中國軍事太空新戰場，誰來決定作戰規則？
現代英語：
At present, with the “blowout” development of aerospace technology, the competition between the United States and Russia in the space field is becoming increasingly fierce. The “People’s Liberation Army Daily” published today published a signed article “Space: A New Battlefield for the Future Competition between the United States and Russia”. The article pointed out that with the development of aerospace technology, the space field is nurturing new strategic deterrence forces, and the development of space deterrence forces may change the future strategic stability framework.
Space: A new battlefield for future competition between the United States and Russia
■Zhongjing
When the development of aerospace technology was still in its infancy in the last century, US President Lyndon Johnson asserted: Whoever controls space controls the earth. Entering the 21st century, with the “blowout” development of aerospace technology, the competition between the United States and Russia in the field of space has become increasingly fierce, and its results will directly affect the world pattern and the future and destiny of the country.
Space becomes a new strategic deterrent force
In the past, nuclear weapons were the main strategic deterrent force and the cornerstone of strategic stability. With the development of aerospace technology, new strategic deterrent forces are being nurtured in the space field. For example, the space instant strike force that the United States and Russia are developing and developing can strike any target on the earth within 1-2 hours. It not only has the ability to destroy and damage strategic nuclear weapons and their infrastructure, but also because of its high speed and strong mobility, the existing air defense and anti-missile systems cannot intercept it. It is a revolutionary strategic deterrent force that changes the “rules of the game”.
At present, the United States and Russia have mainly developed three types of global immediate strike weapons. The first type is a suborbital gliding vehicle, which can be used to launch nuclear warheads. This type of aircraft glides unpowered at the boundary of the atmosphere about 100 kilometers above the surface, just like a skateboard for surfing on the sea, constantly “jumping” with the crests and troughs of the waves, thereby achieving high-speed maneuvers and penetration. The second type is an intake hypersonic aircraft, which uses a scramjet engine to achieve hypersonic flight. The third type is an aerospace plane, which has space-based to space-based combat capabilities. It is usually used to perform space reconnaissance, cruising, satellite protection, repair and other tasks. In wartime, it can carry out space control, capture, destruction and other military operations against enemy targets.
The development of space deterrence will likely change the future strategic stability framework, interweaving and integrating with nuclear deterrence and cyber deterrence to form a new strategic stability framework. Taking the relationship between space deterrence and cyber deterrence as an example, the key nodes of the network are located in space, and space routers ensure the data flow of the Internet and the global information grid. The success or failure of cyber deterrence depends on space; almost all space activities rely on the network, and cyber deterrence will further enhance the ability to control space.
Achieving global combat force integration
The uniqueness of space is that it is not restricted by traditional land, sea, and air flight restrictions, and is naturally global and cross-domain. The field of view of a geosynchronous orbit satellite can cover about 1/3 of the earth’s surface, and three geosynchronous orbit satellites can cover the entire earth.
Globalization is to use the space system to connect the world’s combat forces and means to form a complete combat system, and realize global information support and global strikes. At present, space-based satellites rely on access to the ground grid information network to achieve connection, namely the “sky-star-ground network”. In the future, space-based satellites will also form a network themselves and form a “sky-ground integrated network” with the ground network. Combat forces and means at any location in the world can be connected through the “sky-ground integrated network” to form an integrated combat force system. In 2016, the United States proposed the concept of establishing a space Internet. One of the plans is to consist of 648 small satellites, operating in an orbit 1,200 kilometers above the ground. Once the Internet is moved to space, it can make up for some “blind spots” of the ground network, such as oceans and remote areas, achieve global Internet coverage, and promote the integration of global combat forces.
In 2013, the U.S. military’s “Space Operations” doctrine first proposed to establish a space application network in combat units at all levels of the military services and use space forces for cross-domain coordination. Based on the recognition of the cross-domain nature of space, Russia merged the Air Force and the Aerospace Defense Force into the Aerospace Force. The Aerospace Force is composed of the Air Force, the Space Force, and the Air Defense and Anti-Missile Force. It integrates aerospace, air defense, and space defense, and has the combat capabilities of aviation, near-space, and space orbit, realizing cross-domain operations in air and space.
Space power is a force multiplier
When space forces intervene and penetrate into other areas, it will catalyze the rapid increase of combat effectiveness. John Hyten, commander of the U.S. Space Command, said: “Because of space, we can strike any target on the earth at any time, any place, and any weather conditions; on the contrary, if we cannot use space, the U.S. military will return to the World War II model and the war of the industrial age.”
Space power penetrates land, sea, air, electricity and the Internet, which is conducive to selecting the best target, using the most appropriate means, and achieving the best combat effect at the best time and place, thus forming a combat power multiplier effect. For example, the “Dove Swarm” satellite launched by Planetary Laboratories of the United States consists of 95 small satellites, which work “24 hours online” and can take images all the time without instructions, continuously obtain data, and achieve real-time global monitoring.
The United States and Russia attach great importance to the development of small satellites because of their low cost, fast launch and fast networking. Low-orbit small satellites have the ability to continuously cover the world and update data in real time. Tactical communication small satellites can provide communication support for grassroots combat troops. Small satellites are also particularly suitable for space target monitoring and space attack and defense, which can double combat effectiveness.
Opening up new areas of covert confrontation
The United States and Russia believe that compared with military struggles in other fields, space operations are more concealed. The concealment of space operations is mainly reflected in the concealment of interference sources, locations, and functions.
The source of interference is hidden, which means that it is difficult to accurately determine the source of interference to spacecraft. For example, when jamming a communication satellite, it is difficult to accurately determine the source of the attack.
Hidden location. According to the regulations of international organizations, in order to ensure the efficient use of the geostationary orbit and reduce congestion, when the life of the geostationary orbit satellite ends, it should give up the orbital position and be pushed to the graveyard orbit. Because there are a large number of abandoned satellites in the graveyard orbit, it is not easy to be discovered with the current space situational awareness capabilities. The United States once proposed to deploy attack forces in the graveyard orbit, which is 200 to 300 kilometers higher than the geostationary orbit.
Hidden functions. Since 95% of aerospace technologies are dual-use, it is difficult to clearly distinguish whether a certain space technology or means is for military or civilian purposes. Military powers often take advantage of this and use civilian purposes to cover up their combat potential. For example, the “Phoenix” program implemented by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency launched the “Cell Star” in 2015. In wartime, space robots can grab payloads such as antennas and solar panels from retired satellites and install them on the Cell Star to make it combat-capable. The “Dragonfly” project, a follow-up to the “Phoenix” plan, is to disassemble large satellites that are difficult to launch into components, store them in orbit for a long time, and quickly assemble them to form combat capabilities when needed.
現代國語：
来源：中国军网综合作者：仲晶责任编辑：姚远
當下，伴隨航太科技「井噴」式發展，美俄對太空領域的競爭日益激烈。今天出版的《解放軍報》刊登署名文章《太空：未來美俄角逐的新戰場》，文章指出，伴隨航太技術的發展，太空領域正孕育新的戰略威懾力量，太空威懾力量的發展將可能改變未來戰略穩定架構。
太空：未來美俄角逐的新戰場
■仲晶
當上個世紀航太技術的發展還處於萌芽狀態時，美國總統林登·約翰遜斷言：誰控制了太空，誰就能控制地球。進入21世紀，伴隨航太技術「井噴」式發展，美俄對太空領域的競爭日益激烈，其結果將直接影響世界格局與國家未來命運。
太空成為新型戰略威懾力量
以往，核武是主要的戰略威懾力量，也是戰略穩定的基石。伴隨航太科技的發展，太空領域正孕育新的戰略威懾力量。例如，美俄正在研發發展的太空即時打擊力量，能在1—2小時內打擊地球上任何目標，不僅具備摧毀和破壞戰略核武及其基礎設施的能力，而且由於速度快、機動能力強，現有防空反導系統都不能實施攔截，是改變「遊戲規則」的革命性戰略威懾力量。
目前，美俄主要研發了三類全球即時打擊武器。第一類是亞軌道滑翔飛行器，可用於投射核彈頭。這種飛行器在距地表100千米左右大氣層邊界做無動力滑翔，就像海上衝浪的滑板不斷隨波峰波谷“跳躍”，從而實現高速機動與突防。第二類是吸入式高超音波速飛行器，其使用超燃沖壓發動機，實現高超音波飛行。第三類是空天飛機，具有天基對天基作戰能力，平時用於執行太空偵察、巡航、衛星防護、修理等任務，戰時可對敵國目標實施太空控制、捕獲、摧毀等軍事行動。
太空威懾力量的發展將可能改變未來戰略穩定架構，與核威懾、網路威懾交織融合，共同構成新的戰略穩定架構。以太空威懾與網路威懾關係為例，網路的關鍵節點位於太空，太空路由器確保互聯網、全球資訊柵格的資料流動，網路威懾的成敗取決於太空；幾乎所有的太空活動都依賴於網絡，網路威懾會進一步增強掌控太空的能力。
實現全球作戰力量一體化
太空的獨特之處，在於不受傳統的陸地、海上、空中飛越限制，具有天然的全球性和跨域性。 1顆地球同步軌道衛星，視野可覆蓋約1/3的地球表面，3顆地球同步軌道衛星可覆蓋整個地球。
全球性，是利用太空系統將全球的作戰力量和手段連接形成完整的作戰體系，實現全球範圍資訊支援和全球打擊。目前，天基衛星依賴接取地面柵格資訊網實現連接，即「天星地網」。未來天基衛星本身也會組網，與地面網路形成「天地一體網」。全球任何地點的作戰力量和手段都能透過「天地一體網」連結起來，形成一體化作戰力量體系。 2016年，美國提出建立太空網際網路構想，其中一個方案就是由648顆小衛星組成，在距地面1,200千米軌道上運行。一旦互聯網搬到太空，可以彌補地網一些“死角”，例如海洋與偏遠地區，實現互聯網全球覆蓋，促進全球作戰力量一體化。
2013年，美軍《太空作戰》條令首次提出，在軍兵種各級作戰單元建立太空應用網絡，利用太空力量進行跨域協同。基於對太空跨域性的認識，俄羅斯將空軍與空天防禦部隊合併為空天軍。空天軍由空軍、航太部隊和防空反導部隊組成，集航空航太、防空防天於一體，具備航空、臨近空間、太空軌道的作戰能力，實現空天跨域作戰。
太空力量是戰鬥力倍增器
當太空力量介入並滲透到其他領域，將催化戰鬥力迅速增強。美航天司令部司令約翰·海頓說：“正因為有太空，我們可以在任何時間、任何地點、任何氣象條件下打擊地球上任何一個目標；相反，不能利用太空，美軍將回到二戰模式和工業時代的戰爭。”
太空力量滲透於陸、海、空、電、網之中，有利於選擇最優目標、運用最合適手段、在最佳時間和地點達成最佳作戰效果，從而形成戰鬥力倍增效應。例如，美國行星實驗室公司發射的「鴿群」衛星由95顆小衛星組成，「24小時線上」工作，不需要指令就可以全時拍攝成像，不間斷獲取數據，做到全球即時監測。
由於小衛星具有成本低、發射快、組網快的特點，美俄非常重視小衛星發展。低軌小衛星具備全球持續覆蓋和數據即時更新的能力，戰術通訊小衛星可以為基層作戰部隊提供通訊支援。小衛星也特別適合太空目標監視和太空攻防，使戰鬥力倍增。
開闢隱蔽對抗新領域
美俄認為，太空領域與其他領域軍事鬥爭相比，呈現更強的隱密性。太空行動的隱蔽性，主要體現在幹擾源隱蔽、位置隱密和功能隱密等。
幹擾源隱蔽，是指對太空船的干擾很難準確判斷幹擾來源。例如，對通訊衛星實施幹擾，難以準確判斷其攻擊來源。
位置隱蔽。根據國際組織規定，為確保地球靜止軌道的高效運用、減少擁擠，地球靜止軌道衛星壽命終結時，應讓出軌道位置，被推到墓地軌道。由於墓地軌道有大量廢棄的衛星，以目前的太空態勢感知能力不容易被發現。美曾提出，將攻擊力量部署在墓地軌道，其比地球靜止軌道高200～300千公尺。
功能隱蔽。由於95%的航太技術都具有軍民兩用性，很難明確區分某種太空技術或手段是軍事用途還是民用目的。軍事強國往往利用這一點，以民用目的掩蓋其具備的作戰潛能。例如，美國防高級研究計劃局實施的“鳳凰”計劃，在2015年發射了“細胞星”，戰時可由太空機器人從退役衛星上抓取天線和太陽能電池板等載荷，安裝在細胞星上，讓其具備作戰功能。 「鳳凰」後續計畫的「蜻蜓」項目，則是將整件發射難度高的大型衛星分解成組件，長期貯藏在軌道上，一旦需要就可快速組裝形成戰鬥力。
中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jskj/2017-02/03/content_7474214_28.htm