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Operational Window: Chinese Military New Perspectives for Implementing Cross-Domain Collaborative Operations

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作戰窗口：中國軍隊實施跨域協同作戰的新視角

現代英語：

The combat window refers to the time and space range that is chosen to stimulate the effectiveness of the system’s combat cycle and is conducive to the joint combat force’s implementation of cross-domain coordinated operations. The concept of combat window comes from fighter jets. It is an innovative development of the theory of joint combat command under the new situation. It will be more widely used than fighter jets in combat command activities. Whether the selection of fighter jets in the confrontation of the joint combat force system can be regarded as a form of “combat window” directly affects the commander’s vision. In the complex and changeable information battlefield environment, the combat window has gradually become a new basis for the joint combat force to implement cross-domain coordinated operations, which is of great significance for seizing the initiative on the battlefield and shaping a favorable situation.

Constructing a combat window to highlight the comprehensiveness of cross-domain collaborative combat preparations

The theater joint command should closely follow the combat missions, opponents, and environment, firmly grasp the strategic and campaign initiative, strengthen the pre-positioning of joint combat resources, actively optimize the battlefield environment, and create conditions for establishing combat windows.

Carry out careful and continuous joint reconnaissance around the operational window. The time and space scope of the operational window includes the time interval and the strike area for attacking enemy targets. Among them, the strike area is generally centered on the strike target, which refers to a relatively closed space that can regulate the system combat forces to maintain comprehensive control over the local battlefield and is suitable for attacking enemy node targets. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of operations in the operational window area, its periphery can be divided into warning patrol areas, interception and annihilation areas, and defensive combat areas to provide support and guarantee for it. The joint command agency should focus on the reporting needs of priority intelligence and warning information in the operational window, and comprehensively use the reconnaissance and early warning forces and means of various services to implement careful, continuous and focused joint reconnaissance to obtain intelligence and warning information in the operational window area and its peripheral areas. If necessary, strategic reconnaissance and early warning forces can be coordinated to provide intelligence support, eliminate reconnaissance and early warning blind spots in the time and space of the operational window, and ensure that the flow of intelligence and warning information from acquisition to use is efficient and stable.

Predict the combat window and timely adjust the cycle plan of the combat readiness training of the task force. The scale and intensity of the high alert state maintained by the task forces of various services and arms greatly restricts the time and space scope of the combat window. Periodically maintaining a high state of alert requires the task forces of various services and arms to manage and operate in accordance with the state of war, which is an important indicator of the combat effectiveness of the task force. At present, the task force should carry out daily management and training in accordance with the three states of combat readiness, training, and preparation. The purpose is to ensure that a considerable number of combat-capable forces can carry out combat window tasks at any time and continuously improve their actual combat level. Non-combat-capable forces should coordinate resources and concentrate on training to generate system combat capabilities. The preparation period is in the interval between combat readiness training. The combat personnel should be flexibly organized to rest, repair equipment and conduct necessary training to create conditions for transitioning to the training cycle or combat readiness cycle. By predicting the combat window, the theater joint command timely adjusts the cycle plan of combat readiness training for large-scale task forces, so that they are rhythmically and regularly in a high state of alert, providing a force basis for implementing window operations.

Focus on the operational window and roll out the linkage operation of cross-domain collaborative combat plans. Since the operational window is often fleeting, the completeness of the cross-domain collaborative combat plans of various services and arms formulated around the operational window may be greatly reduced. Therefore, the theater joint command should gather the collective wisdom of commanders and their command organs, rely on the command information system, and roll out the formulation of cross-domain collaborative combat plans through systematic, procedural, and professional fast command linkage operations. Command linkage operations involve linkage operations of superior and subordinate command agencies, linkage operations of the entire process of reconnaissance, control, attack, protection, and evaluation, and human-machine interaction linkage operations. The implementation of command linkage operations should unify operational intentions, focus on operational windows, use the command operation platform for situation sharing, carry out parallel operations in a coordinated manner, conduct periodic operational planning, conduct situation analysis at any time, follow up on operational concepts, enhance the credibility of simulation and evaluation, and simultaneously formulate and improve cross-domain collaborative combat plans. The implementation of linkage operations helps to shorten the formulation time of cross-domain collaborative combat plans, improve the feasibility of plans, and seize the opportunity of operational windows as soon as possible.

Applying combat windows to highlight the effectiveness of cross-domain collaborative combat system confrontation

The theater joint command should make decisive decisions to launch operations based on careful planning and comprehensive preparation in response to different combat objectives and tasks, different attributes of combat opponents, and different combat types and styles, and quickly seize the initiative on the battlefield in the combat window.

Superimpose the effectiveness of the combat system. The task forces of various services and arms work closely together within the time and space of the combat window, work together as a whole, and focus on combat tasks to form a system combat effect. At present, with the rapid development of military science and technology and the continuous adjustment and optimization of new combat forces, precision, automation, intelligence, and unmanned weapons and equipment are being used more and more widely. Within a specific combat window, almost every service and arms has more or less the means to accurately strike enemy targets in multiple domains over long distances. Even land-based task forces have the ability to accurately strike enemy targets at long distances and the ability to project troops near the coast, which enables the task forces of various services and arms to carry out compound strikes within the combat window, becoming the preferred method for joint operations to strike enemy targets. Compared with a single service and arms, compound strikes of multiple services and arms will produce more powerful, more accurate, more stable, and faster compound strike effectiveness. The compound strike effectiveness of the task forces of various services and arms focuses on combat targets within the combat window, which will cause the value of cross-domain collaborative combat effectiveness to increase sharply, and the superimposed effect will be more obvious.

Converge combat support resources. Combat support resources are material factors that affect the selection and application of combat windows, involving many resources such as reconnaissance and intelligence support, information support, and rear-end support. Implementing converged support and support for the theater in wartime is the key to applying the combat window. The combat support of friendly theaters will enable the task force to maintain a high level of combat readiness, and commanders will have more combat options; the aerospace information support and network combat support provided by the strategic support force will be an important support in the field of joint reconnaissance and intelligence, and information operations; and the joint logistics support force is the main force for implementing joint logistics support and strategic and campaign support, and the volatility of the combat capability of the theater task force is largely restricted by this. In this regard, by clarifying the mission and tasks, command authority, institutional mechanisms, and laws and regulations of the combat support force, we will actively gather combat support resources around the combat window, implement integrated, comprehensive and efficient support, and greatly improve the system effectiveness of cross-domain collaborative operations.

Regulate the operational fluctuation cycle. The joint command command command of the task forces of various services and arms to carry out strike operations against enemy targets. Before the operation, it is necessary to convert the combat readiness level, conduct coordinated exercises, and deploy to the standby area. Even if the task force is faster in preparation for strikes, more skilled in strike methods, and more optimized in strike processes, it needs to be completed within the corresponding time period. At the same time, commanders and combatants will be affected by combat fatigue, resulting in a significant reduction in command decision-making efficiency and strike effectiveness, which greatly restricts the extension of combat duration and makes the fluctuation cycle of the combat capability of the task force more obvious. After the strike operation, the replenishment and rest of combat personnel, the maintenance and repair of weapons and equipment, and the summary and review of combat experience and lessons all require an adjustment cycle. Commanders need to timely regulate the fluctuation cycle of the task force’s strike capability according to the different combat methods and weapon and equipment damage mechanisms of various services and arms, clarify the combat threshold of the task force, and minimize the interference of combat fluctuations as much as possible, thereby greatly improving the cross-domain collaborative combat capability.

Maintain the operational window and highlight the stability of battlefield control in cross-domain collaborative operations

The theater joint command should strictly control the scale and intensity of window operations, strengthen joint management and control, strictly control combat costs, improve combat effectiveness, actively create a favorable battlefield situation, avoid combat passivity, and prevent window operations from expanding into full-scale operations.

Strengthen battlefield linkage control. Battlefield control by various services plays an important role in shaping a stable combat situation, strengthening multi-domain space control, and maintaining combat windows. Strengthen the control of cross-domain collaborative combat battlefield space, including battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and network, as well as electromagnetic spectrum and time-space reference battlefield space. Among them, the battlefield control area is mainly divided into combat window areas, strategic support areas, alert isolation areas, frontier warning areas, and friendly support areas in various fields. Under the unified command and control of commanders and command agencies, the task forces of various services and arms clarify the primary and secondary relationships of cross-domain collaborative control, clarify control rules, mechanisms and disciplines, adopt a variety of control methods, and comprehensively use command information systems and other advanced technical means to vigorously strengthen the timeliness and accuracy of battlefield linkage control.

Comprehensively evaluate the combat effectiveness. The command organization should closely follow the formulation process of the cross-domain collaborative combat plan of the combat window, closely follow the collaborative control instructions, closely follow the collaborative actions of the task force, and closely follow the actual collaborative support, and implement rapid, efficient, and continuous performance and effectiveness evaluation during the window operation. Focusing on the achievement of combat objectives, adapting to the characteristics of window operations with full-domain linkage, comprehensively using a variety of combat evaluation tools and means, integrating system evaluation algorithms, data and capabilities, optimizing the evaluation system dominated by combat effectiveness, process management, information support, and human-in-the-loop, forming an evaluation model that matches combat orders, actions, and effects, and combines combat performance with effectiveness indicator judgment, thereby improving the accuracy and timeliness of combat window effect evaluation.

Actively shape the new battlefield situation. After continuous preparations for military struggle against the enemy, interactive deterrence and control, and limited strikes within the combat window, the state and situation formed by the enemy and us in terms of combat force comparison, deployment and action are relatively stable, thus forming a battlefield situation under the new situation, and its development trend is also predictable and expected. Commanders and their command organs continue to have a deep understanding of the characteristics and laws of the enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment in this strategic direction, and have a clear understanding of the basic outline of the future struggle situation. They can clarify future combat objectives and measures, and their confidence in winning will gradually increase, creating conditions for determining the next round of combat windows.

現代國語：

劉 陽 李志華

引言

作戰窗口，是指為激發體係作戰週期效能而選擇的有利於聯合作戰力量實施跨域協同作戰的時空範圍。作戰窗口概念來自戰機，是戰機在新局勢下聯合作戰指揮理論的創新發展，在作戰指揮活動中將比戰機應用更廣泛。能否將聯合作戰力量體系對抗中戰機的選擇看作「作戰窗口」的形式，直接影響了指揮的眼界。在複雜多變的資訊化戰場環境下，作戰窗口逐漸成為聯合作戰力量實施跨域協同作戰的新基點，對奪取戰場主動，塑造有利態勢，具有重要意義。

構設作戰窗口，突顯跨域協同作戰準備的全面性

戰區聯指應緊貼作戰任務、戰鬥對手、作戰環境,牢牢掌握戰略戰役主動權，加強聯合作戰資源預設，積極優化戰場環境，為構設作戰窗口創造條件。

圍繞作戰窗口實施周密持續的聯合偵察。作戰窗口的時空範圍包括打擊敵目標的時間區間與打擊地幅。其中，打擊地幅一般以打擊目標為中心，指能調控體係作戰力量持續維持局部戰場綜合控制權、適合打擊敵節點目標的相對密閉空間。為確保在作戰窗口區順利實施作戰，其外圍可區分為警戒巡邏區、攔截阻殲區與防禦作戰區等為其提供支撐保障。聯指機關應圍繞作戰窗口優先情報告警信息的提報需求，綜合運用諸軍兵種偵察預警力量和手段，為獲取作戰窗口區及其外圍區域的情報告警信息實施周密持續有重點的聯合偵察。必要時可協調戰略偵察預警力量提供情報支援，消除作戰窗口時空的偵察預警盲區，確保情報告警信息從獲取至運用的流轉過程高效穩定。

預測作戰窗口及時調整任務部隊戰備訓練的週期計畫。諸軍兵種任務部隊保持高度戒備狀態的規模強度極大限製作戰窗口的時空範圍。週期性保持高度戒備狀態，要求諸軍兵種任務部隊依照臨戰狀態進行管理運作，是體現任務部隊戰鬥力高低的重要標誌。當前任務部隊應依照戰備、訓練、整備三種狀態進行日常管理和訓練，目的是確保相當規模的能戰兵力可隨時遂行作戰窗口任務並不斷提高實行水平，非能戰兵力應統籌資源集中精力進行系統作戰能力的生成訓練。整備期則處於戰備訓練間隙，應機動靈活組織作戰人員休息、裝備維修和必要訓練，為轉入訓練週期或戰備週期創造條件。戰區聯指透過預測作戰窗口，及時調整較大規模任務部隊戰備訓練的周期計劃，使其有節奏、規律地處於高度戒備狀態，為實施窗口作戰提供力量基礎。

聚焦作戰視窗滾動組織跨域協同作戰方案計畫的聯動作業。由於作戰窗口往往稍縱即逝，圍繞作戰窗口應急制定的諸軍兵種跨域協同作戰方案計劃的完備性可能會大打折扣。因此戰區聯指應凝聚指揮員及其指揮機關的集體智慧，依靠指揮資訊系統，透過體系化、程序化、專業化的快速指揮聯動作業，滾動組織擬制跨域協同作戰方案計劃。指揮聯動作業涉及上下級指揮機構聯動作業、偵控打保評全流程聯動作業及人機交互聯動作業等。實施指揮聯動作業應統一作戰意圖，聚焦作戰窗口，利用態勢共享的指揮作業平台，聯動展開平行作業，進行週期性的作戰規劃，隨時開展研判態勢，跟進提出作戰構想，增強推演評估的可信度，同步擬制並日臻完善跨域協同作戰的方案計劃。實施聯動作業有助於縮短跨域協同作戰方案計畫的製定時間，提高方案計畫的可行性，儘早掌握作戰窗口的先機。

應用作戰窗口，突顯跨域協同作戰體系對抗的效能性

戰區聯指應針對不同作戰目的任務，不同作戰對手屬性，不同作戰類型樣式，在精心籌劃和全面準備的基礎上，果斷決策發起作戰，迅速奪取作戰窗口的戰場主動權。

疊加作戰體系效能。諸軍兵種任務部隊在作戰窗口時空範圍內密切協同，整體聯動，聚焦作戰任務形成體係作戰效果。目前隨著軍事科技的快速發展與新銳作戰力量不斷調整優化，精確化、自動化、智慧化、無人化的武器裝備應用越來越廣泛，在特定的作戰窗口範圍內，幾乎每個軍兵種都或多或少地具備遠程多域精確打擊敵目標的手段。即使是陸戰型任務部隊，也具備較遠距離的精確遠火打擊能力與近海兵力投送能力，這就使得諸軍兵種任務部隊在作戰窗口內實施複合打擊，成為聯合作戰打擊敵目標的首選方式。多軍兵種複合打擊與單一軍兵種相比，將會產生更猛、更準、更穩、更快的複合打擊效能。諸軍兵種任務部隊的複合打擊效能在作戰窗口範圍內聚焦作戰目標，將促使跨域協同作戰效能的量值陡增，疊加效果更加顯現。

匯聚作戰保障資源。作戰保障資源是影響作戰窗口選擇應用的物質因素，涉及偵察情報保障、資訊保障與後裝保障等諸多資源。戰時對本戰區實施匯聚式支援保障是應用作戰窗口的關鍵。友鄰戰區的作戰支援將使任務部隊保持較高的戰備水平，指揮官將具有更多的作戰選擇性；戰略支援部隊提供的航天資訊支援、網路作戰支援將是聯合偵察情報、資訊作戰領域的重要支撐；而聯勤保障部隊是實施聯勤保障和戰略戰役支援保障的主要力量，戰區任務部隊作戰能力的波動性很大程度上受此制約。對此，透過明確作戰保障力量的使命任務、指揮權限、體制機制與法規制度等約束激勵手段，主動圍繞作戰窗口匯聚作戰保障資源，實施一體化綜合高效保障，大力提升跨域協同作戰的體系效能。

調控作戰波動週期。聯指機關指揮諸軍兵種任務部隊對敵目標實施打擊行動，其行動前需進行戰備等級轉換、協同演練與機動展開至待機地域等。即使任務部隊打擊準備速度再快，打擊方法再熟練，打擊流程再優化，也需要在相應的時間週期內完成。同時指揮與戰鬥人員會受到作戰疲勞的影響，造成指揮決策效率、打擊效能大幅降低，極大限製作戰持續時間的延長，使得任務部隊作戰能力的波動週期更加明顯。而打擊行動結束後，作戰人員的補充休整，武器裝備的保養修理，作戰經驗教訓的總結檢討，均需要一個調整週期。指揮員需根據諸軍兵種作戰方式與武器裝備毀傷機理的不同，及時調控任務部隊打擊能力的變化波動週期，明確任務部隊的能戰閾值，盡可能減少作戰波動幹擾，從而大幅提升跨域協同作戰能力。

維持作戰窗口，突顯跨域協同作戰戰場管控的穩定性

戰區聯指應嚴格控制窗口作戰的規模強度，加強連動管控，嚴控作戰成本，提升作戰效益，積極塑造有利戰場態勢，避免作戰被動，防止將窗口作戰擴大成全面作戰。

加強戰場聯動管控。諸軍兵種戰場管控對塑造穩定的作戰態勢，加強多域空間管制，維持作戰窗口有重要作用。加強跨域協同作戰戰場空間的管控，包括陸地、海洋、空中、太空、網路等戰場空間，以及電磁頻譜與時空基準戰場空間等。其中，戰場管控區域重點劃分為各領域的作戰窗口區、戰略支撐區、警戒隔離區、前沿預警區以及友鄰支援區等，諸軍兵種任務部隊在指揮員及指揮機關的統一指揮控制下，釐清跨域協同管控的主次關係，明確管控規則、機製與紀律，採用多種管控方法，綜合用級管控法

全面評估作戰效果。指揮機構應緊貼作戰窗口跨域協同作戰方案計畫的製定流程，緊貼協同控制指令，緊貼任務部隊協同動作，緊貼協同保障實際，在窗口作戰過程中實施快速、高效、持續的績效與效力評估。圍繞作戰目的的達成，適應全局聯動的窗口作戰特點，綜合運用多種作戰評估工具和手段，集成系統評估的算法、數據與能力於一體，優化作戰效益主導、流程管理、資訊支撐、人在迴路的評估體系，形成作戰命令、行動、效果的相互匹配，績效與效力時效力時相互結合的評估模式，從而提高作戰後效性指標的準確性和時效性指標的準確性和效能性指標。從而提高作戰時效性指標。

主動塑造戰場新態。經過平時持續對敵軍事鬥爭準備、互動懾控以及作戰窗口內有限的打擊較量後，敵我雙方在作戰力量對比、部署和行動等方面形成的狀態和形勢表現相對穩定，從而形成塑造了新形勢下的戰場態勢，其發展趨勢也顯得可預測、可期望。指揮者及其指揮機關對本戰略方向的敵情、我情與戰場環境的特點規律不斷深度掌握，對未來鬥爭形勢的基本輪廓走向就有了清晰認識，就能明確今後的作戰目標舉措，打贏自信也會逐步增強，為確定下一輪的作戰窗口創造了條件。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-12/06/content_222435888.htm

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Chinese Military Comprehensive Observations of Intelligent Warfare: Focus on Anti-AI Operations During Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊智慧化戰爭綜合觀察：聚焦智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

現代英語：

Focus on anti-AI operations in intelligent warfare

■ Kang Ruizhi and Li Shengjie

introduction

The extensive application of science and technology in the military field has caused profound changes in the form and mode of warfare. The military game between major powers is increasingly manifested in technological subversion and counter-subversion, surprise and counter-surprise, offset and counter-offset. To win the future intelligent war, we must not only continue to promote the deep transformation and application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, but also strengthen dialectical thinking, adhere to asymmetric thinking, innovate and develop anti-artificial intelligence combat theories and tactics, and proactively plan anti-artificial intelligence technology research and weapons and equipment research and development to achieve “breaking intelligence” and win, and strive to seize the initiative in future wars.

Fully understand the inevitability of anti-AI operations

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Contradiction”: “The law of contradiction of things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectical materialism.” Looking at the history of the development of military technology and its combat application, it has always been full of the dialectical relationship between attack and defense. The phenomenon of mutual game and alternating suppression between the “spear” of technology and the “shield” of corresponding counter-technology is common.

In the era of cold weapons, people not only invented eighteen kinds of weapons such as “knives, guns, swords, and halberds”, but also created corresponding “helmets, armor, and shields”. In the era of hot weapons, the use of gunpowder greatly increased the attack distance and lethality, but also gave rise to technical and tactical innovations represented by defensive fortifications such as “trench” and “bastion”. In the mechanized era, tanks shined in World War II, and people’s development of technical and tactical related to “tank armor” and “anti-tank weapons” continues to this day. In the information age, “electronic attack” and “electronic protection” around information control have set off a new wave of enthusiasm, and electronic countermeasures forces have emerged. In addition, there are countless opposing concepts in the military field such as “missiles” and “anti-missiles”, “unmanned combat” and “anti-unmanned combat”.

It should be noted that “anti-AI warfare”, as the opposing concept of “intelligent warfare”, will also gradually emerge with the extensive and in-depth application of intelligent technology in the military field. Prospective research on the concepts, principles and technical and tactical implementation paths of anti-AI warfare is not only a need of the times for a comprehensive and dialectical understanding of intelligent warfare, but also an inevitable move to seize the high ground of future military competition and implement asymmetric warfare.

Scientific analysis of anti-AI combat methods and paths

At present, artificial intelligence technology is undergoing a leapfrog development stage from weak to strong, and from special to general. From the perspective of its underlying support, data, algorithms, and computing power are still its three key elements. Among them, data is the basic raw material for training and optimizing models, algorithms determine the strategic mechanism of data processing and problem solving, and computing power provides hardware support for complex calculations. Seeking ways to “break intelligence” from the perspective of the three elements of data, algorithms, and computing power is an important method and path for implementing anti-artificial intelligence operations.

Anti-data operations. Data is the raw material for artificial intelligence to achieve learning and reasoning. The quality and diversity of data have an important impact on the accuracy and generalization ability of the model. There are many examples in life where artificial intelligence models fail due to minor data changes. For example, the face recognition model in the mobile phone may not be able to accurately identify the identity of the person because of wearing glasses, changing hairstyle or changes in the brightness of the environment; the autonomous driving model may also misjudge the road conditions due to factors such as road conditions, road signs and weather. The basic principle of implementing anti-data operations is to mislead the training and learning process or judgment process of the military intelligent model by creating “polluted” data or changing the distribution characteristics of the data, and use the “difference” of the data to cause the “error” of the model, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the military intelligent model. Since artificial intelligence models can conduct comprehensive analysis and cross-verification of multi-source data, anti-data operations should pay more attention to packaging false data information from multi-dimensional features to enhance its “authenticity”. In recent years, foreign militaries have conducted relevant experimental verifications in this regard. For example, special materials coating, infrared transmitting device camouflage and other methods are used to simulate the optical and infrared characteristics of real weapon platforms and even the engine vibration effects to deceive intelligent intelligence processing models; in cyberspace, traffic data camouflage is implemented to enhance the silent operation capability of network attacks and reduce the effectiveness of network attack detection models.

Anti-algorithm warfare. The essence of an algorithm is to describe a strategy mechanism for solving a problem in computer language. Since this strategy mechanism has a limited scope of adaptation, it may fail when faced with a wide variety of real-world problems. A typical example is Lee Sedol’s “God’s Move” in the 2016 man-machine Go match. After reviewing and analyzing the game, many professional Go players said that the “God’s Move” was not actually valid, but it worked for AlphaGo. Silva, the developer of AlphaGo, explained that Lee Sedol had hit an unknown loophole in the computer; there are also analyses that it may be that “this move” contradicts the Go logic of AlphaGo or is beyond its strategy learning range, making it unable to cope. The basic principle of implementing anti-algorithm warfare is to conduct logical attacks or logical deceptions against loopholes in the algorithm strategy mechanism and weaknesses in the model architecture to reduce the effectiveness of the algorithm. Anti-algorithm warfare should be combined with specific combat actions to achieve “misleading deception” against the algorithm. For example, drone swarm reconnaissance operations often use reinforcement learning algorithm models to plan reconnaissance routes. To address this situation, irregular or abnormal actions can be created to make the reward mechanism in the reinforcement learning algorithm model less effective or invalid, thereby achieving the goal of reducing its reconnaissance and search efficiency.

Anti-computing power operations. The strength of computing power represents the speed of converting data processing into information advantage and decision-making advantage. Unlike anti-data operations and anti-algorithm operations, which are mainly based on soft confrontation, the confrontation method of anti-computing power operations is a combination of soft and hard. Hard destruction mainly refers to the attack on the enemy’s computing power center, computing network facilities, etc., by cutting off its computing power to make it difficult for its artificial intelligence model to function; soft confrontation focuses on increasing the enemy’s computing power cost, mainly by creating a “fog” of war and data noise. For example, during combat, a large number of meaningless data such as images, audio, video, and electromagnetic are generated to contain and consume the enemy’s computing power resources, reducing the effective effect rate of its computing power. In addition, attacks can also be carried out on weak links in defense such as the support environment and supporting construction of computing power. The computing power center consumes huge amounts of electricity, and attacking and destroying its power support system can also achieve the effect of anti-computing power operations.

Proactively plan the construction of anti-AI combat capabilities

In any war, the right tactics are used to win. In the face of intelligent warfare, while continuing to promote and improve intelligent combat capabilities, it is also necessary to strengthen preparations for anti-AI operations, proactively plan theoretical innovations, supporting technology development, and equipment platform construction related to anti-AI operations, and ensure the establishment of an intelligent combat system that is both offensive and defensive, and integrated with defense and counterattack.

Strengthen the innovation of anti-AI combat theory. Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whether it is military strategic innovation, military scientific and technological innovation, or other military innovations, they are inseparable from theoretical guidance. We must persist in emancipating our minds, broadening our horizons, strengthening dialectical thinking, and using the innovation of anti-AI combat theory as a supplement and breakthrough to build a theoretical system of intelligent combat that supports and serves to win the battle. We must insist on you fight yours and I fight mine, strengthen asymmetric thinking, and provide scientific theoretical support for seizing battlefield control through in-depth research on anti-AI combat concepts, strategies and tactics, and effectively play the leading role of military theory. We must persist in the integration of theory and technology, enhance scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application, open up the closed loop between anti-AI combat theory and technology, let the two complement and support each other, and achieve deep integration and benign interaction between theory and technology.

Focus on the accumulation of anti-AI military technology. Science and technology are important foundations for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the traditional war offense and defense pattern. At present, major countries in the world regard artificial intelligence as a subversive technology and have elevated the development of military intelligence to a national strategy. At the same time, some countries are actively conducting research on technologies related to anti-AI operations and exploring methods of AI confrontation, with the intention of reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s military intelligence system. To this end, we must explore and follow up, strengthen the tracking and research of cutting-edge technologies, actively discover, promote, and stimulate the development of technologies such as intelligent confrontation that have anti-subversive effects, seize the technological advantage at the beginning of anti-AI operations, and prevent enemy technological raids; we must also carefully select, focus on maintaining sufficient scientific rationality and accurate judgment, break through the technical “fog”, and avoid falling into the opponent’s technical trap.

Research and develop weapons and equipment for anti-AI operations. Designing weapons and equipment is designing future wars. What kind of wars will be fought in the future will determine what kind of weapons and equipment will be developed. Anti-AI operations are an important part of intelligent warfare, and anti-AI weapons and equipment will also play an important role on future battlefields. When developing anti-AI weapons and equipment, we must first keep close to battlefield needs. Closely combine combat opponents, combat tasks, and combat environments, strengthen anti-AI combat research, accurately describe anti-AI combat scenarios, and ensure that the demand for anti-AI combat weapons and equipment is scientific, accurate, and reasonable. Secondly, we must establish a cost mindset. The latest local war practices show that combat cost control is an important factor affecting the outcome of future wars. Anti-AI operations focus on interfering with and confusing the enemy’s military intelligence system. Increasing the development of decoy weapon platforms is an effective way to reduce costs and increase efficiency. By using low-cost simulations to show false targets to deceive the enemy’s intelligent reconnaissance system, the “brain-breaking” effect can be extended and amplified, and efforts can be made to consume its high-value strike weapons such as precision-guided missiles. Finally, we must focus on upgrading while building, using, and upgrading. Intelligent technology is developing rapidly and is updated and iterated quickly. We must closely track the opponent’s cutting-edge military intelligent technology applications, understand their intelligent model algorithm architecture, and continuously promote the application and upgrading of the latest anti-artificial intelligence technology in weapon platforms to ensure its efficient use on the battlefield.

現代國語：

關注智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

■康睿智 李聖傑

引言

科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化，大國軍事博弈越來越表現為技術上的顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵消與反抵消。打贏未來智慧化戰爭，既要不斷推進人工智慧技術在軍事領域的深度轉化應用，還應加強辯證思維、堅持非對稱思想，創新發展反人工智慧作戰理論和戰法，前瞻佈局反人工智慧技術研究和武器裝備研發，實現「破智」制勝，努力把握未來戰爭主動權。

充分認識反人工智慧作戰必然性

毛澤東同志在《矛盾論》中指出：「事物的矛盾法則，即對立統一的法則，是唯物辯證法的最根本的法則。」縱觀軍事技術發展及其作戰運用歷史，從來都充滿了攻與防的辯證關系，技術之「矛」與相應反制技術之「盾」之間相互博弈、交替壓制的現象屢見不鮮壓制的現象屢見不鮮。

在冷兵器時代，人們不僅發明出「刀、槍、劍、戟」等十八般兵器，與之相應的「盔、甲、盾」等也被創造出來。熱兵器時代，火藥的使用大幅提升了攻擊距離和殺傷力，但同時也催生了以「塹壕」「棱堡」等防禦工事為代表的技術戰術創新。機械化時代，坦克在二戰中大放異彩，人們對「坦克裝甲」與「反戰車武器」相關技戰術的開發延續至今。資訊時代，圍繞制資訊權的「電子攻擊」與「電子防護」又掀起一陣新的熱潮，電子對抗部隊應運而生。此外，「導彈」與「反導」、「無人作戰」與「反無人作戰」等軍事領域的對立概念不勝枚舉。

應當看到，「反人工智慧作戰」作為「智慧化作戰」的對立概念，也必將隨著智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛深度運用而逐漸顯現。前瞻性研究反人工智慧作戰相關概念、原則及其技戰術實現路徑，既是全面辯證認識智慧化戰爭的時代需要，也是搶佔未來軍事競爭高地、實施非對稱作戰的必然之舉。

科學分析反人工智慧作戰方法路徑

目前，人工智慧技術正經歷由弱向強、由專用向通用的跨越式發展階段。從其底層支撐來看，數據、演算法、算力依舊是其三大關鍵要素。其中，數據是訓練和優化模型的基礎原料，演算法決定了數據處理與問題解決的策略機制，算力則為復雜計算提供硬體支撐。從數據、演算法、算力三個要素的角度尋求「破智」之道，是實施反人工智慧作戰的重要方法路徑。

反數據作戰。數據是人工智慧實現學習和推理的原始素材，數據的品質和多樣性對模型的準確度和泛化能力有重要影響。生活中因為微小數據變化而導致人工智慧模型失效的例子比比皆是。例如，手機中的人臉識別模型，可能會因人戴上眼鏡、改變發型或環境明暗變化等原因，而無法準確識別身份；自動駕駛模型也會因路況、路標及天氣等因素，產生對道路情況的誤判。實施反數據作戰，其基本原理是通過製造“污染”數據或改變數據的分佈特徵，來誤導軍事智能模型的訓練學習過程或判斷過程，用數據之“差”引發模型之“謬”，從而降低軍事智能模型的有效性。由於人工智慧模型能夠對多源數據進行綜合分析、交叉印證，反數據作戰應更加註重從多維特徵出發，包裝虛假數據信息，提升其「真實性」。近年來，外軍在這方面已經有相關實驗驗證。例如，利用特殊材料塗裝、紅外線發射裝置偽裝等方式，模擬真實武器平台光學、紅外特徵甚至是發動機震動效果，用以欺騙智能情報處理模型；在網絡空間，實施流量數據偽裝，以提升網絡攻擊靜默運行能力，降低網絡攻擊檢測模型的效果。

反演算法作戰。演算法的本質，是用計算機語言描述解決問題的策略機制。由於這種策略機制的適應範圍有限，在面對千差萬別的現實問題時可能會失效，一個典型例子就是2016年人機圍棋大戰中李世石的「神之一手」。不少職業圍棋選手復盤分析後表示，「神之一手」其實並不成立，但卻對「阿爾法狗」發揮了作用。 「阿爾法狗」開發者席爾瓦對此的解釋是，李世石點中了電腦不為人知的漏洞；還有分析稱，可能是「這一手」與「阿爾法狗」的圍棋邏輯相悖或不在其策略學習範圍內，導致其無法應對。實施反演算法作戰，其基本原理是針對演算法策略機制漏洞和模型架構弱點，進行邏輯攻擊或邏輯欺騙，以降低演算法有效性。反演算法作戰應與具體作戰行動結合，達成針對演算法的「誤導欺騙」。例如，無人機群偵察行動常採用強化學習演算法模型規劃偵察路徑，針對此情況，可透過製造無規則行動或反常行動，致使強化學習演算法模型中的獎勵機制降效或失效，從而達成降低其偵察搜尋效率的目的。

反算力作戰。算力的強弱代表著將資料處理轉換為資訊優勢和決策優勢的速度。不同於反數據作戰和反演算法作戰以軟對抗為主，反算力作戰的對抗方式是軟硬結合的。硬摧毀主要指對敵算力中心、計算網絡設施等實施的打擊，通過斷其算力的方式使其人工智能模型難以發揮作用；軟對抗著眼加大敵算力成本，主要以製造戰爭“迷霧”和數據噪聲為主。例如，作戰時大批量產生影像、音訊、影片、電磁等多類型的無意義數據，對敵算力資源進行牽制消耗，降低其算力的有效作用率。此外，也可對算力的支撐環境和配套建設等防備薄弱環節實施攻擊，算力中心電能消耗巨大，對其電力支援系統進行攻擊和摧毀，也可達到反算力作戰的效果。

前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰能力建構

凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。面對智慧化戰爭，持續推進提升智慧化作戰能力的同時，也需強化對反人工智慧作戰的未雨綢繆，前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰相關理論創新、配套技術發展和裝備平台建設，確保建立攻防兼備、防反一體的智慧化作戰體系。

加強反人工智慧作戰理論創新。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，軍事戰略創新也好，軍事科技創新也好，其他方面軍事創新也好，都離不開理論指導。要堅持解放思想、開闊視野，強化辯證思維，以反人工智慧作戰理論創新為補充和突破，建構支撐和服務打贏制勝的智慧化作戰理論體系。要堅持你打你的、我打我的，強化非對稱思想，通過對反人工智慧作戰概念、策略戰法等問題的深化研究，為奪取戰場制智權提供科學理論支撐，切實發揮軍事理論的先導作用。要堅持理技融合，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力，打通反人工智慧作戰理論與技術之間的閉環迴路，讓兩者互相補充、互為支撐，實現理論與技術的深度融合和良性互動。

注重反人工智慧軍事技術累積。科學技術是產生和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎，有些技術一旦取得突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。當前，世界各主要國家將人工智慧視為顛覆性技術，並將發展軍事智慧化上升為國家戰略。與此同時，也有國家積極進行反人工智慧作戰相關技術研究，探索人工智慧對抗方法，意圖降低對手軍事智慧系統效能。為此，既要探索跟進，加強對前沿技術的跟踪研究，積極發現、推動、催生智能對抗這類具有反顛覆作用的技術發展，在反人工智能作戰起步階段就搶佔技術先機，防敵技術突襲；還要精挑細選，注重保持足夠科學理性和準確判斷，破除技術“迷霧”，避免陷入對手技術陷阱。

研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備。設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，未來打什麼仗就發展什麼武器裝備。反人工智慧作戰是智慧化戰爭的重要組成部分，反人工智慧武器裝備也將在未來戰場上發揮重要作用。在研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備時，首先要緊貼戰場需求。緊密結合作戰對手、作戰任務和作戰環境等，加強反人工智慧作戰研究，把反人工智慧作戰場景描述準確，確保反人工智慧作戰武器裝備需求論證科學、準確、合理。其次要樹立成本思維。最新局部戰爭實踐表明，作戰成本控制是影響未來戰爭勝負的重要因素。反人工智慧作戰重在對敵軍事智慧系統的干擾與迷惑，加大誘耗型武器平台研發是一種有效的降本增效方法。通過低成本模擬示假目標欺騙敵智能偵察系統，可將「破智」效應延伸放大，力爭消耗其精確制導導彈等高價值打擊武器。最後要注重邊建邊用邊升級。智慧技術發展速度快、更新迭代快，要緊密追蹤對手前沿軍事智慧技術應用，摸準其智慧模型演算法架構，不斷推動最新反人工智慧技術在武器平台中的運用升級，確保其戰場運用的高效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16387159888.html

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Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Imminent

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中國軍事智慧化戰爭迫在眉睫

現代英語：

At present, accelerating the development of military intelligence is becoming a consensus among the world’s superpowers. Artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field and has become an important driving force for military reform. It will inevitably give rise to new combat styles and change the internal mechanism of war. We should firmly grasp the new quality growth point of military intelligence to enhance the combat effectiveness of the army, organically integrate military theory, science and technology, and military applications, intelligently upgrade traditional combat fields, and innovate combat concepts, so that the “intelligent factor” radiates from weapons and equipment to all aspects of military construction, and focus on breakthroughs in key areas such as military theory systems, command information systems, unmanned combat systems, comprehensive support systems, and new combat forces, and promote the reshaping, reconstruction, transformation and upgrading of combat systems.

Artificial intelligence stimulates new developments in theory

When new military technologies, operational concepts, and organizational structures interact to significantly enhance military operational capabilities, they will promote new military changes. The increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field is becoming an important driver of military change, thereby giving rise to new operational styles and changing the internal mechanism of winning wars.

Innovative combat theory. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for innovation in military theory. Integrating precision strike ammunition and unmanned equipment into the network information system will give rise to new intelligent combat theories such as “distributed killing”, “multi-domain warfare”, “combat cloud”, “swarm tactics”, and “intelligent security warfare”; combining intelligent technology with information dominance theory, relying on one’s own information advantages and decision-making advantages, cutting off and delaying the opponent’s information and decision-making loops in the decentralized battlefield network will become the key to winning intelligent warfare. Enrich combat styles. With the development and maturity of intelligent technology and the large-scale deployment of unmanned autonomous combat platforms, unmanned combat will become a disruptive new combat style that dominates future battlefields. Infiltrate the entire process of warfare with intelligent elements, use intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, and unmanned platforms to innovate the combat process. Use unmanned systems and manned systems in coordination, cluster and plan the use of unmanned combat platforms to enrich combat styles. Expand combat forces. The widespread application of intelligent systems and unmanned combat platforms will further enrich the connotation of new combat forces, and various “mixed” new combat forces will be applied on the battlefield. With the construction and application of the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing technologies in the military field, new combat forces such as space and networks will play an increasingly important role in future wars.

Accelerate the intelligent upgrade of command systems

The intelligence of command information systems is the key to achieving a leap forward in combat command means and forming decision-making advantages. In future wars, the battlefield space will be unprecedentedly expanded, the elements of war will be extremely rich, the tempo of confrontation will be significantly accelerated, and the combat system will change dynamically. There is an urgent need for the in-depth application of intelligent technology in battlefield perception, command decision-making, and human-computer interaction.

In terms of intelligent perception, intelligent sensing and networking technologies are adopted to widely and rapidly deploy various intelligent perception nodes, conduct active collaborative detection for tasks, and build a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Relying on technologies such as data mining and knowledge graphs, intelligent processing in aspects such as multi-source intelligence fusion and battlefield situation analysis is carried out to dispel the fog of war, analyze the enemy’s combat intentions, and predict the development of the battle situation. In terms of intelligent decision-making, by constructing combat model rules, using actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning methods, commanders are assisted in making quick decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc.; using machine learning, neural network and other technologies to create a “command brain” to learn and apply the laws of war and the art of command in terms of planning, strategy planning, and battle situation control, and expand the wisdom of commanders with machine intelligence. In terms of intelligent interaction, we comprehensively utilize intelligent interaction technologies such as feature recognition, semantic understanding, virtual augmented reality, holographic touch, and brain-computer interface to summarize and analyze the behavioral characteristics of commanders, build new human-computer interaction environments such as holographic projection digital sandbox, immersive battlefield perception command, and wearable smart devices, and provide intelligent means to support commanders in perceiving the battlefield and controlling the battle situation.

Build an intelligent unmanned combat system

Intelligent unmanned combat systems are a new trend in the development of future war equipment. The core is to aim at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage” and “quick response” in future wars, make full use of the development results of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy and new technologies, and continuously make breakthroughs in human-machine collaboration and autonomous action, build a new type of intelligent unmanned army on a large scale, and realize the systematic collaborative combat of unmanned combat systems.

In terms of human-machine collaboration, relying on the integrated space-ground information network, self-organizing network and collaborative interaction technology, we will open up the human-machine interaction link and establish a manned-unmanned collaboration system of “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, and joint action”. Facing complex combat missions and the global battlefield environment, we will strengthen the research on mechanisms and technologies such as safe and reliable information transmission, precise and efficient behavior control, and highly coordinated human-machine mixing to achieve highly compatible human-machine collaborative combat. In terms of autonomous action, relying on mission planning, distributed computing and intelligent networking technologies, research and develop unmanned combat systems and cluster formation technologies with fast response speed, strong adaptability, high reliability, flexible organization plan and reasonable action planning. They can fully respond to various changes in terrain, weather, disasters, damage, etc., and intelligently and dynamically adjust movement posture, travel route, firepower use, energy distribution, self-healing and self-destruction strategies to realize the replacement of humans by intelligent machines, expand the combat space, and avoid casualties.

Strengthening intelligent comprehensive security measures

Before troops move, support comes first. On the intelligent battlefield, the realization of comprehensive support for joint operations is an important factor that directly affects the combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will inevitably trigger revolutionary changes in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support.

In terms of political work, we will make full use of technologies such as social networks, personnel profiling, public opinion monitoring, sentiment analysis, and behavior prediction to build an intelligent political work system covering battlefield control, public opinion and legal struggle, social situation monitoring, personnel relationship analysis, personnel ideological trends, human resource management and other businesses, to provide support for exploring new approaches, new carriers, and new models for ideological and political work. In terms of after-sales support, by using technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, we have upgraded and built an intelligent after-sales support system covering intelligent warehousing, intelligent delivery, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent medical care, to achieve automatic, rapid, and accurate supply of battlefield after-sales materials, rapid diagnosis and repair of equipment failures, and timely rescue of battlefield personnel, turning passive support into active services, and improving the overall efficiency and effectiveness of after-sales support. In terms of combat training, by comprehensively using technologies such as cloud computing, virtual reality, simulated confrontation, and adjudication and evaluation, we have created an integrated training platform for “guidance, control, adjudication, evaluation, and management”, an intelligent virtual blue army, and an immersive training environment to support tactics and strategy training, equipment skills training, and joint confrontation exercises.

Exploring the intelligent combat force system

The new intelligent combat force system is a comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new-quality combat power and the evolution of war forms. It is the “killer hand” for seizing the initiative in the future global combat space, the key to forming an integrated joint combat system, and a new growth point for our military’s combat power.

Focus on new battlefields. The combat space of the new era has expanded from the traditional battlefield space to new battlefields such as space, the Internet, and spiritual will, and gradually extended to various fields of human activities and ideology. New combat forces such as rapid response satellites, network autonomous security, brain-controlled weapons, and genetic weapons are being integrated into the combat system. Military intelligence plays an increasingly important role in new combat styles such as space warfare, network warfare, mind warfare, and biological warfare. Pay attention to new technologies. Intelligent space-based weapon systems, with outer space as the battlefield, will help achieve the struggle for control of the sky; based on autonomous network intelligent security technology, it will help achieve a network security confrontation with integrated offense and defense and dynamic defense; brain control technology will help to attack the enemy’s spirit, nerves and mind; intelligent means may also accelerate the development of genetic weapons in some countries. Military intelligence is integrating into all aspects of the military field at an unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, deconstructing and reshaping the traditional appearance of war presented to the world. We must plan ahead to be invincible.

Laying a solid foundation for the development of intelligent military

The construction of military intelligence is a large and complex systematic project. Accelerating the development of military intelligence requires advanced theories as support, institutional mechanism construction as guarantee, technological breakthroughs as the starting point, and talent team building as the source of motivation.

Establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator for military intelligence. In the information age, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are becoming increasingly blurred, and their convertibility is becoming increasingly stronger. Actively establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration, continuously strengthen the driving force of military core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, make forward-looking arrangements for core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, support investment, give full play to the innovation power of the entire society, and promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate the advancement of technological breakthroughs in key areas. We must focus on relevant key technology areas and break the technical bottlenecks that restrict the development of military intelligence. On the one hand, we should strengthen research in the basic support areas of military intelligence, such as military big data and military Internet of Things; on the other hand, based on battlefield needs, we should strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various combat elements, especially intelligent command decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, and intelligent battlefield perception. We should vigorously build a team of high-quality talents. Military intelligence places higher demands on the quality of people. Only the effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize combat effectiveness. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should explore the training rules of relevant talents, make full use of military and local education resources, increase the training of relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

(Yin Junsong, Cheng Gang)

現代國語：

當前，加速軍事智能化發展正成為世界強國的共識。人工智慧技術加速向軍事領域滲透，已成為軍事變革的重要推手，必將催生新的作戰樣式，改變戰爭的內在機理。應緊緊抓住軍事智能化這個提升軍隊戰鬥力的新質增長點，有機融合軍事理論、科學技術和軍事應用，智能升級傳統作戰領域、創新作戰概念，使「智能因子」由武器裝備輻射至軍隊建設的各個方面，在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型，在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型，推動戰力領域的重塑突破與再造和再造一個關鍵領域的重塑。

人工智慧催生理論新發展

當新的軍事技術、作戰理念和組織編成相互作用顯著提升軍事作戰能力時，將促進新的軍事變革。人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用，正成為軍事變革的重要推手，由此催生新的作戰樣式，改變戰爭制勝的內在機理。

創新作戰理論。智慧領域新的顛覆性技術，為軍事理論創新開啟了新的空間。將精確打擊彈藥、無人裝備融入網絡資訊體系，催生「分散式殺傷」「多域戰」「作戰雲」「蜂群戰術」「智慧安全戰」等新的智能化作戰理論；將智能化技術與資訊主導理論相結合，憑借己方的資訊優勢與決策優勢，在去中心化的戰場網絡中切斷關鍵與遲滯對手的資訊與決策迴路，成為智能化的戰場網絡中與決策迴路的資訊與決策迴滯。豐富作戰樣式。伴隨著智慧技術的發展成熟以及無人自主作戰平台的規模列裝，無人作戰將成為一種顛覆性的新型作戰樣式主導未來戰場。將智慧化要素滲透於戰爭的整個流程，運用智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、無人平台，創新作戰流程。協同運用無人系統與有人系統，集群、規劃運用無人作戰平台，豐富作戰樣式。拓展作戰力量。智慧系統與無人作戰平台的廣泛應用，將進一步豐富新型作戰力量的內涵，各類「混搭式」新型作戰力量將邁向戰場應用。隨著物聯網、大數據、雲端運算技術在軍事領域的建設運用，太空、網路等新型作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用。

加速指揮系統智慧化升級

指揮資訊系統的智慧化是作戰指揮手段實現躍升、形成決策優勢的關鍵。未來戰爭，戰場空間空前擴展、戰爭要素極大豐富、對抗節奏明顯加快、作戰體系動態變化，迫切需要智慧技術在戰場感知、指揮決策和人機互動等方面深度運用。

在智能感知方面，採用智慧傳感與組網技術，廣泛快速部署各類智能感知節點，面向任務主動協同探測，構建透明可見的數字化作戰環境；依托數據挖掘、知識圖譜等技術，開展多源情報融合、戰場情況研判等方面的智能化處理，撥開戰爭迷霧，透析敵作戰意圖，預測戰局發展。在智能決策方面，通過構建作戰模型規則，以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式，輔助指揮員在戰略、戰役、戰術等多級籌劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策；運用機器學習、神經網絡等技術打造“指揮大腦”，從謀局布勢、方略籌劃、戰局控制等方面學習戰爭規律和拓展藝術員，以掌控機器和拓展藝術員。在智慧互動方面，綜合利用特徵識別、語義理解、虛擬增強現實、全像觸摸、腦機介面等智慧互動技術，歸納分析指揮人員行為特徵，建構全像投影數字沙盤、沉浸式戰場感知指揮、穿戴式智慧型裝置等新型人機互動環境，為指揮者感知戰場、掌控戰局提供智慧化手段支撐。

構建智慧化無人作戰系統

智慧化無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展新趨勢。其核心在於瞄準未來戰爭「零傷亡」「全覆蓋」「快響應」等要求，充分運用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術發展成果，在人機協同和自主行動兩個方面不斷取得突破，規模化打造新型智能無人之師，實現無人作戰系統的體系化協同作戰。

在人機協同方面，依托天地一體資訊網絡、自組網和協同交互技術，打通人機交互鏈路，建立“人為主導、機器協助、混合編組、聯合行動”的有人-無人協作體系，面向復雜作戰任務、全局戰場環境，加強安全可靠的信息傳輸、精準高效的行為控制、高度協同的人機組合作等機制和技術研究，實現高可靠的信息傳輸。在自主行動方面，依托任務規劃、分佈計算和智能組網技術，研究發展反應速度快、適應能力強、可靠程度高、編組計劃靈活、行動規劃合理的無人作戰系統及集群編隊技術，充分應對地形、天氣、災害、毀傷等各種變化，智能動態調整運動姿態、行動規劃、火力運用、能源分配和自傷自毀自毀等策略，實現智能機器等策略，以避免

建強智慧化綜合保障手段

兵馬未動，保障先行。智慧化戰場，聯合作戰綜合保障實現度是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。智慧化技術的發展必將觸發聯合作戰保障體系建設的革命性變化，實現智慧化綜合保障。

在政治工作方面，充分運用社會網絡、人員畫像、輿情監控、情感分析、行為預測等技術，建構覆蓋戰場管控、輿論法理鬥爭、社情監控、人員關系分析、人員思想動態、人力資源管理等業務的智能政工體系，為探索思想政治工作的新途徑、新載體、新模式提供支撐。在後裝保障方面，透過運用物聯網、無人機、智慧車、遠端手術、3D列印等技術，升級打造涵蓋智慧倉儲、智慧投送、智慧維修、智慧醫療等智慧後裝保障體系，實現戰場後裝物資自動快速精準補給、裝備故障快速診斷與維修、戰場人員及時救護，變被動保障為整體主動保障。在作戰訓練方面，通過綜合運用雲計算、虛擬現實、模擬對抗、裁決評估等技術，打造「導、控、裁、評、管」一體化演訓平台、智慧化虛擬藍軍、沉浸式訓練環境，支撐戰法謀略研練、裝備技能訓練、聯合對抗演練。

探索智慧化作戰力量體系

智慧化新型作戰力量體係是人工智慧技術發展、新質戰鬥力形成與戰爭形態演變的綜合產物，是奪取未來全局作戰空間主動權的“殺手鐧”，是構成一體化聯合作戰體系的關鍵，是我軍戰鬥力新的增長點。

著眼新戰場。新時代的作戰空間由傳統戰場空間向太空、互聯網、精神意誌等新型戰場拓展，逐漸延伸至人類活動和意識形態各領域，快速響應衛星、網絡自主安防、大腦控制武器、基因武器等新質作戰力量正在融入作戰體系，軍事智能化在太空戰、網絡戰、意念戰、生物戰等新型作戰力量中扮演越來越重要的角色。關注新技術。智能化的天基武器系統，以外層空間為戰場，有助於實現對製天權的爭奪；基於自主網絡智能安全技術，有助於實現攻防一體、動態防禦的網絡安全對抗；控腦技術，有助於實現對敵方人員精神、神經和心靈進行攻擊；智能化手段還可能加速某些國家基因武器研製。軍事智能化正在以前所未有的速度、廣度和深度融入軍事領域的各個層面，解構重塑著戰爭呈現給世人的傳統面貌，我們必須未雨綢繆，方可立於不敗之地。

夯實軍事智能化發展基礎

軍事智能化建設是一個龐大復雜的系統工程，加快推進軍事智能化發展需要以先進的理論作為支撐，以體制機制建設作為保障，以技術突破為抓手，以人才隊伍建設為動力源泉。

建立軍民融合協同創新機制。智慧技術的快速發展，已成為軍事智能化的加速器。資訊時代軍用技術和民用技術的界線越來越模糊，可轉換性越來越強。積極建立軍民融合協同創新機制，不斷強化軍用核心技術原動力，建構全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系，對人工智慧等核心前沿技術前瞻佈局、扶持投資，充分發揮整個社會的創新力量，促進軍事智能化快速可持續發展。加速推進重點領域技術突破。要聚焦相關重點技術領域，打破限制軍事智慧化發展的技術瓶頸。一方面，加強軍事智慧化基礎支撐領域的研究，例如，軍事大數據、軍事物聯網等；另一方面，從戰場需求出發，加強各個作戰要素方面的智慧化應用技術研究，尤其是智慧化指揮決策、智慧化武器平台、智慧化戰場感知等方面的研究。大力建設高素質人才隊伍。軍事智能化對人的素質提出了更高要求，高素質人員和智慧化武器的有效結合，才能最大程度地發揮作戰效能。加速軍事智慧化發展，應抓緊探索相關人才的培養規律，充分利用軍地教育資源，加大相關人才培養力度，為推進軍事智慧化建設提供堅實的智力支持與人才保障。 （

尹峻松、程鋼）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4810306888.html?

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

Chinese Military Analysis Development Trends of Combat Coordination During Era of Intelligence

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中國軍事分析智能化時代作戰協同發展趨勢

現代英語：

Operational coordination is a key element in achieving systemic operations, releasing overall effectiveness, and achieving operational objectives in modern warfare. In recent years, with the breakthrough progress of military science and technology represented by artificial intelligence, the enabling and efficiency-enhancing role of science and technology has become more prominent. While profoundly changing the form of war and combat style, it has also spawned a new mode of operational coordination – autonomous coordination. At present, we should scientifically grasp the opportunities and challenges of the new military revolution, dynamically coordinate the development trend of autonomous coordination, and thus promote the accelerated transformation and upgrading of combat methods.

Transforming towards intelligent empowerment and autonomous collaboration

Future wars will be all-round confrontations between the two sides using “people + intelligent equipment”. Limited by military technology, system platforms, combat capabilities, etc., traditional combat coordination has been difficult to adapt to the modern battlefield where opportunities are fleeting due to limitations such as periodic solidification and low fault tolerance. With the strong support of advanced technical means such as artificial intelligence and big data, the autonomy and automation level of combat coordination will be greatly improved, and autonomous coordination under intelligent empowerment will also become the key to defeating the enemy.

Wide-area ubiquitous collaboration. In recent years, the in-depth development of communication technology and intelligent technology, the accumulation of data, algorithms, and computing power have promoted the interconnection and aggregation of people, machines, objects, and energy, and extended the military Internet of Things to many fields such as situational awareness, command and control, information and fire strikes, and after-sales support. While promoting the iterative upgrade of combat capabilities, it also provides more options for modern combat collaboration. It can be foreseen that the military Internet of Things will shine on future battlefields. It is not only a key infrastructure to support combat operations, but also a joint hub to maintain combat collaboration. With this as a basis, it will give rise to ubiquitous operations with wide-area dispersion of forces, organizational modules, and highly coordinated actions, which are omnipresent, ubiquitous, and uncontrolled and autonomous.

Deep collaboration between humans and machines. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Azerbaijani army built a strong battlefield advantage with the advantage of drones, and to some extent, it also announced the debut of “robot war”. In future wars, unmanned combat forces such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned ships are accelerating from backstage support and guarantee to front-line combat, and are beginning to play the “protagonist” of the battlefield. Compared with traditional combat coordination, manned and unmanned intelligent coordination presents the characteristics of “decentralization” of combat command, “de-division of labor” in the combat process, high-end skill operation, and fuzzification of the front and rear, and emphasizes human-machine collaboration and algorithm victory. Especially in recent years, intelligent unmanned clusters have emerged and begun to strongly impact the modern battlefield. In the face of these new situations and changes, cluster formation algorithms, formation control algorithms, and complex scene optimization algorithms should be used in a coordinated manner to promote unmanned and manned networking communications and intelligent coordination, promote the integrated operation of intelligence chain, command chain, mobility chain, strike chain, and support chain, and accelerate the generation of precise enemy comprehensive combat capabilities.

Digital intelligence drives collaboration. The traditional combat coordination model under progressive command is no longer able to adapt to the multi-dimensional fast pace of modern warfare. In future wars, intelligence is the key and data is king. The deep integration of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence has realized the storage, analysis, integration, and application of massive battlefield data, making command and control more scientific and combat coordination more efficient. With powerful resource integration, computing processing, and data analysis capabilities, battlefield intelligence can be quickly integrated, battlefield situation can be perceived in real time, coordination plans can be efficiently formulated, and threat levels can be instantly assessed. The prediction of combat operations, the dissection of typical scenarios, the deployment of combat forces, and the allocation of combat resources can be coordinated as a whole, thereby comprehensively improving the comprehensive quality and efficiency of command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support, and promoting revolutionary changes in combat coordination.

Evolving towards multi-domain linkage and autonomous collaboration

In future wars, the participating forces will be complex and diverse, weapons and equipment will be matched at different levels, and combat methods will be used in a mixed manner, showing distinct characteristics such as intelligent dynamic dispersion of combat command, intelligent wide-area deployment of combat forces, and intelligent dynamic differentiation of combat tasks. It can be foreseen that multi-domain linkage and autonomous coordination will become an important component of combat coordination.

System self-reshapes coordination. In future wars, the multi-domain battlefield space will be a combination of virtual and real, various military operations will interact, and constraints and collaboration will be randomly transformed. Only by adopting an engineered and systematic organizational model can we adapt to the complex multi-domain coordination needs. The essence of this coordination model is to form a wide-area holographic support framework for system self-reshape coordination. Specifically, it is to highlight the concept of system combat, and to solve the practical contradictions such as organizational system construction, institutional mechanism establishment, and coordination rule formulation from an overall perspective; to pay more attention to the system integration effect, and to achieve beyond-visual-range combat and cross-domain coordinated combat of combat units from a wide area; to emphasize efficient and flexible command, to refine the command relationship from various dimensions, and to clarify the command responsibilities; to pay more attention to data precision drive, to integrate network system platforms at all levels, and to establish a dynamic optimization network for detection, control, attack, evaluation and protection tasks. Once this coordination model is formed, it will undoubtedly be able to study and predict typical confrontation scenarios, dynamically select action coordination links, and plan combat operations in various fields in an integrated manner according to the combat environment, combat opponents, and combat tasks.

Tactical adaptive coordination. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have repeatedly shown that the complexity and systemicity of combat coordination have increased exponentially due to the extension of combat data information to the tactical level. Only by achieving efficient processing, integration and sharing of combat data information can adaptive and autonomous coordination between combat users be guaranteed. This coordination model pays more attention to scientific planning and innovative means to form a universal battlefield situation map with full-dimensional coverage, support hierarchical, leapfrog and cross-domain sharing and collaboration among users of all levels and types deployed in a wide area, realize the common perception of battlefield situation by command elements and combat units, and ensure self-synchronous operations within the framework of unified strategic intent, campaign guidance and coordination plan. This coordination model emphasizes the vertical integration of strategy, campaign and tactics, and the horizontal integration of land, sea, air, space and electricity, provides strong information sharing services in detection, early warning and surveillance, and relies on information media to promote the extension of campaign-level joint to tactical-level joint. This coordination model highlights the standardized operation of command operation and force application, and promotes the connection of combat command levels, cross-domain linkage, element interaction and situation sharing with the help of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and cloud computing, realizes intelligent coordination between command systems, weapon platforms and sensors, and implements the key to winning by defeating slowness with speed.

Advantages and intelligence complement and synergy. In future wars, combat operations in space, network and other fields will be deeply integrated into the traditional battlefield space, requiring higher standards and higher requirements for planning and design of the overall combat situation. Only by clarifying the complementary relationship of advantages in various combat domains and the proportion of input and effectiveness, and then sorting out the operational relationship of cross-domain coordination, can we bridge the gap in field operations and achieve complementary advantages on the multi-dimensional battlefield. In essence, this is also a concentrated reflection of the view of war efficiency. From another perspective, in a war, when the local advantage of the battlefield is not obvious or there is a hidden crisis, by gaining local advantages in other fields to make up for it and achieve comprehensive advantages, the overall goal of winning can also be achieved. In the future information-based and intelligent wars, this point will be more prominent and more complex, requiring comprehensive measures in the fields of military, politics, public opinion, legal theory, psychology, diplomacy, etc., and leveraging each other to fully release the maximum combat effectiveness; requiring traditional forces and new forces to work closely together, relying on the network information system to build an integrated combat system, and maximizing overall effectiveness through advantage synergy.

Transition to Dynamically Coupled Autonomous Collaboration

In the era of artificial intelligence, along with the profound changes in information technology and weapons and equipment, combat operations place more emphasis on breaking up traditional force groupings, connecting traditional platform functions, breaking traditional offensive and defensive boundaries, and achieving full-time dynamic control of combat operations through dynamic coupling and autonomous coordination.

Dynamic focal point coordination. In future wars, the enemy-to-enemy confrontation will be more intense, and the battlefield situation will be more changeable. The previous static, extensive, and step-by-step coordination methods will be difficult to adapt. It is necessary to pay close attention to the key nodes of the operation. On the basis of keeping a close eye on the overall situation, anchoring the combat mission, and focusing on the combat objectives, we must assess the situation and seize the opportunity. According to the predetermined coordination rules, we can flexibly change the coordination objects, flexibly adjust the coordination strategies, and autonomously negotiate and coordinate actions. It should be noted that this coordination method based on key combat nodes particularly emphasizes that combat forces transcend structural barriers and organically aggregate combat effectiveness. Through the flexible structure of the collaborative organization, self-coupling and autonomous elimination of contradictions and conflicts, bridging combat gaps, and promoting the precise release of the combined forces of the combat system.

Dynamic control and coordination. The battlefield situation in future wars is changing rapidly, and the combat process is often difficult to advance according to the predetermined combat plan, and combat operations have great uncertainty. Invisibly, this also requires us to break through traditional combat thinking, keep a close eye on the changes in the battlefield situation, and implement immediate, flexible and autonomous coordination of the combat process. This collaborative method, through real-time assessment of battlefield situation changes, the degree of damage to enemy targets, and the scale and efficiency of combat operations, can achieve rapid command and control, precise coordination in force projection, fire support, and comprehensive support, and always grasp the initiative on the battlefield. This collaborative method requires relying on advanced intelligent auxiliary means to quickly divide the combat phase, predict the duration of combat operations, analyze the overall deployment of combat forces, calculate the allocation of combat operation resources, and accurately control the decision-making cycle and combat rhythm, and accurately coordinate the actions of troops and the combat process to ensure that various randomness and uncertainties in combat can be effectively dealt with.

Dynamic response coordination. The operational mechanism of future wars is unpredictable. The deep effects of asymmetric operations, hybrid games, and system emergence will inevitably lead to various emergencies in the implementation of the planned operational plans. To this end, dynamic coordination for emergencies is an effective strategy to resolve the above-mentioned contradictions. This coordination method emphasizes the dynamic adjustment of coordinated actions according to different situations. When an emergency occurs on a local battlefield or in a local action, which has little impact on the overall operation and has sufficient time, the combat system automatically responds, partially adjusts the combat deployment and combat operations, and ensures the achievement of the expected combat objectives. When multiple urgent and slow situations coexist on the battlefield and partially affect the battlefield situation, the combat actions are dynamically and immediately coordinated according to the principle of first urgent and then slow according to the specific situation, so as to promote the development of the war in a direction that is beneficial to me. When there are multiple major unexpected situations or unexpected changes in the overall development of the war situation, coordination is carried out according to the principle of first major direction and then minor direction, and new coordinated disposal measures are quickly generated to effectively respond to various emergencies on the battlefield.

現代國語：

■吳思亮　賈春傑　侯永紅

引言

作戰協同是現代戰爭中實現體係作戰、釋放整體效能、達成作戰目標的關鍵要素。近年來，隨著以人工智慧為代表的軍事科學技術取得突破性進展，科技的賦能增效作用進一步凸顯，在深刻改變戰爭形態、作戰樣式的同時，也催生出一種新的作戰協同模式——自主協同。當前，應科學掌握新軍事革命的機會挑戰，動態統籌好自主協同發展走向，從而推動作戰方式加速轉型升級。

向智能賦能自主協同蛻變

未來戰爭將是對抗雙方採用「人+智慧裝備」展開的全方位對抗。受軍事技術、系統平台、作戰能力等限制，傳統作戰協同因為存在周期固化、容錯率低等局限，已難以適應戰機轉瞬即逝的現代戰場。在人工智慧、大數據等先進技術手段的強力支撐下，作戰協同的自主性、自動化水準將極大提升，智慧賦能下的自主協同也將成為克敵制勝的關鍵。

廣域泛在協同。近年來，通訊技術、智慧技術的深度發展，數據、演算法、算力的累積疊加，促進了人、機、物、能的互聯聚合，將軍事物聯網延伸擴展至態勢感知、指揮控制、信火打擊、後裝保障等諸多領域，在促進作戰能力迭代升級的同時，也為現代作戰協同提供了更多選項。可以預見，軍事物聯網將在未來戰場上大放異彩，不僅是支撐作戰行動的關鍵性基礎設施，也是維繫作戰協同的關節樞紐。以此為依托，將催生出力量廣域分散、組織模塊構成、行動高度協同的泛在式作戰，無時不在、無處不在、無控自主。

人機深度協同。在納卡沖突中，阿塞拜疆軍隊憑借無人機優勢構建起強大戰場優勢，某種程度上也宣告「機器人戰爭」登場。未來戰爭，無人機、無人車、無人艦等無人作戰力量，正加速從後台支援保障走向一線作戰前台，開始擔當戰場「主角」。較之傳統作戰協同，有人無人智能協同呈現出作戰指揮「去中心化」、作戰過程「去分工化」、技能操作高端化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點，更加強調人機協同、演算法取勝。尤其是近年來，智慧無人集群異軍突起，開始強烈沖擊現代戰場。面對這些新情況新變化，應統籌運用集群編隊演算法、隊形控制演算法以及復雜場景優化演算法等，推動無人與有人組網通訊、智慧協同，促進情報鏈、指揮鏈、機動鏈、打擊鍊和保障鏈一體運轉，加快生成精確制敵綜合作戰能力。

數智驅動協同。逐層遞進指揮下的傳統作戰協同模式，已難以適應現代戰爭的多維度快節奏。未來戰爭，智能為要，數據為王。大數據、雲計算、人工智慧等深度融合，實現了對海量戰場數據的儲存、分析、融合和運用，從而使得指揮控制更加科學、作戰協同更有效率。透過強大的資源整合、計算處理和數據分析能力，可以快速融合戰場情報、實時感知戰場態勢、高效製定協同計劃、瞬時評估威脅等級，將預測作戰行動、解剖典型場景、布勢作戰力量和配置作戰資源一體統籌，從而全面提升指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等方面的綜合質效，推動作戰協同革命性變革。

向多域聯動自主協同演進

未來戰爭，參戰力量複雜多元、武器裝備高低搭配、作戰方法混合運用，呈現作戰指揮智能動態分散、作戰力量智聯廣域部署、作戰任務智配動態區分等鮮明特徵。可以預見，多域聯動自主協同將成為作戰協同的重要組成。

體係自重塑協同。未來戰爭多域戰場空間虛實結合、多樣軍事行動交互作用，約束與協作隨機轉化，只有採取工程化、系統化的組織模式，才能適應龐雜的多域協同需求。這種協同模式，其實質是要形成體係自重塑協同的廣域全像支撐架構。具體來看，就是更突顯體係作戰理念，從整體上破解組織體系建構、制度機制設立、協同規則制訂等現實矛盾；更重視體系融合效應，從廣域上實現作戰單元超視距作戰、跨域協同作戰；更強調高效率靈活指揮，從諸維度細化指揮指揮、釐清指揮權責優化；這種協同模式一旦形成，無疑能夠針對作戰環境、作戰對手和作戰任務等，研判預測典型對抗態勢場景，動態選擇行動協同鏈路，一體規劃各領域作戰行動。

戰術自適應協同。近年來的局部戰爭沖突一再表明，由於作戰數據資訊向戰術層共享應用延伸，作戰協同的複雜性系統性呈指數級躍升。只有實現作戰數據資訊的高效處理、融合共享，才能保證作戰用戶間自適應、自主化協同。這種協同模式，更重視科學規劃、創新手段，形成全維覆蓋的通用戰場態勢圖，支持廣域分散部署的各級各類用戶間按級、越級、跨域共享協作，實現指揮要素、作戰單元共同感知戰場態勢，確保在統一的戰略意圖、戰役指導、協同計劃框架內自同步作戰。這種協同模式，更強調縱向貫通戰略、戰役、戰術，橫向融匯陸海空天電，在探測、預警、監視等方面提供強力資訊共享服務，依托資訊介質推動戰役級聯合向戰術級聯合延伸。這種協同模式，更加突出指揮運行、力量運用等的標準化運行，借助大數據、雲計算等前沿技術推動作戰指揮層級銜接、跨域聯動、要素交互、態勢共享，實現指揮系統、武器平台、傳感器間的智能化協同，落地落實以快製慢制勝關鍵。

優勢智互補協同。未來戰爭，太空、網路等領域作戰行動深度融入傳統戰場空間，要求對作戰全局實施更高標準更高要求的規劃設計。只有搞清各作戰域優勢互補關聯、投入成效比重，進而梳理出跨領域協同的運行關系，才能彌合領域作戰縫隙，實現多維戰場優勢互補。從本質上看，這也是戰爭效益觀的集中反映。從另一個視角來看，一場戰爭，當戰場局部優勢不明顯或暗藏危機時，透過在其他領域取得局部優勢予以彌補並達成綜合優勢，同樣可以實現整體制勝目的。未來資訊化智能化戰爭，這一點將體現得更為突出也更為復雜，要求針對軍事、政治、輿論、法理、心理、外交等領域綜合施策，相互借力充分釋放最大作戰效能；要求傳統力量、新質力量密切配合，依托網絡信息體系打造一體化作戰體系，通過優勢協同實現整體效能最大化。

向動態耦合自主協同變遷

人工智慧時代，伴隨資訊科技與武器裝備的深度變革，作戰行動更強調打散傳統力量編組、打通傳統平台功能、打破傳統攻防界限，透過動態耦合自主協同實現對作戰行動的全時動態可控。

動態聚點協同。未來戰爭敵我對抗更加激烈、戰場態勢更為多變，以往那種靜態粗放、按部就班的協同方式將難以適應。必須對作戰的關鍵節點給予高度關注，在緊盯整體態勢、錨定作戰任務、聚焦作戰目標的基礎上，審時度勢把握戰機，依據預定的協同規則，敏捷變換協同對象、靈活調整協同策略、自主協商協同行動。需要注意的是，這種基於關鍵作戰節點的協同方式，特別強調作戰力量跨越結構壁壘、有機聚合作戰效能，透過協同組織的彈性結構，自耦合自主化消解矛盾沖突、彌合作戰縫隙，促進作戰體系合力精準釋放。

動態調控協同。未來戰爭戰場態勢瞬息萬變，作戰進程往往難以依照預定作戰計畫推進，作戰行動有著極大的不確定性。在無形中，這也要求我們突破傳統作戰思維，緊盯戰場態勢變化對作戰進程實施即時靈活自主協同。這種協同方式，透過即時評估戰場態勢變化、敵方目標毀傷程度、作戰行動規模效益等，從而在力量投送、火力支援、綜合保障等方面實現快速指控、精準協同，始終把握戰場主動權。這種協同方式，要求依托智能輔助先進手段，快速切分作戰階段，預測作戰行動持續時間，研判作戰力量整體布勢，計算作戰行動資源分配，據此精準控制決策週期和作戰節奏，精準協調部隊行動和作戰進程，確保能夠有效應對作戰中的各種隨機性、不確定性。

動態響應協同。未來戰爭作戰機理變化莫測，非對稱作戰、混合賽局、體制湧現等的深層作用，使得預定作戰方案計劃在執行中必然遇到各類突發情況。為此，針對突發情況動態協同是解決上述矛盾問題的有效策略。這種協同方式，更強調依據不同情況動態調整協同行動。當局部戰場或局部行動出現突發情況，對作戰全局影響不大且時間充裕時，作戰體係自動響應，部分調整作戰部署和作戰行動，確保實現預期作戰目標。當戰場出現多個急緩並存情況且部分影響戰場態勢時，根據具體情況按照先急後緩原則動態即時協調作戰行動，推動戰局向著有利於我的方向發展。當戰局整體發展出現多個重大意外情況或出現未曾預想的變化時，按先主要方向、後次要方向的原則展開協同，快速生成新的協同處置措施，有效應對戰場各類突發情況。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16378145888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

What is the Hotly Debated “Military Metaverse”? Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Team Explains

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備受爭議的「軍事元宇宙」是什麼？中國軍事智慧作戰團隊解讀

現代英語：

As if overnight, “metaverse” suddenly became a hot word, and related concepts formed many hot topics.

With the development of technologies such as augmented reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, blockchain, and the iteration of terminal devices, the construction and evolution of the “metaverse” may far exceed people’s expectations, and a new Internet form of multi-dimensional, full-sensory, immersive human-computer interaction will hopefully become a reality.

Unveiling the Metaverse

The “Metaverse” allows users to freely travel between the real world and the virtual world. Produced by Lu Xintong

What is the Metaverse?

The term “Metaverse” comes from the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the novel, humans live in a virtual three-dimensional world through “Avatars” (digital virtual incarnations). The author calls this space “Metaverse”.

From science fiction to reality, people have not yet reached an absolute consensus on what the metaverse is. Due to the evolution of the times and technological changes, the metaverse is still an evolving concept. Different participants are constantly enriching its definition in their own ways, and the characteristics and forms of the metaverse are also constantly changing. However, we can explore a little through the current presentation of the metaverse.

At present, “metaverse” concept products are mainly concentrated in online games, VR/AR, social networking and other fields.

Online games are widely considered by the industry to be the most likely field to realize the “metaverse” because they themselves have virtual scenes and players’ virtual avatars. Today, game functions have gone beyond the game itself, and the boundaries of games are expanding, and they are no longer just games.

A well-known singer held a virtual concert in the game “Fortress Night” with a virtual image, attracting more than 12 million players from all over the world to participate, breaking the boundary between entertainment and games; due to the impact of the epidemic, the University of California, Berkeley and the School of Animation and Digital Arts of Communication University of China coincidentally rebuilt their campuses in the sandbox game “Minecraft”. Students gathered together with virtual avatars to complete the “cloud graduation ceremony”, realizing the integration of virtual games and real social interactions.

The new generation of “VR social (virtual offline social)” has been gradually developing and becoming popular. It is a fusion of offline social (face-to-face in real life) and online social (through social software such as WeChat). Some well-known VR social platforms provide a free community environment, which not only becomes a place for players to conduct online activities and virtual face-to-face gatherings, but also becomes a social and cultural phenomenon closely related to the current concept of “metaverse”.

The above “metaverse slices” are all important explorations into the construction of the “metaverse”, and they explain in a variety of visible and tangible ways how the “metaverse” will change our real life.

In common research, the following consensus has been formed: “Metaverse” is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates multiple new technologies and integrates virtual and real. It provides immersive experience based on extended reality technology, generates virtual scenes based on digital twins and 3D rendering technology, builds basic software and hardware services based on cloud computing, artificial intelligence and high-speed networks, and builds an economic system based on blockchain technology, closely integrating the virtual world with the real world in economic system, social system and identity system. At the same time, it allows each user to produce and edit content, and has complete self-driving and iteration capabilities.

The development direction of the “metaverse”

Today’s mobile Internet is actually still in a flat information interaction state, presented on mobile terminals through text, sound, pictures, and videos. Although news information, e-commerce, social chat, live video, etc. meet people’s needs for using the Internet, it is obviously impossible to achieve the effect of face-to-face communication and full sensory experience in real life through the mobile phone screen. With the development of society, people need more native and richer experience and interaction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused people to move their lives from offline to online. This forced change has made people think more, discuss more, and pay more attention to the “metaverse”. In particular, the core feature of the “metaverse” is the immersive experience, which can turn a plane into a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, real-time interactive space, greatly enriching and restoring the real physical world and various human relationships. Therefore, the “metaverse” is highly anticipated.

Looking at the development of information technology and media in the past, humans have constantly changed the way they perceive the world, and later began to consciously transform and reshape the world. From the newspaper era, the radio and television era, to the Internet era, and the mobile Internet era, the tools and platforms under the concept of “metaverse” are becoming increasingly complete, and the path to the “metaverse” is gradually becoming clearer.

Since 2020, Internet giants around the world have been closely planning around cutting-edge technologies such as augmented reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, and blockchain, and the door to the ultimate closed-loop ecosystem of the “metaverse” has been opened little by little. Today, when the “bonus” of mobile Internet users has reached its peak, many experts and scholars have stated that the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet.

Just as it was difficult to accurately predict the development of the Internet 20 years ago, people cannot accurately predict the future form of the “metaverse”. However, combined with the current development trends of related industries, we can see that: the Internet has changed human life and digitized communication between people, while the “metaverse” will digitize the relationship between people and society; the technologies related to the “metaverse” will show gradual development, and single-point technological innovations will continue to appear and merge, approaching the ultimate form of the “metaverse” from all aspects of the industry; the “metaverse” will surge with massive user-generated content, while revealing the value of digital assets.

In a nutshell, the “metaverse” will profoundly change the organization and operation of the existing society in a way that integrates the virtual and the real, forming a new lifestyle that combines the virtual and the real, giving birth to a new social relationship that integrates online and offline, and giving new vitality to the real economy from a virtual dimension.

The future physical “metaverse” will be similar to the scene described in the science fiction movie “Ready Player One”: one day in the future, people can switch identities at any time and anywhere, freely shuttle between the real world and the virtual world, and study, work, make friends, shop, travel, etc. in the “metaverse”. Through immersive experience, the virtual world will be closer to and integrated into the real world.

In this virtual world, there will be self-evolving content and economic systems that always remain safe and stable, meeting the social needs of individuals.

The mediating role of the “metaverse”

“Imagine the ‘metaverse’ as a physical Internet, where you are not just watching content, but you are in it as a whole.” This is a vivid description. However, as it stands, the content of these “metaverses” that allow “everyone to be in it” is relatively scarce. It needs more content that can be independent, self-iterative, and multi-dimensional to attract users to participate in the experience and even creation.

The “metaverse” is bound to become a new platform for media content production. Content producers can transform the “micro-universe” into the “macro-universe” through rich content production. In the short term, the breakthrough of the “metaverse” is immersive content. With the development and penetration of the concept of “metaverse”, the integration of immersive virtual content (such as games, cartoons, etc.) and immersive physical content (such as media, social networking, film and television, etc.) will become higher and higher. In other words, the “metaverse” will play a greater role as a medium.

In September this year, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Beijing Normal University, pointed out at the release conference of the “2020-2021 “Metaverse” Development Research Report” released by the New Media Research Center of the School of Journalism of Tsinghua University: “Today, the role played by the media is generally the provision of cognitive information, but the role of the media is completing a process from providing cognition to providing experience. The entire media and technology development from cognition to experience is a huge transformation. Once the goal of “metaverse” is established, it will play a directional role in communication technology, communication form, communication methods and even communication effects.” If the “metaverse” is the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet, then it is a super media channel that will show the ultimate form of media convergence and provide the best immersive experience.

Theoretically, the best communication experience must be based on real scenes. For example, when watching a football game, the ideal situation is to watch it in person on the field. In the “metaverse”, with the development of display interaction, high-speed communication and computing technology, it will become a reality to construct a communication scene that is infinitely close to reality. Users can become “witnesses” and “on-site observers” of news events in a three-dimensional, multi-sensory reception situation.

Therefore, “metaverse” media can realize true “multimediaization”, and various human senses such as vision, smell, hearing, taste, touch, etc. can play a role, and even fully develop and cooperate with each other to realize “immersive” media applications.

Today, media content is constantly evolving and innovating, and its development trend seems to be moving towards the concept of “metaverse”. Media content will no longer be limited to flat presentation methods such as TV, computer, and mobile phone screens. Media content production will consider holographic presentation more, focusing on creating an on-site environment and atmosphere to make users feel as if they are in the scene. Social interaction will no longer be limited to text comments. People can express their feelings in real time with voice and body movements, and communicate virtually face to face on the spot.

Imagine if news reports could restore the war scene and create a “battlefield metaverse” so that people could feel as if they were there and experience in real time the tremendous damage that war has caused to human civilization. This shock would further stimulate human society’s desire and yearning for peace, and media content would have a stronger influence and communication power.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：戴斌 熊雄 孫浩 責任編輯：王鳳 2021-11-26 09:19:57
彷彿在一夜之間，「元宇宙」突然成為熱詞，相關概念形成許多熱點話題。

隨著擴展現實、數字孿生、3D渲染、雲計算、人工智慧、高速網絡、區塊鍊等技術的發展及終端設備的迭代，「元宇宙」建設和演變可能遠超人們的預期，多維度、全感官、沉浸式的人機交互新互聯網形態，將有望成為現實。

揭開「元宇宙」面紗

■戴斌 熊雄 孫浩

「元宇宙」可讓使用者自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界。 呂欣彤 制

何為“元宇宙”

“元宇宙”，英文為“Metaverse”。該字出自1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中，人類透過“Avatar”（數字虛擬化身），在一個虛擬三維世界中生活，作者稱這個空間為“Metaverse”，即“元宇宙”。

從科幻走進現實，人們對「元宇宙是什麼」還未能達成一個絕對標準的共識。因為時代的演變、技術的變革，“元宇宙”仍是一個不斷發展的概念，“一千個人眼中就有一千個哈姆雷特”，不同參與者以自己的方式不斷豐富著它的定義，“元宇宙”特徵和形態的可能性也在不斷變化。不過，我們可透過「元宇宙」現有的呈現形態來探究一二。

目前，「元宇宙」概念產品主要集中在網路遊戲、VR/AR、社交等領域。

網絡遊戲被業界普遍認為是最有可能實現「元宇宙」的領域，因為它本身就具有虛擬場景和玩家的虛擬化身。如今，遊戲功能已超越遊戲本身，遊戲邊界正在擴展，甚至不只是遊戲了。

知名歌手在遊戲《堡壘之夜》中，以虛擬形象舉辦一場虛擬演唱會，吸引了全球超過1200萬玩家參與其中，打破了娛樂與遊戲的邊界；因為疫情影響，美國加州大學伯克利分校、中國傳媒大學動畫與數字學院不約而同地在沙盤遊戲《我的世界》裡重建校園，學生們以虛擬化身齊聚一遊戲，實現虛擬化身和社交的現實主義。

新一代「VR社交（虛擬線下社交）」已逐漸發展和流行。它是線下社交（現實面對面）、線上社交（透過微信等社交軟件）的融合產物。一些知名VR社交平台，提供自由的社區環境，不僅成為玩家在線活動與虛擬面對面聚會的場所，也成了一種與目前「元宇宙」概念密切相關的社會文化現象。

以上這些“元宇宙切片”，都是對構建“元宇宙”的重要探索，用多種看得見、摸得著的方式，詮釋了“元宇宙”將如何改變我們的現實生活。

在通常研究中，一般形成了這樣的共識：「元宇宙」是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實融合的互聯網應用和社會形態。它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗，基於數字孿生和3D渲染技術生成虛實場景，基於雲計算、人工智慧和高速網絡構建基礎軟件硬體服務，基於區塊鏈技術構建經濟體系，將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身份系統上密切融合。同時，允許每個用戶進行內容生產和編輯，並具備完整的自我驅動和迭代能力。

「元宇宙」發展走向

當今的移動互聯網，實際上仍是平面資訊互動狀態，透過文字、聲音、圖片、視頻方式在移動終端進行呈現。新聞資訊、電子商務、社群聊天、影片直播等形態，雖然滿足了人們使用網路的需求，但隔著手機螢幕，顯然無法達到現實生活中面對面交流、全感官體驗所能達到的效果。隨著社會發展，人們需要更原生和豐富的體驗與互動。

新冠疫情讓人們生活場景從線下更多地移到線上。這種被迫的轉變，讓大家對「元宇宙」有了更多思考、討論和關注。特別是「元宇宙」最核心的特徵，在於沉浸式體驗，它可將一個平面變成一個立體、多維、實時的交互空間，極大地豐富、還原真實物理世界和人類各種關系。因此，「元宇宙」被人們寄予厚望。

縱觀過往資訊科技和媒介的發展歷程，人類不斷改變認知世界的方法，乃至於後來開始有意識地改造和重塑世界。從報業時代、廣播電視時代，到互聯網時代、移動互聯網時代，「元宇宙」概念下的工具和平台日益完備，通往「元宇宙」的路徑逐漸清晰。

自2020年以來，各國互聯網大廠圍繞擴展現實、數字孿生、3D渲染、雲計算、人工智慧、高速網絡和區塊鍊等前沿科技，展開緊密佈局，通往「元宇宙」終極閉環生態的大門被一點點打開。在移動互聯網用戶「紅利」已經見頂的今天，不少專家學者表示，「元宇宙」將是下一代互聯網的終極形態。

如同20年前難以精準預測互聯網的發展一樣，人們也無法精準預判未來「元宇宙」的形態。但是，結合當今相關產業發展趨勢可以看到：互聯網改變人類生活，將人與人交流數字化，而「元宇宙」將把人與社會關係數字化；「元宇宙」相關技術將呈現漸進式發展，單點技術創新將不斷出現和融合，從產業各方面向「元宇宙」終極資產形態顯現；「元宇宙」將海量用戶創造內容，同時湧現價值。

概括地說，「元宇宙」將以虛實融合的方式，深刻改變現有社會的組織與運作，形成虛、實兩極的新型生活方式，催生線上、線下一體的新型社會關系，並從虛擬維度賦予實體經濟新的活力。

未來實體化的「元宇宙」，將類似於科幻電影《一級玩家》裡描述的場景：在未來的某一天，人們可隨時隨地切換身份，自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界，在「元宇宙」中學習、工作、交友、購物、旅遊等。透過沉浸式體驗，讓虛擬世界進一步接近並融入現實世界。

在這個虛擬世界裡，將有自我不斷發展的內容和經濟系統，並且始終保持安全穩定運行，滿足個體的社會需求。

「元宇宙」的媒介作用

「把『元宇宙』想像為一個實體互聯網，你在那裡不只是觀看內容，整個人都身在其中。」這是一個圖像描述。可就現狀而言，這些能讓“整個人都身在其中”的“元宇宙”，內容是相對匱乏的。它需要更多可以獨立成篇、自我迭代、多維立體地吸引用戶參與體驗甚至參與創作的內容。

「元宇宙」勢必成為媒體內容生產的嶄新平台。內容生產者透過豐富的內容生產，可將「小宇宙」演變成「大宇宙」。短期內，「元宇宙」的突破口是沉浸式內容。隨著「元宇宙」概念的發展與滲透，沉浸式虛擬內容（如遊戲、卡通等）與沉浸式實體內容（如媒體、社交、影視等）的融合程度將會越來越高。換句話說，「元宇宙」將發揮出更大的媒介作用。

今年9月，北京師範大學新聞與傳播學院教授喻國明在由清華大學新聞學院新媒體研究中心發布的《2020-2021年「元宇宙」發展研究報告》發布會議上指出：「如今給予所發揮的作用大體上都是認知方面的信息給予，但媒介的作用正在完成一個從給予整個認知體驗的過程。媒介和技術從認知發展到體驗是個巨大轉換，『元宇宙』這個目標一經確立，對傳​​播技術、傳播形態、傳播方法甚至傳播效果，都能起到一個定向作用。」如果說「元宇宙」是下一代互聯網的終極形態，那麼它就是一個超級媒體渠道，將展現媒體融合的終極形式，並給予最佳的沉浸式體驗。

從理論上講，最好的傳播體驗必然是基於真實場景。如看球賽，理想情形是在球場上親身觀看。在「元宇宙」裡，隨著顯示互動、高速通訊和計算技術的發展，建構無限逼近真實的傳播場景將成為現實，用戶能在立體化、多感官接收情境中，成為新聞事件的「目擊者」和「實地觀察者」。

因而，“元宇宙”媒體可實現真正的“多媒體化”，人類的各種感官如視覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺等，都能發揮作用，甚至完全展開、相互配合，實現“沉浸式”的媒體應用。

當今媒體內容不斷進化和創​​新，其發展趨勢也似乎正在向「元宇宙」概念靠攏。媒體內容將不再侷限在電視、電腦、手機螢幕等平面式的呈現方式，媒體內容製作將更考慮全像呈現，重視營造現場環境氛圍，讓用戶有身臨其境之感。社交也將不再侷限於文字留言評論，可即時以語音、肢體動作來表達感受，現場虛擬化面對面交流。

設想一下，如果新聞報道能還原戰爭現場，打造“戰場元宇宙”，使人如身臨其境，實時感受到戰爭對於人類文明造成的巨大創傷，這份震撼會更能刺激人類社會對於和平的渴望與嚮往，媒體內容將具備更加強大的影響力和傳播力。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jt_214147/4899728888.html?big=fan

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars

Chinese Metaverse-enabled Military Training On the Rise

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中國元宇宙軍事訓練正在興起

現代英語：

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, and provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of Cognitive Metaverse Empowered Military Training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecology of military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have accelerated their development. Technology giants have laid out the metaverse, and human real life has migrated to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtual and real are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war has dominated the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war situation has accelerated its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to the intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment has become more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has constructed a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel interactions occur. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and changes in the form of intelligent warfare have compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the accelerated transformation and upgrading of military training, greater attention to the impact of technological development and changes on warfare, and the use of the “new engine” of training and warfare to achieve “accelerated” preparations.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models. Some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies to military training. For example, the United States has successively released the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Department of Defense Transformation Plan, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. It has also simultaneously formulated the Training Transformation Strategic Plan and the Training Transformation Implementation Plan, and proposed the concept of a comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and gaming environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are moving towards universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarifying the Advantages of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

The emergence of new concepts in military training. Only by leading the opponent in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” has organically connected training with actual combat, and upgraded to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent drive, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. In the future, the metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by both. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific, powerful and solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognition, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an innovative model of intelligent military training theory with the characteristics of the times, allowing the metaverse to empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new military training model. The combat style determines the training mode, and intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. First, it can build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing power support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. Second, it can carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new forms of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new types of military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” into “scientists” and “technicians.”

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, a Metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment will be built. The platform will have functions such as new weapon and equipment design demonstration, weapon and equipment performance test, weapon and equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the Metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline for weapons and equipment to go from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, realizing the intelligence multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasping the Key Points of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse is a new thing, and its maturity has yet to be verified. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development trends and technological trends of the metaverse, and scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”. In the context of the integration of intelligence, informatization and mechanization, we should give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse, such as enabling trainees to undergo immersive experiential training, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the Metaverse has reintegrated existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, proposed an overall innovative concept, and provided comprehensive application scenarios, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training Metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and research and development of the Metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may create a vast virtual war space, recreate the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be built, military training concepts should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management support, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. A dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse should be built to fully support strategic, campaign, and tactical training as well as war simulations. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, we will achieve the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, diversified iteration, and new intelligent ecology”.

Attach importance to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the Metaverse brings innovative opportunities to intelligent military training, but the potential risks associated with the technology itself cannot be ignored. The Metaverse is a huge technology group, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of various emerging technologies in the construction process, the complexity and confidentiality in the application process will be the unknown factors for the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

現代國語：

侯春牧　王　勇

閱讀提示

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙為軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論與實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的可持續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，智能化作戰浮出水面。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正在被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和環境到綜合培訓環境到綜合培訓中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極開發各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合集成的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間開展「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突出優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提高軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的集成運用，運用過程中的復雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範和風險挑戰的未知數。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280522888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence

China’s Artificial Intelligence Brings About New Changes in Military Training Elements

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中國人工智慧帶來軍事訓練要素新變化

現代英語：

陸 鋒 劉志超

The widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military has triggered changes in the field of military training, which is reflected in specific training activities, that is, it has given rise to new changes in training elements. This is particularly evident in the fact that intelligent equipment systems have become important training targets, intelligent combat theories have begun to enter training content, and intelligent technology has been deeply integrated into training methods and training support.

The training object has changed from “human-only” to “human-machine hybrid”. The object of traditional military training is a single person. Both the trainer and the trainee are human. Humans are the only object of military training activities. Artificial intelligence technology is embedded or integrated into weapons and equipment, making weapons and equipment that previously required human control have machine intelligence and a certain degree of autonomy. Intelligent robots that can autonomously perform combat missions have appeared in large numbers on modern battlefields, making intelligent unmanned systems and manned systems “close comrades-in-arms”. Mixed operations of “unmanned forces” and “manned forces” will become a new formation pattern. These weapons and equipment with machine intelligence are different from traditional manned weapons and equipment. At their core, they are artificial intelligence algorithms embedded or integrated with learning capabilities. They need to be trained through repeated training in actual combat or battlefield environments that are close to actual combat, so as to accumulate experience and improve performance, and then gradually enhance the actual combat capability of the equipment to fight autonomously. Therefore, weapons and equipment with machine intelligence also need to form and improve their combat capabilities through continuous training and become new trainees. At the same time, training systems with machine intelligence can also become training platforms for military personnel to acquire combat skills or the right-hand man of military training organizers, playing the role of trainers. It can be seen that, with the empowerment of artificial intelligence, weapons and equipment and related systems are gradually becoming the same training targets as military personnel. The targets of military training are no longer just military personnel, but also include weapons and equipment or systems with a certain level of autonomy, presenting a new scene of people training machines, machines training people, and human-machine hybrid training.

The content of training has expanded from “enhancing physical fitness and skills” to “enhancing intelligence and integration”. Training content is the core element of military training and is constantly changing with the development of technical forms and situations and tasks. The content of traditional military training is mainly to enhance the combat fitness, skills and command capabilities of military personnel. The widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field has made battlefield winning weapons and equipment and systems more and more intelligent, breaking through the limits of human cognition of traditional time and space, reconstructing the relationship between humans and weapons and equipment, incubating new command and control methods, and giving rise to the continuous emergence of new combat methods and the evolution of war forms. Human-machine integration has become a prominent feature of intelligent warfare, and “controlling the brain and seizing intelligence” is the key to winning intelligent warfare. Therefore, military training in the intelligent era will compress traditional military training content and strengthen perception and cognition, human-machine collaboration, intelligent decision-making and command, etc. The training for people is mainly to understand and master the basic principles, thinking concepts, operating skills, and command art of intelligent warfare; the training for intelligent equipment and systems is mainly to improve learning ability, autonomy, collaboration, and the ability to integrate with human intelligence. The main training content system includes thinking training content focusing on intelligent cognition and human-computer interaction, intelligent skill training content focusing on intelligent equipment operation and human-computer interaction, intelligent command training content focusing on giving full play to the advantages of intelligent information systems such as autonomous analysis, auxiliary decision-making, and accurate evaluation, and intelligent coordination training content focusing on autonomous coordination of unmanned intelligent platforms and human-computer collaborative actions. In order to improve the combat reliability of intelligent weapons and equipment and enhance the intelligent system’s understanding of combat intent, the “deep learning” training content of intelligent autonomous weapons and equipment emphasizes enhancing the intelligence of humans and machines, and strengthening the collaborative training of humans and machines, so as to achieve a perfect integration of man and machine.

The training method has moved from “human-dominated” to “human-led”. The way people produce determines the way they fight and the way they train. Traditional military training methods, lacking the support of artificial intelligence technology, are mainly determined based on factors such as the ability characteristics of trainers and the ability foundation of trainees. The organizational form is limited, the implementation procedures are rigid, and the methods and means are single. At present, the intelligence of war is forcing the intelligence of military training. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, military training planning will move from artificial intelligence planning to system intelligence planning. With the assistance of cloud computing, new algorithms, big data analysis and other technologies, the intelligent training system can autonomously generate training plans with requirements on training content, conditions, standards and other aspects according to the training objectives, efficiently assist training planning and improve the quality and efficiency of training planning; training management will leap from artificial extensive type to intelligent and precise type, and the intelligent training system can overcome the traditional training There are problems in management such as incomplete elements, incomplete processes, untimely feedback, and inaccurate guidance. By automatically collecting training data of all elements and the whole process, using artificial intelligence technology to conduct in-depth analysis of training data, analyzing and evaluating the training effectiveness of trainees, generating real-time training evaluation reports, accurately feedback on problems in training, and proposing personalized improvement suggestions, the training method has been transformed from the previous single “human-dominated” type to the “human-host-assisted” “human-dominated” type.

The training environment has extended from “relying on reality” to “virtual and real integration”. Organizing training in a training environment based on real equipment and real scenes is the main mode of traditional military training. This training mode has problems such as high requirements for training venues, large consumption of materials and equipment, great difficulty in training support, long training preparation time, and difficulty in grasping training safety, which makes a certain gap between training and actual combat. Training like fighting is the development direction of military training, and artificial intelligence technology provides conditions for realizing this development direction. The combination of virtual and real can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, conduct virtual war experiments, realistically simulate combat processes, accurately evaluate combat concepts, and thus narrow the gap between training and actual combat, so that the odds of victory can be established in the laboratory first. Intelligent simulation training systems can be used to repeat, reproduce and create scenes, environments and conditions of classic battles and difficult training courses, and set up difficult and dangerous situations to test and train troops. In individual soldier training, artificial intelligence and technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and simulation are used to provide a “virtual-reality integration” platform and environmental support for the officers and soldiers’ combat skills, physiological functions, and psychological effectiveness training. Officers and soldiers can see, hear, and “touch” the “real” weapons and equipment and battlefield environment; in unit training, a “real” battlefield environment can be set up, a “homogeneous” combat time domain can be created, and a simulated blue army with “both form and spirit” can be built, effectively improving the quality and effectiveness of confrontational training with actual soldiers and equipment, enhancing the training effect of “being in the situation and feeling the same”, and achieving the training goal of “based on reality, with the help of virtuality, and transcending reality”.

現代國語：

陸 鋒 劉志超

人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，引發了軍事訓練領域的變革，反映在具體訓練活動中，就是催生了訓練要素的新變化。這突顯在智慧化裝備系統成為重要的訓練對象，智慧化作戰理論開始進入訓練內容，智慧化技術深度融入訓練方法與訓練保障。

訓練對象由「人為唯一」轉變為「人機混合」。傳統軍訓的對像是單一的人，組訓者和受訓者都是人，人是軍訓活動的唯一對象。人工智慧技術嵌入或融入武器裝備中，使得以往需要人操控的武器裝備有了機器智能，具備了一定自主性。能夠自主遂行作戰任務的智慧機器人大量出現在現代戰場，使得智能無人系統與有人系統成為“親密戰友”，“無人部隊”與“有人部隊”混編作戰將成為新的編組樣式。這些具有機器智慧的武器裝備不同於傳統有人操控的武器裝備，其核心是嵌入或融入了學習能力的人工智慧演算法，需要在實戰或近似實戰的戰場環境中，透過多次反復的訓練獲取數據來對演算法進行訓練，從而實現經驗積累、性能提升，進而逐步增強裝備自主作戰的實戰能力。因此，具有機器智慧的武器裝備也需要透過不斷訓練來形成和提高作戰能力，成為新的受訓者。與此同時，具有機器智慧的訓練系統還能夠成為軍事人員獲取作戰技能的訓練平台或軍事訓練組訓者的得力助手，扮演組訓者的角色。由此可見，在人工智慧的賦能下，武器裝備及相關係統逐步成為與軍事人員同樣的訓練對象，軍事訓練的對像不再是單一的軍事人員，也包括具有一定自主化水平的武器裝備或系統，呈現出人訓機、機訓人、人機混合訓練的新景象。

訓練內容由「增體強技」向「增智強融」拓展。訓練內容是軍事訓練的核心要素，隨著技術形態和形勢任務的發展而不斷變化。傳統軍事訓練的內容主要是為了增強軍事人員的戰鬥體能、技能和指揮能力。人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得戰場制勝的武器裝備和系統越來越具有智能化的特徵，突破了人類對傳統時空認知的極限，重構了人與武器裝備的關系，孵化了全新的指揮控制方式，催生了新型作戰方式不斷湧現和戰爭形態的嬗變。人機融合成為智慧化戰爭的顯著特徵，「制腦奪智」是製勝智能化戰爭的關鍵。因此，智能化時代的軍事訓練將壓縮傳統軍事訓練內容，加強感知認知、人機協同、智慧決策指揮等內容。針對人的訓練主要是理解和掌握智能化作戰的基本原理、思維理念、操作技能、指揮藝術等；對於智能化裝備和系統的訓練主要是學習能力、自主能力、協同能力以及與人類智能共融的能力。主要訓練內容體系包括以智慧化認知、人機互動為重點的思維訓練內容，以智慧化裝備操作、人機互動為重點的智慧化技能訓練內容，以發揮智慧資訊系統自主分析、輔助決策、精確評估等優勢為重點的智慧化指揮訓練內容，以無人智慧化平台自主協同、人機協同行動等為重點的智慧化協同訓練內容，為提高智能化武器裝備作戰可靠性、增強智能化系統對作戰意圖理解力的智能自主武器裝備「深度學習」訓練內容，突顯增強人和機的智能、強化人與機的協同訓練，從而達到人機一體的完美融合。

訓練方法由「人為主宰」向「人為主導」邁進。人的生產方式決定了作戰方式，也決定了訓練方式。傳統軍事訓練的方法由於缺乏人工智慧技術支撐，主要是根據組訓人員的能力特點和受訓人員的能力基礎等因素來確定，組織形式受限，實施程序固化，方法手段單一。當前，戰爭的智慧化倒逼軍事訓練的智慧化。在人工智慧技術的助力下，軍事訓練籌劃將由人工集智籌劃向系統智能籌劃邁進，智能化訓練系統在雲計算、新型演算法、大數據分析等技術的輔助下，能夠根據訓練目標自主生成關於訓練的內容、條件、標準等方面指標要求的訓練方案，高效輔助訓練劃劃，提高訓練智能化的粗製訓練能力；管理存在要素不全面、流程不完整、反饋不及時、指導不精確等問題，通過自動採集全要素、全過程訓練數據，利用人工智能技術對訓練數據進行深度分析，對受訓者的訓練成效進行分析評估，生成即時性訓練評估報告，精準反饋訓練中存在的問題，提出個性化的改進建議，使培訓方法由以往單一的人作為主」的主導「人」向主機化。

訓練環境由「依托現實」延伸至「虛實一體」。依托實裝實景的訓練環境組織訓練是傳統軍事訓練的主要模式。這種訓練模式存在對訓練場地要求高、物資器材消耗大、訓練保障難度大、訓練準備耗時長、訓練安全難把握等問題，使訓練與實戰之間存在一定的差距。像作戰一樣訓練是軍事訓練的發展指向，人工智慧技術為實現這一發展指向提供了條件。利用虛實結合的方式能夠創設更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境，能夠進行虛擬戰爭實驗，逼真演繹作戰進程，準確評估作戰構想，從而縮小訓練與實戰之間的差異，讓勝算先在實驗室裡奠定。可利用智慧化模擬訓練系統，重復、再現和創設經典戰例、重難點訓練課目的場景、環境及各項條件，設置難局危局險局摔打錘煉部隊。單兵訓練中，運用人工智慧以及增強現實、虛擬現實、模擬模擬等技術，為官兵的戰鬥技能、生理機能、心理效能等訓練提供「虛實融合」的平台與環境支撐，官兵可看到、聽到、「觸摸」到「真實」的武器裝備和戰場環境；部（分）隊訓練中，可以設置「真實」的戰場環境、創造「同質」的作戰時域、打造「神形兼具」的模擬藍軍，有效提高實兵實裝對抗性訓練的質效，增強「身臨其境、感同身受」的訓練效果，達成「基於現實、借助虛擬、超越現實」的訓練目標。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-04-30&paperNumber=07&articleid=930258880

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Asymmetric Warfare

Chinese Military Laws to Follow to Win Intelligent Warfare

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打贏智慧化戰爭的中國軍事法規

現代英語：

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan Feiyi

Editor-in-charge: Wang Feng

无命题8

2021-03-16 10:xx

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

現代國語：

无命题8

資料來源：解放軍報作者：郝敬東 牛玉俊 段非易責任編輯：王鳳2021-03-16 10:xx
要點提示

●認識智慧化戰爭規律，要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎，抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵，抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。

●戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智慧化戰爭，敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素，正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化，不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。

習主席指出，要認真研究軍事、研究戰爭、研究打仗，掌握現代戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律。今天，戰爭的智慧化特徵日益凸顯，智慧化戰爭已經展現出早期形態的樣貌。要掌握未來智慧化戰爭主動權，就應積極追蹤現代戰爭發展，緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備，前瞻認識智能化戰爭規律，深刻把握其指導規律，著力回答「是什麼」、解決 「怎麼做」等問題，不斷創新戰爭和戰略指導。

回答“是什麼”，前瞻認識智慧化戰爭規律

毛澤東同志指出：“戰爭的規律——這是任何指導戰爭的人不能不研究和不能不解決的問題。”今天，在智能化戰爭初顯端倪之際，應前瞻認識智能化戰爭“是什麼”，否則就不能解決“怎麼做”，更不可能駕馭未來戰爭。

智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭知行體系的重建。智慧化戰爭規律，和冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭的規律一樣，是戰爭諸要素間內在的、本質的聯繫，不同之處在於它有新質的要素和新的要素間的構成模式，本質上是基於智能化革命所引發的戰爭知行體系的重建。今天，認識智慧化戰爭規律，要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎，抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵，抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。掌握這些規律，就能克服未來戰爭中的紛亂和不確定性，從中找出條理和確定性，這是應對智慧化戰爭的客觀要求。

智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭指導規律的依據。毛澤東在《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》中，首先分析了中國革命戰爭的特點，揭示了戰爭規律，然後“由此產生我們的戰略戰術”，即戰爭指導規律；在《論持久戰》中，他首先說明了“是什麼”，再轉到研究“怎麼做”的問題上，體現了一種認識過程的邏輯順序。今天，研究智慧化戰爭仍應遵循此順序，既不能本末倒置，顛倒順序；也不能增加、減少或更換環節。要在掌握智能自主這項根本規律的基礎上，揭示自主感知、自主規劃、自主實施、自主連結、自主評估等戰爭指導規律。

不懂得智慧化戰爭規律，就不能指導戰爭。 《孫臏兵法》指出：「知道，勝」「不知道，不勝」。道是戰爭規律，掌握它、行動符合它，就能取勝；反之，則敗。毛澤東也強調：「不知道戰爭的規律，就不知道如何指導戰爭，就不能打勝仗。」同樣，掌握智慧化戰爭規律，是正確指導智能化戰爭的前提。否則，就難免被智慧化戰爭的表面現象所迷惑。今天，要透過分析智能化技術群對戰爭的基礎性、長遠性和顛覆性影響，研究智能化戰爭是什麼樣子？有哪些規律？該怎麼打？這些都是智慧化戰爭指導必須回答的重大議題。

解決“怎麼做”，揭示掌握智慧化戰爭指導規律

智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用智慧化戰爭規律指導實踐的中介，扮演「橋」和「船」的角色。應在回答「是什麼」的基礎上解決「怎麼做」的問題，提出智能化戰爭的「游泳術」。

智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用戰爭規律的規律。認識戰爭規律的目的在於應用。馬克思指出：「哲學家們只是用不同的方式解釋世界，而問題在於改變世界。」同樣，智慧化戰爭本身迫使指揮者不發現規律則已，一旦發現，就會結合能動性，利用規律為打贏戰爭服務，這就必然導致智能化戰爭指導規律的產生。今天，戰爭是政治的繼續仍是智能化戰爭規律，由此得出智能化戰爭必須服從服務於政治的指導規律；兵民是勝利之本仍是智能化戰爭規律，由此得出最廣泛地動員民眾的指導規律，等等。這些智慧化戰爭指導規律是戰爭規律衍生出來的，是「智慧化戰爭大海中的游泳術」。

充分發揮人在智慧化戰爭中的能動作用。恩格斯說：「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍。」智慧化戰爭指導規律是實踐規律、使用規律。它不是對智慧化戰爭規律的簡單“移用”“照搬”，而是加上人的主觀能動性，才能轉化為戰爭指導規律。今天，掌握人工智慧的軍事人才，不僅是智慧化武器的操控者，更是人工智慧的創造者。人在智慧化人機系統中仍處於主體地位，是智慧化戰爭勝負的決定性因素。指揮者應在掌握智慧化戰爭規律的基礎上，充分發揮能動性，堅持「技術+謀略」的作戰理論生成模式，才能由回答「是什麼」轉變為解決「怎麼做」。

智慧化戰爭指導規律是不斷發展的。戰爭是一條「變色龍」。智慧化戰爭本身也會經歷萌芽、發展、成熟等不同階段，必然帶來智慧化戰爭指導規律的發展。戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智能化戰爭，敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素，正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化，不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。要緊跟戰爭形態向智能化加速邁進的歷史進程，把握智能化戰爭發展方向和時代脈搏，把對智能化戰爭指導規律的研究推向新境界，在未來戰場佔據戰略主動和先機。

緊盯“主動權”，不斷創新智慧化戰爭和戰略指導

兵無常勢，水無常形。在智慧化戰爭已然來臨之際，要在遵循智能化戰爭規律和指導規律的基礎上，緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備，加強對手研究、敵情研究，主動設計“在什麼時間”“在什麼地點”“和誰打仗”，創新戰爭和戰略指導，牢牢掌握未來戰爭的戰略主動權。

你打你的，我打我的。戰爭指導藝術的最高境界，就是你打你的、我打我的。 「各打各的」要求指揮在未來智能化戰爭中，無論處於怎樣複雜、困難的環境，首先要立足自身實際，獨立自主地使用自己的力量。特別是擁有高技術裝備之敵，可能造成暫時的局部的敵之主動、我之被動的局面，這時要透過政治、經濟、外交等綜合手段，以總體有利態勢彌補武器上的劣勢，迅速扭轉這一局面，恢復主動地位。如果被戰略對手牽著鼻子走，就可能吃大虧。

把握時機，因時用兵。 《六韜》指出：「用之在於機。」若米尼強調：「全部戰爭藝術就在於善於待機而動。」一方面，時不至，不可強動。要持重時機，時機未到，應有極大耐心，防止策略盲動。另一方面，時不再來，機不可失。要善於把握時機，一旦遇上有利時機，就要堅決利用，防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是，要辯證地看待時機成熟問題。未來智慧化戰爭瞬息萬變，要求快速決策，而面對不確定性因素，必須謹慎決策。有時及早定下決心，比明天下達更完善的決心也許更有效。因此，要敢於冒一點風險，不然會坐視成功機會的喪失。

各域有別，因地運籌。克勞塞維茨指出：「戰爭不像長滿莊稼的田地，而像長滿大樹的土地。收割莊稼時不需要考慮每棵莊稼的形狀，收割得好壞取決於鐮刀的好壞；而用斧頭砍伐大樹時，就必須注意到每棵大樹的形狀和方向。」戰略空間不同，戰爭就不同，戰爭指導也不一樣。目前，戰場空間不斷由陸海空等傳統空間向太空、網路等新型空間拓展，戰爭指導者應根據​​多域性、立體性、網路性等特點，探索新的智慧化戰爭規律和指導規律。

瞄準對手，因敵制勝。 《孫子兵法》指出：「踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。」約米尼也說：「不管是誰，如果不了解敵人，怎能知道自己應該如何行動呢？」著眼未來，聰明的戰略家應根據輕重、緩急程度，把作戰對象區分為主要作戰對象和一般作戰對象、現實作戰對象和潛在作戰對象，全面客觀地了解不同作戰對象的戰略意圖、兵力部署、作戰構想等，提出能充分發揮己方戰力優長的新的智能化戰爭指導規律，實施正確的戰爭行動。

總之，智慧化戰爭規律是認識過程中的規律，解決「是什麼」；指導規律是實踐過程中的規律，解決「怎麼做」。二者辯證統一，不可分割，構成了認識和指導智能化戰爭的完整鏈。 「戰勝不復，而應形於無窮。」今天，戰爭和戰略指導者應基於客觀情況，深入探索和靈活運用智能化戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律，與時俱進創新戰爭和戰略指導。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院戰爭研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f888

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations

Develop Chinese Military Operational Concepts Design China’s Future War Success

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發展中國軍事作戰理念，規劃中國未來戰爭勝利

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

現代英語：

Since the 21st century, with the deepening of the world’s new military revolution, the world’s military powers have put forward a series of new operational concepts and continuously improved them in war practice, thus driving the accelerated evolution of war. With the rapid development of information technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data, and their widespread application in the military field, people’s understanding of war has gradually changed from summarizing actual combat experience to studying and judging future wars. At present, as the source of military capability building, the strength of operational concept development capabilities will directly affect the seizure of victory opportunities. In particular, the vigorous development of the world’s new military revolution is calling for innovation in operational theory all the time. Only by developing new operational concepts and designing future wars with a forward-looking vision can we gain the initiative in military struggle preparation.

The concept of combat fundamentally solves the problem of how to fight a war.

First-rate armies design wars, second-rate armies respond to wars, and third-rate armies follow wars. The so-called “real wars happen before wars” means that before a war starts, the theory, style, and method of fighting have already been designed. How can we not win if we fight according to the designed war? The key to designing a war is to design and develop new combat concepts based on understanding the characteristics and laws of war, promote innovation in combat styles and tactics, and fundamentally solve the problem of “how to fight a war.”

In designing wars, theories come first. In recent years, the U.S. military has proposed new concepts such as “network-centric warfare”, “air-sea integrated warfare” and “hybrid warfare”, and the Russian military has proposed theories such as “non-nuclear containment strategy”, “strategic air-space campaign” and “national information security doctrine”, reflecting that the world’s military powers are vigorously studying operational theories and seizing military commanding heights. To a certain extent, operational concepts are the “organizational cells” for the formation of operational theories. Without a perfect concept generation capability, it is difficult to give birth to advanced theories. When an operational theory is proposed, it is necessary to develop relevant operational concepts so that the operational theory can be “sunk” and visualized, and better improved and transformed into military practice. When there is no operational theory concept, operational concept innovation can provide “raw materials” for the study of operational theories. The military field is the most uncertain field, and people’s understanding of war is constantly evolving. However, operational theory innovation cannot wait for the understanding to mature before starting, but needs to be based on the existing understanding, through active development and innovation of operational concepts, constructing future operational scenarios, exploring future winning mechanisms, and guiding and guiding military practice, in order to seize the initiative in war. Therefore, operational concept innovation is becoming a strategic fulcrum and lever for military construction and development.

The development of operational concepts focuses on designing core operational concepts. The core operational concept is the nucleus and embryo of the operational concept, which reflects the essential requirements of operations and contains the “genetic genes” for the growth of operational concepts. The entire concept system is derived and developed from this. At present, the understanding of the winning mechanism of informationized and intelligent warfare is becoming clearer, and it is time to focus the design of war on the development of major operational theories and key operational concepts.

Operational concept is an abstract expression of operational thinking.

The term “operational concept” originated from the US military. It is a description of how to fight in the future and is increasingly becoming an important tool for promoting the development of the military. The US Army Training and Doctrine Command Concept Development Guide points out that the operational concept is a concept, idea, and overall understanding. It is based on the inference of specific events in the combat environment. In the broadest sense, it outlines what will be done and describes how to fight in more specific measures. The US Marine Corps Combat Development Command Operations Development and Integration Directive points out that the operational concept is an expression of how to fight, used to describe future combat scenarios and how to use military art and scientific capabilities to meet future challenges. The US Air Force Operational Concept Development Directive points out that the operational concept is a conceptual description at the level of war theory, which realizes the established operational concept and intention through the orderly organization of combat capabilities and combat tasks.

In summary, the operational concept can be understood as an abstract cognition of operational ideas and action plans that is refined for specific operational problems at present or in the future. Generally speaking, the operational concept includes three parts: the first is the description of the operational problem, that is, the background of the operational concept, the operational environment, the operational opponent, etc.; the second is the description of the solution, that is, the concept connotation, application scenario, action style, winning mechanism, capability characteristics and advantages, etc.; the third is the description of capability requirements, that is, the equipment technology, basic conditions, and implementation means required to implement the operational concept. It can be seen that the operational concept should have the characteristics of pertinence, scientificity, adaptability and feasibility, and its connotation and extension will be constantly adjusted with the changes in factors such as strategic background, military policy, threat opponent, time and space environment, and capability conditions.

In a sense, operational concepts are actually transitional forms of operational theories, and their ultimate value is to guide military practice. The purpose and destination of developing new operational concepts is to tap into and enhance the combat effectiveness of the military. Only by transforming operational concepts into operational regulations and operational plans can their value be fully realized.

Innovation in combat concepts drives changes in combat styles

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world’s military powers have, in accordance with national strategic requirements and in response to new threats and challenges, developed new operational concepts as a key means of transforming military capabilities, promoting changes in operational styles, and seeking to gain the upper hand in future battlefields. In order to further strengthen their military advantages, the world’s military powers are accelerating the introduction of a series of new operational concepts.

The US military has actively seized the opportunities brought about by scientific and technological progress, comprehensively used cutting-edge technologies such as new-generation information technology, artificial intelligence technology, unmanned autonomous technology, and proposed a series of new combat concepts such as mosaic warfare, multi-domain warfare, distributed lethality, decision-center warfare, and joint global command and control, promoting fundamental changes in combat thinking, combat style, combat space, and combat systems.

Unlike the U.S. military, the Russian military has achieved iterative innovation in operational concepts in military practice. Recently, the Russian military has been committed to promoting the construction of joint combat capabilities, accelerating the development and deployment of new unmanned equipment, focusing on building advantages in the network information battlefield, and constantly enriching the connotation of its traditional operational concepts, integrating them with new operational concepts such as hybrid warfare and mental warfare to guide war practice.

In general, in recent years, the new operational concepts proposed by the world’s military powers are driving profound changes in combat styles. Their capabilities, characteristics and advantages are mainly reflected in the following five aspects: First, the unmanned combat equipment. The proportion of unmanned equipment systems based on the new operational concept has increased significantly, and manned-unmanned collaborative combat has become one of the main combat styles, forming an advantage of unmanned over manned; second, the deployment method is decentralized. The force deployment based on the new operational concept is distributed, and the systems are interconnected and interoperable, forming an advantage of division over combination; third, the kill network is complicated. The kill network based on the new operational concept has more diverse functions. A single system can perform multiple tasks, and its failure has little impact on the combat system, forming an advantage of many over single; fourth, the response time is agile. The new operational concept emphasizes quick battles and quick decisions, taking the initiative to catch the enemy off guard, forming an advantage of fast over slow; fifth, the combat field is multidimensional. The new operational concept pays more attention to multi-domain linkage, expanding the battlefield from the traditional land, sea and air to the electromagnetic, network and cognitive domains, forming an advantage of invisible over visible.

The development of combat concepts should adhere to the systematic design approach

Using operational concepts to guide military force construction is a common practice among the world’s military powers. In comparison, the US military’s operational concept development mechanism is relatively complete, and a relatively complete operational concept development system has been established, consisting of concept types, organizational structures, normative standards, and support means.

In terms of concept types, the U.S. military’s combat concepts can basically be divided into three categories: First, a series of combat concepts developed by each service, mainly from the perspective of the service, to study potential enemies and future battlefields, redefine combat styles, and seek new ways to win. Second, a series of joint combat concepts developed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, mainly composed of three levels: top-level concepts, action concepts, and supporting concepts. Third, combat concepts developed by academia, think tanks, etc., the number of such combat concepts is not as large as the first two categories, but it is still an important part of the combat concept system. Through this system, the U.S. military has implemented the grand military strategy through combat concepts layer by layer into various combat operations, various combat capabilities, and various types of weapons and equipment performance for the troops, guiding the construction of joint forces and various services.

In terms of organizational structure, taking the development of joint operational concepts as an example, the US military has established a working system consisting of five types of institutions. The first is the Joint Concept Working Group, whose main responsibility is to review the overall issues of the concept outline and concept development; the second is the Joint Concept Steering Committee, whose main responsibility is to supervise and guide the concept development plan; the third is the core writing team, whose main responsibility is to transform the original ideas in the concept outline into joint operational concepts; the fourth is the concept development team, whose main responsibility is to provide operational concept development methods and plans; the fifth is the independent red team, whose main responsibility is to conduct independent evaluations to judge the rigor and scientificity of the concept.

In terms of norms and standards, the U.S. military has a complete system of institutions to constrain and guide the development of joint operational concepts, making them standardized, standardized, and procedural, so as to manage the entire chain of concept development, which is mainly reflected in a series of directives of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and joint publications. For example, the “Joint Concept Development and Implementation Guide” aims to establish a governance structure for joint concept development, clarify the framework for joint operational concept planning, execution, and evaluation, and promote the implementation of joint operational concepts; the “Joint Regulations Preparation Process” aims to standardize the preparation process of joint regulations and provide a clear process framework for converting operational concepts into operational regulations.

In terms of support means, the design, development and verification of operational concepts is a systematic project that cannot be separated from the support of various development tools and means. For example, tools such as the DODAF2.0 model, IDEFO model and SYSML modeling language can provide standardized structured analysis models and logical description models for operational concept designers; model-based system engineering methods can provide operational concept designers and evaluation and verification personnel with capability models of equipment elements in operational concepts for designing and building operational concept frameworks. The U.S. military’s joint operational concept development uses network-based digital software with strong interconnection capabilities. All institutions involved in the development can share information in real time to improve development efficiency.

The development of combat concepts requires collaboration among multiple parties

Developing operational concepts is a multidisciplinary and multi-field task that involves many fields such as military science, philosophy, operations research, and systems science. It requires collaboration among multiple parties to ensure that it is both advanced and forward-looking in theory and applicable and feasible in practice.

Establish a small core and large peripheral research team. The department initiating the development of the operational concept should give full play to its leading role, coordinate and dispatch the research work from a global perspective; establish a joint research and development team, give full play to the collective wisdom, and widely obtain various new ideas, new methods and new viewpoints on the research of operational concepts from all parties; establish a cross-domain and cross-departmental expert committee to supervise, review and guide related work from multiple angles.

Form a multi-departmental working mechanism. To ensure smooth communication and efficient operation among departments, we must first clarify their respective tasks and responsibilities. For example, the concept initiating department is responsible for overall planning and implementation, the laboratory is responsible for technical verification, the industrial department is responsible for equipment research and development, and the combat troops are responsible for actual combat testing. Secondly, relevant normative documents should be formulated to ensure that all work has rules to follow and is carried out in an orderly manner, providing institutional guarantees for the development of combat concepts. Finally, it is also necessary to establish demand traction mechanisms, collaborative research mechanisms, iterative feedback mechanisms, etc., to open up the link from research and development to practical application of combat concepts.

Promote the organic combination of theory and practice. Only through the iterative cycle of “design research-deduction verification-actual troop test” can the operational concept be gradually adjusted, optimized and improved, and the development of war theory can be driven. Therefore, the development of operational concepts should pay special attention to the combination of theoretical innovation and practical application, and achieve the fundamental purpose of driving the generation of new quality combat power through the mutual drive of theory and practice. Specific methods include timely incorporating mature operational concepts into operational regulations, compiling training outlines or teaching materials accordingly, and gradually promoting them to troops for use; organizing relevant exercises or tests to test the maturity and feasibility of operational concepts under conditions close to actual combat, and finding and solving problems; using the capability indicators determined by the operational concept as a reference for equipment demand demonstration, driving the development of equipment technology, and promoting the improvement of combat capabilities.

The rapid development of science and technology in the new era has brought many new opportunities and challenges to the construction of military capabilities. The development of new operational concepts will help us to seize the military opportunities brought by scientific and technological progress, actively respond to the threats and challenges formed by scientific and technological development, and timely grasp the direction and laws of the evolution of war forms, which can provide important support for leading future war styles and seizing the first chance to win. At present, the international security situation is complex and changeable. To win the future information war, we need to take the development of operational concepts as the origin of national defense and military construction, actively carry out military technological innovation, promote the upgrading of weapons and equipment, achieve leapfrog development, and thus lead the trend of the new military revolution.

(Author’s unit: Second Academy of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation)

現代國語：

宋曉明

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

自21世紀以來，隨著世界新軍事革命的深入推進，世界軍事強國提出了一系列新作戰概念，並在戰爭實踐中不斷改進，從而牽引戰爭加速演變。隨著雲端運算、區塊鏈、人工智慧、大數據等資訊科技的日新月異，以及在軍事領域的廣泛應用，人們理解戰爭的模式逐漸由歸納總結實戰經驗向研判未來戰爭轉變。目前，作為軍事能力建構源頭，作戰概念開發能力強弱，將直接影響勝戰先機的奪取。尤其是世界新軍事革命蓬勃發展，無時無刻不在呼喚作戰理論創新，只有以前瞻眼光開發新作戰概念、設計未來戰爭，才能獲得軍事鬥爭準備的主動權。

作戰概念從根本解決仗怎麼打

一流軍隊設計戰爭，二流軍隊應對戰爭，三流軍隊尾隨戰爭。所謂“真正的戰爭，發生在戰爭之前”，意思是戰爭開打之前，戰爭的理論、樣式、打法早已被設計出來。依照設計好的戰爭來打，豈有不勝之理？設計戰爭，關鍵在於摸清戰爭特徵規律的基礎上，設計發展新作戰概念，推動作戰樣式和戰法創新，從根本上解決「仗怎麼打」。

設計戰爭，理論先行。近年來，美軍先後提出「網路中心戰」「空海一體戰」等理論，反映了世界軍事強國都在大力研究作戰理論，搶佔軍事制高點。從某種程度上說，作戰概念是作戰理論形成的“組織細胞”，沒有完善的概念生成能力，很難催生先進的理論。當一個作戰理論提出時，需要發展相關作戰概念，才能使作戰理論「下沉」具象化，更好地完善並向軍事實踐轉化。當沒有作戰理論構想時，作戰概念創新可以為研究作戰理論提供「原料」。軍事領域是最具不確定性的領域，人們對戰爭的認知始終在不斷發展。但是，作戰理論創新不能坐等認識成熟後再起步，而是需要在現有認識的基礎上，透過主動開發、創新作戰概念，構設未來作戰圖景，探索未來制勝機理，牽引並指導軍事實踐，才能掌握戰爭主動權。因此，作戰概念創新，正成為軍隊建設與發展的戰略支點與槓桿。

作戰概念開發，重點在於設計核心作戰概念。核心作戰概念，是作戰概念的細胞核、胚胎，集中反映作戰本質要求，包含著作戰概念生長的“遺傳基因”，整個概念體係由此衍生與發展。目前，對資訊化、智慧化戰爭的致勝機理等的認識漸趨清晰，將設計戰爭的重心聚焦到主要作戰理論、關鍵作戰概念開發正當其時。

作戰概念是作戰思想的抽象表達

「作戰概念」一詞源自美軍，是對未來如何作戰的描述，正日益成為推進軍隊建設發展的重要抓手。美《陸軍訓練與條令司令部概念開髮指南》指出，作戰概念是理念、想法、總體認識，是依據作戰環境中具體事件的推斷，在最廣泛的意義上勾勒將要做什麼，在更具體的舉措上描述仗怎麼打。美《海軍陸戰隊作戰發展司令部作戰發展與一體化指令》指出，作戰概念是表達如何打仗，用來描述未來作戰景象及如何利用軍事藝術和科學能力迎接未來挑戰。美《空軍作戰概念發展條令》則指出，作戰概念是戰爭理論層面的概念描述，透過對作戰能力和作戰任務的有序組織，實現既定的作戰構想和意圖。

綜上所述，作戰概念可以理解為是針對當前或未來的具體作戰問題，提煉的對作戰思想與行動方案的抽象認知。一般而言，作戰概念包括三部分內容：一是對作戰問題的描述，即作戰概念的提出背景、作戰環境、作戰對手等；二是對解決方案的描述，即概念內涵、應用場景、行動樣式、制勝機理、能力特徵及優勢等；三是對能力需求的描述，即實施該作戰概念所需的裝備技術、基礎條件、實現手段等。可以看出，作戰概念應具備針對性、科學性、適應性與可行性等特徵，其內涵與外延會隨著戰略背景、軍事方針、威脅對手、時空環境、能力條件等因素的變化而不斷調整。

從某種意義上說，作戰概念其實是作戰理論的過渡形態，最終價值是指導牽引軍事實踐。發展新作戰概念的目的和歸宿，是挖掘和提升軍隊戰鬥力，只有把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令、作戰計劃，才能充分發揮其價值。

作戰概念創新牽引作戰樣式變革

進入21世紀以來，世界軍事強國根據國家戰略要求，針對新威脅挑戰，把開發新作戰概念作為軍事能力轉型的關鍵抓手，推動作戰樣式變革，謀求贏得在未來戰場中的製勝先機。為進一步強化軍事上的領先優勢，世界軍事強國正加速推出一系列新作戰概念。

美軍積極搶奪科技進步帶來的機遇，綜合運用新一代資訊科技、人工智慧技術、無人自主技術等尖端技術，提出馬賽克戰、多域作戰、分散式殺傷、決策中心戰、聯合全局指揮控制等一系列新作戰概念，推動作戰思想、作戰樣式、作戰空間和作戰體系發生根本性變化。

與美軍不同，俄軍是在軍事實踐中實現作戰概念的迭代創新。近期，俄軍致力於推動聯合作戰能力建設，加速發展部署新型無人裝備，注重打造網路資訊戰場優勢，不斷豐富其傳統作戰概念的內涵，並與混合戰爭、心智戰等新作戰概念相集成，用以指導戰爭實踐。

整體而言，近幾年，世界軍事強國提出的新作戰概念正牽引作戰樣式發生深刻變化，其能力特徵及優勢主要體現在以下五個方面：一是作戰裝備無人化，基於新作戰概念的無人裝備體系佔比顯著提高，有人無人協同作戰成為主要作戰樣式之一，形成以無人制有人的優勢；二是部署方式分散化，基於新作戰概念的力量部署呈分佈式，系統間互聯互通，具備互操作能力，形成以分制合的優點；三是殺傷網複雜化，基於新作戰概念的殺傷網功能更加多樣，單一系統可執行多種任務，且其失效對作戰體系影響較小，形成以多製單的優勢；四是響應時間敏捷化，新作戰概念更強調速戰速決，先發制人使敵方措手不及，形成以快製慢的優勢；五是作戰領域多維化，新作戰概念更注重多域聯動，將戰場從傳統的陸海空拓展到電磁、網絡和認知域，形成以無形制有形的優勢。

作戰概念開發應堅持體系化設計思路

以作戰概念指導軍事力量建設，是世界軍事強國的共同做法。比較而言，美軍的作戰概念開發機制較為完善，建構了相對完整的作戰概念開發體系，由概念類型、組織架構、規範標準、支撐手段等部分組成。

在概念類型方面，美軍作戰概念基本上可分為三類：一是各軍種主導開發的系列作戰概念，主要從本軍種角度出發，研判潛在敵人和未來戰場，對作戰樣式進行重新定義，謀求打贏的新途徑。二是參會主導開發的一系列聯合作戰概念，主要由頂層概念、行動概念和支持性概念等三個層次構成。三是學術界、智庫等主導開發的作戰概念，這類作戰概念的數量沒有前兩類那麼多，但仍是作戰概念體系的重要組成部分。透過此體系，美軍把宏大的軍事戰略透過作戰概念逐層落實為面向部隊的各類作戰行動、各種作戰能力、各型武器裝備性能，指導聯合部隊及各軍兵種建設。

在組織架構方面，以聯合作戰概念發展為例，美軍建立了由五類機構組成的工作體系。一是聯合概念工作小組，主要職責是審查概念大綱及概念研發的整體問題；二是聯合概念指導委員會，主要職責是對概念研發計畫進行監督指導；三是核心編寫團隊，主要職責是將概念大綱中原始理念轉化為聯合作戰概念；

在規範標準方面，針對聯合作戰概念的開發，美軍有完善的製度體系約束、指導，使其規範化、標準化、程序化，以便對概念開發進行全鏈條管理，主要體現在一系列參謀長聯席會議主席指令及聯合出版物中。例如，《聯合概念開發與實施指南》旨在為聯合概念發展建立治理結構，明確聯合作戰概念規劃、執行和評估的框架，推動聯合作戰概念落實；《聯合條令編制流程》旨在對聯合條令的編制流程進行規範，為把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令提供一個明確的流程框架。

在支撐手段方面，作戰概念的設計開發與驗證是一項系統工程，離不開各類開發工具與手段的支撐。例如，DODAF2.0模型、IDEFO模型及SYSML建模語言等工具，可為作戰概念設計人員提供規範的結構化分析模型與邏輯描述模型；基於模型的系統工程方法，可為作戰概念設計人員和評估驗證人員提供作戰概念中裝備要素的能力模型，用於設計並搭建作戰概念框架。美軍聯合作戰概念開發使用了基於網路的數位化軟體，具有較強的互聯互通能力，所有參與開發的機構都可以即時共享訊息，提高開發效率。

作戰概念開發成熟需要多方協同合作

發展作戰概念是一項多學科、多領域交叉的工作，涉及軍事學、哲學、運籌學、系統科學等諸多領域，需要多方協同合作，以確保其既在理論層面具備先進性、前瞻性，又在實踐層面具備適用性、可行性。

組成小核心大外圍研究團隊。作戰概念開發發起部門要充分發揮群體智慧作用，從全局角度出發，對研究工作進行統籌與調度；成立聯合研發團隊，充分發揮群體智慧作用，廣泛獲取各方對作戰概念研究的各種新方法與新觀點；設立跨領域、跨部門的專家委員會，多角度對相關工作進行監督、審查與指導。

形成多部門連動的工作機制。為確保各部門之間溝通順暢、運作高效，首先要明確各自的任務與職責。例如，概念發起部門負責總體計畫與實施、實驗室負責技術驗證、工業部門負責裝備研發、作戰部隊負責實戰檢驗。其次，要製定相關規範文件，確保各項工作有章可循、有序推進，為作戰概念研發提供製度保障。最後，還要建立需求牽引機制、協同攻關機制、迭代回授機制等，打通作戰概念從研發到實務運用的連結。

推動理論與實務有機結合。作戰概念只有透過「設計研究—推演驗證—實兵檢驗」的循環迭代，才能逐步調整、優化、完善，牽引戰爭理論發展。因此，作戰概念發展要特別注重理論創新與實務運用結合，透過理論與實務的相互驅動，達成牽引新質戰鬥力生成的根本目的。具體方式包括，將開發成熟的作戰概念及時納入作戰條令，相應地編寫訓練大綱或教材，逐步推廣至部隊使用；透過組織相關演訓或試驗，在貼近實戰條件下檢驗作戰概念的成熟度與可行性，查找並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，尋找並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，找到並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，找到並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，作戰能力提升。

新時代科技發展態勢迅猛，為軍事能力建設帶來許多新機會與新挑戰。發展新作戰概念，有助於敏銳抓住科技進步帶來的軍事機遇，積極應對科技發展形成的威脅與挑戰，及時掌握戰爭形態演進方向與規律，可為主導未來戰爭樣式、搶佔制勝先機提供重要支撐。當前，國際安全情勢複雜多變，打贏未來資訊化戰爭，需要我們把作戰概念開發作為國防和軍隊建設的原點，積極開展軍事技術創新，推進武器裝備更新換代，實現跨越式發展，從而引領新軍事革命潮流。

（作者單位：中國航太科工集團第二研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2022-06/22/content_31822288.htm

#intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Dissipative Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Promoting Chinese Military Integrated Development of The “Three Transformations” of Combat Training

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推動中軍融合發展實戰化訓練“三個轉變”

現代英語：

Zhang Yingjie, Zhao Shihang, and She Hongle

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月22日，星期三

Adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is an inherent requirement for national defense and military modernization, and is also an important means to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of military training. Promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training is a systematic project that requires both theoretical guidance and practical exploration; it is necessary to plan and design in line with the development of the times, and to boldly practice, dare to try and create, so as to realize the “three transformations” from sequential development to integrated progress, from point-line breakthroughs to system integration, and continuously improve the level and quality of military training.

Deepen theoretical research, guide practice and drive development by thoroughly understanding the mechanism, clarifying the principle and grasping the law. First, we must deepen the research on combat issues and thoroughly understand the future combat mechanism. In future wars, intelligent technology is an important factor in winning. We should explore the reason for winning and the way to win through the phenomenon. We can empower mechanized weapons, enhance the efficiency of informationized equipment and develop unmanned intelligent combat platforms through the power of intelligent technology, so that mechanization, informationization and intelligence coexist, the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain are mixed, and power, will and land are seized in parallel. Second, we must deepen the research on technology-enhanced training and clarify the principle of technology empowerment and efficiency. Science and technology promote the development of military training, or indirectly affect the development of military training through technological progress to promote the reform of weapons and equipment, combat methods and organizational systems, or directly promote military training innovation through technology directly acting on training methods and management guarantees. In the process of iterative upgrading of mechanization, informationization and intelligence, the mechanized physical entity is the foundation and the “grafting” object of informationization and intelligence. The informationization and intelligence technology acts on mechanization, which is essentially the empowerment and efficiency enhancement of “virtual” control of “real”. Third, we must deepen the research on military training and grasp the law of combat effectiveness generation. The generation of combat effectiveness under mechanized conditions is to achieve a high degree of aggregation of material and energy flows through the superposition of combat platforms. Its generation mechanism is manifested in quantitative accumulation, hierarchical superposition, and linear growth. The generation of combat effectiveness under intelligent information conditions is to carry out a three-dimensional mesh integration of participating forces through the network information system and intelligent support. Its generation mechanism is manifested in information empowerment, network energy gathering, and intelligent energy enhancement. The integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training should shift from the linear step-by-step superposition of mechanized training to the criss-crossing and ascending of intelligent information training, and from simple training of people to training that emphasizes both human and machine learning.

Strengthen strategic management, set up a benchmark to guide development in clarifying the base point, planning and establishing rules and regulations. First, grasp the base point and recognize the coordinates of the times for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our army has adhered to actual combat training, joint combat training, science and technology training, and training in accordance with the law, and strengthened the training guiding ideology of reform and innovation, laying the foundation for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the new round of national defense and military reform has established a joint training system, reconstructed the training leadership organs and special training institutions of the military services, and formulated military training laws and regulations, providing organizational and institutional guarantees for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the exploration and practice of the mechanized and informationized compound development of military training has accumulated fresh experience for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the construction of actual combat training, informationized training conditions and the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology have opened up new horizons for the integrated development of the “three transformations”. Second, top-level design, constructing a blueprint for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. The top-level design of the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training is an integrated plan of an open and complex system. It is constrained by many factors such as operational evolution and technological changes. At the same time, it is different from a single closed system design. It is difficult to achieve it in one go and make a final decision. We should grasp its characteristics of iterative updates and continuous adjustments and improvements. The integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training should formulate a plan that is compatible with the national defense and military construction development strategy, incorporate the integrated development plan of the “three transformations” of military training into the strategic plan for military construction, and focus on clarifying development goals, tasks, measures, etc. The third is to establish rules and regulations to standardize and guide the effective operation of the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. It is necessary to formulate the implementation measures for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training, unify the goals and tasks, division of responsibilities, content focus, methods and steps, and supporting measures, and ensure the implementation of regular order.

Focus on the transformation to intelligence, overcome difficulties and innovate in the optimization of content, innovation of methods and improvement of assessment. First, we must focus on “smart training” and optimize the content of military training. Research and practice machine deep learning, focusing on data screening, information input, confrontation game and iterative improvement training. Research and practice new domain and new quality combat forces, carry out new weapons and equipment training, new quality combat force formation and combat application training, new domain combat forces and traditional combat forces coordination training, and new domain and new quality forces into joint combat system training. Research and practice intelligent combat, carry out intelligent combat tactics research, command confrontation training based on intelligent network system, training to seize intellectual control and intelligent combat live-fire exercises. Second, we must focus on “intelligent training” and innovate military training methods. Develop intelligent simulation training methods, give full play to the virtual-real interaction, closed-loop feedback and parallel execution functions of intelligent simulation, upgrade existing electronic games and war game simulation systems, and support individual officers and soldiers or command organizations to carry out human-machine confrontation training based on intelligent simulation systems. On the basis of the existing real-life combat system, we should strengthen the material application of intelligent technology, and create an intelligent military exercise system that combines virtual and real, complements software and hardware, and is multi-domain linked as soon as possible to effectively support the development of real-life training. Third, we should focus on “intelligent testing” and improve precise assessment methods. Using virtual reality technology, relying on the three-dimensional virtual battlefield environment generated by computers, we can evaluate the operational skills and tactical application level of officers and soldiers immersed in it. Using augmented reality technology, human senses can directly obtain real-life experience in the augmented reality scene, which can be used to test and assess the technical training of officers and soldiers and the tactical training of squads. Using mixed reality technology, virtual digital objects are introduced into the real environment, which can support the construction of the environmental conditions of real-life test exercises and the inspection and evaluation of combat capabilities. Using the Internet of Things technology, sensors, data processing units and communication components are integrated into a sensor network to monitor the exercise situation in real time, and automatically collect, transmit, summarize and display exercise information data. Using big data technology to objectively evaluate combat capabilities and training quality, and realize automatic judgment of engagement results, statistical analysis of massive data, objective evaluation of combat capabilities and automatic evaluation of training results in data analysis and deep mining.

現代國語：

張英傑 趙士夯 佘紅樂

堅持機械化資訊智慧化融合發展，是國防和軍隊現代化的內在要求，也是加速推進軍事訓練轉型升級的重要抓手。推動軍事訓練「三化」融合發展，是一項系統工程，既需理論引領，更需實踐探索；既要順應時代發展搞好規劃設計，又要大膽實踐敢試敢創，實現「三化」由遞次發展向融合併進、由點線突破向體系集成，不斷提升軍事訓練水平和質量。

深化理論研究，在搞透機理弄清原理把握規律中引領實務牽引發展。一要深化作戰問題研究，搞透未來作戰機理。未來戰爭中，智慧科技是贏得勝利的重要因素，應透過現象探尋制勝之理、勝戰之道，可透過智慧科技之力賦能機械化武器、增效資訊化裝備和發展無人化智慧作戰平台，使得機械化、資訊化、智慧化並存，物理域、資訊域、認知域混融，奪權、奪志、奪志、奪權、奪志、奪地並行。二要深化科技強訓研究，釐清技術賦能增效原理。科技推動軍事訓練發展，或透過科技進步推動武器裝備、作戰方式、編制體制變革間接作用於軍事訓練發展，亦或科技直接作用於訓練手段和管理保障直接推動軍事訓練創新。在機械化、資訊化、智慧化迭代升級過程中，機械化的物理實體是基礎，是資訊化、智慧化的「嫁接」對象，資訊化、智慧化技術作用於機械化，實質上是以「虛」控「實」的賦能增效。三要深化軍事訓練研究，掌握戰鬥力生成規律。機械化條件下戰鬥力的生成，是透過作戰平台的疊加實現物質流和能量流的高度聚集，其生成機理表現為量變累積、層級疊加、線性增長。智慧化資訊化條件下戰力的生成，是透過網信系統和智慧支援對參戰力量進行網狀立體融合，其生成機製表現為資訊賦能、網路聚能、智慧增能。軍事訓練「三化」融合發展，應從機械化訓練的線性逐級疊加轉向智慧化資訊化訓練的縱橫交錯遞升，從單純對人的訓練轉向人與機器學習並重的訓練。

加強策略管理，在釐清基點規劃規劃建章立制中立起標桿指導發展。一是掌握基點，認清軍事訓練「三化」融合發展的時代座標。黨的十八大以來，我軍堅持實踐實踐、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓，強化改革創新的訓練指導思想，為「三化」融合發展奠定了基礎；新一輪國防和軍事改革，建立了聯合訓練體制，重構了軍兵種訓練領導機關和專制訓練機構，制定了軍事訓練法規制度，為「三化」融合發展提供了組織和製度保證；軍事訓練機械化資訊化複合發展的探索實踐，為「三化」融合發展累積了鮮活經驗；實戰化訓練、資訊化訓練條件建設和科技強軍戰略等的實施，為「三化」融合發展洞開了新天地。二是頂層設計，建構軍事訓練「三化」融合發展藍圖。軍事訓練「三化」融合發展的頂層設計，是開放的複雜系統的整合規劃，受作戰演化、技術變化等諸多因素的製約，同時區別於單一封閉系統設計，難以一次到位、一錘定音，應把握其迭代更新、不斷調整完善的特徵；軍事訓練「三化」融合行動應制定與國防建設和軍事發展目標三是建章立制，規範指導軍事訓練「三化」融合發展有效運作。要製定軍事訓練「三化」融合發展實施辦法，統一目標任務、職責分工、內容重點、方法步驟和配套措施，確保實施正規秩序。

聚焦向智轉型，在優化內容創新方法改進考評中攻堅克難創新發展。一要聚焦“訓智能化”，優化軍事訓練內容。研練機器深度學習，重點進行資料篩選、資訊輸入、對抗賽局和迭代提升訓練。研練新域新質作戰力量，進行新型武器裝備訓練、新質作戰力量編成與作戰運用訓練、新域作戰力量與傳統作戰力量協同訓練，以及新域新質力量融入聯合作戰體系訓練。研練智慧化作戰，進行智慧化作戰戰法研究、基於智慧網路系統指揮對抗訓練、奪取制智權訓練及智慧化作戰實兵演習等。二要聚焦“智能化訓”，創新軍事訓練方法。發展智慧模擬訓練方法，充分發揮智慧模擬虛實互動、閉環回饋與平行執行功能，升級現有電子遊戲與兵棋推演系統，支援官兵個體或指揮機構依托智慧模擬系統進行人機對抗訓練。在現有實兵交戰系統基礎上，加強智慧技術的物化應用，盡快創造虛實結合、軟硬互補、多域連結的智慧化演兵系統，有效支持實戰化訓練的發展。三要聚焦“智能化考”，改進精準評估手段。運用虛擬實境技術，依靠電腦生成的三維空間虛擬戰場環境，對沉浸其中的官兵操作技能和戰術應用水準實施考評。運用擴增實境技術，人體感官能夠直接在增強的現實場景中獲取實戰體驗，可對官兵技術訓練和分隊戰術訓練檢驗考核。運用混合實境技術，把虛擬數位物件引入現實環境，可支撐實兵檢驗性演習環境條件的架構與作戰能力檢驗評估。運用物聯網技術，將感測器、資料處理單元和通訊組件集成為一個感測器網絡，即時監控演練情況，自動擷取、傳輸、匯總和顯示演練資訊資料。運用大數據技術客觀評估作戰能力和訓練質量，在數據分析和深度挖掘中實現交戰結果自動裁決、海量數據統計分析、作戰能力客觀評估和訓練成績自動評定。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-02/22/content_33422088.htm

中國網絡衝突討論，信息與研究 // Chinese Cyber Conflict Discussions, Information & Research