多域融合與跨域攻防的優勢與前景

現代英語：

“Multi-domain fusion operations” and “cross-domain collaborative operations” are the latest operational ideas proposed by the US military in recent years, guiding the gradual upgrade and evolution of the US military’s combat concepts to joint concepts, and building a new war style based on this, covering all combat fields such as “land, sea, air, space, and network”, and integrating various capabilities such as space, network, deterrence, transportation, electromagnetic spectrum, and missile defense. Through this new combat idea, we can compete with competitors such as Russia in various fields, develop asymmetric advantages, and ensure the leading position of our country’s military strength. What advantages do multi-domain fusion operations and cross-domain offense and defense have in actual combat, and what are their development prospects?

The evolution of the concept of global warfare

After the mid-1970s, the U.S. Army successively proposed combat concepts such as “central combat”, “expanded battlefield” and “integrated battlefield”, forming the “air-ground integrated combat” combat theory. Air-ground integrated combat requires the coordination and unity of ground forces and the air force, and conducts deep operations on the basis of the air force’s battlefield air interdiction and offensive air support. For the first time, the combat concept of multi-service coordinated operations appeared, and this combat theory was also tested in actual combat in the Gulf War. This is the starting point for the birth of the concept of multi-domain warfare and even global warfare.

On October 3, 2016, at the annual meeting of the Association of the United States Army, General David G. Perkins, then commander of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, delivered a public speech in which he used the word “domain” for the first time to accurately summarize the new form of international warfare, and put forward the view that “all domains of the United States are challenged” and “advantages in a single domain cannot win the war”, and then introduced the concept of “multi-domain combat”. The operational concept of “multi-domain combat” requires close cooperation between the combat forces of various services, abandoning the inertia of the service thinking of pursuing control in a single domain, and providing a “multi-domain solution” for the national command authorities.

In October 2018, the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command issued the 1.5 version of the concept of “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Operations 2028”. As the most mature version of the concept, it replaced the original word “battle” with “operation” and extended the concept of “multi-domain combat”. The concept of “multi-domain combat” is only applicable to the conflict stage, but in the case that the competition between nation states has become a new factor in the world situation, simply winning the actual conflict has very limited significance for the overall combat background, so the concept of “multi-domain” must be extended and deepened. The concept of “multi-domain combat” introduces relevant cross-government and cross-institutional elements into the “competition continuum” of “competition, armed conflict and return to competition”, and puts forward the three core concepts of “calibrating force posture, using multi-domain formations, and achieving multi-domain aggregation” in “multi-domain warfare”, clarifies the specific needs of “multi-domain formations”, and refines the corresponding combat capabilities that troops at different levels need to have in “multi-domain warfare”.

“Cross-domain coordination” refers to the mutual cooperation of various services to make up for the deficiencies of other forces in combat, thereby achieving complementary efficiency in various fields and successfully completing combat missions. Guided by the basic ideas of multi-domain integration and cross-domain coordination, the US military has formed the concept of “full-domain warfare”, that is, to develop the joint combat capabilities of various services throughout the entire process of combat and training, and realize the transformation of the army into a joint combat force.

The advantages of all-domain operations are obvious

Judging from the current international military development situation, countries will face an increasingly complex, deadly, extremely active, and urbanized battlefield. The combat environment is becoming increasingly fragile, and the combat mode of the traditional battlefield is no longer applicable to contemporary warfare. Against this background, the US military has proposed the concept of full-domain warfare in order to cope with the increasingly complex international environment. What are the advantages of multi-domain warfare and cross-domain attack and defense on the modern battlefield?

Multi-domain integration enables the advantages of different arms to overlap and their disadvantages to complement each other. The predecessor of multi-domain warfare, “Air-Land Integrated Warfare”, was a combat style of joint operations between the Air Force and the Army that the U.S. military attempted to establish in the early 1980s in response to the huge threat posed by Soviet tank clusters to NATO on the European plains. This combat mode requires a high degree of coordination between ground forces and air forces. Ground forces conduct offensive mobile defense operations on the front line, while the Air Force blocks the replenishment of front-line forces by striking the enemy’s rear, thereby providing tactical support to the front-line army. This is also the first time in the history of the U.S. military that the Air Force and the Army have conducted in-depth cooperation, which has increased the complexity and flexibility of the U.S. military’s operations, made the U.S. military’s tactical options richer and more dynamic, and posed a greater strategic deterrence to the enemy.

On the other hand, cross-domain attack and defense can expand asymmetric advantages and impose greater restrictions on the enemy’s power. Since the concept of cross-domain attack and defense emphasizes the coordination of offensive and defensive forces in different fields, during the battle, the army can exert greater pressure on the enemy through its own advantageous fields, making it difficult for the enemy’s power to be maximized, thereby expanding the asymmetric advantage, maximizing its own strength and weakening the enemy’s power. In recent years, all countries have attached great importance to the technical development and research in the field of network electromagnetics. To some extent, this is because the field of network electromagnetics is a new product that came with the information age. Emerging powers that try to catch up with old powers can establish their own advantages through the development of this field, while old powers do not want to be overtaken and have fields that can be used as weaknesses by the enemy. Therefore, all countries have unanimously regarded the research and development of the field of network electromagnetics as one of their current key areas of development, which also reflects the great power of cross-domain attack and defense in modern information-based intelligent warfare.

Global war has broad prospects for development

At present, the concept of “global warfare” only has a theoretical basis, and it still takes a lot of effort to convert theory into practice. The vice chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff clearly stated in an interview: “The seamless integration of various fields and effective command and control are still a daunting challenge. We are not sure how to do it, and no one has a ready-made answer.”

In the process of achieving true joint operations, there are obstacles in various aspects, including culture, economy, and politics. These problems will affect the establishment of truly joint combat forces and joint combat modes. First, each service has formed its own unique combat style and combat culture in the long-term development process. The differences in the culture of different services may lead to different concepts of combat focus on the construction of joint combat forces, which in turn leads to unclear directions and goals for force construction. Secondly, the budget for military construction is limited, and each service will try its best to use it for the update and research and development of its own weapons and equipment, resulting in the budget giving priority to meeting the needs of each service rather than joint combat needs. Finally, it is difficult for the Ministry of National Defense to obtain the power of integrated government and allies. “Cross-domain coordination” is a game of national comprehensive power, which includes politics, economy, diplomacy, intelligence and other aspects. It requires the coordination and coordination of government agencies in various fields of the country, and relying solely on the Ministry of National Defense does not have enough power to achieve the integration of various forces.

These issues all affect the development of “all-domain warfare”, but in any case, as a new combat concept, “all-domain warfare” will surely become an important mode of future combat. The United States released the “Joint All-Domain Combat Software” in April this year, aiming to develop theater-level joint all-domain combat software to allocate combat resources and achieve coordinated killing in the fields of land, sea, air, space, and electromagnetic fields. This action also shows the United States’ determination to achieve “all-domain warfare.” (Zhang Haoyue, Shen Qiyou, Ma Jianguang)

(Editors: Huang Zijuan, Chen Yu)

現代國語：

“多域融合作戰”與“跨域協同作戰”是美軍近年來最新提出的作戰思想，指導著美國軍種作戰概念逐步向聯合概念升級演進，並以此為基礎打造全新戰爭樣式，建設涵蓋“陸、海、空、天、網”等全部作戰領域，融合太空、網絡、威懾、運輸、電磁頻譜、導彈防禦等各種能力的聯合作戰部隊。透過這種全新的作戰思想與俄羅斯等競爭對手在各領域內角力較量，發展不對稱優勢，確保本國軍事實力的領先地位。多域融合作戰與跨域攻防在實戰中有著怎樣的優勢，發展前景又如何呢？

全局戰概念演變過程

1970年代中期後，美國陸軍先後提出了「中心戰」、「擴大的戰場」和「一體化戰場」等作戰思想，形成了「空地一體戰」作戰理論。空地一體作戰要求地面部隊與空軍協調統一，在空軍實施戰場空中遮斷和進攻性空中支援的基礎上進行縱深作戰，首次出現了多兵種協同作戰的作戰思想，這一作戰理論也在海灣戰爭中得到了實戰檢驗。這就是多域戰乃至全局戰思想誕生的起點。

2016年10月3日，美陸軍協會年會上，時任美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部司令的大衛·G·珀金斯將軍發表公開演講，首次使用“域”一詞精確概括出了國際戰爭的新形式，提出美國“所有領域均受到挑戰”、“單一領域的優勢 無法贏得戰爭”等觀點，進而推出了“多域戰鬥”的概念。 「多域戰鬥」的作戰思想要求各軍種作戰力量之間密切合作，摒棄追求各自單一領域制權的軍種思維慣性，為國家指揮當局提供一種「多域方案」。

2018年10月，美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部頒布了《美國陸軍多域作戰2028》概念1.5版本，作為目前最為成熟的一版概念，它以“作戰”一詞替換了原有的“戰鬥”，對“多域戰鬥”概念進行了延伸拓展。 「多域戰鬥」的概念僅適用於衝突階段，但在民族國家競爭成為世界局勢新要素的情況下，僅僅贏得實戰衝突的勝利對於作戰大背景的意義是非常有限的，因此必須將「多域」概念延拓深化。 「多域作戰」這個概念就是在「競爭、武裝衝突和重回競爭」這個「競爭連續體」中引入了跨政府、跨機構的相關要素，提出「多域戰」中的「校準力量態勢、運用多域編隊、達成多域聚合」三項核心理念，明確了「多域編隊」的具體需求，細化了不同層級部隊在「多域作戰」中具備的具體領域作戰能力」。

「跨域協同」指的是各軍種透過相互合作彌補其他部隊在戰鬥中存在的不足進而實現各領域的互補增效，最終成功完成戰鬥任務。在多域融合與跨域協同的基本思想指引下，美軍形成了「全域戰」的概念，即在戰訓的全過程中發展各兵種聯合作戰的能力，實現軍隊向聯合作戰部隊轉型。

全局作戰優勢顯著

就目前國際軍事發展情勢來看，各國面對的將是一個日益複雜、致命、極度活躍、都市化的戰場，作戰環境越來越脆弱，傳統戰場的作戰模式已經不再適用於當代戰爭。在這種背景下，美軍提出了全域戰的理念，以期應對日益複雜的國際環境。多域作戰與跨域攻防在現代化戰場上究竟有何優勢呢？

多域融合能使不同兵種力量優勢疊加，劣勢互補。多域戰的前身「空地一體戰」就是20世紀80年代初，美軍為應對蘇聯坦克集群在歐洲平原對北約造成的巨大威脅而試圖建立的空軍與陸軍協同作戰的作戰樣式。這種作戰模式要求地面部隊與空中力量高度協同，地面部隊進行前線進攻性機動防禦作戰，空軍則透過打擊敵軍後方阻滯其對前線兵力的充實，進而為前線陸軍提供戰術支援。這也是美軍歷史上 首次進行空軍與陸軍的深度協作，提高了美軍軍隊作戰的複雜度與靈活性，使美軍戰術選擇更加豐富且具有活力，對敵人造成更大了戰略威懾。

另一方面，跨域攻防能擴大不對稱優勢，對敵軍力量發揮產生更大限制。由於跨域攻防的概念強調不同領域攻防力量相互配合，因此，在戰鬥過程中，軍隊可以透過自己的優勢領域向敵軍施加更大壓力，使敵人的力量難以得到最大程度的發揮，進而擴大不對稱優勢，最大程度展現自身實力而削弱敵軍力量。各國近年都來非常重視網路電磁領域的技術開發研究，某種程度上就是因為網路電磁領域是隨著資訊時代而來的新產物，試圖趕超老牌強國的新興大國能夠透過這個領域的發展建立自身優勢，而老牌強國不希望被追趕，出現能夠被敵軍當作弱點打擊的領域。因此各國都不約而同地將網路電磁領域的研究發展作為了自己目前發展的重點領域之一，這也體現了跨域攻防在現代資訊化智慧戰爭中的巨大力量。

全局戰發展前景廣闊

目前，「全局戰」這一理念只是擁有了理論基礎，要將理論轉換為實踐仍需許多努力，美軍參聯會副主席在接受采訪時明確表示：“各領域的無縫融合和有效 指揮控制仍是一項艱鉅的挑戰，我們還不清楚究竟要如何做到，沒人有現成的答案。”

在實現真正的聯合作戰過程中，存在著包括文化、經濟、政治等各方面的阻礙，這些問題都會影響真正意義上的聯合作戰部隊、聯合作戰模式的建立。首先，各軍種在長期發展過程中都形成了本軍種特有的作戰樣式與戰鬥文化，不同軍種文化的分歧可能導致對聯合作戰部隊建設的作戰重點觀念不同，進而造成部隊建設的方向模糊，目標不明確。其次，軍隊建設預算有限，各軍種都會盡力爭取用於自身武器裝備更新研發，導致預算優先滿足各軍種需求而非聯合作戰需求。最後，國防部難以獲取整合政府與盟國力量，「跨域協同」是國家綜合力量的博弈，包含了政治、經濟、外交、情報等各個方面，需要國家各領域政府機構力量的配合協同，而僅依靠國防部是沒有足夠的權力實現各力量的整合。

這些問題都影響著“全局戰”的發展進程，但無論如何，作為新型作戰理念的“全局戰”都必將成為未來作戰的重要模式，美國更是在今年4月發布了“聯合全局作戰軟體”，旨在開發戰區級聯合全局作戰軟體，以編配作戰資源，實現陸、海、空、天、電磁等領域的協同殺傷。這項行動也昭示了美國實現「全域戰」的決心。 （張顴月、申起有、馬建光）

(編按：黃子娟、陳羽)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0817/c1011-31824792888.html