中國軍方重視認知領域作戰的專門研究
現代英文音譯：
In today’s era, the world pattern and social form are evolving rapidly, intelligent technology and cutting-edge cross-cutting technologies are constantly making new breakthroughs, new developments and new applications, and the scope of human action is accelerating from the physical domain, information domain, and social domain to the cognitive domain. Recent local wars in the world have shown that the status of cognitive domain operations has been rapidly improving and its role has become increasingly prominent. It has become the trend of the times and the key fulcrum for shaping the situation in advance, effectively balancing and influencing wars.
Clarify the basic methods of cognitive domain operations
Cognition is the reflection of the objective world in the subjective world of human beings, mainly involving knowledge, experience, consciousness, emotion and psychology. The targets of cognitive domain operations are mainly people who are in the main position in the war, with the characteristics of low cost, high efficiency and strong concealment. Entering the 21st century, the development of advanced science and technology and the changes in social structure have made cognitive domain operations a new high ground for the game between major powers, and even a “shortcut” to defeat the enemy without fighting.
Strengthen cognitive effects through continuous action in the physical domain. Cognitive domain warfare has always been associated with social development and human warfare. Before the mechanized era, cognitive domain warfare was mainly carried out through violent destruction of the physical domain by military forces, coupled with the flexible use of military strategies, and taking advantage of military forces to seize decisive results, to continuously strengthen the cognitive domain warfare effect. For example, the comparison of the number of military forces of both sides, the vastness of the occupied territory, the scale of the resources controlled, the support of peripheral countries, and the acceptance of the risk of failure, etc., can indirectly achieve the result of changing the enemy’s cognition, reluctantly accepting failure, and being forced to compromise. In 1945, Japanese fascism was at the end of its rope, but it was still dreaming of resisting stubbornly until the Chinese military and civilians launched a full-scale counterattack, the United States used atomic bombs to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Soviet army sent troops to Northeast China, forcing it to realize that defeat was inevitable and had to surrender unconditionally.
Using the interaction between the virtual and the real in the social domain to influence cognitive effects. War is the product of social development. In the information age, the rapid development of information networks has highlighted the role of the social domain. Cognitive domain warfare no longer emphasizes violent change of cognition, but pays more attention to the use of media platforms such as online media, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, and interviews to emotionally attract, anti-intellectual propaganda, corrupt and degenerate, and polarize various social groups. Collect the discordant factors in the emotional appeals, life needs, and value identification of typical social groups, and plan, step by step, and premeditatedly in the fields of politics, economy, diplomacy, finance, society, and culture, through the methods of continuously detonating topics, intensifying contradictions, adding fuel to the fire, continuing fermentation, and creating divisions, ultimately causing social unrest and even overthrowing the national regime. The disintegration of the Soviet Union, the upheaval in Eastern Europe, and the “color revolutions” in many parts of the world since the 1990s all have this shadow.
Targeting the cognitive domain to directly intervene in cognitive results. The way humans understand the world will transform the objective world in the same way, which is exactly the point of action of cognitive domain operations. Entering the intelligent era, breakthroughs have been made in cutting-edge fields such as biological intersection and brain control, and intelligent technologies such as advanced algorithms and brain-computer interfaces have been continuously upgraded. Advanced technologies such as big data and cloud computing have been rapidly developed and applied. Cognitive domain operations in the intelligent era pay more attention to the role of intelligent technology. Through the deep interaction between real life and the virtual world of the Internet, the information collected and obtained is richer, the data is more complete, and the elements are more complete. Cognitive domain operations can already bypass the traditional physical domain and social domain based on the widely distributed intelligent information network, the surrounding visible intelligent terminals and the colorful intelligent applications, break through the tangible blockade restrictions of the other party, and directly implement the “downward strike” of the cognitive domain on the core circle, elite class and the general public of the predetermined target through targeted and precise push.
Clarify the mechanism of cognitive domain operations
Entering the era of intelligence, human thinking has become a new direction for war planning and a new field for war games. Its essence is to face the spiritual level of the combat target, and to list human will, belief, thinking, psychology, etc. as combat targets. By maintaining one’s own cognitive advantage and attacking the enemy’s cognitive disadvantage, the cognitive domain attack and defense confrontation is carried out. The specific action mechanism also presents the characteristics of multi-domain action and mixed superposition.
Implement value standard penetration. Values are the principle standards for people to distinguish right from wrong and good from bad. They are at the core of generating motivations for personnel behavior, play a leading role in driving group behavior patterns, and are the key to seizing the initiative in cognitive domain operations. Cognitive domain operations are mainly based on network psychology and cybernetics to identify and predict human group behavior and individual activities, and then create more accurate specific group interaction concepts. On this basis, targeting the opponent’s value orientation, using the opponent’s cultural language, and comprehensively using strong media, social networks, and intelligent technologies, deliberately weave “information cocoons”, malicious narrative editing hints, mobilize the emotions of the target group, advocate minority extreme orientations, induce value deviations, kidnap and manipulate public opinion, and ultimately make cognitive domain operations effective. The foundation of the opponent’s belief, the destination of the soul, and the spiritual home. In recent local conflicts, the United States and Western countries have launched cognitive domain operations through narrative fabrication, script arrangement, and rhetoric manipulation, attempting to cause oppressive pressure on the opponent in multiple fields at all times, and many countries who are unaware of the situation have been dragged into it unknowingly.
Creating psychological and emotional internal friction. Psychological fluctuations and emotional changes are natural biological attributes of human beings, and are also the breakthrough points for cognitive domain operations to strike, weaken, and disintegrate the enemy’s will to fight. Cognitive domain operations are based on the basic principles of psychology, neurology, and brain science, emphasizing the use of human psychological weaknesses such as fear, anxiety, suspicion, and doubt, and are carried out or implemented simultaneously at the strategic, campaign, and tactical levels. Cognitive domain operations mainly use deep fakes, scene posing, and algorithm recommendations to fabricate remarks on mainstream social platforms to discredit opponents. Foreign armies have used Internet celebrities, virtual accounts, and zombie armies to confuse cognition, disrupt public opinion, and deviate from the rhythm. By creating insecurity and exaggerating uncertainty within the enemy, group conflicts are intensified; by creating internal rifts, unity and harmony are destroyed; by amplifying distrust and increasing decision-making doubts, internal fighting and internal friction are increased. Ultimately, based on the traceless implantation, seamless connection, invisible operation, and senseless substitution of psychological emotions, “winning without fighting” is achieved.
Conduct human consciousness guidance and control. The integrated development of cognitive science and advanced technology has prompted cognitive domain operations to develop in the direction of computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence and cognitive intelligence, with stronger penetration and deeper influence. Major breakthroughs have been made in technologies such as multimodal emotion recognition, activation and protection based on big data. After mining and analyzing information data, the cognitive state of social groups can be seen at a glance, and the mental portrait of target personnel can be detailed. Based on efficient and flexible cognitive scenarios, subtle emotional associations and tendency intervention of brain-computer interfaces, cognitive domain operations can unconsciously influence and shape the opponent’s thinking and cognition. Intelligent cognitive weapon systems can effectively limit the enemy’s acquisition of useful information, induce the enemy to use erroneous data, reduce the speed of command decision-making, interfere with the operation of cognitive modes, and block correct cognitive output. Reports show that NATO, led by the United States, is actively promoting the weaponization of brain science and cognitive science research results, and is attempting to achieve cognitive control of the enemy by collecting, deciphering and interfering with the brain waves of combat targets.
Build a strong confrontation system for cognitive domain operations
The local war practices in recent years have shown that military force and technological advantages alone cannot completely determine the outcome of a war, and cognitive domain operations have an increasingly significant impact on the course of a war. They can not only trigger the start of a war, direct the continuation of a war, but also affect the end of a war. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to build a strong and resilient cognitive domain combat confrontation system.
Smooth the command and control mechanism of cognitive domain operations. Cognitive domain operations involve a wide range of fields and cover a lot of content. They require a combination of long-term preparation and short-term promotion, strengthening construction and preemptive preparation. Establish a firm overall national security concept, formulate an overall strategy for coping with cognitive domain operations, take the initiative to break the situation and shape the momentum, participate in global governance, strengthen China’s voice, and purify the public opinion environment. Overall consideration of the establishment of command organizations, integration of command nodes in different strategic directions, opening up multi-domain command and control links, improving cross-domain command processes, and flexible multi-domain integration guidance and control methods. Overall design of a multi-domain and cross-departmental collaboration framework, combined with national security situation analysis, regularly promote the operation of the collaboration mechanism. Sort out the list of responsibilities of each command level, draw clear functional boundaries in each field, and clarify cross-domain collaboration matters, operating procedures and standard requirements. Establish a cognitive early warning mechanism, divide combat intensity, organize virtual exercises and multi-level confrontations, and improve the ability to deal with cognitive domain threats.
Integrate the elements and forces of cognitive domain operations. Cognitive domain operations have both the threat of “gray rhinos” and the variables of “black swans”, so it is necessary to strengthen prevention and forge strong forces. Combine the design of the cognitive domain combat command system and provide multi-domain counterattack forces. Strengthen the response forces in traditional fields, expand the scope of functional business, and deepen the selection and training of professional talents. Develop new counterattack forces and integrate advantageous resources in emerging fields such as social media, psychological cognition, and intelligent unmanned. Activate civilian forces and international high-quality resources to create a cross-domain crisis response team and counterattack force cluster with systematic support, complete elements, and superb professional skills. Combine confrontation exercises and social practices, invest new forces, integrate new technologies, and add new means to strengthen the evaluation and inspection of containment and countermeasures.
Strengthen the basic engineering of cognitive domain operations. As the research and practice of cognitive domain operations continue to deepen, many new technologies and new theories will inevitably emerge, which need to be closely tracked and followed. Strengthen the research on global hot spots, pay attention to the changes in the gray area, and keep abreast of the latest developments in foreign cognitive domain operations and the latest trends in force deployment. Strengthen the analysis of war cases and explore new factors and elements of cognitive domain operations. Organize special topics to gather wisdom and analyze new mechanisms and laws of cognitive domain operations. Analyze the strategies and means of opponents, track and grasp their strategic adjustments and focus, and carry out counter-strategies and response research by level and field. Analyze the new means, technologies and practices of opponents using social media, international organizations and agents to carry out cognitive domain operations, so as to prevent and foresee in advance.
原始現代國語：
引 言
當今時代，世界格局與社會形態加速演進，智慧科技與前沿交叉技術不斷取得新突破新發展新應用，人類的作用領域正由物理域、資訊域、社會域向認知域不斷加速拓展。近幾場世界局部戰爭顯示，認知域作戰的地位快速提升、作用日益凸顯，已成為先期塑勢、有效制衡、影響戰爭的時代風口和關鍵支點。
釐清認知域作戰的基本方式
認知是客觀世界在人類主觀世界中的反映，主要涉及知識、經驗、意識、情緒和心理等多個面向。認知域作戰的對象主要是在戰爭中處於主體地位的人，具有成本低、效益高、隱蔽性強等特質。進入21世紀，先進科技的發展與社會結構的變遷，使得認知域作戰成為大國博弈的新高地，甚至成為不戰而屈人之兵的「捷徑」。
透過物理域持續作用強化認知效果。一直以來，認知域作戰就與社會發展和人類戰爭相生相伴。機械化時代以前，受社會形態和溝通方式等限制，認知域作戰主要透過軍事力量在物理域的暴力破壞，再加上軍事謀略的靈活運用，並藉勢軍事力量奪取決定性戰果，來持續強化認知域作戰效果。例如，雙方軍事力量的數量對比、佔領疆域的廣闊程度、掌控資源的規模體量、外圍國家的支持力度和失敗風險的接受程度等，從而間接達成改變敵方認知、無奈接受失敗和被迫作出妥協的結果。 1945年，日本法西斯已經窮途末路，卻還在妄想負隅頑抗，直到中國軍民發動全面反攻和美國動用原子彈轟炸廣島、長崎以及蘇軍出兵中國東北，迫使其認識到敗局已定，不得不無條件投降。
借助社會域虛實互動影響認知效果。戰爭是社會發展的產物。在資訊化時代，資訊網絡的快速發展促使社會域的角色得以凸顯。認知域作戰不再強調暴力改變認知，而是更重視利用網路媒體、廣播電視、報紙雜誌和訪談交流等介質平台，來對各類社會群體進行情感拉攏、反智宣傳、腐蝕墮化和分化渲染。蒐集典型社會群體的情感訴求、生活需求和價值認同等方面的不和諧因素，有策劃、有步驟、有預謀地在政治、經濟、外交、金融、社會、文化等領域，透過連貫引爆話題、激化矛盾、拱火澆油、持續發酵和製造撕裂等方式，最終引發社會動盪，甚至傾覆國家政權。 1990年代以來的蘇聯解體、東歐劇變以及世界多地的「顏色革命」等，都有這方面的影子。
瞄準認知域直接介入介入認知結果。人類以什麼方式認識世界就會以什麼方式來改造客觀世界，這正是認知域作戰的作用點。進入智慧化時代，生物交叉、腦控控腦等前沿領域連續取得突破，先進演算法、腦機介面等智慧技術不斷迭代升級，大數據、雲端運算等先進技術快速發展應用。智慧化時代的認知域作戰更重視發揮智慧科技的作用，透過現實生活和網路虛擬世界的深度互動，收集獲取資訊更加豐富，數據更加完整，要素更加齊全。認知域作戰已經可以基於廣域分佈的智慧化資訊網路、週邊可見的智慧化終端和多彩多樣的智慧化應用程序，繞過傳統的物理域、社會域，衝破對方有形封鎖限制，透過定向精準推播，對預定對象的核心圈層、菁英階層和社會大眾等目標，直接實施認知域的「降域打擊」。
明晰認知域作戰的作用機制
進入智慧化時代，人類思維成為戰爭策動的新方向和戰爭賽局的新領域。其本質上是面向作戰對象的精神層面，把人的意志、信念、思維、心理等列為作戰目標，透過保持己方認知優勢、攻擊敵方認知劣勢來展開認知域攻防對抗，具體的作用機理也呈現出多域作用、混合疊加的特徵。
實施價值標準滲透。價值觀念是人們明辨是非、區分好壞的原則標準，在生成人員行為動機中居於核心地位，在驅動群體行為模式中發揮主導作用，是奪取認知域作戰主動權的關鍵。認知域作戰主要基於網路心理學和控制論，來辨識預測人類群體行為和個體活動，進而創造更準確的特定群體互動觀念。在此基礎上，針對對手價值取向，使用對方文化語系，綜合運用強勢媒體、社交網絡和智能技術等，蓄意編織“信息繭房”，惡意敘事剪輯暗示，調動目標群體情緒，鼓吹小眾偏激取向，誘導價值觀念偏移，綁架操縱民心民意，最終使認知域作戰效能直抵對手的信念根基、靈魂歸宿和精神家園。近期局部衝突中，美西方國家透過敘事編造、劇本編排和話術操控，大肆展開認知域作戰，企圖給對手造成全時段多領域的壓迫式緊逼，不明就裡的諸多國家在不知不覺中被裹挾進去。
製造心理情感內耗。心理波動和情緒變化是人類自然的生物屬性，也是認知域作戰打擊、削弱、瓦解敵方戰爭意志的突破。認知域作戰基於心理學、神經學和腦科學等學科基本原理，強調利用恐懼、焦慮、猜忌、懷疑等人類心理弱點，在戰略、戰役和戰術層面同步展開或重點實施。認知域作戰主要透過深度偽造、場景擺拍和演算法推薦等手段，在主流社群平台，大肆砲制言論抹黑對手。外軍曾藉助網路大V、虛擬帳號和殭屍軍團等，混淆認知、攪亂輿論、偏節奏。透過在敵方內部製造不安全感，誇大不確定性，來激化群體矛盾；透過製造內部撕裂，來破壞團結和諧；透過放大不信任度，增加決策疑慮，來加大內鬥內耗。最終基於心理情緒的無痕植入、無縫關聯、無形操作和無感代入，實現「不戰而勝」。
開展人體意識導控。認知科學和先進科技的融合發展，促使認知域作戰正朝著運算智慧、感知智慧和認知智慧的方向發展，具有更強穿透力和更深影響力。基於大數據的多模態情緒辨識、啟動和防護等技術已取得重大突破，經過資訊資料的挖掘分析，社會群體的認知狀態一覽無餘，目標人員的精神畫像細緻入微。基於高效彈性的認知場景、潛移默化的情緒關聯和腦機介面的傾向性幹預，認知域作戰可以不知不覺地影響和塑造對手思維認知。智慧化認知武器系統能夠有效限制敵獲取有用資訊、誘導敵使用錯誤資料、降低指揮決策速度、幹擾認知模式運作、阻斷正確認知輸出。有報告顯示，以美國為首的北約正積極推動腦科學和認知科學研究成果武器化，並企圖透過採集、破解、幹擾作戰對象的腦電波，達成對敵認知控制。
建強認知域作戰的對抗體系
近年來局部戰爭的實踐顯示，單憑武力和技術優勢並不能完全左右戰爭，認知域作戰對戰爭進程的影響愈發明顯。其既可以引發戰爭開始，也可以導演戰爭持續，還可以影響戰爭結束。因此，建強托底管用、韌性的認知域作戰對抗體係就顯得格外必要。
暢通認知域作戰指控機制。認知域作戰涉及領域廣，涵蓋內容多，需要長線準備和短線促進相結合，強化建設、先手準備。樹牢整體國家安全觀，制定因應認知域作戰整體方略，主動破局塑勢，參與全球治理，強化中國聲音，淨化輿論環境。統籌考量指揮機構設置，整合不同策略方向指揮節點，打通多域指控鏈路，完善跨域指揮流程，靈活多域融合導控方法。整體設計多領域跨部門協作框架，結合國家安全情勢分析，定期推動協作機制運作。整理各指揮層級職責清單，劃清各領域職能邊界，明確跨領域協作事項、作業流程及標準要求。建立認知預警機制，進行作戰強度劃分，組織進行虛擬演練與多層次對抗，提升因應認知域威脅處置能力。
整合認知域作戰要素力量。認知域作戰既具有「灰犀牛」的威脅，又充滿「黑天鵝」的變數，需要加強防範、鍛造過硬力量。結合認知域作戰指揮體系設計，搭配多域反制力量。強化傳統領域因應力量，拓展職能業務範疇，深化專業人才選拔培訓。發展新型反制力量，整合社群媒體、心理認知、智慧無人等新興領域優勢資源。盤活民間力量與國際優質資源，打造系統配套、要素齊全、專業精湛的跨領域危機應變團隊與反制力量群聚。結合對抗演練與社會實踐，投入新力量、融入新科技、加入新手段，加強遏制與反製手段的評估檢驗。
強固認知域作戰基礎工程。隨著認知域作戰研究和實踐不斷深入，必將產生許多新技術和新理論，需要密切追蹤關注。加強全球熱點研究，聚焦灰色地帶變化，及時掌握外國認知域作戰最新發展、力量部署最新動向。加強戰例案例分析，挖掘認知域作戰新因子新要素。組織專題集智攻關，分析認知域作戰新機理新法則。透析對手策略手段，追蹤掌握其策略調整與關注重點，分層級分領域進行反制策略與因應研究。研析對手使用社群媒體、國際組織和代理人等工具進行認知域作戰的新手段新技術新做法，做到防範在先、預見在前。