中國海軍分散式海上作戰有哪些優勢？
現代英語：
In recent years, with the development of intelligent unmanned technology, the navies of developed countries in the world have proposed the concept of “distributed lethality” with surface ships as the main body, aiming to achieve distributed maritime operations and gain battlefield advantages. Distributed maritime operations aim to integrate combat platforms in multiple domains, build an all-round three-dimensional situational awareness network, and form a seamlessly linked combat system of manned platforms and distributed unmanned platforms through communication networks throughout various domains and an integrated command and control system, thereby improving the overall combat and strike effectiveness.
The concept of distributed maritime operations
Distributed maritime operations are the integration and expansion of combat concepts such as “distributed lethality” and “manned-unmanned collaborative operations”. The main idea is that large-scale, multi-purpose, high-value combat platforms are no longer required to independently complete diversified combat missions, but rather the main combat capabilities such as reconnaissance, command, strike, and interference are dispersedly deployed on various heterogeneous unmanned platforms in various combat domains. A highly resilient combat system is formed by the fusion of a small number of manned platforms and a large number of distributed unmanned platforms, which can complete various complex combat missions through efficient, precise, and real-time collaboration. This combat system includes a small number of high-value manned platforms and a large number of low-cost unmanned platforms. The manned platforms serve as battlefield decision makers, responsible for relatively complex tasks such as combat plan planning and combat mission allocation and implementation; the unmanned platforms are used to perform relatively dangerous or simple tasks such as situational awareness and fire strikes. Manned/unmanned platforms work closely together to complete combat missions.
The essence of distributed maritime operations is to seamlessly link and organically integrate high-value manned platforms and low-cost unmanned platforms at sea, and to achieve common operational goals through high information sharing, precise task aggregation, and efficient operational coordination. It has the remarkable characteristics of on-demand sharing of operational information, deep integration of operational tasks, precise planning of operational resources, and optimized organization of operational processes. Through manned/unmanned distributed coordination, a new type of efficient maritime combat system can be formed that complements each other’s strengths, integrates functions, and has complementary capabilities. Distributed maritime operations highlight the combinability, consumability, and “decentralization” of force utilization, and focus on the deep embedding and comprehensive application of artificial intelligence technology, which can enhance the resilience of the combat system and promote the development of joint global operations in the maritime direction towards intelligence.
Typical characteristics of distributed maritime operations
At present, intelligent unmanned equipment is developing rapidly, and is increasingly possessing advantages such as human-equipment integration, cross-domain coordination, cluster confrontation, and autonomous combat. Distributed maritime combat is accelerating to present typical characteristics such as wide-area distribution coordination, cross-domain multi-dimensional integration, and manned and unmanned integration.
Wide-area distributed coordination. Wide-area distributed coordination means that various combat elements or combat resources can be adaptively optimized and combined and dispatched according to the battlefield situation, so as to realize the precise energy concentration and release of the combat system. The first is the distributed deployment of the combat system. In distributed maritime operations, the combat space is deeply embedded in various combat domains, and the combat forces can be distributed and deployed in a decentralized wide area. The second is the intelligent reconstruction of the combat system. The combat system is lighter, more capable, and more agile, and its battlefield environment adaptability and system dynamic optimization and reconstruction capabilities are significantly enhanced, and it can quickly and flexibly adjust the required combat forces and battlefield resources. The third is the concentrated release of combat energy. The combat system can achieve rapid mobility, real-time response and coordinated operations of various combat platforms and combat forces in the global combat space through semi-autonomous or autonomous coordinated control of equipment, ensuring the precise concentration and release of combat forces.
Cross-domain multi-dimensional integration. Distributed maritime operations transform the centralized combat group mode into a distributed, agile combat mode. Various combat units are distributed in multiple combat domains, which can realize the monitoring and positioning of cross-domain targets, and then implement effective strikes. The first is the cross-domain integration of combat forces. The combat forces deployed in multiple domains will be dynamically networked through intelligent systems to form a cross-domain combat system. The second is the seamless connection between strategy, campaign, and tactics. New domain and new quality combat forces will directly participate in intelligent naval warfare as the main combat role, achieving comprehensive coverage from strategy to campaign, seamless connection from campaign to tactics, giving birth to a new quality combat capability of rapid assault, multi-dimensional integration, and full-domain offense and defense, and realizing cross-domain coordinated strikes on combat targets.
Manned and unmanned are one. Distributed maritime operations can rely on a large number of intelligent unmanned equipment to form a “manned-unmanned” joint strike system with high autonomy and coordination. By accelerating the development of unmanned equipment such as ship-borne drones, surface unmanned boats, and underwater unmanned vehicles, long-, medium-, and short-range echelon configurations can be achieved, and cross-domain integration of unmanned equipment such as air, surface, underwater, and land can be achieved. The unmanned and manned equipment systems are seamlessly integrated, and the mission domain is expanded from information assurance to firepower strikes. This will promote changes in maritime combat styles, accelerate the formation of new combat styles such as manned system collaborative operations, unmanned system single operations, unmanned system cluster operations, and frontier preset operations, and achieve a subversion of traditional manned combat styles.
The winning mechanism of distributed maritime operations
The reason why major scientific and technological progress can promote the evolution of the war situation is largely because it has profoundly changed the mechanism of winning wars. At present, cutting-edge technology has significantly improved the level of equipment intelligence, profoundly changed the combat power generation mode, and accelerated the evolution of the mechanism of winning naval battles.
“Distributed interconnection, human-machine collaboration” wins. The distributed, intelligent, and networked command information system built on cloud computing, data chain, Internet of Things and other technologies has brought profound changes to modern naval warfare. Supported by the cloud edge, the command information system realizes real-time interaction between various combat platforms through high-speed and secure network connections, significantly improving the information interconnection, interoperability and interoperability between different combat platforms; it can efficiently analyze and process massive battlefield information, accurately judge the battlefield situation, and transform combat command to an intelligent decision-making method centered on “data, algorithms and models”; commanders at each node share information in real time in the cloud network, synchronously judge the situation, and coordinate command, so that command and control activities are concise and optimized, and combat decisions are more efficient and accurate. In addition, under “distributed interconnection”, intelligent unmanned combat has developed from a single platform to a multi-platform cluster, and from remote-controlled combat to semi-autonomous and autonomous combat. Multiple “single-person-single-machine” command chains running in parallel have gradually formed a single simple command chain of “commander-unmanned combat cluster”. Through the efficient and autonomous coordination of manned platforms and unmanned platforms and their clusters, the combat potential of intelligent unmanned equipment can be fully activated, and the advantages of various advanced equipment can be maximized.
“Algorithm-driven, fast and accurate cognition” wins. In intelligent warfare, advanced algorithms replace commanders’ thinking through precise and high-speed calculations, promoting the accelerated integration of rational combat knowledge and emotional commander experience. With advanced algorithms, we can quickly and accurately understand the situation on the naval battlefield, and then accurately and quickly plan scientific and feasible combat plans for changes in the situation on the naval battlefield, disrupting the opponent’s established deployment and combat intentions. Algorithms can effectively process massive amounts of high-value intelligence information and increase the speed of the “OODA” cycle. Mastering the advantages of algorithms can achieve fast and accurate cognition of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and the battlefield environment, thereby accurately predicting the enemy’s combat actions and innovating and optimizing our own action plans in a targeted manner.
“Cloud brain support, network failure and disconnection” will win. In distributed maritime operations, the command and control system will operate in a collaborative way of “human brain + cloud brain”, and the intelligent advantage will become an “advanced” advantage based on information advantage, and “network failure and disconnection” will become one of the main patterns of maritime operations. On the one hand, unmanned intelligent combat actions supported by cloud brain will penetrate the entire process of operations. In distributed maritime operations, the collaborative mode of “human brain + cloud brain” runs through all aspects of operations such as intelligent assisted command decision-making, automatic intelligence reconnaissance, automatic combat planning, autonomous precision strikes, and intelligent logistics support. On the other hand, targeting the intelligent ubiquitous network structure covering the entire domain and multiple dimensions, using intelligent equipment or means to attack key nodes and hubs such as its reconnaissance and surveillance network, information transmission network, command and control network, and comprehensive support network can paralyze its combat network system.
“Cross-domain integration, integrated energy release” wins. Distributed maritime operations will leap from integrated joint operations under information conditions to autonomous cross-domain collaborative operations under intelligent conditions. Different types of new-quality combat capabilities will be integrated and coordinated across domains, and flexibly and accurately integrated to release combat effectiveness. On the one hand, relying on the cross-domain, distributed, and networked collaborative combat system supported by the cloud edge, through the cross-domain mobility of the main combat platform, the cross-domain complementation of equipment functions, the cross-domain sharing of information and intelligence, the cross-domain coordination of combat command, the cross-domain response of mission actions, and the cross-domain interconnection of channel links, a variety of new-quality combat capabilities can be efficiently linked. On the other hand, cross-domain integration highlights the close coordination between the main domain master control and cross-domain support. For example, the navy will be the main control force in maritime offensive and defensive operations, and other forces will implement cross-domain coordinated support through the integration of air and space, sea and space, and network and space.
“Strike at acupoints and lure at agglomeration” to win. Distributed maritime operations will transform from traditional concentrated annihilation warfare to precise strike at acupoints, and high-value targets will face the threat of long-range autonomous precision strikes from intelligent combat equipment; from traditional large-scale manned attrition warfare to global unmanned cluster lure warfare, and important strategic targets will face the threat of saturation attacks and deceptive strikes from low-cost unmanned clusters. In the process of distributed maritime operations, unmanned equipment such as drones and unmanned submarines can be deployed to form a widely distributed, self-organized and coordinated reconnaissance network. Through autonomous reconnaissance, identification and strike actions, long-range and precise attacks can be carried out on the opponent’s high-value targets. Under the condition of minimizing collateral damage as much as possible, the opponent’s hand-wave network can be paralyzed from top to bottom to destroy its command system. Under the intelligent ubiquitous network system, based on the self-organized “swarm” combat of large-scale machine intelligent agents, full coverage reconnaissance of the opponent’s core area can be achieved, deceiving and luring the enemy, and consuming the opponent’s combat resources to the maximum extent.
現代國語：
中國軍網 國防部網
2024年8月15日 星期四
邱志明
近年來，隨著智慧無人技術的發展，世界發達國家海軍提出以水面艦艇為主體的「分散式殺傷」概念，意在實現分散式海上作戰，獲得戰場優勢。分散式海上作戰旨在融合多域空間的作戰平台，構建全方位立體式的態勢感知網，透過遍布各域的通訊網絡和一體化的指揮控制系統，形成有人平台與分散式無人平台無縫鉸鏈的作戰體系，從而提高整體作戰與打擊效能。
分散式海上作戰的概念內涵
分散式海上作戰是「分散式殺傷性」與「有人無人協同作戰」等作戰理念的融合與拓展，主要思路是不再由大型的、集多用途於一體的高價值作戰平台獨立完成多樣化作戰任務，而是將偵察、指揮、打擊、幹擾等主要作戰能力分散部署到各類作戰域的多異構體作戰平台上，由少量平台和海量協同發展為一般人的綜合設施，通過大量的綜合操作，有人這個作戰體系包括少量高價值有人平台和大量低成本無人平台，其中有人平台作為戰場決策者，負責作戰方案籌劃以及作戰任務分配和實施等相對復雜的任務；無人平台用於執行態勢感知、火力打擊等相對危險或簡單的任務，有人/無人密切協同完成作戰任務。
分散式海上作戰的本質是將海上高價值有人平台與低成本無人平台無縫鉸鏈與有機融合，透過高度的資訊共享、精準的任務聚合、高效的作戰協同來實現共同的作戰目標，具有作戰資訊按需共享、作戰任務深度整合、作戰資源精準規劃、作戰過程優化組織等顯著特點。透過有人/無人分散式協同，可以形成取長補短、功能銜接、能力相濟的新型海上高效作戰體系。分散式海上作戰突顯了兵力運用的可組合性、可消耗性和“去中心化”，注重人工智慧技術深度嵌入與全面應用，可以提升作戰體系韌性，推動實現海上方向聯合全局作戰向智能化方向發展。
分散式海上作戰的典型特徵
當前，智慧無人裝備加速發展，日益具備人裝融合、跨域協同、群集對抗、自主作戰等優勢，分散式海上作戰加速呈現廣域分佈協同、跨域多維融合、有人無人一體等典型特徵。
廣域分佈協同。廣域分佈協同是指，各作戰要素或作戰資源能根據戰場態勢進行自適應優化組合與調度，實現作戰體系精確聚能釋能。一是作戰體系分散部署。分散式海上作戰，作戰空間深度嵌入各個作戰域，作戰力量能夠進行分散式廣域分佈與部署。二是作戰體系智能重構。作戰體系更為輕便、精幹、靈敏，戰場環境自適應能力與體係動態優化重組能力顯著增強，能快速靈活調整所需作戰兵力與戰場資源。三是作戰能量集中釋放。作戰體系能夠透過裝備半自主或自主協調控制，實現全域作戰空間內各種作戰平台、作戰力量的快速機動、即時反應和協同作戰，確保作戰力量的精確集中能。
跨域多維融合。分散式海上作戰將集中式的戰鬥群模式轉變為分散式、敏捷式作戰模式，各種作戰單元分佈於多個作戰域，可實現對跨域目標的監視、定位，進而實施有效打擊。一是作戰力量跨域融合。將分散部署在多個領域的作戰力量，透過智慧系統進行動態組網，形成跨域作戰體系。二是戰略、戰役、戰術無縫連結。新域新質作戰力量將作為主戰角色直接參與到智能化海戰中，實現從戰略到戰役的全面覆蓋，從戰役到戰術的無縫鏈接，催生快速突擊、多維一體、全局攻防的新質戰鬥力，實現對作戰目標的跨域協同打擊。
有人無人一體。分散式海上作戰可以依賴大量智慧無人裝備，形成一個「有人-無人」聯合打擊體系，具有很高的自主性與協同性。通過加快推進艦載無人機、水面無人艇、水下無人航行器等無人裝備發展，實現遠、中、近程梯次配置，空中、水面、水下、陸岸等無人裝備跨域集成，無人與有人裝備體系無縫融合，任務領域從信息保障擴展到火力打擊領域，助推海上作戰樣式變革，加速形成系統協同作戰系統、獨立作戰系統
分散式海上作戰的致勝機理
科技的重大進步之所以能推動戰爭形態的演變，很大程度上在於深刻改變了戰爭制勝機理。當前，前沿技術顯著提升了裝備智慧化水平，深刻改變了戰鬥力生成模式，加速海戰制勝機理發生嬗變。
「分佈互聯，人機協同」制勝。依托雲計算、數據鏈、物聯網等技術打造的分散式、智慧化、網路化指揮資訊系統，為現代海戰帶來了深刻變革。指揮資訊系統在雲邊端支撐下，通過高速、安全的網絡連接，實現各作戰平台間的實時交互，明顯提升了不同作戰平台間的信息互聯互通互通能力；能夠高效分析處理海量戰場信息，精準研判戰場態勢，作戰指揮向“以數據、算法和模型為中心”的智能化決策方式此外，在「分散互聯」下，智慧無人作戰由單平台向多平台集群方向發展，由遙控作戰向半自主、自主作戰方向演進，由多條並行運行的「單人-單機」指揮鏈逐步形成「指揮員-無人作戰的集群」的單一簡易指揮鏈，通過有人平台與無人平台及其集群的高效自主協同，充分激活智能化的潛力裝備，高級平台及其集群的高效自主協同，充分激活智能設備的高級設備。
「演算法驅動，快準認知」制勝。智慧化戰爭，先進的演算法透過精確、高速的運算取代指揮人員的思考，推動理性的作戰知識與感性的指揮者經驗加速融合。擁有先進的演算法，便能又快又準地實現對海戰場態勢的認知，進而針對海戰場態勢變化準確、快速地籌劃出科學可行的作戰方案，打亂對手既定部署和作戰企圖。演算法能有效處理大量高價值情報訊息，提升「OODA」循環速度。掌握演算法優勢即可實現對敵情、我情以及戰場環境又快又準的認知，從而準確地預測敵方作戰行動，有針對性地創新優化己方行動方案。
「雲腦支撐，癱網斷鏈」制勝。分散式海上作戰，指揮控制系統將以「人腦+雲腦」的協作方式運行，智慧優勢成為以資訊優勢為基礎的「進階」優勢，「癱網斷鏈」成為海上作戰主要樣式之一。一方面，在雲腦支撐下的無人智慧作戰行動將滲透到作戰的全流程。分散式海上作戰中，「人腦+雲腦」的協作方式貫穿智慧輔助指揮決策、自動情報偵察、自動作戰規劃、自主精確打擊、智慧後勤保障等作戰全環節。另一方面，針對覆蓋全球多維的智慧化泛在網絡結構，運用智慧化裝備或手段對其偵察監視網、資訊傳輸網、指揮控製網、綜合保障網等關鍵節點與樞紐部分實施攻擊，可使其作戰網絡體系癱瘓失能。
「跨域融合，整合釋能」制勝。分散式海上作戰將由資訊化條件下的一體化聯合作戰躍升到智能化條件下的自主跨域協同作戰，不同類型的新質作戰能力跨域融合、協同聯動，並靈活精準地集成釋放作戰效能。一方面，以雲邊端支撐下的跨領域、分散式、網絡化的協同作戰系統為依托，透過主戰平台跨域機動、裝備功能跨域互補、資訊情報跨域共享、作戰指揮跨域協同、任務行動跨域響應、通道鏈路跨域聯通，實現多種新質作戰能力的高效聯動。另一方面，跨域融合凸顯主域主控與跨域支援的緊密配合。例如，海上攻防作戰將以海軍為主控力量，其他力量透過空天一體、海天一體、網天一體運用，實施跨域協同支援。
「點穴打擊，集群誘耗」制勝。分散式海上作戰將從傳統的集中殲滅戰向精確的點穴打擊戰轉化，高價值的目標將面臨智慧化作戰裝備的遠程自主精準打擊威脅；從傳統的規模化有人消耗戰向全局的無人集群誘耗戰轉化，重要的戰略目標將面臨低成本無人集群的飽和攻擊與誘騙打擊威脅。分散式海上作戰過程中，可投放無人機、無人潛航器等無人裝備，形成廣域分佈、自組織協同的偵察網絡，通過自主偵察、判別和打擊行動，對對手高價值目標實施遠程精準攻擊，在盡可能減少附帶損傷的情況下，自上而下癱瘓對手指揮網絡，破壞其指揮體系。在智慧泛在網絡體系下，基於大規模機器智能體自組織的「蜂群」作戰，可實現對對手核心區域的全覆蓋偵察，進行欺騙誘敵，最大限度地誘耗對手作戰資源。
