，各地各部門與時俱進、開拓創新，出台一系列新政策、新舉措，推動網信事業抓住重大戰略機遇期，迎來新發展、新飛躍。

——持續加強頂層設計，信息化發展更添制度保障。

《國家信息化發展戰略綱要》出台，描繪了未來10年數字中國建設的發展圖景，為網絡強國建設標識出清晰的時間表和路線圖；《“十三五”國家信息化規劃》發布，明確提出將數字中國建設取得顯著成效作為我國信息化發展的總目標。

兩年間，信息化發展戰略、國家大數據戰略、“互聯網+”行動計劃等頻密部署，網絡強國基礎夯實。

——基礎設施更加完善，數字化發展鋪就前進道路。

2017年，我國新建光纜線路長度705萬公里，全國光纜線路總長度達3747萬公里，比上年增長23.2%；互聯網寬帶接入端口數量達到7.79億個，增長9.3%。

《推進互聯網協議第六版（IPv6）規模部署行動計劃》印發實施，IPv6規模化部署全面提升。截至2017年12月31日，我國IPv6地址分配總數為23430塊（/32）。

兩年間，移動網絡服務質量和覆蓋範圍持續提升，下一代互聯網發展展現美好前景。

——互聯網創新社會治理手段，電子政務工作駛入快車道。

在福建晉江市國稅局辦稅大廳，財務經理施金星通過自助終端機領取了數十份增值稅專用發票後，深感“原先要花半天的時間變成了幾分鐘，政府服務越來越便捷高效”。

創新服務，利企便民。數據顯示，目前全國政府網站運行總數近3.2萬家；政務新媒體成為溝通社情民意的新渠道。

2017年12月，中央網信辦等部門聯合在北京、上海、江蘇等8省份開展為期2年的國家電子政務綜合試點，探索形成可藉鑑推廣的電子政務發展經驗，更加方便高效的電子政務體驗指日可待。

隨時以舉事，因資而立功，用萬物之能而獲利其上。

黨的十九大製定了面向新時代的發展藍圖，提出要建設網絡強國、數字中國、智慧社會，推動互聯網、大數據、人工智能和實體經濟深度融合，發展數字經濟、共享經濟，培育新增長點、形成新動能。

在浙江，以軟件服務業、物聯網、雲計算、大數據等為主體的數字經濟規模連續3年超萬億元；在脫貧攻堅主戰場的貴州，大數據成為三大發展戰略支撐之一，其經濟增速已連續7年位居全國前列。

一串串數據、一項項成果，折射出近年來我國數字化發展的一系列歷史性成就、歷史性變革。

讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果中有更多獲得感，為建設網絡強國凝聚磅礴力量

每次課程結束，在線培訓教師張帆都會仔細查看“魔鏡系統”對學生上課狀態的分析，並據此調整優化教學方案。

通過這一系統，攝像頭隨時捕捉學生上課時的舉手、練習、聽課、發言等課堂狀態，甚至面部表情的變化，通過多維度量化數據，生成專屬每一個學生的學習報告。

借助數字技術，“有教無類、因材施教”這一歷代先賢嚮往的目​​標如今正在走入尋常生活。

不再僅僅是網上購物、共享單車，如今，以大數據、雲計算、人工智能為代表的數字技術正日益滲透進中國人生活的方方面面：癌症大數據畫像的構建讓健康夢想更加清晰；“成長守護平台”給未成年人一片更為清朗的網絡空間；5G“超級網速”使屏幕閃現的“加載中”字樣成為歷史……

從互聯網催生的新產品新業態競相湧現，到數字技術將人們想像中的智能新生活變為現實；從出台網絡安全法開啟依法治網新階段，到數字經濟的“大動脈”更加通暢……億萬國人的世界因互聯網而更多彩，百姓的生活因互聯網而更豐富。

推動互聯網發展，用好互聯網的力量，是促進社會進步、增進人民福祉的基礎性工程。

留畬村位於廣東梅州南部的富硒地帶，種茶歷史悠久。但由於地理位置偏僻，交通和信息不暢，留畬茶的銷路一直沒有打開。

自從留畬茶進駐廣東移動電商信息化扶貧平台，實現在線銷售，茶葉滯銷難題迎刃而解。一年來，經“嶺南生活”平台售出的留畬茶多達6000餘斤，單日銷售訂單最高達1423單。

統計顯示，2017年，中國數字經濟規模達27.2萬億元，佔GDP比重達32.9%；電子商務、網絡零售持續增長，電商推動農村消費規模穩步擴大，物流、電信、交通等農村消費基礎設施進一步完善。

“堅持以人民為中心”，數字化發展正不斷滿足人民對美好生活的嚮往，百姓在共享互聯網發展成果上擁有了更多獲得感。

“凡益之道，與時偕行。”

短短20多年時間，從一條網速僅有64千比特每秒的網線出發，如今我國已經擁有7億網民、400多萬家網站，建成了全球最大的4G網絡，網絡零售交易額規模躍居世界第一……一連串的“了不起”，見證了一個網絡大國向網絡強國邁進的鏗鏘足音。

短短兩年間，從網絡提速降費到網絡安全法啟動實施，從連續主辦四屆世界互聯網大會到阿里雲數據中心基本覆蓋全球主要互聯網市場，一系列的“大手筆”，彰顯中國邁向網絡強國的決心與信心。

2017年12月，習近平總書記在十九屆中央政治局第二次集體學習時強調，“審時度勢、精心謀劃、超前佈局、力爭主動”“加快建設數字中國，更好服務我國經濟社會發展和人民生活改善”。

建設數字中國是貫徹落實習近平總書記關於網絡強國戰略思想的重要舉措，是堅持以人民為中心的發展思想、不斷增強人民獲得感的有效途徑，是搶抓發展機遇、加快現代化進程的必然要求。

這是新時代的迫切呼喚，更是新時代中國的堅定宣示。

在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，我國網信事業發展必將在網絡強國的建設中邁出更大步伐，為全面建成小康社會，實現民族偉大復興的中國夢凝聚更加澎湃的創新動力。

Referring URL: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2018-04/

China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

Chinese General: If hostile forces invade my network sovereignty China can use military means to fight & hack back // 中國將軍：如果敵對勢力入侵我的網絡主權，中國可以用軍事手段進行反擊和反擊

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Chinese General: If hostile forces invade my network sovereignty China can use military means to fight & hack back //

中國將軍：如果敵對勢力入侵我的網絡主權，中國可以用軍事手段進行反擊和反擊

（安卫平，北部战区副参谋长）

Original: “National Defense Reference”, No. 3, 2017

The cyberspace was born in the military field. For example, the first computer, the APA network and the GPS navigation system all originated from the military. Today, cyberspace security has been closely related to national security, and the military has once again become the protagonist of maintaining national cyberspace security. Whether facing normalized network penetration or large-scale cyberattacks, it is urgent for the military to move from guarding the “network camp gate” to guarding the “network country gate”, breaking through the traditional military missions and missions, and breaking through the traditional war preparation mode. With a new network of national defense thinking, the founding of the network era of the country’s strong shield.

From the “network camp door” to the “network country door”, the new era brings a new trend of military mission

Cyberspace is not only related to the maintenance of national strategic interests, but also directly affects political, economic, cultural security and social development. It has also become the blood and link of modern battlefield joint operations. The Chinese military cannot be limited to maintaining the internal network security of the military camp. It must also actively adapt to the trend of the times and take the responsibility of the country that guards the “network country.” Network strong army is an important part of the construction of a network powerhouse. From the “network camp door” to the “network country door” is the inevitable trend of the development of the domestic and international situation in the information age.

Guarding the “network country door” is forced by the cyberspace security situation. As the first big Internet country, China’s security situation is not optimistic, and strategic opponents have never stopped preparing for our network operations. The United States, Britain, France and other countries are actively preparing for cyberspace, giving military functions through cyberspace security legislation, developing cyber warfare forces, developing cyber warfare weapons and equipment, and advancing war to the “fifth space” of mankind, especially in China. In the historical process of the rise, under the leadership of the Cold War mentality and the containment subversion strategy, Western countries have used network technology and communication methods to implement uninterrupted harassment, subversion and cyberattacks, seriously affecting China’s national security and social development, and China has gradually become The hardest hit by cybersecurity threats, the test sites for virus attacks, and the destinations of conscious penetration, national security faces enormous risks.

In the coming period, as a new emerging country, China’s conflicts of interest with other parties will intensify. Firmly promoting the network defense strategy and strengthening the operational preparation of cyberspace are the inevitable ways to actively strive for the dominance and discourse power of cyberspace, and also the rise of China. The only way to go. As the main force of national security and stability, the military must adapt to the characteristics of cyberspace characteristics, become the backbone and main force to resist network intrusion and network subversion, and safeguard national security and social stability.

Winning cyber warfare is the trend of new military revolution in the information age. As one of the most advanced productivity in the information age, network technology has made cyberspace warfare a leading factor in guiding the evolution of modern warfare and affecting the overall situation of war. In recent years, from the “seismic net” attack in Iran, the cyber warfare in the Russian-Georgian conflict, the large-scale obstruction of the Ukrainian power grid, and the cyberattack of the US military against IS, the huge role played by cyberspace in actual combat has gradually emerged, indicating that cyber warfare Has become an important style of future joint operations.

The US military attaches great importance to the construction of cyberspace armaments, the establishment of the cyberspace command, the launch of cyberspace joint operations, the extensive expansion of cyber warfare forces, the maintenance of its cyberspace hegemony, and the formation of cyberspace control capabilities as a “third offset strategy”. “Absolute advantage is the most important competitive content.

Many countries in the world have followed suit, and the trend of militarization of cyberspace is obvious. The rigorous cyberspace military struggle situation requires the Chinese military to focus on the changes in the network battlefield space, adapt to the requirements of the information war era, and achieve the strong military goal of smashing and winning in cyberspace.

Effective network warfare is an intrinsic need to accelerate the construction of a network powerhouse. In the process of China’s development from a network power to a network power, it is inseparable from the strong cyberspace military power as a guarantee. The international competition in cyberspace is a comprehensive game of the country’s comprehensive strength. Among them, the quality of network military capacity building is directly related to national security and stability, and it is the core element of the entire national security field.

At present, the interests of countries in the world in the cyberspace are mutually infiltrated, and there is a situation in which you have me, I have you, cooperate with each other, and develop together. However, this kind of common development is not equal. The US and Western powers have taken advantage of the cyberspace dominance and have already achieved certain network warfare advantages, which has made my network development and interests subject to people. How can the military fulfill its mission of defending the earth in the construction of a network-strength country? The premise is to form a network environment that can contain the crisis and control the opponent’s network attack and defense capabilities and ensure peaceful development.

Therefore, the military needs to establish a deterrent strategic goal of effective warfare, form a strategic check and balance ability that can “destroy each other” with the enemy, thereby enhancing strategic competitiveness, ending cyberspace aggression, and ensuring the smooth advancement of the network power strategy.

From “keeping the soil to the responsibility” to “protecting the net and defending the country”, the new situation requires the military to undertake new tasks.

The military is the main force and pillar of national security, and cyberspace is no exception. The National Security Law, which was enacted on July 1, 2015, stipulates: “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China, all state organs and armed forces, political parties and people’s organizations, enterprises and institutions, and other social organizations have the responsibility to safeguard national security. And obligations.” The Cyber ​​Security Law, promulgated in November 2016, emphasizes the need to maintain cyberspace sovereignty and national security.

On the basis of the laws of these two countries, on December 27, 2016, the National Cyberspace Security Strategy (hereinafter referred to as the “Strategy”) was officially launched, providing overall guidance for creating a new pattern of network powers at a new starting point. Basically follow, clearly put forward nine strategic tasks, further embodying the mission of the military in the process of building a network power.

With the national mission of protecting the network, the military must be a strong pillar to defend the cyberspace sovereignty. The first of the nine strategic tasks listed in the “Strategy” is “firmly defending the cyberspace sovereignty” and clearly proposes to “take all measures including economic, administrative, scientific, technological, legal, diplomatic, military, etc., and unswervingly maintain our network.” Space sovereignty.” It can be seen that the military must assume the military mission of using physical space and defend the national mission of the sovereign security and interests of virtual cyberspace.

Cyberspace sovereignty is the core interest of the state and an important component of national sovereignty. It indicates the independence, equal, self-defense and management power of the state in cyberspace. Once the hostile forces violated my cyberspace sovereignty, it would be equivalent to infringing on the national sovereignty of the physical space such as land, sea and air. China will have the right to take all measures including military means to give a firm response.

Internationally, the United States has long proposed a cyberspace deterrence strategy, declaring that attacks on US network information facilities are equivalent to war acts, and the United States will take military strikes to retaliate. Military means are the means of safeguarding national sovereignty and play a vital role in safeguarding national cyberspace security. Therefore, the military, air, sea and air military forces have been given the historical mission of protecting the cyberspace sovereignty. They must rely on the powerful physical space to defend the national interests of cyberspace and effectively deter the hostile forces from cyber-damaging attempts.

In accordance with the era of the Internet, the military must be the ballast stone to defend national security. The second item of the “Strategy” mission emphasizes the need to resolutely safeguard national security, prevent, deter and punish any use of the Internet for treason, secession, sedition, subversion or incitement to subvert the people’s democratic dictatorship.

In the era of information network, the military of all countries in the world has become an important participant in cyberspace. The level of cyberspace capability has become the main indicator for assessing the modernization of a country’s military. It is one of the main duties of the informationized military to carry out cyberspace missions and maintain national security.

Judging from the historical process of China’s development, it is necessary to be highly vigilant against the danger of the country being invaded, subverted, and divided in cyberspace in order to adapt to the national security strategy needs of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Highly alert to the reform caused by cyberspace. The danger of developing the overall situation is destroyed, and we are highly wary of the danger of interference and destruction in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Preventing problems before they occur requires the state to have the means to cope with and deal with these risks, and to have the powerful force to prevent, stop and legally punish cyberspace violations. Defending the country has always been an unshirkable historical responsibility of the military. The inherent mission and mission have determined that the Chinese military must assume the role of taking various measures in the cyberspace to safeguard the country’s political, economic, cultural security and social stability.

The strategic mission of both offensive and defensive, the military must be a strong backing to enhance the ability of cyberspace protection. The third and eighth items of the Nine Major Tasks in the Strategy clearly state that all necessary measures must be taken to protect key information infrastructure and its important data from attack and destruction, and that technology and management should be adhered to, protected and shocked; We will build a network space protection force that is commensurate with China’s international status and adapts to the network power. We will vigorously develop network security defense methods, timely discover and resist network intrusion, and build a strong backing for national security. Among all the political, diplomatic, military, and scientific and technological capabilities of the country to maintain security, military power has always been the foundation and support for all capabilities, the fundamental guarantee for all capabilities, and the ultimate support for national security.

Therefore, the military must undertake the strategic task of strengthening the national cyberspace protection capability. In the real society, the military is the reassurance of safeguarding national security, and it should also become the security dependence and guarantee of the people in cyberspace. As an important part of the national cyberspace protection capability, the military must achieve both offensive and defensive capabilities and a unified warfare. It has the ability to resolutely safeguard the interests and security of the country and the people in cyberspace, and effectively eliminate the various crises caused by cybersecurity threats. The turbulence of thoughts enables the people to truly feel that production and life are effectively protected and become the confidence of the people of the whole country in their confidence in the national network protection capabilities.

With the global responsibility of UNPROFOR, the military must be an important support for maintaining global cybersecurity. The last item of the “Strategy” mission clearly proposes to strengthen international cooperation in cyberspace, support the United Nations in playing a leading role, promote the development of universally accepted international rules on cyberspace, international anti-terrorism conventions on cyberspace, and improve the judicial assistance mechanism against cybercrime. International cooperation in the areas of policy and law, technological innovation, standards and regulations, emergency response, and protection of key information infrastructure.

Cyber ​​terrorism and cybercrime are new forms of global threat catalyzed by information network fermentation. They pose a huge threat to the political, economic, military and cultural security of all countries in the world. It is not enough to rely solely on the power of the government and the people. Western countries have given the military the responsibility to protect cybersecurity and the power to fight cyber terrorism. Maintaining the security and stability of global cyberspace is in the fundamental interests of China and the rest of the world. The military should become an important defender of global cyberspace security and an important force in combating global cyber terrorism and cybercrime.

The globalization and unbounded nature of the Internet determine the international demand for combating cyber terrorism and transnational cybercrime. The military should promote military cooperation in network governance between countries under the framework of the UN Security Council, and use the strategies and technologies of the network era to establish joint defense and joint defense. Mechanism to effectively safeguard the security of the national and world cyberspace.

From “field training” to “network preparation”, new areas require new preparations for the military

Under the new historical situation, cyberspace puts forward new requirements for the military training and preparation mode. It should adapt to the new characteristics of cyberspace and the new mission of the military to carry out innovative reforms on the traditional model, and take the goal of strengthening the country and strengthening the military as the overall plan, and strengthen macro-coordination. Focusing on the legal needs of military operations in cyberspace, it closely follows the natural attributes of the “military and civilian integration” of cyberspace, builds a network security attack and defense system that combines peacetime and warfare, and builds a network defense force of “military and land use”.

Legislation empowerment provides a legal basis for the military to carry out its functional mission. The countries of the world, especially the western developed countries, attach great importance to the issue of network defense in cyber security legislation. The United States has successively issued a series of policies and regulations such as “National Security No. 16 Presidential Decree”, “Network Space Action Strategy”, and has continuously deepened and standardized on how to protect national network security in the field of network defense.

At present, it is necessary to clarify the duties and responsibilities of the cyberspace military from the legal level. It should be based on the National Security Law and the Cyber ​​Security Law, and introduce the network defense law and related cyberspace military operational regulations, for the construction of the network defense field and the military. The action provides regulatory support and a program of action to make the military’s responsibilities and mission in cyberspace more specific and specific.

First, through network defense legislation to further define network sovereignty and network frontiers, clear the scope of the military’s responsibilities.

The second is to establish the operational authority of the military to defend the national cyberspace security through the construction of cyber warfare laws and regulations, and to distinguish military means against network intrusion and network destruction. Third, through the cyberspace international cooperation policy, the military will coordinate with other countries and civilian forces to combat international cyber terrorism and cybercrime.

The integration of military and civilian provides an innovative driving force for the construction of a network powerhouse. The integration of military and civilian is the main practice for the world powers to enhance the competitiveness of cyberspace. For the construction of China’s network powerhouses, building a military-civilian network security attack and defense system and developing a military-land dual-use defense information infrastructure is to inspire the innovation of military cyberspace combat capability. Source.

The first is to coordinate the military, civilian, and functional departments of the state, the military, and various levels of government, set up special command and coordination agencies, mobilize all national network forces, and build a network security attack and defense system that combines “military and civilian integration” and “peace and war.”

The second is to issue guidance on the in-depth development of cybersecurity military-civilian integration as soon as possible, and gradually carry out basic legal research and demonstration of military-civilian integration to guide the development of medium- and long-term military-civil integration.

Third, relying on the country’s existing public mobile communication network, optical fiber communication network and satellite system, the military and civilians will jointly build an information infrastructure covering the entire army of the whole country, and realize the unified construction and sharing of military and civilian.

The fourth is to establish an emergency response mechanism for military-civilian joints, increase the ability to train military authorities to control events, strengthen experts and emergency professional strength, and enhance the ability to quickly recover damaged networks or information systems.

Military-civilian joint training provides a practical environment for the generation of cyberspace military capabilities. The military-civilian sharing characteristics of cyberspace make military-civilian joint training an important means of military training in cyberspace around the world. The United States and NATO countries and other cyberspace joint military and civilian exercises have formed a series of, “network storm” and “network guards” and other exercises have attracted the participation of the government, enterprises, research institutions and even civilian hackers. Our military cyberspace military strength training also needs to attract a wide range of civil forces to participate.

First, do a good job in military and political cooperation, establish a military-civilian joint offensive and defensive drill mechanism, learn from the red-blue confrontation training methods in cyber warfare drills in developed countries such as the United States, actively build a “national network shooting range”, plan a series of joint exercises of the government and non-government organizations, and enhance the integration of military and civilian. The level of attack and defense of the network of the government and the people.

The second is to do a good job in military-enterprise cooperation, relying on net-based enterprises to set up a training field on the Internet, to promote the ability of the military and civilians to attack and defend, and jointly improve the ability to prevent unknown risks.

The third is to organize private network security companies and hacker talents, carry out network security competitions and other activities, and verify each other to jointly improve the level of network security protection technology and tactics.

The network reserve service provides a source of strength for building a powerful network army. As a backup supplement to the national defense force, reserve service has both military and civilian characteristics and is a powerful measure to realize the organic unification of cyberspace economic development and national defense construction.

First, it is led by the national security department, and overall planning is carried out according to national interests. A series of laws and regulations conducive to the construction of the network national defense reserve are introduced. From the top level, the main division of labor, promotion strategy, interest coordination, etc. of the military and civilian construction in the network defense reserve construction are solved. problem.

The second is to innovate the reserve organization and comprehensive coordination mechanism, and plan to integrate the reserve construction into all levels and fields of national network information development.

The third is to focus on the reform of the military and local management modes. Based on the management mechanisms of the provincial and municipal governments, the military, and local enterprises and institutions, establish a network of national defense reserve personnel to jointly cultivate and use the mechanism, improve the national emergency mobilization mechanism, and establish a national network defense special talent. The database will include the construction of network militia and reserve forces into the scope of mobilization of the people’s armed forces. In normal times, they will be incorporated into the militia emergency detachment for training. In an emergency, select the capable personnel to participate in the non-war military operations missions, and the wartime will be recruited according to the requirements. To transform the national defense potential into national defense strength. 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

原載：《國防參考》2017年第3期

網絡空間誕生於軍事領域，如首台計算機、阿帕網和GPS導航系統等都源於軍方，時至今日，網絡空間安全已與國家安全息息相關，軍隊又再次成為維護國家網絡空間安全的主角，無論是面對常態化的網絡滲透，還是大規模的網絡攻擊，都迫切需要軍隊從守衛“網絡營門”走向守衛“網絡國門”，突破傳統的軍隊使命任務，突破傳統的應戰備戰模式，以全新的網絡國防思維，鑄造網絡時代國之堅盾。

從“網絡營門”到“網絡國門”，新時代帶來軍隊使命新趨勢

網絡空間不僅事關國家戰略利益維護，直接影響政治、經濟、文化安全和社會發展，也成為現代戰場聯合作戰的血脈和紐帶。中國軍隊不能局限於維護軍營內部網絡安全，更要主動適應時代趨勢，勇於承擔把守“網絡國門”的國家擔當。網絡強軍是網絡強國建設的重要一環，從“網絡營門”走向“網絡國門”是信息時代國內外形勢發展的必然趨勢。

守衛“網絡國門”是網絡空間安全形勢所迫。中國作為第一網絡大國，安全狀況不容樂觀，戰略對手從未停止對我網絡作戰準備。美、英、法等國積極備戰網絡空間，通過網絡空間安全立法賦予軍隊職能，發展網絡戰部隊，研發網絡戰武器裝備，將戰爭推進到了人類的“第五空間”，特別是在中國日益強大崛起的歷史進程中，西方國家在冷戰思維和遏制顛覆戰略的主導下，利用網絡技術手段和傳播方式實施不間斷的騷擾、顛覆和網絡攻擊行動，嚴重影響我國家安全與社會發展，中國逐漸成為網絡安全威脅的重災區、病毒攻擊的試驗場、意識滲透的目的地，國家安全面臨著巨大風險。

未來一段時期內，中國作為新興大國，與各方利益衝突還將加劇，堅定推進網絡國防戰略，加強網絡空間的作戰準備，是積極爭取網絡空間的主導權和話語權的必然途徑，也是中國崛起的必由之路。軍隊作為國家安全穩定的主要力量，必須適應網絡空間特點要求，成為抗擊網絡入侵、網絡顛覆的中堅和主力，維護國家安全和社會穩定。

打贏網絡戰爭是信息時代新軍事變革所趨。網絡技術作為信息時代最先進生產力之一，使得網絡空間作戰成為引導現代戰爭形態演變的主導因素，影響著戰爭全局。近年來，從伊朗“震網”攻擊、俄格衝突網絡戰、烏克蘭電網遭大規模阻癱以及美軍對IS的網絡攻擊，網絡空間在實戰中所展現出的巨大作用逐漸顯現，預示著網絡作戰已成為未來聯合作戰重要樣式。

美軍高度重視網絡空間軍備建設，成立網絡空間司令部，推出網絡空間聯合作戰條令，大幅度擴編網絡戰部隊，極力維護其在網絡空間霸權，把對網絡空間控制能力作為形成“第三次抵消戰略”絕對優勢最重要的競爭內容。

世界多國紛紛跟進，網絡空間軍事化趨勢明顯。嚴峻的網絡空間軍事鬥爭形勢要求中國軍隊著眼網絡戰場空間變化，適應信息化戰爭時代要求，實現在網絡空間能打仗、打勝仗的強軍目標。

有效網絡懾戰是加速網絡強國建設內在所需。在中國由網絡大國向網絡強國發展過程中，離不開強大的網絡空間軍事力量作為保障。網絡空間國際競爭表現為國家綜合實力的全面博弈，其中，網絡軍事能力建設的好壞，直接關係到國家安全與穩定，牽一發而動全身，是整個國家安全領域的核心要素。

當前，世界各國在網絡空間的利益互相滲透，出現“你中有我、我中有你，互相合作，共同發展”的局面。但是這種共同發展是不對等的，美國及西方強國利用網絡空間主導權，已經取得了一定的網絡懾戰優勢，使我網絡發展及利益受制於人。軍隊如何在網絡強國建設中完成守土有責的使命重托，前提就是要形成能夠遏制危機、懾控對手的網絡攻防能力，確保和平發展的網絡環境。

因此，軍隊需要確立有效懾戰的威懾戰略目標，形成能與敵“相互摧毀”的戰略制衡能力，從而增強戰略競爭力，懾止網絡空間侵略，保障網絡強國戰略順利推進。

從“守土有責”到“護網衛國”，新形勢要求軍隊承擔新任務

軍隊是保衛國家安全的主力和柱石，網絡空間也不例外。 2015年7月1日施行的《國家安全法》規定：“中華人民共和國公民、一切國家機關和武裝力量、各政黨和各人民團體、企業事業組織和其他社會組織，都有維護國家安全的責任和義務。”2016年11月頒布的《網絡安全法》強調了要維護網絡空間主權和國家安全。

在這兩個國家法律的基礎上，2016年12月27日，《國家網絡空間安全戰略》(下文簡稱《戰略》)正式出台，為在新的起點上開創網絡強國新格局提供了總體指導和基本遵循，明確提出了九大戰略任務，進一步體現了軍隊在建設網絡強國進程中的使命任務。

全力護網的國家使命，軍隊要做捍衛網絡空間主權的堅強柱石。 《戰略》中列出的九大戰略任務首項就是“堅定捍衛網絡空間主權”，明確提出要“採取包括經濟、行政、科技、法律、外交、軍事等一切措施，堅定不移地維護我國網絡空間主權”。可見，軍隊須承擔起運用實體空間的軍事手段，保衛虛擬網絡空間主權安全和利益的國家使命。

網絡空間主權是國家的核心利益，是國家主權的重要組成，表明國家在網絡空間所擁有的獨立權、平等權、自衛權和管理權。一旦敵對勢力侵犯了我網絡空間主權，就等同於侵犯了我陸海空等實體空間的國家主權，中國將有權利採取包括軍事手段在內的一切措施給予堅決回擊。

在國際上，美國早就提出網絡空間威懾戰略，宣告對美國網絡信息設施的攻擊等同於戰爭行為，美國會採取軍事打擊措施進行報復。軍事手段是維護國家主權的保底手段，在維護國家網絡空間安全中發揮著至關重要的作用。因此，陸海空天軍事力量理所應當地被賦予了保護網絡空間主權的歷史使命，必須憑藉強大的實體空間武力保衛網絡空間的國家利益，有力震懾敵對勢力的網絡破壞企圖。

依網衛國的時代擔當，軍隊要做保衛國家安全的壓艙石。 《戰略》任務的第二項著力強調要堅決維護國家安全，防範、制止和依法懲治任何利用網絡進行叛國、分裂國家、煽動叛亂、顛覆或者煽動顛覆人民民主專政政權的行為。

信息網絡時代，世界各國軍隊都已經成為網絡空間重要參與者，網絡空間能力水平成為評估一個國家軍隊現代化程度的主要指標，遂行網絡空間使命任務、維護國家安全成為信息化軍隊的主要職責之一。

從中國發展所處的歷史進程來看，要適應全面建成小康社會決勝階段的國家安全戰略需求，必須高度警惕國家在網絡空間被侵略、被顛覆、被分裂的危險，高度警惕由網絡空間引發改革發展大局被破壞的危險，高度警惕中國特色社會主義發展進程被干擾、破壞的危險。

防患於未然，要求國家必須具有應對和處置這些危險的手段措施，具有防範、制止和依法懲治網絡空間違法破壞行為的強大力量。保衛國家歷來是軍隊不可推卸的歷史責任，固有的使命任務決定了中國軍隊必須承擔起在網絡空間採取各種措施，維護國家政治、經濟、文化安全和社會穩定的時代擔當。

攻防兼備的戰略任務，軍隊要做提升網絡空間防護能力的堅強後盾。 《戰略》中九大任務的第三項和第八項明確提出，要採取一切必要措施保護關鍵信息基礎設施及其重要數據不受攻擊破壞，要堅持技術和管理並重、保護和震懾並舉;要建設與我國國際地位相稱、與網絡強國相適應的網絡空間防護力量，大力發展網絡安全防御手段，及時發現和抵禦網絡入侵，鑄造維護國家網絡安全的堅強後盾。在國家所有維護安全的政治、外交、軍事、科技能力中，軍事力量歷來是所有能力的基礎和支撐，是所有能力的根本保障，是國家安全的最終依托。

因此，軍隊必須承擔起提升國家網絡空間防護能力堅強後盾的戰略任務。現實社會中，軍隊是維護國家安全的定心丸，在網絡空間也同樣應成為人民群眾的安全依賴和保障。軍隊作為國家網絡空間防護能力生成的重要一環，必須做到攻防兼備、懾戰一體，有能力堅決維護國家和人民在網絡空間的利益和安全，能夠有效消除網絡安全威脅造成的各種危機和思想動盪，使人民能夠切實感受到生產生活得到有效保護，成為全國人民對國家網絡防護能力充滿信心的底氣所在。

聯防聯治的全球責任，軍隊要做維護全球網絡安全的重要支撐。 《戰略》任務最後一項明確提出要強化網絡空間國際合作，支持聯合國發揮主導作用，推動制定各方普遍接受的網絡空間國際規則、網絡空間國際反恐公約，健全打擊網絡犯罪司法協助機制，深化在政策法律、技術創新、標準規範、應急響應、關鍵信息基礎設施保護等領域的國際合作。

網絡恐怖主義和網絡犯罪是經過信息網絡發酵催化出的全球威脅新形態，對世界上所有國家的政治、經濟、軍事、文化安全都構成巨大威脅，僅僅依靠政府和民間的力量是不夠的，美國等西方國家紛紛賦予軍隊保護網絡安全的職責和打擊網絡恐怖主義的權限。維護全球網絡空間安全與穩定符合中國以及世界各國的根本利益，軍隊應成為全球網絡空間安全的重要維護者，成為打擊全球網絡恐怖主義和網絡犯罪的重要力量。

網絡的全球化、無界性決定了打擊網絡恐怖主義和跨國網絡犯罪的國際需求，軍隊應在聯合國安理會的框架下，推進國家間網絡治理軍事合作，利用網絡時代的戰略和技術，建立聯防聯治機制，切實維護國家和世界網絡空間安全。

從“沙場練兵”到“網絡備戰”，新領域需要軍隊備戰新舉措

在新的歷史形勢下，網絡空間對軍隊練兵備戰模式提出了全新的要求，應適應網絡空間新特點和軍隊新使命對傳統模式進行創新改革，以強國強軍目標為統攬，加強宏觀統籌，著眼網絡空間軍事行動的法理需求，緊扣網絡空間“軍民一體”的天然屬性，建設“平戰結合”的網絡安全攻防體系，打造“軍地兩用”的網絡國防力量。

立法賦權，為軍隊遂行職能使命提供法理依據。世界各國尤其是西方發達國家在網絡安全立法上高度重視網絡國防問題。美國先後出台了《國家安全第16號總統令》《網絡空間行動戰略》等一系列政策法規，對如何在網絡國防領域保護國家網絡安全進行了不斷的深化規範。

當前，從法律層面釐清網絡空間軍隊的職責任務非常必要，應以《國家安全法》《網絡安全法》為依據，出台網絡國防法和有關網絡空間軍事作戰條令法規，為網絡國防領域建設和軍事行動提供法規支撐和行動綱領，使軍隊在網絡空間的職責和使命更加明確具體。

一是通過網絡國防立法進一步界定網絡主權和網絡邊疆，清晰軍隊的職責範圍。

二是通過網絡作戰法規建設，明確軍隊遂行保衛國家網絡空間安全的行動權限，區分應對網絡入侵、網絡破壞等行為的軍事手段。三是通過網絡空間國際合作政策，明確軍隊協同他國、民間力量等打擊國際網絡恐怖主義、網絡犯罪的職能任務。

軍民融合，為網絡強國建設提供創新動力。軍民融合是世界強國提升網絡空間競爭力的主要做法，對於中國網絡強國建設來說，構建軍民融合網絡安全攻防體系，開發軍地兩用的國防信息基礎設施，是激發軍隊網絡空間作戰能力創新的源泉。

一是統籌國家、軍隊和各級政府等軍民融合職能部門，設置專門的指揮協調機構，調動一切國家網絡力量，建設“軍民一體”“平戰結合”的網絡安全攻防體系。

二是盡快出台網絡安全軍民融合深度發展指導性意見，逐步展開軍民融合基本法律研究論證，指導中長期軍民融合發展。

三是依托國家現有公共移動通信網、光纖通信網及衛星系統，軍民共建覆蓋全國全軍的信息基礎設施，實現軍民統建、分管共享。

四是建立軍民聯合的應急響應機制，加大培訓軍地主管部門控制事態的能力，加強專家和應急專業力量，提升快速恢復受損網絡或信息系統的能力。

軍民聯訓，為網絡空間軍事能力生成提供實戰化環境。網絡空間的軍民共用特性使得軍民聯訓成為世界各國網絡空間軍事演訓的重要方式。美國及北約等國家的網絡空間軍民聯合演習已經形成系列化，“網絡風暴”“網絡衛士”等演練活動吸引了政府、企業、研究機構甚至民間黑客的廣泛參與。我軍網絡空間軍事力量訓練也需要廣泛吸引民間力量參與。

一是搞好軍政合作，建立軍民聯合攻防演練機制，借鑒美國等發達國家網絡戰演練中的紅藍對抗訓練方法，積極建設“國家網絡靶場”，策劃政府、民間機構系列聯合演習，提升軍民一體、官民一體的網絡攻防水平。

二是搞好軍企協作，在互聯網上依靠網信企業設置演練場區，促進軍民之間攻防能力磨合，共同提高防範未知風險能力。

三是組織民間網絡安全公司和黑客人才，開展網絡安全競賽等活動，互相印證，共同提高網絡安全防護技戰術水平。

網絡預備役，為建設強大網軍提供力量源泉。預備役作為國防力量的後備補充，兼有軍事和民用雙重特點，是實現網絡空間經濟發展與國防建設有機統一的有力舉措。

一是以國家安全部門為主導，依據國家利益進行統籌規劃，出台有利於網絡國防預備役建設的系列法規政策，從頂層上解決網絡國防預備役建設中軍民共建的主體分工、推進策略、利益協調等問題。

二是創新預備役組織領導體制和綜合協調機制，有計劃地把預備役建設融入國家網絡信息化發展的各個層面和各個領域。

三是著眼軍隊和地方兩頭管理模式改革，以各省市政府、軍隊和地方企事業單位的管理機制為依托，建立網絡國防預備役人才聯合培養使用機制，完善國家應急動員機制，建立國家網絡防禦專用人才數據庫，將網絡民兵和預備役部隊建設納入人民武裝動員的範圍，平時按規定編入民兵應急分隊進行訓練，急時挑選精干人員隨隊參加遂行非戰爭軍事行動任務，戰時按需要成建制徵召使用，使國防潛力轉變為國防實力。

Referring url: https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0417/c1011-29215670.html

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化

Communist Chinese Cyber Fundamentals : Strategic Thinking of Network Power //共產主義中國網絡基礎：網絡權力的戰略思考

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Communist Chinese Fundamentals : Strategic Thinking of Network Power //

共產主義基本原理：網絡權力的戰略思考

Author: 中國共產黨

Date: 2017

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping has attached great importance to and vigorously promoted cybersecurity and informationization, profoundly grasped the characteristics of the development of the information age of human society, and objectively analyzed the current national conditions of China’s Internet development and the development of global Internet. The situation has successively issued a series of important speeches, and put forward a series of new ideas, new ideas and new theories on the governance of the Internet, and scientifically answered the major question of “why build a network power, build a network power and how to build a network power”. Formed Xi Jinping’s strategic thinking of network power. Seriously studying these new ideas is of great significance to promoting the building of a network-building nation and realizing the “two hundred years” struggle goal and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

First, why build a network power

On February 27, 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping initially proposed the vision of building a network power in the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, and systematically explained the background, situation, tasks and connotations of the network power. Requirements, thus making this idea a relatively complete, systematic theoretical system.

Xi Jinping put forward a rigorous logical relationship between the strategic thinking of the network power, starting from the foundation of the big power network, in view of the overall situation of the network business and the new situation changes, especially objectively analyzing the existing gap and strengthening the strategy of building a network power. aims. In his speech, Xi Jinping pointed out that in today’s world, the information technology revolution is changing with each passing day, which has had a profound impact on the development of international politics, economy, culture, society and military. Informatization and economic globalization have promoted each other, and the Internet has been integrated into all aspects of social life, profoundly changing people’s production and lifestyle. China is in the midst of this tide and is getting more and more affected. China’s Internet and informatization work has achieved remarkable development achievements. The network has entered thousands of households, and the number of Internet users is the highest in the world. China has become a big network country. This is our basic premise. He pointed out that the Internet is a big platform for social information. The hundreds of millions of Internet users have access to information and exchange information. This will have an important impact on their ways of seeking knowledge, ways of thinking, and values. In particular, they will be against the country, society, and Work and perceptions of life have an important impact. Xi Jinping emphasized that cybersecurity and informatization are all about the whole world of a country. We must recognize the situation and tasks we are facing, fully understand the importance and urgency of doing a good job, and seek for the situation. Take the trend and follow the trend. This is all about the whole. Xi Jinping pointed out that with the development of the Internet, especially the mobile Internet, the social governance model is shifting from one-way management to two-way interaction, from offline to online and offline integration, from simple government supervision to more emphasis on social coordinated governance. This is a change in the situation. In today’s world, information technology is developing very fast. If you don’t advance, you will retreat. Compared with the world’s advanced level, compared with the strategic goal of building a network power, we still have a lot of gaps in many aspects, especially in terms of Internet innovation capability, infrastructure construction, information resource sharing, and industrial strength. The biggest gap is in core technology.

Second, what kind of network power to build

Xi Jinping pointed out that without cyber security, there would be no national security, and without informationization, there would be no modernization. To build a network power, we must have our own technology and have strong technology; we must have rich and comprehensive information services, a prosperous and developing network culture; we must have a good information infrastructure to form a strong information economy; we must have a high-quality network. Security and information technology talent team; we must actively carry out bilateral and multilateral Internet international exchanges and cooperation. He also stressed that cyberspace is the spiritual home of hundreds of millions of people. The cyberspace is clear and ecological, and is in line with the interests of the people. The cyberspace is smouldering and deteriorating, and it is not in the interests of the people.

In a nutshell, there are at least six major signs of network power: First, the network information infrastructure must be at the world’s leading level. The second is to have a clear cyberspace strategy and a network voice in the international community. Third, the key technologies must be self-controllable, especially the operating system and CPU technology. Fourth, network security must have sufficient safeguards and capabilities. Fifth, network applications should be at the world’s leading level in terms of scale and quality. Sixth, in the cyberspace strategy, we must have the ability and strength to occupy the commanding heights.

The Outline of the National Informatization Strategy proposes that the construction of a network powerhouse is divided into three steps: the first step is to 2020, the total amount of information consumption will reach 6 trillion yuan, and the scale of e-commerce transactions will reach 38 trillion yuan. At the international advanced level, the international competitiveness of the information industry has been greatly enhanced, and information technology has become the leading force driving the modernization drive. The second step is to 20 billion yuan in information consumption by 2025, and the scale of e-commerce transactions has reached 67 trillion yuan. The leading mobile communication network fundamentally changes the core key technologies to be controlled by people, realizes the strategic goals of advanced technology, developed industry, advanced application, and insecure network security. A large number of large-scale multinational network enterprises with strong international competitiveness emerge; By the middle of this century, informationization has comprehensively supported the building of a socialist modernized country with rich, strong, democratic, civilized and harmonious relations. The status of a network powerhouse has been increasingly consolidated, and it has made greater achievements in leading the development of global informationization.

Xi Jinping planned the timetable for building a network powerhouse. The strategic deployment of building a network powerhouse should be promoted in parallel with the goal of “two hundred years”, the basic popularization of network infrastructure, the enhancement of independent innovation capability, the comprehensive development of information economy, and network security. Ensuring strong goals continue to advance.

Third, how to build a network power

(1) Fundamental requirements: People-centered

Governing the country is always the same, and the people are oriented. Xi Jinping emphasized that in order to develop the network business, it is necessary to implement the people-centered development thinking. It is necessary to adapt to people’s expectations and needs, accelerate the popularization of information services, reduce application costs, and provide useful, affordable and well-used information services for the people, so that hundreds of millions of people can gain more sense of sharing Internet development results. . Compared with cities, rural Internet infrastructure construction is our shortcoming. It is necessary to increase investment, speed up the pace of rural Internet construction, and expand the effective coverage of fiber-optic networks and broadband networks in rural areas. We can do a good job in the in-depth integration of informatization and industrialization, develop smart manufacturing, and drive more people to innovate and start a business; we can aim at the main direction of agricultural modernization, improve the level of agricultural production intelligence and network management, and help farmers increase their income; Give full play to the advantages of the Internet, implement “Internet + education”, “Internet + medical”, “Internet + culture”, etc., to promote the equalization of basic public services; can play the role of the Internet in helping to overcome poverty and promote accurate poverty alleviation and precision poverty alleviation, Let more difficult people use the Internet, let agricultural products go out of the country through the Internet, and enable children in the ravine to receive quality education; accelerate the promotion of e-government, encourage government departments at all levels to break down information barriers, improve service efficiency, and let the people run less errands. More information, running, solving problems that are difficult to handle, slow, and complicated. There are many things to do in these areas. Some Internet companies have already tried and achieved good economic and social benefits.

On November 29, 2016, the National Network Poverty Alleviation Work Promotion Meeting was held in Ningdu, Jiangxi. “We must implement the network poverty alleviation action, promote accurate poverty alleviation, and accurately eliminate poverty, so that poverty alleviation work can be accessible anytime and anywhere, so that people in poverty-stricken areas have more sense of gaining in the Internet construction and sharing.” General Secretary Xi is an important indicator in the old Red Revolution. Once again, the network’s poverty alleviation has become a new lever to win the overall well-off.

(II) Concept requirements: Practicing the five development concepts

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward a new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. This is based on profoundly summarizing domestic and foreign development experience and lessons, and in-depth analysis of domestic and international development trends. Our party has a new understanding of China’s economic and social development laws. Promoting China’s economic and social development in accordance with the new development concept is the general requirement and general trend of China’s development in the current and future period. The ancients said: “At any time, to raise things, to make meritorious deeds due to capital, and to profit from the power of all things.” The development of China’s online letter business should adapt to this general trend. Generally speaking, the network letter business represents new productivity and new development direction, and should be able to take the lead in practicing the new development concept.

Innovation is the core strength of the development of the network business. Innovation is the genes of Internet development. The concept innovation and technological innovation of the Internet are the needs of its own development. If there is no progress in the Internet tide, there will be no living space without innovation. We must always place innovation at the forefront, promote institutional and institutional innovation, concept innovation, technological innovation, and application innovation, and support the encouragement of Internet entrepreneurs, leading talents, and engineers to create and create innovative technologies for the development of the Internet. Xi Jinping pointed out at the 2nd World Internet Conference: “China is implementing the ‘Internet +’ action plan, promoting the construction of ‘Digital China’, developing the sharing economy, supporting various Internet-based innovations, and improving the quality and efficiency of development.”

Coordination is the inherent requirement of the development of the network business. Whether it is domestic or foreign, there are problems of unbalanced and uncoordinated development of network security and informationization. To solve these problems, we must establish a concept of coordinated development, eliminate the digital divide, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, regional differences, and ensure information security. Balanced development, all-round development, and safe development. At the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, Xi Jinping pointed out: “From the international and domestic general trend, the overall layout, co-ordinate all parties, innovation and development, and strive to build China into a network power.”

Green development is an important guarantee for the healthy development of the network business. The information industry is a green industry. Informationization and networking are supporting the application and upgrading of industries, agriculture, and national defense, and promoting green development, low-carbon development, and circular development. It is necessary to carry forward the main theme, spread positive energy, and make the cyberspace clear. At the symposium on April 19, 2016, Xi Jinping pointed out: “The cyberspace is clear and ecological, and it is in line with the interests of the people. The cyberspace is smouldering and ecologically degraded, which is not in the interest of the people.” He also stressed: “We want this Responsible for the society and responsible for the people, strengthen the cyberspace governance in accordance with the law, strengthen the construction of online content, strengthen the positive publicity on the Internet, foster a positive and healthy, up-to-good network culture, and nourish the social core values ​​and the outstanding achievements of human civilization. People’s hearts, nourish the society, and achieve positive energy and high melody, creating a clean and cyberspace for the majority of Internet users, especially young people.”

Openness is the essential feature of the development of the network business. The Internet has opened the door to openness in all countries of the world. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The Internet has turned the world into a global village where the sound of chickens and dogs is heard. People who are thousands of miles away are no longer ‘old and dead.’ It can be said that the world is more colorful because of the Internet, and life is more because of the Internet. Rich.” The development of China’s Internet industry is inseparable from the world, and the Internet industry in the world cannot be separated from China. Xi Jinping pointed out at the Second World Internet Conference: “The Internet in China is booming, providing a broad market space for enterprises and entrepreneurs in various countries. The door to China’s opening will never be closed, and the policy of using foreign capital will not change. Foreign-invested enterprises The protection of legitimate rights and interests will not change, and the direction for countries and enterprises to provide better services in China will not change. He also stressed: “All countries should promote open cooperation in the Internet field, enrich the open connotation, increase the level of openness, and build more Communicate and cooperate with the platform to create more points of interest, cooperation growth, and win-win new highlights, and promote mutual complementarity and common development in the cyberspace, so that more countries and people can take advantage of the information age of express trains and share Internet development results.” We must actively participate in international Internet exchanges and cooperation, learn from the advanced experience and technological achievements of countries around the world, grasp and lead the development trend of the Internet, and promote open cooperation and mutual benefit for cyberspace.

Sharing is the fundamental purpose of the development of the network business. Serving the people and benefiting the people’s livelihood is the fundamental starting point and the foothold of China’s Internet development. Xi Jinping stressed: “In order to develop the network, the company must implement the people-centered development thinking. It is necessary to adapt to the people’s expectations and needs, accelerate the popularization of information services, reduce the application cost, and provide the people with the necessary, affordable and useful. Good information services will enable hundreds of millions of people to gain more sense of sharing Internet development results. “We must push the network into thousands of households and guide the people to understand the world, master information, exchange ideas, innovate and improve, and improve through the Internet. Life, let the Internet development achievements not only benefit the 1.3 billion Chinese people, but also benefit the people of all countries in the world.

(3) Governance requirements: safety and development go hand in hand

In 2014, Xi Jinping emphasized at the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group that “maintenance of network space security and network data integrity, security, reliability, and maintenance of network space security capabilities.” He also called for the overall relationship between network security and informatization. “Network security and informatization are two wings and two wheels of integration. They must be unified planning, unified deployment, unified promotion, and unified implementation. Do a good job in network security and informationization. Work, we must handle the relationship between security and development, to achieve coherence, go hand in hand, to ensure development by safety, to promote safety through development, to strive to build a long-term security, growth and governance.” Two years later, at the symposium, he pointed out again “Network security and informatization are mutually reinforcing. Security is the premise of development, development is the guarantee of security, and security and development must advance simultaneously. From a global perspective, cybersecurity threats and risks are increasingly prominent, and increasingly toward politics, economy, Conductive penetration in the fields of culture, society, ecology, national defense, etc., especially the key information infrastructure of the country Face greater potential risks, prevention and control of network security capability is weak, it is difficult to effectively deal with national, organized high-strength network attacks. This is a problem for the world, we are certainly no exception. “

In addition, he pointed out that “in the face of complex and severe network security situation, we must remain clear-headed, and all parties must jointly manage and effectively maintain network security.” First, establish a correct view of network security. The idea determines the action. There are several main features of today’s network security. First, cybersecurity is holistic rather than fragmented. Second, network security is dynamic rather than static. Third, cybersecurity is open rather than closed. Fourth, cybersecurity is relative rather than absolute. Fifth, cybersecurity is common rather than isolated. Second, accelerate the construction of a key information infrastructure security system. Third, all-weather perception of the network security situation. Fourth, enhance network security defense capabilities and deterrence capabilities.

(4) Cadre requirements: Take the network mass line and build a concentric circle

The mass line is the fundamental line of our party. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The netizens come from the common people, the people are on the net, and the public opinion is on the net. Where are the people, where are our leading cadres going, or how to contact the masses? Party and government organs and leading cadres at all levels must learn Take the mass route through the Internet, often go online to see, dive, chat, and voice, understand what the masses think, collect good ideas and suggestions, and actively respond to netizens’ concerns and doubts. Be good at using the Internet to understand public opinion and work. It is the basic skill of leading cadres to do their work well under the new situation.”

How to take the network mass route? Xi Jinping gave the method. “The majority of netizens are ordinary people, come from all directions, and their experiences are different. The opinions and ideas must be varied. They cannot be asked to be so accurate and correct about all issues. To be more inclusive. And patience, timely absorption of constructive opinions, timely assistance for difficulties, timely referrals to those who do not understand the situation, timely clarification of vague understanding, timely resolution of complaints of resentment, timely guidance and correction of wrong opinions, Let the Internet become a new platform for us to communicate and communicate with the masses, and become a new way to understand the masses, be close to the masses, solve problems for the masses, and become a new channel for carrying forward people’s democracy and accepting people’s supervision.”

At the same time, Xi Jinping pointed out the efforts of cadres at all levels. “To correctly handle the relationship between security and development, openness and autonomy, management and service, and constantly improve the ability to grasp the laws of the Internet, the ability to guide the public opinion, and the development of informationization. Capabilities, the ability to guarantee network security, and the continuous advancement of network power construction.”

(5) Management requirements: unified leadership, management according to law

The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee conducted the 36th collective study on the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the country by the Internet. Accelerate the improvement of network management.

Xi Jinping put forward requirements from the institutional mechanism. He emphasized that the central cybersecurity and informationization leading group should play a centralized and unified leadership role, coordinate and coordinate major issues of cybersecurity and informatization in various fields, and formulate and implement national cybersecurity and informationization development strategies. , macro-planning and major policies, continuously enhance security and security capabilities.

Instructed from the management ideas, in China, more than 700 million people on the Internet, certainly need to manage, and this management is very complicated and very heavy. Enterprises must assume the responsibility of enterprises, and the party and the government must assume the responsibility of the party and the government. No side can give up their responsibilities. It is necessary to deeply understand the role of the Internet in state management and social governance, and to promote e-government and build a new smart city, and to build a nationally integrated national big data center with data concentration and sharing as a way to promote technology integration. Business integration, data integration, and cross-level, cross-regional, cross-system, cross-department, and cross-business collaborative management and services. It is necessary to strengthen the Internet thinking, take advantage of the flat, interactive and rapid advantages of the Internet, promote the scientific decision-making of the government, the precision of social governance, the efficiency of public services, and better use the means of information to better understand the social situation, smooth communication channels, and assist decision-making governance. .

From the legislative norms to point out the direction, we must promptly formulate legislative plans, improve Internet information content management, key information infrastructure protection and other laws and regulations, manage cyberspace in accordance with the law, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of citizens. It is necessary to strictly guard against cybercrime, especially new cybercrime, and safeguard the interests of the people and the harmony and stability of society. It is necessary to speed up the process of network legislation, improve the regulatory measures according to law, and resolve network risks. It is necessary to strengthen the management of big data in accordance with the law. Some data concerning national interests and national security are in the hands of Internet companies, and enterprises must ensure the security of these data. Enterprises should pay attention to data security. If the company has problems with data protection and security, it will also have an adverse impact on its own reputation.

It also puts forward hopes for the whole society. Network security is for the people, network security depends on the people, and maintaining network security is the common responsibility of the whole society. It requires the government, enterprises, social organizations and the majority of netizens to participate in the construction of a network security defense line. These characteristics must be well grasped by all relevant parties.

(6) Guarantee requirements: technological breakthroughs, construction of infrastructure and sharing systems

Xi Jinping emphasized that in order to grasp the initiative of China’s Internet development and safeguard Internet security and national security, we must break through the core technology and strive to achieve “curve overtaking” in certain areas and in certain aspects. To achieve breakthroughs in core technologies, we must have determination, perseverance, and focus. He hopes that the vast number of entrepreneurs, experts, scholars and scientific and technological personnel in the field of China’s online information should establish this ambition, strive for this tone, and strive to achieve new major breakthroughs in core technology as soon as possible. The so-called “days, not afraid of thousands of miles; often do, not afraid of thousands of things.”

Xi Jinping stressed that it is necessary to firmly hold the core technology of independent innovation, and to break through the cutting-edge technologies of network development and key core technologies with international competitiveness, accelerate the promotion of domestically controlled independent alternative plans, and build a safe and controllable information technology system. . First, correctly handle open and autonomous relationships. Second, concentrate on the scientific research investment to do big things. Third, actively promote the transformation of core technological achievements. Fourth, promote strong alliances and coordinated research. Fifth, we can explore the formation of an alliance of industry, academia and research, and open the list. To lay a solid foundation for the research and development of core technologies, it is necessary not only to blow up the charge, but also to blow up the collection number, that is, to accumulate the strongest forces together to form the commando and special forces.

Xi Jinping stressed that it is necessary to speed up the construction of a key information infrastructure security system. The key information infrastructure in the fields of finance, energy, electricity, communications, transportation, etc. is the nerve center of economic and social operation, the top priority of network security, and the target of possible key attacks. The “physical isolation” line of defense can be invaded across the network, the power allocation instructions can be maliciously tampered with, and the financial transaction information can be stolen. These are major risk hazards. If there is no problem, it will cause traffic disruption, financial disorder, power hupfer and other issues, which is very destructive and lethal. We must conduct in-depth research and take effective measures to effectively protect the country’s critical information infrastructure.

At the same time, he pointed out that it is necessary to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity through informationization, coordinate the development of e-government, build an integrated online service platform, promote the construction of new smart cities by hierarchical classification, open up information barriers, and build a national information resource sharing system. It is easy to use information technology to sense social situation, smooth communication channels, and assist scientific decision-making.

(7) Propaganda requirements: the most important thing, to build consensus

Xi Jinping pointed out that we must adhere to the attitude of being responsible to the society and responsible to the people, strengthen the cyberspace governance in accordance with the law, strengthen the construction of online content, strengthen the positive publicity on the Internet, foster a positive and healthy, up-to-good network culture, and use the socialist core values. outstanding achievements of human civilization and nourishing the heart, nourishing community, so that positive energy is abundant, the main theme of the high for the majority of Internet users, especially young people to create a Delicate gas is cyberspace.

Do online media work is a long-term task to improve the online promotion of innovation, the use of propagation network, promote the theme, stimulate positive energy, great efforts to cultivate and practice the socialist core values, when good grasp of the Internet to guide public opinion, and validity To make the cyberspace clear.

Forming a good online public opinion atmosphere is not to say that there can only be one voice, one tone, but that it cannot be used to confess right and wrong, reverse black and white, make a living, commit crimes, and cannot transcend the legal boundaries of the Constitution. An important means to put power into the cage of the system is to play the role of public opinion supervision, including Internet supervision. This article, party and government organs and leading cadres at all levels must pay special attention to, first of all, do a good job. We must not only welcome, but also carefully study and learn from the online criticism of goodwill and the supervision of the Internet, whether it is for the work of the party and the government or for the leading cadres, whether it is ruthless or loyal.

Xi Jinping pointed out that the new application of new technologies and new technologies in the Internet has made the social mobilization function of the Internet increasingly enhanced. To spread positive energy, enhance communication and guiding force. It is necessary to strictly guard against cybercrime, especially new cybercrime, and safeguard the interests of the people and the harmony and stability of society. It is necessary to give full play to the advantages of network communication, experience, and sharing, listen to the will of the people, benefit the people’s livelihood, solve the people’s worries, and unite the social consensus. Online and offline networks should be united and coordinated, forming a good situation for jointly preventing social risks and building a concentric circle together. It is necessary to maintain the security of cyberspace and the integrity, security and reliability of network data, and improve the security of maintaining cyberspace.

Xi Jinping pointed out that the new application of new technologies and new technologies in the Internet has made the social mobilization function of the Internet increasingly enhanced. To spread positive energy, enhance communication and guiding force. It is necessary to give full play to the advantages of network communication, experience, and sharing, listen to the will of the people, benefit the people’s livelihood, solve the people’s worries, and unite the social consensus. Online and offline networks should be united and coordinated, forming a good situation for jointly preventing social risks and building a concentric circle together.

(8) Talent requirements: unrestricted talents

“The people are happy, the losers are falling.” Xi Jinping stressed that to build a network power, we must bring together talent resources and build a strong team with strong politics, good business and good work style. “A thousand troops are easy to get, and one will be hard to find.” It is necessary to train scientists, network technology leaders, engineers, and high-level innovation teams that have created world-class skills.

In terms of ideas, he pointed out that the competition in cyberspace is, in the final analysis, talent competition. Building a network power, there is no outstanding talent team, no talent creation, vitality, and it is difficult to succeed. After reading the talents, you can get twice the result with half the effort. Our brains have to turn around, not only paying attention to capital, but also paying attention to talents. The intensity of introducing talents should be further increased, and the steps of reforming the talent system should be further developed. The field of network information can be tested first, and research should be carried out to formulate ways to attract talents, train talents, and retain talents.

In terms of scope, he pointed out that the development of China’s online letter industry must fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of entrepreneurs, experts, scholars and scientific and technological personnel. Entrepreneurs, experts, scholars, and scientific and technological personnel must have the responsibility of the state and social responsibility, and contribute their wisdom and strength to the development of the national network. Party committees and governments at all levels must respect knowledge and respect talents from the bottom of their hearts, create good conditions for talents to develop their intelligence, create a relaxed environment, and provide a broad platform.

In terms of methods, he pointed out that the Internet is mainly the cause of young people, and it is necessary to reduce talents. It is necessary to emancipate the mind, to recognize the talents, and to love the talents. To train netizen talents, we must make great efforts and make big money. We invite excellent teachers, compile excellent teaching materials, recruit outstanding students, and build a first-class cyberspace security college. Many talents in the Internet field are geeks and geniuses. They often do not take the usual routines and have many whimsy. There must be special policies for treating special talents, not requiring full blame, not arguing for seniority, and not using a ruler.

In terms of policy, he pointed out that it is necessary to adopt special policies, establish a personnel system and a salary system that adapt to the characteristics of online letters, and condense outstanding talents into technical departments, research departments, and management departments. It is necessary to establish a talent evaluation mechanism that adapts to the characteristics of online letters. The actual ability is the standard of measurement. It is not only academic, not only a thesis, not only a qualification, but also highlights professionalism, innovation and practicality. It is necessary to establish a flexible talent incentive mechanism to enable those who contribute to have a sense of accomplishment and a sense of acquisition. It is necessary to explore scientific research results, intellectual property rights, and interest distribution mechanisms in the field of online information, and formulate specific policies on talent stock participation, technology shareholding, and taxation. In the flow of talents, we must break the institutional boundaries and enable talents to achieve an orderly and smooth flow between the government, enterprises, and think tanks. The advantages of the “revolving door” system in foreign countries can also be used for reference.

At the station, he pointed out that there must be a global perspective on talent selection and the introduction of high-end talents. As China’s comprehensive national strength continues to increase, many countries’ talents also hope to come to China for development. We must take advantage of the trend, reform talents to introduce various supporting systems, and build a globally competitive talent system. No matter which country or region, as long as it is a good talent, it can be used for me. This work has been done by some enterprises and research institutes. I went to some enterprises and research institutes, and also talked with these talents imported from abroad. In this regard, we must increase our efforts to continuously improve our ability to allocate talent resources globally.

(9) Industry requirements: focus on self-discipline and healthy development

The development of a company is directly proportional to its social responsibility. Xi Jinping pointed out that China’s Internet enterprises have played an important role in stabilizing growth, promoting employment, and benefiting people’s livelihood, from small to large, from weak to strong. Let the company continue to develop healthily is not only the goal of entrepreneurs but also the needs of national development. The fate of a company is closely related to the development of the country. It is difficult to become stronger and bigger than the support of the state, the disengagement of the masses, and the service to the country and the people.

How to be stronger and bigger? Xi Jinping pointed out the direction: internally, it is necessary to introduce policies to support the development of enterprises, so that they become the main body of technological innovation and become the main body of information industry development. Externally, we must encourage and support China’s network enterprises to go out, deepen Internet international exchanges and cooperation, and actively participate in the construction of the “Belt and Road” to achieve “where the national interests are and where informationization will be covered”. Foreign Internet companies, as long as they comply with our laws and regulations, we are welcome.

How to avoid the phenomenon of “disconnecting one after another, killing one tube” that has often appeared in the past, and embarking on a new road of joint management and benign interaction? Xi Jinping gave the idea: First, insist on encouraging support and standard development in parallel. Enterprises should be encouraged and supported to become the main body of R&D, the main body of innovation, and the main body of industry. Encourage and support the cutting-edge technology of enterprise layout, promote independent innovation of core technologies, create and seize more opportunities, participate in international competition, and expand overseas development space. It is necessary to regulate market order and encourage healthy competition. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed to improve the system of property rights protection with fairness as the core principle, strengthen the protection of property rights of various ownership economic organizations and natural persons, and clean up laws and regulations that violate fairness. These requirements should be put in place as soon as possible. Second, adhere to policy guidance and management according to law. The government should create a favorable environment for enterprise development, accelerate the reform of the examination and approval system, financing system, and patent system, reduce duplication of testing and certification, implement a high-quality and high-price government procurement system, reduce the burden on enterprises, and remove institutional and institutional obstacles. At the same time, it is necessary to speed up the process of network legislation, improve the regulatory measures according to law, and resolve network risks. It is necessary to strengthen the management of big data in accordance with the law. Third, adhere to both economic and social benefits. Only a wealth of love is a truly meaningful asset. Only a company that actively assumes social responsibility is the most competitive and vital enterprise. It is hoped that the vast number of Internet companies will adhere to the unity of economic and social benefits, and at the same time of their own development, drink water and source, return the society and benefit the people. We must encourage and support our networked enterprises to go out, deepen the international exchanges and cooperation in the Internet, and actively participate in the construction of the “Belt and Road” to achieve “where the national interests are and where informationization will be covered”. Foreign Internet companies, as long as they comply with our laws and regulations, we are welcome.

(10) International requirements: building a community of destiny

With the multi-polarization of the world, economic globalization, cultural diversity, and in-depth development of social information, the Internet will play a greater role in promoting the progress of human civilization. At the same time, problems such as unbalanced development in the Internet field, unsound rules, and unreasonable order have become increasingly prominent. The information gap between different countries and regions is constantly widening. Existing cyberspace governance rules are difficult to reflect the wishes and interests of most countries; violations of personal privacy, intellectual property rights, cybercrime, etc. occur worldwide, network monitoring, cyber attacks, networks Terrorism and other activities have become global public nuisances.

Faced with these problems and challenges, the international community should strengthen dialogue and cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and mutual trust, promote the reform of the global governance system of the Internet, and jointly build a cyberspace of peace, security, openness and cooperation, and establish multilateral, democratic and transparent. The global Internet governance system. It is proposed that “China is willing to work with the international community to adhere to the common prosperity of mankind, adhere to the concept of cyber sovereignty, promote global Internet governance in a more just and rational direction, and promote cyberspace to achieve equal respect, innovative development, open sharing, and security. The goal of the order.”

“The way of benefit is to go with time.” Cyberspace is the common space for human activities. The future of cyberspace should be mastered by all countries in the world. To promote the reform of the global Internet governance system, we should adhere to the four principles. Respect network sovereignty. Maintain peace and security. Promote open cooperation. Build a good order. Countries should strengthen communication, expand consensus, deepen cooperation, and jointly build a community of cyberspace destiny. In this regard, I would like to make five points. First, accelerate the construction of global network infrastructure and promote interconnection. Second, create an online cultural exchange and sharing platform to promote exchanges and mutual learning. Third, promote the innovation and development of the network economy and promote common prosperity. Fourth, safeguard network security and promote orderly development. Fifth, build an Internet governance system to promote fairness and justice. It has won the approval of most countries in the world.

Xi Jinping pointed out that the Internet is the common home of mankind and works together to build a community of cyberspace destiny. It is the common responsibility of the international community to make this home more beautiful, cleaner and safer. Let us join hands to jointly promote the interconnection and sharing of cyberspace, share common governance, and help create a better future for human development!

Original Mandarin Chinese:

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央高度重視、大力推進網絡安全和信息化工作，深刻把握人類社會發展信息時代階段特徵，客觀分析當前我國互聯網發展基本國情及全球互聯網發展新形勢，先後發表了一系列重要講話，提出了一系列治網新理念新思想新論斷，科學回答了“為什麼要建設網絡強國、建設什麼樣的網絡強國以及怎樣建設網絡強國”這一重大問題，形成了習近平網絡強國戰略思想。認真學習這些新思想，對於推進網絡強國建設，實現“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標和中華民族偉大復興的中國夢具有重要意義。

一、為什麼建設網絡強國

2014年2月27日，習近平總書記在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上初步提出了建設網絡強國的願景目標，並系統闡釋了網絡強國戰略思想的時代背景、形勢任務、內涵要求，從而使這一思想成為相對完整、系統的理論體系。

習近平提出網絡強國戰略思想的有著嚴謹的邏輯關係，從網絡大國的基礎出發，鑑於網信事業事關全局和麵臨的新形勢轉變，尤其是客觀剖析了存在的差距，堅定了建設網絡強國的戰略目標。習近平在講話中指出，當今世界，信息技術革命日新月異，對國際政治、經濟、文化、社會、軍事等領域發展產生了深刻影響。信息化和經濟全球化相互促進，互聯網已經融入社會生活方方面面，深刻改變了人們的生產和生活方式。我國正處在這個大潮之中，受到的影響越來越深。我國互聯網和信息化工作取得了顯著發展成就，網絡走入千家萬戶，網民數量世界第一，我國已成為網絡大國。這是我們的基礎前提。他指出，互聯網是一個社會信息大平台，億萬網民在上面獲得信息、交流信息，這會對他們的求知途徑、思維方式、價值觀念產生重要影響，特別是會對他們對國家、對社會、對工作、對人生的看法產生重要影響。習近平強調，網絡安全和信息化對一個國家很多領域都是牽一發而動全身的，要認清我們面臨的形勢和任務，充分認識做好工作的重要性和緊迫性，因勢而謀，應勢而動，順勢而為。這是事關全局。習近平指出，隨著互聯網特別是移動互聯網發展，社會治理模式正在從單向管理轉向雙向互動，從線下轉向線上線下融合，從單純的政府監管向更加註重社會協同治理轉變。這是形勢轉變。當今世界，信息化發展很快，不進則退，慢進亦退。同世界先進水平相比，同建設網絡強國戰略目標相比，我們在很多方面還有不小差距，特別是在互聯網創新能力、基礎設施建設、信息資源共享、產業實力等方面還存在不小差距，其中最大的差距在核心技術上。

二、建設什麼樣的網絡強國

習近平指出，沒有網絡安全就沒有國家安全，沒有信息化就沒有現代化。建設網絡強國，要有自己的技術，有過硬的技術；要有豐富全面的信息服務，繁榮發展的網絡文化；要有良好的信息基礎設施，形成實力雄厚的信息經濟；要有高素質的網絡安全和信息化人才隊伍；要積極開展雙邊、多邊的互聯網國際交流合作。他還強調，網絡空間是億萬民眾共同的精神家園。網絡空間天朗氣清、生態良好，符合人民利益。網絡空間烏煙瘴氣、生態惡化，不符合人民利益。

概括地講，網絡強國至少有六大標誌：一是網絡信息化基礎設施要處於世界領先水平。二是要有明確的網絡空間戰略和國際社會中的網絡話語權。三是關鍵技術上要自主可控，特別是操作系統和CPU技術。四是網絡安全要有足夠的保障手段和能力。五是網絡應用在規模、質量等方面要處在世界領先水平。六是在網絡空間戰略中，要有佔領制高點的能力和實力。

《國家信息化戰略綱要》提出，建設網絡強國具體分三步走：第一步到2020年，信息消費總額達到6萬億元，電子商務交易規模達到38萬億元，核心關鍵技術部分領域達到國際先進水平，信息產業國際競爭力大幅提升，信息化成為驅動現代化建設的先導力量；第二步到2025年，信息消費總額達到12萬億元，電子商務交易規模達到67萬億元，建成國際領先的移動通信網絡，根本改變核心關鍵技術受制於人的局面，實現技術先進、產業發達、應用領先、網絡安全堅不可摧的戰略目標，湧現一批具有強大國際競爭力的大型跨國網信企業；第三步到本世紀中葉，信息化全面支撐富強民主文明和諧的社會主義現代化國家建設，網絡強國地位日益鞏固，在引領全球信息化發展方面有更大作為。

習近平規劃了建設網絡強國的時間表，建設網絡強國的戰略部署要與“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標同步推進，向著網絡基礎設施基本普及、自主創新能力顯著增強、信息經濟全面發展、網絡安全保障有力的目標不斷前進。

三、怎樣建設網絡強國

（一）根本要求：以人民為中心

治國有常，而利民為本。習近平強調，網信事業要發展，必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。要適應人民期待和需求，加快信息化服務普及，降低應用成本，為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務，讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感。相比城市，農村互聯網基礎設施建設是我們的短板。要加大投入力度，加快農村互聯網建設步伐，擴大光纖網、寬帶網在農村的有效覆蓋。可以做好信息化和工業化深度融合這篇大文章，發展智能製造，帶動更多人創新創業；可以瞄準農業現代化主攻方向，提高農業生產智能化、經營網絡化水平，幫助廣大農民增加收入；可以發揮互聯網優勢，實施“互聯網+教育”、“互聯網+醫療”、“互聯網+文化”等，促進基本公共服務均等化；可以發揮互聯網在助推脫貧攻堅中的作用，推進精準扶貧、精準脫貧，讓更多困難群眾用上互聯網，讓農產品通過互聯網走出鄉村，讓山溝裡的孩子也能接受優質教育；可以加快推進電子政務，鼓勵各級政府部門打破信息壁壘、提升服務效率，讓百姓少跑腿、信息多跑路，解決辦事難、辦事慢、辦事繁的問題，等等。這些方面有很多事情可做，一些互聯網企業已經做了嘗試，取得了較好的經濟效益和社會效益。

2016年11月29日，全國網絡扶貧工作現場推進會在江西寧都召開。 “要實施網絡扶貧行動，推進精準扶貧、精準脫貧，讓扶貧工作隨時隨地、四通八達，讓貧困地區群眾在互聯網共建共享中有更多獲得感”，習總書記這一重要指示在紅色革命老區再次宣示，網絡扶貧成為決勝全面小康的新槓桿。

（二）理念要求：踐行五大發展理念先行一步

黨的十八屆五中全會提出了創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的新發展理念，這是在深刻總結國內外發展經驗教訓、深入分析國內外發展大勢的基礎上提出的，集中反映了我們黨對我國經濟社會發展規律的新認識。按照新發展理念推動我國經濟社會發展，是當前和今後一個時期我國發展的總要求和大趨勢。古人說：“隨時以舉事，因資而立功，用萬物之能而獲利其上。”我國網信事業發展要適應這個大趨勢。總體上說，網信事業代表著新的生產力、新的發展方向，應該也能夠在踐行新發展理念上先行一步。

創新是網信事業發展的核心力量。創新是互聯網發展的基因。互聯網的理念創新、技術創新是自身發展的需要，在互聯網大潮中不進則退，沒有創新就沒有生存空間。要始終把創新擺在首要位置，推動體制機制創新、理念創新、技術創新、應用創新，支持鼓勵互聯網企業家、領軍人才和工程技術人員創新創造，為互聯網發展提供不竭動力。習近平在第二屆世界互聯網大會上指出：“中國正在實施‘互聯網+’行動計劃，推進‘數字中國’建設，發展分享經濟，支持基於互聯網的各類創新，提高發展質量和效益。”

協調是網信事業發展的內在要求。無論是國內還是國外，都存在網絡安全和信息化發展不平衡、不協調的問題，解決這些問題，就要樹立協調發展的理念，消除數字鴻溝，縮小城鄉差異、地區差異，保障信息安全，實現均衡發展、全面發展、安全發展。習近平在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上指出：“要從國際國內大勢出發，總體佈局，統籌各方，創新發展，努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。”

綠色發展是網信事業健康發展的重要保障。信息化產業就是綠色產業，信息化、網絡化正支撐著工業、農業、國防等各個領域的應用和升級，推動著綠色發展、低碳發展、循環發展。要弘揚主旋律，傳播正能量，使網絡空間清朗起來。在2016年4月19日的座談會上習近平指出：“網絡空間天朗氣清、生態良好，符合人民利益。網絡空間烏煙瘴氣、生態惡化，不符合人民利益。” 他還強調：“我們要本著對社會負責、對人民負責的態度，依法加強網絡空間治理，加強網絡內容建設，做強網上正面宣傳，培育積極健康、向上向善的網絡文化，用社會主義核心價值觀和人類優秀文明成果滋養人心、滋養社會，做到正能量充沛、主旋律高昂，為廣大網民特別是青少年營造一個風清氣正的網絡空間。”

開放是網信事業發展的本質特徵。互聯網打開了世界各國開放的大門。習近平指出：“互聯網讓世界變成了’雞犬之聲相聞’的地球村，相隔萬里的人們不再’老死不相往來’。可以說，世界因互聯網而更多彩，生活因互聯網而更豐富。”中國互聯網事業的發展離不開世界，世界的互聯網事業也離不開中國。習近平在第二屆世界互聯網大會上指出：“中國互聯網蓬勃發展，為各國企業和創業者提供了廣闊市場空間。中國開放的大門永遠不會關上，利用外資的政策不會變，對外商投資企業合法權益的保障不會變，為各國企業在華投資興業提供更好服務的方向不會變。”他還強調：“各國應該推進互聯網領域開放合作，豐富開放內涵，提高開放水平，搭建更多溝通合作平台，創造更多利益契合點、合作增長點、共贏新亮點，推動彼此在網絡空間優勢互補、共同發展，讓更多國家和人民搭乘信息時代的快車、共享互聯網發展成果。”我們要積極參與國際互聯網交流與合作，學習借鑒世界各國先進經驗和技術成果，把握和引領國際互聯網發展趨勢，推動網絡空間開放合作、互利共贏。

共享是網信事業發展的根本宗旨。服務百姓、惠及民生是我國互聯網發展的根本出發點和落腳點。習近平強調：“網信事業要發展，必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。要適應人民期待和需求，加快信息化服務普及，降低應用成本，為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務，讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感。”我們要推動網絡走進千家萬戶，引導人民群眾通過互聯網了解世界、掌握信息、交流思想、創新創業、改善生活，讓互聯網發展成果不僅惠及13億中國人民，同時也造福於世界各國人民。

（三）治理要求：安全與發展齊頭並進

2014年，習近平在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上就特別強調，“要維護網絡空間安全以及網絡數據的完整性、安全性、可靠性，提高維護網絡空間安全能力。”同時，他還要求統籌好網絡安全和信息化的關係，“網絡安全和信息化是一體之兩翼、驅動之雙輪，必須統一謀劃、統一部署、統一推進、統一實施。做好網絡安全和信息化工作，要處理好安全和發展的關係，做到協調一致、齊頭並進，以安全保發展、以發展促安全，努力建久安之勢、成長治之業。” 兩年之後的座談會上，他再次指出，“網絡安全和信息化是相輔相成的。安全是發展的前提，發展是安全的保障，安全和發展要同步推進。從世界範圍看，網絡安全威脅和風險日益突出，並日益向政治、經濟、文化、社會、生態、國防等領域傳導滲透。特別是國家關鍵信息基礎設面臨較大風險隱患，網絡安全防控能力薄弱，難以有效應對國家級、有組織的高強度網絡攻擊。這對世界各國都是一個難題，我們當然也不例外。”

此外，他指出“面對複雜嚴峻的網絡安全形勢，我們要保持清醒頭腦，各方面齊抓共管，切實維護網絡安全。”第一，樹立正確的網絡安全觀。理念決定行動。當今的網絡安全，有幾個主要特點。一是網絡安全是整體的而不是割裂的。二是網絡安全是動態的而不是靜態的。三是網絡安全是開放的而不是封閉的。四是網絡安全是相對的而不是絕對的。五是網絡安全是共同的而不是孤立的。第二，加快構建關鍵信息基礎設施安全保障體系。第三，全天候全方位感知網絡安全態勢。第四，增強網絡安全防禦能力和威懾能力。

（四）幹部要求：走好網絡群眾路線，共築同心圓

群眾路線是我們黨的根本路線。習近平指出，“網民來自老百姓，老百姓上了網，民意也就上了網。群眾在哪兒，我們的領導幹部就要到哪兒去，不然怎麼聯繫群眾呢？各級黨政機關和領導幹部要學會通過網絡走群眾路線，經常上網看看，潛潛水、聊聊天、發發聲，了解群眾所思所願，收集好想法好建議，積極回應網民關切、解疑釋惑。善於運用網絡了解民意、開展工作，是新形勢下領導幹部做好工作的基本功。”

如何走好網絡群眾路線？習近平給出了方法，“網民大多數是普通群眾，來自四面八方，各自經歷不同，觀點和想法肯定是五花八門的，不能要求他們對所有問題都看得那麼準、說得那麼對。要多一些包容和耐心，對建設性意見要及時吸納，對困難要及時幫助，對不了解情況的要及時宣介，對模糊認識要及時廓清，對怨氣怨言要及時化解，對錯誤看法要及時引導和糾正，讓互聯網成為我們同群眾交流溝通的新平台，成為了解群眾、貼近群眾、為群眾排憂解難的新途徑，成為發揚人民民主、接受人民監督的新渠道。”

同時習近平指出各級幹部的努力方向，“要正確處理安全和發展、開放和自主、管理和服務的關係，不斷提高對互聯網規律的把握能力、對網絡輿論的引導能力、對信息化發展的駕馭能力、對網絡安全的保障能力，把網絡強國建設不斷推向前進。”

（五）管理要求：統一領導，依法管理

中共中央政治局就實施網絡強國戰略進行第三十六次集體學習。加快提高網絡管理水平。

習近平從體制機制上提出了要求，他強調，中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組要發揮集中統一領導作用，統籌協調各個領域的網絡安全和信息化重大問題，制定實施國家網絡安全和信息化發展戰略、宏觀規劃和重大政策，不斷增強安全保障能力。

從管理思路上作出了指示，在我國，7億多人上互聯網，肯定需要管理，而且這個管理是很複雜、很繁重的。企業要承擔企業的責任，黨和政府要承擔黨和政府的責任，哪一邊都不能放棄自己的責任。要深刻認識互聯網在國家管理和社會治理中的作用，以推行電子政務、建設新型智慧城市等為抓手，以數據集中和共享為途徑，建設全國一體化的國家大數據中心，推進技術融合、業務融合、數據融合，實現跨層級、跨地域、跨系統、跨部門、跨業務的協同管理和服務。要強化互聯網思維，利用互聯網扁平化、交互式、快捷性優勢，推進政府決策科學化、社會治理精準化、公共服務高效化，用信息化手段更好感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助決策施政。

從立法規範上指明了方向，要抓緊制定立法規劃，完善互聯網信息內容管理、關鍵信息基礎設施保護等法律法規，依法治理網絡空間，維護公民合法權益。要嚴密防範網絡犯罪特別是新型網絡犯罪，維護人民群眾利益和社會和諧穩定。要加快網絡立法進程，完善依法監管措施，化解網絡風險。要依法加強對大數據的管理。一些涉及國家利益、國家安全的數據，很多掌握在互聯網企業手裡，企業要保證這些數據安全。企業要重視數據安全。如果企業在數據保護和安全上出了問題，對自己的信譽也會產生不利影響。

並對全社會提出了希望，網絡安全為人民，網絡安全靠人民，維護網絡安全是全社會共同責任，需要政府、企業、社會組織、廣大網民共同參與，共築網絡安全防線。這幾個特點，各有關方面要好好把握。

（六）保障要求：技術突破，建設基礎設施和共享體系

習近平強調，我們要掌握我國互聯網發展主動權，保障互聯網安全、國家安全，就必須突破核心技術這個難題，爭取在某些領域、某些方面實現“彎道超車”。核心技術要取得突破，就要有決心、恆心、重心。他希望，我國網信領域廣大企業家、專家學者、科技人員要樹立這個雄心壯志，要爭這口氣，努力盡快在核心技術上取得新的重大突破。正所謂“日日行，不怕千萬里；常常做，不怕千萬事”。

習近平強調，要緊緊牽住核心技術自主創新這個“牛鼻子”，抓緊突破網絡發展的前沿技術和具有國際競爭力的關鍵核心技術，加快推進國產自主可控替代計劃，構建安全可控的信息技術體系。第一，正確處理開放和自主的關係。第二，在科研投入上集中力量辦大事。第三，積極推動核心技術成果轉化。第四，推動強強聯合、協同攻關。第五，可以探索組建產學研用聯盟、揭榜掛帥。要打好核心技術研發攻堅戰，不僅要把衝鋒號吹起來，而且要把集合號吹起來，也就是要把最強的力量積聚起來共同幹，組成攻關的突擊隊、特種兵。

習近平強調，要加快構建關鍵信息基礎設施安全保障體系。金融、能源、電力、通信、交通等領域的關鍵信息基礎設施是經濟社會運行的神經中樞，是網絡安全的重中之重，也是可能遭到重點攻擊的目標。 “物理隔離”防線可被跨網入侵，電力調配指令可被惡意篡改，金融交易信息可被竊取，這些都是重大風險隱患。不出問題則已，一出就可能導致交通中斷、金融紊亂、電力癱瘓等問題，具有很大的破壞性和殺傷力。我們必須深入研究，採取有效措施，切實做好國家關鍵信息基礎設施安全防護。

同時，他指出，要以信息化推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化，統籌發展電子政務，構建一體化在線服務平台，分級分類推進新型智慧城市建設，打通信息壁壘，構建全國信息資源共享體系，更好用信息化手段感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助科學決策。

（七）宣傳要求：重中之重，凝聚共識

習近平指出，我們要本著對社會負責、對人民負責的態度，依法加強網絡空間治理，加強網絡內容建設，做強網上正面宣傳，培育積極健康、向上向善的網絡文化，用社會主義核心價值觀和人類優秀文明成果滋養人心、滋養社會，做到正能量充沛、主旋律高昂，為廣大網民特別是青少年營造一個風清氣正的網絡空間。

做好網上輿論工作是一項長期任務，要創新改進網上宣傳，運用網絡傳播規律，弘揚主旋律，激發正能量，大力培育和踐行社會主義核心價值觀，把握好網上輿論引導的時、度、效，使網絡空間清朗起來。

形成良好網上輿論氛圍，不是說只能有一個聲音、一個調子，而是說不能搬弄是非、顛倒黑白、造謠生事、違法犯罪，不能超越了憲法法律界限。要把權力關進制度的籠子裡，一個重要手段就是發揮輿論監督包括互聯網監督作用。這一條，各級黨政機關和領導幹部特別要注意，首先要做好。對網上那些出於善意的批評，對互聯網監督，不論是對黨和政府工作提的還是對領導幹部個人提的，不論是和風細雨的還是忠言逆耳的，我們不僅要歡迎，而且要認真研究和吸取。

習近平指出，互聯網新技術新應用不斷發展，使互聯網的社會動員功能日益增強。要傳播正能量，提升傳播力和引導力。要嚴密防範網絡犯罪特別是新型網絡犯罪，維護人民群眾利益和社會和諧穩定。要發揮網絡傳播互動、體驗、分享的優勢，聽民意、惠民生、解民憂，凝聚社會共識。網上網下要同心聚力、齊抓共管，形成共同防範社會風險、共同構築同心圓的良好局面。要維護網絡空間安全以及網絡數據的完整性、安全性、可靠性，提高維護網絡空間安全能力。

習近平指出，互聯網新技術新應用不斷發展，使互聯網的社會動員功能日益增強。要傳播正能量，提升傳播力和引導力。要發揮網絡傳播互動、體驗、分享的優勢，聽民意、惠民生、解民憂，凝聚社會共識。網上網下要同心聚力、齊抓共管，形成共同防範社會風險、共同構築同心圓的良好局面。

（八）人才要求：不拘一格降人才

“得人者興，失人者崩。”習近平強調，建設網絡強國，要把人才資源匯聚起來，建設一支政治強、業務精、作風好的強大隊伍。 “千軍易得，一將難求”，要培養造就世界水平的科學家、網絡科技領軍人才、卓越工程師、高水平創新團隊。

思路上，他指出，網絡空間的競爭，歸根結底是人才競爭。建設網絡強國，沒有一支優秀的人才隊伍，沒有人才創造力迸發、活力湧流，是難以成功的。念好了人才經，才能事半功倍。我們的腦子要轉過彎來，既要重視資本，更要重視人才，引進人才力度要進一步加大，人才體制機制改革步子要進一步邁開。網信領域可以先行先試，抓緊調研，制定吸引人才、培養人才、留住人才的辦法。

範圍上，他指出，我國網信事業發展，必須充分調動企業家、專家學者、科技人員積極性、主動性、創造性。企業家、專家學者、科技人員要有國家擔當、社會責任，為促進國家網信事業發展多貢獻自己的智慧和力量。各級黨委和政府要從心底里尊重知識、尊重人才，為人才發揮聰明才智創造良好條件，營造寬鬆環境，提供廣闊平台。

方法上，他指出，互聯網主要是年輕人的事業，要不拘一格降人才。要解放思想，慧眼識才，愛才惜才。培養網信人才，要下大功夫、下大本錢，請優秀的老師，編優秀的教材，招優秀的學生，建一流的網絡空間安全學院。互聯網領域的人才，不少是怪才、奇才，他們往往不走一般套路，有很多奇思妙想。對待特殊人才要有特殊政策，不要求全責備，不要論資排輩，不要都用一把尺子衡量。

政策上，他指出，要採取特殊政策，建立適應網信特點的人事制度、薪酬制度，把優秀人才凝聚到技術部門、研究部門、管理部門中來。要建立適應網信特點的人才評價機制，以實際能力為衡量標準，不唯學歷，不唯論文，不唯資歷，突出專業性、創新性、實用性。要建立靈活的人才激勵機制，讓作出貢獻的人才有成就感、獲得感。要探索網信領域科研成果、知識產權歸屬、利益分配機制，在人才入股、技術入股以及稅收方面製定專門政策。在人才流動上要打破體制界限，讓人才能夠在政府、企業、智庫間實現有序順暢流動。國外那種“旋轉門”制度的優點，我們也可以藉鑑。

站位上，他指出，在人才選拔上要有全球視野，下大氣力引進高端人才。隨著我國綜合國力不斷增強，有很多國家的人才也希望來我國發展。我們要順勢而為，改革人才引進各項配套制度，構建具有全球競爭力的人才制度體系。不管是哪個國家、哪個地區的，只要是優秀人才，都可以為我所用。這項工作，有些企業、科研院所已經做了，我到一些企業、科研院所去，也同這些從國外引進的人才進行過交談。這方面要加大力度，不斷提高我們在全球配置人才資源能力。

（九）行業要求：注重自律和健康發展

企業的發展與其承擔的社會責任是成正比的。習近平指出，我國互聯網企業由小到大、由弱變強，在穩增長、促就業、惠民生等方面發揮了重要作用。讓企業持續健康發展，既是企業家奮鬥的目標，也是國家發展的需要。企業命運與國家發展息息相關。脫離了國家支持、脫離了群眾支持，脫離了為國家服務、為人民服務，企業難以做強做大。

如何做強做大？習近平指明了方向：對內，要出台支持企業發展的政策，讓他們成為技術創新主體，成為信息產業發展主體。對外，要鼓勵和支持我國網信企業走出去，深化互聯網國際交流合作，積極參與“一帶一路”建設，做到“國家利益在哪裡，信息化就覆蓋到哪裡”。外國互聯網企業，只要遵守我國法律法規，我們都歡迎。

如何避免過去經常出現的“一放就亂、一管就死”現象，走出一條齊抓共管、良性互動的新路？習近平給出了思路：第一，堅持鼓勵支持和規範發展並行。應該鼓勵和支持企業成為研發主體、創新主體、產業主體，鼓勵和支持企業佈局前沿技術，推動核心技術自主創新，創造和把握更多機會，參與國際競爭，拓展海外發展空間。要規範市場秩序，鼓勵進行良性競爭。黨的十八屆四中全會提出健全以公平為核心原則的產權保護製度，加強對各種所有製經濟組織和自然人財產權的保護，清理有違公平的法律法規條款。這些要求要盡快落實到位。第二，堅持政策引導和依法管理並舉。政府要為企業發展營造良好環境，加快推進審批制度、融資制度、專利制度等改革，減少重複檢測認證，施行優質優價政府採購制度，減輕企業負擔，破除體制機制障礙。同時，要加快網絡立法進程，完善依法監管措施，化解網絡風險。要依法加強對大數據的管理。第三，堅持經濟效益和社會效益並重。只有富有愛心的財富才是真正有意義的財富，只有積極承擔社會責任的企業才是最有競爭力和生命力的企業。希望廣大互聯網企業堅持經濟效益和社會效益統一，在自身發展的同時，飲水思源，回報社會，造福人民。我們要鼓勵和支持我國網信企業走出去，深化互聯網國際交流合作，積極參與“一帶一路”建設，做到“國家利益在哪裡，信息化就覆蓋到哪裡”。外國互聯網企業，只要遵守我國法律法規，我們都歡迎。

（十）國際要求：共建命運共同體

隨著世界多極化、經濟全球化、文化多樣化、社會信息化深入發展，互聯網對人類文明進步將發揮更大促進作用。同時，互聯網領域發展不平衡、規則不健全、秩序不合理等問題日益凸顯。不同國家和地區信息鴻溝不斷拉大，現有網絡空間治理規則難以反映大多數國家意願和利益；世界範圍內侵害個人隱私、侵犯知識產權、網絡犯罪等時有發生，網絡監聽、網絡攻擊、網絡恐怖主義活動等成為全球公害。

面對這些問題和挑戰，國際社會應該在相互尊重、相互信任的基礎上，加強對話合作，推動互聯網全球治理體系變革，共同構建和平、安全、開放、合作的網絡空間，建立多邊、民主、透明的全球互聯網治理體系。提出“中國願同國際社會一道，堅持以人類共同福祉為根本，堅持網絡主權理念，推動全球互聯網治理朝著更加公正合理的方向邁進，推動網絡空間實現平等尊重、創新發展、開放共享、安全有序的目標。”

“凡益之道，與時偕行。”網絡空間是人類共同的活動空間，網絡空間前途命運應由世界各國共同掌握。推進全球互聯網治理體系變革，應該堅持四項原則。尊重網絡主權。維護和平安全。促進開放合作。構建良好秩序。各國應該加強溝通、擴大共識、深化合作，共同構建網絡空間命運共同體。對此，我願提出5點主張。第一，加快全球網絡基礎設施建設，促進互聯互通。第二，打造網上文化交流共享平台，促進交流互鑑。第三，推動網絡經濟創新發展，促進共同繁榮。第四，保障網絡安全，促進有序發展。第五，構建互聯網治理體系，促進公平正義。贏得了世界絕大多數國家贊同。

習近平指出，互聯網是人類的共同家園，攜手構建網絡空間命運共同體。讓這個家園更美麗、更乾淨、更安全，是國際社會的共同責任。讓我們攜起手來，共同推動網絡空間互聯互通、共享共治，為開創人類發展更加美好的未來助力！

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