Communist China Giving Priority to Development of Military Network Strategy

中共優先發展網絡戰略力量

Cyberspace has become the national comprehensive security of the door. Network warfare reality, the network battlefield globalization, network confrontation normalization, network attack heart white hot, the network to build the army of the general trend, no one can block. Give priority to the development of network strategy, and actively seize the commanding heights of network strategy, for my army building is of great significance.

　　The main features of network strategy

Network strategic strength refers to the ability to achieve the desired results through cyberspace. From the current development and possible future trends, mainly with the following characteristics.

Composed of multiple. In recent years, the major network events in the world have shown that the strategic power of the military network is the main force of cyberspace competition. The strategic power of the government departments and the private sector is an important part of the cyberspace competition. The “cyber warrior” An important addition.

Strong professionalism. Network strategy strength has a strong latent and difficult to predict, and the speed of light, instantaneous effect, monitoring and early warning is difficult; once the action is effective, damage effect superimposed amplification or non-linear step, with a typical “butterfly effect.” In 2010, the “shock net” virus attacked the centrifuges of the Iranian Bushehr nuclear power plant and the Natanz uranium enrichment plant, resulting in nearly a thousand centrifuge scrapped, forcing Iran’s nuclear capacity building to delay 2 to 3 years, opened the network attack soft means Destroy the country’s hard facilities.

Destructive. The strategic power of the network is no less than the weapons of mass destruction. Russia and Georgia in 2008, “the five-day war”, the Russian military to Georgia’s television media, government websites and transportation systems as the goal, to carry out a comprehensive “bee group” type network paralysis attacks, leading to grid government agencies operating chaos, Logistics and communication system collapse, much-needed war materials can not be delivered in a timely manner, the potential of the war has been seriously weakened, a direct impact on the grid of social order, operational command and troop scheduling. The Russian military doctrine has identified cybercrime as a weapon of mass destruction and has retained the right to use weapons of mass destruction or nuclear weapons to counterattack.

Advanced technology and phase. Network strategy strength development speed, replacement fast, technical materialization for the equipment cycle is short. At present, the speed of the microprocessor doubles every 18 months, the backbone bandwidth doubled every six months, a variety of new electronic information equipment after another, all kinds of application software dizzying. Cyber ​​space confrontation is the field of information in the field of offensive and defensive struggle, the use of network strategy forces in the confrontation of the phase with grams, constantly renovated. The development of the firewall and the information monitoring technology makes the software of the anti-wall software upgrade continuously. The development of the firewall and the information monitoring technology is the development of the firewall and the information monitoring technology. , Can be described as “a foot high, magic high ten feet.”

　　The Developing Trend of Network Strategic

From the subordinate force to the development of key forces. In the past, the network strategic power is mainly for other forces to provide information security, in a subordinate position; with the development of network information technology, network system control of other rights, network strategic forces from the subordinate status to the dominant position to accelerate into the maintenance of national The key to safety. There is no network security there is no sovereign security, “no net” to become a new law of war, the world’s major countries around the network space development rights, dominance and control of a new round of competition, especially the United States and Russia adhere to the practice In the use and continue to develop.

From the maintenance of force to the development of specialized forces. In the past, the network strategy is mainly to maintain the network information system and all kinds of network transmission system, network attack and defense attributes are not clear. At present, all areas of the network space in depth, the world’s major countries are hard to build cyberspace offensive and defensive capabilities, the main military power of the network strategy has become a network of reconnaissance, network attacks, network defense and other clear division of labor, professional regular military forces. The United States has so far built the world’s most complete and powerful network of the army, and held a series of “network storm” series of exercises. The new “cyberspace strategy” in the United States, the first public to cyberspace combat as one of the tactical options for future military conflict, clearly proposed to improve the US military in the cyberspace of deterrence and offensive capability. In order to adapt to the new strategy, the US Department of Defense proposed 2018 to build a offensive and defensive, flexible form, with full combat capability of the network forces construction goals.

From the military to the integration of military and civilian development. The development of the strategic power of the military network started relatively late compared with the civil field, and because of the confidentiality of military confrontation and the specificity of the operational objectives, it is often developed independently. With the development of network technology, the military’s own network strategic strength is difficult to meet the needs of diversified tasks, we must learn from local folk technical means, integrate local network resources, realize the integration of military and civilian development. Network space capacity building on the talent, intelligence, experience and other software environment is extremely high, coupled with the local convergence of a wealth of network resources, military and civilian forces to promote the development of cyberspace capabilities become the strong tone of the times.

From a single model to the “network integration” development. At present, the network includes both the computer IP system network and the non-computer IP system network including a large number of complex early warning detection network, satellite communication network and tactical data link. The traditional single network confrontation model is difficult to meet the challenge of cyberspace. With the development of information technology, especially the Internet of Things technology, the relationship between the network and the power of the battlefield network more and more closely, which for the “network integration” in the technical means to provide the possibility. The use of electronic warfare and network warfare means, for different systems around the open bow, broken chain broken network, to achieve complementary advantages, system damage, as the latest guidance on the construction of network space. Data show that the US military typical network of integrated attack equipment “Shu special” system has been from the “Shu-1” to the current development of “Shu-5”. According to reports, “Shute” system through the enemy radar antenna, microwave relay station, network processing nodes to invade the enemy air defense network system, real-time monitoring of enemy radar detection results, even as a system administrator to take over the enemy network, Control of the sensor.

From non-state actors to state actors. At present, the network attack has developed from a single hacker behavior for the national, political, military confrontation, the attack object has been developed from the personal website to the country, the army’s important information system, attack “unit” has grown from stand-alone to tens of thousands Hundreds of thousands of terminals, and can instantly release the amazing attack energy. Although many of the intentions of malicious acts of non-State actors are non-state, the consequences are national, whether they are espionage, political opinions, or personal discontent, or terrorist activities , Have a direct impact on social stability, disrupt the economic order, endanger the stability of state power. Once the relevant reaction is made, the subject of the act must be the state and the army, and not the non-state actors themselves.

　　The Construction of Network Strategic Strength

Strengthen strategic planning. Cyberspace competition is the first strategic battle of the contest. From the national level, the network strategy of the power of the main function is to reduce the risk of cyberspace, maintaining the normal operation of the country. We must understand the extreme importance and realistic urgency of cyberspace security from the perspective of national security, raise the focus of cyberspace capacity building to the strategic level, and try to solve the problem of how to make good use of cyberspace while trying to reduce the national cyberspace security Risk, so that cyberspace security has become an important support for national prosperity and security. From the military level, the network strategy is mainly to seize the system of network power. We must expand the military vision, the cyberspace as an important area of ​​action, to seize the system as the core, change the military ideas and ideas, adjust the structure and composition of armed forces, the development of weapons and equipment and take a new tactics.

Speed ​​up the construction of the power system. Maintain cyberspace security in the final analysis depends on the strength. We must base ourselves on the characteristics and laws of cyberspace capacity building, focus on the core elements of network capability system and the overall layout of network strategy strength, and systematically design the system structure which conforms to the law and characteristics of cyberspace confrontation in our country, and perfect the system of leadership and command Functional tasks, straighten out the relationship between command and management. We should take the network strategic power as an important new combat force, from the organization construction, personnel training, equipment development, elements of training and other aspects, to take extraordinary measures to give priority construction, focus on protection. To normalize the national network of offensive and defensive exercises, test theory, tactics, equipment and technology effectiveness, and comprehensively enhance the comprehensive prevention of cyberspace capabilities.

Promote technological innovation. The essence of cyberspace confrontation is the competition of core technology, and it is necessary to accelerate the independent innovation of network information technology. We should focus on improving the capability of independent innovation as a strategic basis, relying on the national innovation system as the basic support, concentrating on breaking the frontier technology of network development and the key core technology with international competitiveness, ahead of deployment and focusing on the development of information technology and information industry. To speed up the process of localization of key core technologies, strengthen the construction of safety testing and active early warning means, and gradually improve the equipment system of cyberspace in China, and comprehensively improve our network space capability. To follow the basic laws of cyberspace confrontation, in accordance with the “asymmetric checks and balances” strategy, increase the quantum technology, Internet of things and cloud computing and other new technology research and development efforts to create unique combat capability, master the initiative of cyberspace security development The

Promote the integration of military and civilian development. The integration of military and spatial ability of military and civilian development is not only the overall situation of national security and development strategy, but also the objective fact that cyberspace security can not be avoided by the overall planning of national defense and economic and social development. We must actively promote the deep integration of military and civilian development, to promote China’s network space capacity supporting the construction. It is necessary to formulate top-level planning in the form of policies and regulations, clarify the objectives and tasks, methods, organizational division and basic requirements of the deepening development of cyberspace in the form of policies and regulations, and make the integration of military and civilian development into law enforcement and organizational behavior; To establish a sound military coordination, demand docking, resource sharing mechanism, through a unified leadership management organization and coordination of military needs and major work, to achieve risk sharing, resource sharing, and common development of the new situation. We should pay attention to the distinction between the boundaries of military and civilian integration, clear the concept of development-oriented people and the main idea of ​​the army-based, and actively explore the military and the people, the advantages of complementary channels.

 

Original Communist Mandarin Chinese 🙂

網絡空間成為國家綜合安全的命門。網絡戰爭現實化、網絡戰場全球化、網絡對抗常態化、網絡攻心白熱化、網絡建軍正規化的大勢，無人可擋。優先發展網絡戰略力量，積極搶占網絡戰略制高點，對於我軍隊建設具有重要意義。

網絡戰略力量的主要特點

網絡戰略力量，是指通過網絡空間來實現預期結果的能力。從當前發展及未來可能的走勢看，主要有以下特點。

組成多元。近年來發生在全球範圍內的重大網絡事件表明，軍隊網絡戰略力量是網絡空間競爭的主力軍，政府部門、私營機構網絡戰略力量是網絡空間競爭的重要部分，民間“網絡戰士”是網絡空間競爭的重要補充。

專業性強。網絡戰略力量具有極強的潛伏性和難預測性，且以光速進行、瞬時產生效果，監測預警難度大；一旦行動奏效，損害效果疊加放大或非線性階躍，具有典型的“蝴蝶效應”。 2010年，“震網”病毒攻擊了伊朗布什爾核電站和納坦茲鈾濃縮廠的離心機，造成近千台離心機報廢，迫使伊朗核能力建設延遲2至3年，開啟了網絡攻擊軟手段摧毀國家硬設施的先河。

破壞性大。網絡戰略力量破壞力不亞於大規模殺傷性武器。 2008年俄國與格魯吉亞“五日戰爭”中，俄軍以格方的電視媒體、政府網站和交通系統等為目標，開展全面的“蜂群”式網絡阻癱攻擊，導致格政府機構運作混亂，物流和通信系統崩潰，急需的戰爭物資無法及時投送，戰爭潛力受到嚴重削弱，直接影響了格的社會秩序、作戰指揮和部隊調度。俄羅斯軍事學說已將網絡攻擊手段定性為大規模毀滅性武器，並保留了運用大規模毀滅性武器或核武器反擊的權利。

技術先進且相生相剋。網絡戰略力量發展速度快、更新換代快，技術物化為裝備的周期短。當前，微處理器的速度每18個月翻一番，主幹網帶寬每6個月增加一倍，各種新型電子信息設備層出不窮，各種應用軟件目不暇接。網絡空間對抗是信息領域的攻防鬥爭，網絡戰略力量使用的手段在對抗中相生相剋、不斷翻新。常規通信受干擾催生了跳、擴頻通信體制，跳、擴頻通信的出現又催生了頻率跟踪干擾、相關信號干擾等新型電子乾擾手段；防火牆、信息監控技術的發展，使翻牆軟件不斷升級，可謂“道高一尺，魔高一丈”。

網絡戰略力量的發展趨勢

由從屬性力量向關鍵性力量發展。以往網絡戰略力量主要是為其他力量提供信息保障，處於從屬地位；隨著網絡信息技術的發展，製網權統攬其他制權，網絡戰略力量由從屬地位向主導地位加速轉進，成為維護國家安全的關鍵。沒有網絡安全就沒有主權安全，“無網不勝”成為戰爭的新定律，世界各主要國家圍繞網絡空間的發展權、主導權和控制權展開了新一輪的角逐，特別是美俄堅持在實踐中運用並不斷發展。

由維護型力量向專業化力量發展。以往網絡戰略力量主要是維護網絡化信息系統和各類網絡傳輸系統，網絡攻擊和防禦屬性均不鮮明。當下各領域對網絡空間深度依賴，世界主要國家無不竭力打造網絡空間攻防能力，主要軍事強國的網絡戰略力量業已成為集網絡偵察、網絡攻擊、網絡防禦等分工明確、專業化的正規軍事力量。美國迄今已建成全球編制最齊全、力量最龐大的網軍，並多次舉行“網絡風暴”系列演習。美國新版《網絡空間戰略》，首次公開把網絡空間作戰作為今後軍事衝突的戰術選項之一，明確提出要提高美軍在網絡空間的威懾和進攻能力。為適應新戰略，美國防部提出2018年建成一支攻防兼備、形式靈活，具備全面作戰能力的網絡部隊的建設目標。

由軍地自主向軍民融合發展。軍隊網絡戰略力量的發展相對於民用領域起步較晚，且由於軍事對抗的保密性和作戰目標的特定性，往往自主發展。隨著網絡技術的發展，軍隊自身的網絡戰略力量難滿足多樣化任務的需要，必須學習借鑒地方民間技術手段，整合地方網絡資源，實現軍民融合發展。網絡空間能力建設對人才、智力、經驗等軟件環境要求極高，加上地方匯聚了豐富的網絡資源，軍民聯手推進網絡空間能力發展成為時代的強音。

由單一模式向“網電一體”發展。現階段，網絡既包括計算機IP體製網絡，更包含大量複雜的預警探測網、衛星通信網、戰術數據鍊等非計算機IP體製網絡，傳統的單一網絡對抗模式難以應對網絡空間的挑戰。隨著信息技術特別是物聯網技術的發展，戰場網中網與電的關係越來越緊密，這為“網電一體”在技術手段上提供了可能。綜合運用電子戰與網絡戰手段，針對不同體制的網絡左右開弓、斷鍊破網，實現優勢互補、體系破擊，成為網絡空間能力建設的最新指導。有資料顯示，美軍典型網電一體攻擊裝備“舒特”系統已從“舒特-1”發展到目前的“舒特-5”。據報導，“舒特”系統可通過敵方雷達天線、微波中繼站、網絡處理節點入侵敵方防空網絡系統，能夠實時監視敵方雷達的探測結果，甚至以系統管理員身份接管敵方網絡，實現對傳感器的控制。

由非國家行為體向國家行為體發展。目前，網絡攻擊已從單個的黑客行為發展為國家、政治、軍事上的對抗行為，攻擊對像已從個人網站發展到國家、軍隊的重要信息系統，攻擊“單元”已從單機發展到數万乃至數十萬台終端，且能在瞬時釋放驚人的攻擊能量。儘管非國家行為體的惡意網絡行為目的許多是非國家的，但由此所造成的後果卻是國家的，無論是進行間諜活動，還是發表政治主張，或是發洩個人不滿情緒，或是進行恐怖活動，都直接影響社會穩定、擾亂經濟秩序、危及國家政權穩固。一旦因之作出相關反應，其行為主體一定是國家和軍隊，而不再是非國家行為體本身。

網絡戰略力量的建設指向

加強戰略統籌謀劃。網絡空間競爭首先是戰略運籌的較量。從國家層面看，網絡戰略力量的職能主要是降低網絡空間的風險，維護國家正常運轉。必須從國家安全的視角認清網絡空間安全的極端重要性和現實緊迫性，將網絡空間能力建設的著眼點上升到戰略層面，在著力解決如何利用好網絡空間的同時，努力降低國家網絡空間安全風險，使網絡空間安全成為國家繁榮與安全的重要支撐。從軍隊層面看，網絡戰略力量主要是奪取製網權。必須拓展軍事視野，把網絡空間作為製權行動的一個重要領域，以奪取製網權為核心，變革軍事思想和觀念，調整武裝力量結構與構成，發展武器裝備並採取新的戰法。

加快力量體系構建。維護網絡空間安全說到底要靠實力。必須立足於網絡空間能力建設的特點、規律，圍繞我國網絡能力體系核心要素和網絡戰略力量建設總體佈局，以系統思維設計符合我國網絡空間對抗規律和特點的體系架構，健全領導指揮體制機制，明確職能任務，理順指揮管理關係。要把網絡戰略力量作為重要的新型作戰力量突出出來，從組織建設、人才培養、裝備發展、要素演訓等各方面，採取超常舉措，給予重點建設、重點保障。要常態化開展國家級網絡攻防演練，檢驗理論、戰法、裝備及技術的有效性，全面提升網絡空間綜合防範能力。

推進技術自主創新。網絡空間對抗的實質是核心技術的比拼，必須加快推進網絡信息技術自主創新。要把提高自主創新能力作為戰略基點，以國家創新體係為基本依托，集中力量突破網絡發展的前沿技術和具有國際競爭力的關鍵核心技術，超前部署和重點發展信息技術和信息產業。要加速關鍵核心技術的國產化進程，加強安全測試和主動預警手段的建設，逐步完善我國網絡空間的裝備體系，全面提高我國網絡空間能力。要遵循網絡空間對抗的基本規律，按照“非對稱制衡”方略，加大對量子科技、物聯網和雲計算等新技術的研發力度，以獨創技術塑造實戰能力，掌握網絡空間安全發展的主動權。

推動軍民融合發展。網絡空間能力的軍民融合式發展，既是站在國家安全與發展的戰略全局，對國防和經濟社會發展統籌謀劃，也是網絡空間安全不能迴避的客觀事實。必須積極推動軍民深度融合發展，全力推進我國網絡空間能力配套建設。要綜合軍民需求制定頂層規劃，以政策法規的形式明確網絡空間軍民融合深度發展的目標任務、方法路徑、組織分工和基本要求等關係全局的重大問題，變軍民融合發展為執法行為、組織行為；要建立健全軍地協調、需求對接、資源共享機制，通過統一的領導管理機構組織協調軍地的各類需求和重大工作，達成風險共擔、資源共享、共同發展的新局面。要注重軍民融合的界限區分，明確以民為主的發展理念和以軍為主的作戰理念，積極探索軍民一體、優勢互補的可行性渠道。

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