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China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, 智慧戰爭

Chinese Military Views of Intelligent Warfare from a Multidimensional Perspective

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多維視角下的中國軍隊智慧戰爭觀

現代英文音譯：

Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage in the development of human warfare. The increasing maturity of artificial intelligence technology is driving human society from an information society to an intelligent society, and intelligent warfare has emerged. In comparison, mechanized warfare enhances the functions of “hands and feet” based on mass-energy exchange, information warfare enhances the functions of “ears and eyes” based on electromagnetic induction, and intelligent warfare extends and develops the functions of “brain” based on brain-computer interaction, which will also be presented to the world in a brand new style.

Intelligent warfare involves both military affairs and mixed games in the fields of economy, diplomacy, public opinion, culture, etc. In the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually overturned the traditional form, presenting the characteristics of algorithmic combat command, unmanned combat forces, and diversified combat styles with the core of seizing “intelligence control”. However, at the war level, the scope of intelligent warfare has been further expanded, and the violence of war has been greatly reduced. The war process is the process of using intelligent algorithms to gradually replace the competitive games in various fields of human beings and gain advantages. On the one hand, the competitive games in various fields of national security gradually realize the auxiliary decision-making of artificial intelligence. Intelligent political warfare, diplomatic warfare, legal warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, financial warfare, and even more resource warfare, energy warfare, ecological warfare, etc. with intelligent characteristics will gradually step onto the stage of human warfare. For example, once artificial intelligence technology is applied to the financial field, the subsequent intelligent financial game will appear on the list of intelligent warfare. On the other hand, the advanced stage of information warfare has already presented the form of hybrid warfare. The military boundaries of war have been broken, and the hybrid nature will become increasingly prominent, becoming a kind of all-domain linkage confrontation involving national security. With the assistance of intelligent systems, one of the two hostile parties can easily create and use “accidental” events in the opponent’s society, triggering the “butterfly effect” in various fields such as ideology, diplomacy, economy, culture and technology, and then use intelligent military means when necessary to accelerate the process of destroying the enemy country. The high complexity of the future hybrid warfare environment, the strong confrontation of the game, the incompleteness of information and the uncertainty of boundaries provide a broader space for the application of artificial intelligence technology.

Virtual space has become an important battlefield in intelligent warfare, and the proportion of violent confrontation in physical space has declined. Intelligent warfare is carried out in the entire domain around the competition for intelligence advantage. Intelligence, as an abstract concept, mainly exists in the cognitive space of the human brain and computer chips. Whoever can win the intelligence advantage in virtual space can win the intelligent warfare. This advantage can surpass and subvert the information and energy advantages in traditional information and mechanized warfare. Some people even compare it to “in the face of intelligent warfare, information warfare is like a group of clumsy earthworms facing intelligent humans, and they will definitely lose.” This is just like what Comrade Mao Zedong once said about turning enemy commanders into “blind, deaf, and crazy people.” To win the intelligent war, we must turn our opponents into “fools.” It is not difficult to predict that with the trend of the increasing prosperity of human virtual space in the future, the intelligent confrontation in virtual space will determine the outcome of intelligent warfare to a certain extent. For example, the virtual war with intelligent characteristics carried out by the enemy and us in the metaverse can even partially replace the violent and bloody war in the physical space, and the results of virtual combat can also be used as the basis for judging victory or defeat. The intelligent warfare system can “learn without a teacher”, “play against itself” and “learn by itself” in the metaverse, becoming a “strategist” and “good general” for people to conquer the virtual cognitive space.

The victory or defeat of intelligent warfare depends on the active shaping and full control of potential fighters, and the collapse of the combat process can even be ignored. Intelligent warfare is an opportunistic game between the intelligent systems of both sides in the process of dynamic evolution. Both sides are constantly analyzing and looking for each other’s weak links. Once a fighter appears, they will not give the opponent any chance to turn the tables. Controlling the fighter means winning, and the moment the fighter appears is the decisive moment for both sides. This is just like the battle between martial arts masters. The victory or defeat is often only a moment. The local defeat caused by the instantaneous confrontation may be seized by the opponent to drive the overall situation into a passive state, which will lead to a complete loss. Therefore, both sides of the intelligent war are doing two things around the fighter: one is to actively evolve a more complete war system to avoid omissions and mistakes, especially in order to prevent the opponent from discovering potential fighters, and even not to take the initiative to reveal flaws and use static braking. For example, artificial intelligence reinforcement learning can be used to repeatedly conduct virtual confrontations based on basic combat game rules, automatically generate war experience and lessons, self-innovate and optimize and upgrade its own security defense system; second, do everything possible to recognize and identify the weaknesses of the opponent’s system, find the immediate advantage window of war, so as to expand local advantages and create opportunities. In particular, in order to tap into potential opportunities, they will even actively shape the situation and induce the opponent to enter an unfavorable situation or process. For example, with the help of intelligent war games “fighting left and right, confrontation evolution”, “future fighters” can be discovered in virtual wars, so as to simultaneously guide the current physical space combat preparations. Therefore, the process of intelligent warfare is shorter. If the informationized war is planned before action, then the process of intelligent warfare is planned before victory. The hostile parties have long-term games in the high-dimensional strategic cognitive domain around the appearance of fighters. After the fighters appear and the victory is deduced, they immediately enter the low-dimensional tangible space physical domain to implement joint operations. The time process of the war shows the characteristics of long preparation time and short combat time.

現代國語（繁體）：

智慧化戰爭是人類戰爭形態發展的高階階段。人工智慧技術的日益成熟，正推動人類社會由資訊化社會逐步進入智慧化社會，智慧化戰爭隨之產生。相比較而言，機械化戰爭基於質能互換增強了「手足」功能，資訊化戰爭基於電磁感應提升了「耳目」功能，智能化戰爭基於腦機交互延伸發展了「大腦」功能，也將以全新的樣式呈現在世人眼前。

智慧化戰爭既涉及軍事，也更體現在經濟、外交、輿論、文化等領域的混合賽局。在軍事領域中，智慧化作戰已逐步顛覆了傳統形態，呈現出以奪取「制智權」為核心的作戰指揮演算法化、作戰力量無人、作戰樣式多樣化等特質。但在戰爭層面，智慧化戰爭的領域更拓展，戰爭的暴力性大幅降低，戰爭過程就是運用智慧演算法逐步取代人類各領域的競爭賽局並贏得優勢的過程。一方面，國家安全各領域中的競爭博弈逐步實現人工智慧的輔助決策，智慧化政治戰、外交戰、法律戰、輿論戰、心理戰、金融戰，甚至更多具有智慧化特徵的資源戰、能源戰、生態戰等，都將逐步邁上人類戰爭的舞台。例如，人工智慧技術一經運用於金融領域當中，隨之而來的智慧化金融博弈就將出現在智慧化戰爭的清單之上。另一方面，資訊化戰爭的高級階段已經呈現了混合戰爭的形態，戰爭的軍事界限被打破，混合性將日益凸顯，成為一種涉及國家安全的全領域聯動對抗。在智慧化系統的輔助決策下，敵對雙方中的一方很容易製造和利用對手社會“偶發”事件，在意識形態、外交經濟、文化科技等各個領域觸發“蝴蝶效應”，必要時再藉助智能化軍事手段，以加速敵國毀癱進程。未來混合戰爭環境的高複雜性、博弈的強對抗性、資訊的不完整性和邊界的不確定性等特點，為人工智慧技術的應用提供了更廣闊空間。

虛擬空間成為智慧化戰爭的重要戰場，實體空間的暴力對抗比例下降。智能化戰爭圍繞著智能優勢的爭奪而在全局展開，作為抽象概念的智能，則主要存在於人類大腦和電腦晶片的認知空間中。誰能在虛擬空間中贏得智慧優勢，誰就能取得智慧化戰爭的勝勢。這種優勢可以超越並顛覆傳統資訊化、機械化戰爭中資訊與能量的優勢，甚至有人將其比喻為「在智慧化戰爭面前，資訊化戰爭就像一群笨拙的蚯蚓面對智慧的人類一樣必敗無疑」。這就如同毛澤東同誌曾談到的我們要將敵方指揮官變成「瞎子、聾子、瘋子」一樣，打贏智能化戰爭就要把對手變成「傻子」。不難預測，在未來人類虛擬空間日漸繁盛的趨勢下，虛擬空間的智慧對抗將一定程度上決定智慧化戰爭勝負。例如，敵我雙方在元宇宙當中進行帶有智慧化特徵的虛擬戰爭，甚至可以部分取代實體空間的暴力和流血戰爭，虛擬交戰成果也可以作為勝負的判定依據。而智慧化戰爭系統可以“無師自通”，在元宇宙中“自我對弈”“自學成才”，成為人們征服虛擬認知空間的“謀臣”“良將”。

智慧化戰爭的勝負取決於對潛在戰機的主動塑造和充分把控，作戰進程坍縮甚至可以忽略不計。智慧化戰爭是雙方智慧化體系在動態演化過程中的伺機博弈，雙方都在時刻分析並尋找對方的弱點，一旦出現戰機將不會給對手任何翻盤的機會。把控戰機即獲勝，戰機出現之時即雙方決勝時刻。這就如同武俠高手間過招，勝負往往只在一瞬之間，瞬間的爭鋒所產生的局部失利，就有可能被對手抓住機會帶動全局落入被動，進而導致滿盤皆輸。因此，智慧化戰爭雙方都在圍繞戰機做好兩方面工作：一是積極進化出更加完整的戰爭體系，避免出現缺漏與過失，尤其是為了不讓對手發現潛在戰機，甚至不會主動出招露出破綻而以靜制動。例如，可運用人工智慧的強化學習，反覆進行基於基本交戰博弈規則的虛擬對抗，自動產生戰爭經驗教訓，自我創新並優化升級自身安全防禦體系；二是千方百計地認知與識別對手體系弱點，找到戰爭的即時優勢窗口，以此擴大局部優勢並創造戰機。尤其是為了挖掘潛在戰機，甚至會積極主動塑局並誘導對手進入不利情況或進程。例如，可藉助智能化兵棋“左右互搏、對抗演化”，在虛擬戰爭中發現“未來戰機”，以此同步指導當下實體空間作戰準備。因此，智慧化作戰的進程更加短暫，如果說資訊化戰爭是謀定而後動的話，那麼智慧化戰爭的進程則是謀勝而後定。敵對雙方圍繞戰機的出現，在高維的謀略認知域長期博弈，待戰機出現並推演決勝後，隨即就進入低維有形空間物理域實施聯動作戰，戰爭時間進程呈現準備時間長而作戰時間短的特點。

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-07/07/content_319888.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Cognitive Confrontation, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 智慧戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military and Determining A Winning Mechanism of Intelligent Warfare Strategy

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中國軍隊與智慧戰爭戰略制勝機制的確定

現代英語音譯：

Through the smoke of war, we can see that today’s war has developed from barbaric flesh-and-blood battles and battles to capture cities and territories to information-led precise beheadings and fierce competition on the intellectual battlefield. This objective fact tells us that war, as a specific complex social phenomenon, will present different war forms and winning mechanisms in different historical periods. As American futurist Toffler pointed out, “Artificial intelligence is like previous missiles and satellites. Whether you are prepared or not, it will enter the historical stage of human civilization war.” President Xi clearly pointed out: “If we do not understand the winning mechanism of modern war, then we can only look at a diorama and miss the point.” The winning mechanism of war refers to the way in which various war factors play a role in winning a war. and the laws and principles of interconnection and interaction. Compared with information-based warfare in the traditional sense, the winning mechanism of future intelligent warfare has undergone significant changes.

The method of confrontation has changed from “system confrontation” to “algorithmic game”, and algorithmic advantages dominate war advantages.

Algorithms are strategic mechanisms for solving problems. In fact, an “algorithm” is a series of clear instructions for solving a problem. It is a clear step to solve a certain type of problem according to certain rules. In future wars, the party that masters the advantages of algorithms can quickly and accurately predict battlefield situations, innovate optimal combat methods, and achieve the war goal of “victory before fighting”.

Algorithms are the key to leading intelligent warfare. First, algorithmic advantages dominate cognitive advantages. After big data is processed through high-performance and efficient algorithms, massive data is quickly converted into useful intelligence. Therefore, the party with the advantage of the algorithm can dispel the “battlefield fog” caused by the lack of timely processing of data, making the understanding more profound. Second, the algorithm advantage dominates the speed advantage. Compared with classical algorithms, quantum algorithms have achieved exponential acceleration effects. In addition, quantum computers have increased from 1 qubit in 2003 to 1,000 qubits in 2015. The computing efficiency is 100 million times faster than that of classical computers. Artificial intelligence has achieved a qualitative leap. Third, algorithmic advantages dominate decision-making advantages. Algorithms, with their high-speed and precise calculations, replace people’s “meditation” and repeated exploration, thereby accelerating knowledge iteration. Mastering super powerful algorithms can quickly propose flexible and diverse combat plans and countermeasures in response to changes in the enemy’s situation, constantly disrupting the enemy’s established intentions and deployment.

Algorithms are at the heart of the jump in war effectiveness. First, war is more efficient. With the support of algorithms, artificial intelligence can react hundreds to thousands of times faster than humans. In 2016, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the United States has a reaction speed 250 times faster than humans. It controlled a third-generation aircraft to defeat a manned fourth-generation aircraft in a simulated air battle. Second, the war endurance is stronger. Artificial intelligence is not limited by physiological functions and can continuously perform repetitive and mechanical tasks. In September 2016, an F-16 fighter jet reached 8 times gravity during training, causing the pilot to lose consciousness. However, before the plane hit the ground, the onboard “automatic anti-collision system” automatically pulled the plane up, avoiding the tragedy. occur. Third, the outcome of the war is better. With the support of massive data and supercomputing capabilities, artificial intelligence judgment and prediction results are more accurate. The combined use of manned and unmanned equipment in the U.S. military’s search and hunt for bin Laden is a successful example.

Combat elements are changing from “information-led” to “machine-based warfare”, and machine-based warfare reshapes the combat process

In the future, intelligent technology will penetrate into all elements and processes of war. The Internet of Things, the Internet of Intelligence, and the Internet of Brains have become the basis of war. The four domains of physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, and social domain are deeply integrated, making the battlefield holographically transparent. There are people to control the war and no one to fight on the battlefield. Intelligent weapons and equipment will reshape the combat process “from sensor to shooter”.

“Detection” with a keen eye. “Reconnaissance” refers to intelligent intelligence reconnaissance. It can use multi-dimensional sensors such as land, sea, air, space, and electricity for virtualized collaborative networking, self-organized dynamic scheduling, automatic mining of multi-source intelligence, and order-based on-demand use to maximize information shortage or information redundancy. The “fog of war” brought about by the epidemic has opened up the “eyes” to see through intelligent warfare.

Loop “control”. “Control” refers to intelligent command and control. Focusing on the core of decision-making advantages, we use the human-machine collaboration technology of “human in the loop” and adopt three decision-making and control methods of “human in the loop”, “human in the loop” and “human outside the loop” according to the autonomous authority of the machine. , forming a comprehensive advantage with superior decision-making quality and action speed.

Smart “hit”. “Strike” refers to intelligent offensive and defensive operations. Relying on the advantages of system structure and algorithm, it mobilizes all-domain multi-dimensional, manned and unmanned combat platforms in real time, quickly couples combat forces, builds combat systems on demand, focuses on targets, independently implements “distributed” and “swarm” collaborative operations, and quickly resolves battles after they are completed. Couple and wait for the battle, so that the troops can gather and disperse randomly. At the end of 2015, Russia invested 6 tracked unmanned combat vehicles, 4 wheeled unmanned combat vehicles and 1 drone to support the Syrian government forces in storming Islamic extremist strongholds and achieved the world’s first unmanned combat victory. Victory in the tough battle dominated by cars. During the battle, about 70 extremist militants were killed, while only four Syrian government troops were injured.

The decision-making method changes from “human brain decision-making” to “intelligent decision-making”, and intelligent decision-making optimizes combat operations

With the emergence of intelligent auxiliary decision-making technology and “cloud brain”, “digital staff” and “virtual warehousing”, war decision-making has evolved from pure human brain decision-making to human-machine hybrid decision-making, cloud-brain intelligent decision-making and neural network decision-making.

Human-machine hybrid decision-making. Reasonable division of labor and interaction and collaboration between humans and machines are the best solutions to explore and solve problems. The advantages of the human brain are creativity, flexibility, and initiative; the advantages of machines are fast speed, high precision, and resistance to fatigue. Artistic tasks such as high-level decision-making are handled by the human brain, and big data calculations are completed by machines. Human-computer interaction allows machines to “listen” to understand human language, “see” human movements and expressions, “understand” human emotions and intentions, and present the calculation process and results in a way that is easy for humans to understand.

Cloud brain intelligent decision-making. In future intelligent warfare, there will be a “brain” metaphor center, and distributed combat units will be linked through the cloud brain. This cloud brain is not only a physical information, physiological information and psychological information center, but also a military command center. Cloud brain decision-making is based on the intelligent “network, cloud and terminal” system. “Net” is an intelligent combat basic network integrating intelligent battlefield perception, decision-making and weapons control systems. “Cloud” is built on the basis of “network”, with the intelligent resource service layer as the main body. It is not only a “resource pool” that integrates various combat resources, but also an “intelligent cloud” that provides intelligent services for combat operations. Due to the coupling of multiple centers, rapid networking and decision-making can be achieved even when bombarded by information. “End” refers to the combat resource end, discrete intelligence and networked intelligence in combat processes, which can not only make independent decisions, but also provide distributed intelligent resources for the war system, allowing the new war system to emerge with group intelligence.

Neural network decision-making. In July 2018, Russia developed artificial neural network fully automatic software that can destroy immediately upon discovery. The intelligent decision-making tool developed by the US military is intended to shorten the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. The application of neural networks was once limited to tactical-level calculations, making it difficult to make qualitative analysis and decisions on strategic-level macro-complex situations. “AlphaGo” has made a breakthrough in the field of Go by simulating the working mechanism of the human brain’s neural network. In the future, the super self-evolution and strategic decision-making capabilities of deep neural networks will realize a combat cycle of “people outside the loop”.

The combat style has changed from “breaking links and breaking bodies” to “extreme operations”, which subvert traditional combat methods.

Extreme warfare breaks through the boundaries of traditional warfare, subverts traditional combat styles, dramatically increases war effectiveness, and creates a truly all-weather, all-time, all-dimensional, all-domain intelligent warfare.

Break through the limits of human physiology and thinking. First, the combat space and fields have been extremely expanded. Intelligent warfare in the future will be three-dimensional, all-dimensional, and all-domain operations. The war space will expand from the traditional space field to the polar regions, deep seas, outer space, and other extremes. It will especially penetrate into the cognitive domain, information domain, and penetrate into other fields, including combat fields. More blurry. Second, the combat process has been extremely accelerated. Unmanned autonomous warfare has greatly compressed the “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle, developing from the “instant destruction” of information warfare to the “instant destruction” of intelligent warfare. The victory of intelligent warfare is achieved by advancing the warning time, shortening the decision-making time, and extending the combat operations forward to achieve the effect of preemptive layout and preemptive strike. Third, combat operations are extremely flexible. In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence can propose extremely rich combat plans, and the unmanned combat platform can quickly switch between different functional roles, making combat operations more bold and adventurous, and tactics more unexpected. Even if one of the combat elements loses its function, the “decentralization” function will ensure that the function of the group is not affected.

Subvert the traditional combat style. The first is intrusive lone wolf operations. That is, a single unmanned system operates independently. The second is the manned and unmanned coordinated system attack battle. That is, based on intelligent unmanned systems, through mixed operations with and without unmanned equipment, combat objectives can be quickly achieved. The third is the independent operation of unmanned system formations. Multiple sets of unmanned systems constitute a combat unit that can perform complex tasks such as multi-target attacks. The fourth is mothership swarm operations. Using the mothership as the transportation carrier and command center, a manned and unmanned hybrid swarm combat style is formed.

It has the combat effectiveness of “nuclear power”. Intelligent warfare maximizes the characteristics and potential of intelligent robots, leading to combat effectiveness approaching the limit. First, the target is small and difficult to find. For example, miniaturized stealth robots are difficult to detect with radar and sonar. The U.S. hybrid UAV with an Optode chip embedded in the Dragonfly is smaller, lighter and more stealthy, with a battery life of up to several months. Second, confrontation is difficult and costly. For example, as long as a beetle-sized micro-drone scans a human face, it can directly hit the target’s head after data analysis and determination, and it can carry enough ammunition to penetrate the brain. Third, the cost is low and the damage is great. In the future, the use of intelligent weapons in extreme operations will have the power of nuclear weapons, especially extremely large-scale intelligent weapons and equipment, extremely low-cost robot automatic production, and extremely flexible robot swarm operations, which may exceed the maximum explosion power of nuclear weapons.

國語音譯：

2019年01月15日08:00 | 来源：解放军报

透过战争的硝烟，我们可以看到，今天的战争已经从蒙昧野蛮的血肉之搏、攻城略地的兵戎相见发展到信息主导的精确斩首、智域疆场的激烈角逐。这一客观事实告诉我们，战争作为一种特定的复杂社会现象，在不同的历史时期会呈现出不同的战争形态与制胜机理。正如美国未来学家托夫勒指出，“人工智能就像先前的导弹、卫星一样，无论你是否有所准备都将登上人类文明战争的历史舞台”。 习主席明确指出：“如果不把现代战争的制胜机理搞清楚，那就‘只能是看西洋镜，不得要领’。”战争制胜机理，是指为赢得战争胜利，战争诸因素发挥作用的方式及相互联系、相互作用的规律和原理。未来智能化战争与传统意义上的信息化战争相比，制胜机理发生了显著变化。

对抗方式从“体系对抗”向“算法博弈”转变，算法优势主导战争优势

算法是求解问题的策略机制。实际上，“算法”是一系列解决问题的清晰指令，是按照一定规则解决某一类问题的明确步骤。未来战争掌握算法优势的一方，能快速准确预测战场态势，创新最优作战方法，实现“未战而先胜”的战争目的。

算法是主导智能化战争的关键。第一，算法优势主导认知优势。大数据通过高性能、高效率的算法进行处理后，将海量数据快速转换为有用的情报。因此，占有算法优势的一方，能驱散因数据得不到及时处理而产生的“战场迷雾”，使得认知更为深刻。第二，算法优势主导速度优势。量子算法相比于经典算法，实现了指数级的加速效果，再加上量子计算机从2003年的1位量子比特，到2015年1000位量子比特，计算效率比经典计算机快了一亿倍，使人工智能实现了质的飞跃。第三，算法优势主导决策优势。算法以其高速、精确的计算，代替人的“冥思苦想”和反复探索，从而加速知识迭代。掌握超强算法能够针对敌情变化快速提出灵活多样的作战方案与应对之策，不断打乱敌既定企图和部署。

算法是战争效能跃升的核心。一是战争效率更高。在算法的支撑下，人工智能的反应速度是人类的成百上千倍。2016年，美国研发的“阿尔法”智能软件，反应速度比人类快250倍，在模拟空战中操控三代机击败了有人驾驶的四代机。二是战争耐力更强。人工智能不受生理机能限制，可连续执行重复性、机械性任务。2016年9月，一架F-16战机在训练中达到8倍重力过载，导致飞行员失去知觉，然而，在飞机撞击地面前，机载“自动防撞系统”自动将飞机拉起，避免了悲剧发生。三是战争结局更好。在海量数据和超算能力支持下，人工智能的判断和预测结果更加准确。美军寻找和捕杀本·拉登行动，有人和无人装备的组合运用就是一个成功的战例。

作战要素从“信息主导”向“机器主战”转变，机器主战重塑作战流程

未来智能科技将渗透到战争全要素全过程。物联网、智联网与脑联网成为战争的基础，物理域、信息域、认知域、社会域四域深度融合，使战场全息透明，战争控制有人，战场交锋无人。智能化武器装备将重塑“从传感器到射手”的作战流程。

慧眼“侦”。“侦”，即智能化情报侦察。能将陆、海、空、天、电等多维传感器，进行虚拟化协同组网、自组织动态调度、多源情报自动挖掘、订单式按需使用，最大程度上拨开信息不足或信息冗余带来的“战争迷雾”，开启透视智能化战争的“慧眼”。

回路“控”。“控”，即智能化指挥控制。围绕决策优势这一核心，运用“人在回路”的人机协同技术，按照机器的自主权限，采取“人在回路中”“人在回路上”“人在回路外”三种决策与控制方式，以高敌一筹的决策质量和行动速度形成全面优势。

智能“打”。“打”，即智能化攻防作战。依托体系结构和算法优势，实时调集全域多维、有人无人作战平台，快速耦合作战力量，按需构建作战体系，聚焦目标，自主实施“分布式”“蜂群式”协同作战，交战完毕迅速解耦待战，做到兵无常势、聚散随机。2015年底，俄罗斯投入6台履带式无人战车、4台轮式无人战车和1架无人机，支援叙利亚政府军强攻伊斯兰极端势力据点，取得了世界上第一场以无人战车为主的攻坚战胜利。战斗中约70名极端势力武装分子被击毙，而叙利亚政府军只有4人受伤。

决策方式从“人脑决策”向“智能决策”转变，智能决策优化作战行动

随着智能辅助决策技术和“云端大脑”“数字参谋”“虚拟仓储”的出现，战争决策由单纯的人脑决策发展为人机混合决策、云脑智能决策和神经网络决策。

人机混合决策。人与机器的合理分工与交互协同是探索解决问题的最优方案。人脑的优势在于创造性、灵活性、主动性；机器的优势在于速度快、精度高、抗疲劳。高层决策等艺术性强的工作由人脑来处理，大数据计算由机器完成。人机交互是让机器能“听”懂人类语言、“看”懂人类动作与表情、“理解”人的情绪和意图，把计算过程和结果用人容易理解的方式呈现出来。

云脑智能决策。未来智能化战争，将有一个“大脑”的隐喻中心，分布式的作战单元将通过云大脑链接。这个云大脑既是物理信息、生理信息和心理信息中心，也是军事指控中心。云脑决策以智能“网、云、端”体系为依托。“网”，是集智能化战场感知、决策和武器控制系统于一体的智能型作战基础网络。“云”，依“网”而建，以智能型资源服务层为主体，既是融合各类作战资源的“资源池”，也是为作战行动提供智能化服务的“智能云”。由于多中心的耦合，即使遭受信息轰炸也能快速组网和决策。“端”，是指作战资源端，作战流程上的分立智能和联网智能，既能自主决策，又能为战争体系提供分布式智能资源，使新的战争体系涌现出群体智能。

神经网络决策。2018年7月，俄罗斯研制的人工神经网络全自动软件，能做到发现即摧毁。美军研发的智能化决策工具，意在缩短决策周期，提高决策效率。神经网络的应用曾局限于战术级计算，难以对战略级宏观复杂态势做出定性分析和决策。“阿尔法狗”通过模拟人脑神经网络工作机制在围棋领域取得突破。未来深度神经网络的超强自我进化和战略决策能力，将实现“人在回路外”的作战循环。

作战样式从“断链破体”向“极限作战”转变，极限作战颠覆传统作战手段

极限作战突破了传统战争的界限，颠覆了传统的作战样式，使战争效能剧增，出现了真正意义上的全天候、全时空、全方位、全领域的智能化战争。

突破人类生理和思维极限。一是作战空间和领域极度拓展。未来智能化作战是立体、全维、全领域作战，战争空间将从传统的空间领域，向极地、深海、太空等极限拓展，特别是向认知域、信息域渗透并贯穿其他领域，作战领域更加模糊。二是作战进程极度加快。无人自主作战大幅压缩“观察—判断—决策—行动”周期，从信息化战争的“瞬时摧毁”发展为智能化战争的“即时摧毁”。智能化战争的胜利，是通过预警时间提前、决策时间缩短，作战行动向前延伸，达到先手布局、先发制人的效果。三是作战行动极度灵活。智能化战争中，人工智能能够提出极为丰富的作战方案，加之无人作战平台，能够在不同功能角色之间快速切换，作战行动更为大胆冒险，战术战法更为出乎意料。即使作战要素中的某一个丧失功能，“去中心化”的功能也会确保群体功能不受影响。

颠覆传统作战样式。一是侵入式独狼作战。即单套无人系统独立作战。二是有人无人协同体系破击战。即基于智能无人系统，通过有无人装备混合作战，快速达成作战目的。三是无人系统编队独立作战。多套无人系统构成作战单元，可执行多目标攻击等复杂任务。四是母舰蜂群集群作战。以母舰为运输载体和指挥中心，形成有人无人混合集群作战样式。

具备“核威力”的作战效能。智能化战争把智能机器人的特性和潜能发挥到极致，导致作战效能接近极限。一是目标小、难发现。比如微型化隐身机器人，雷达和声呐很难发现。美国在“蜻蜓”中嵌入“光极”芯片的混合无人机，更小更轻更隐秘，续航时间高达几个月。二是对抗难，代价高。比如甲虫大小的微型无人机只要扫描到人脸景象，经数据分析和确定即可直接撞向目标头部，携带的弹药足以穿透大脑。三是造价低、破坏大。未来运用智能化武器极限作战具有核武器的威力，特别是极大体量的智能化武器装备，极低成本的机器人自动生产，极度灵活的机器人集群作战，可能会超越核武器爆炸威力的极大化。

中國政府原文來源：http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0115/c1011-3053888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 智慧戰爭

中國軍隊發展智慧指揮資訊系統分析

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Chinese Military Analysis of Developing Intelligent Command Information Systems

資料來源：解放軍報 作者：李建平 紀鳳珠 李琳 責任編輯：王鳳 2022-08-09 12:OO

外文音譯：

Introduction

The era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and the supporting means for intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the essentials of the development of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of research and development of intelligent command information systems, and exploring the key points of the development of intelligent command information systems can we better develop Promote the construction and development process of intelligent command information systems and win the opportunity to win future intelligent operations.

Clarify the essentials of the development of intelligent command information systems

Intelligent command information systems are an inevitable choice for the development of information-based and intelligent warfare. They are the inevitable result of the development of the scientific and technological revolution, and are also the demands of the times for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the essence of the development of intelligent command information systems will help to grasp the direction of the construction of intelligent command information systems and establish long-term goals for system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of warfare. In future intelligent operations, the battlefield situation will change rapidly and the battlefield environment will be complex and harsh. If you want to take the initiative on the battlefield, “intellectual power” will become the new commanding heights, and intelligent command information systems will undoubtedly be an important support for future combat command and operations. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of warfare into intelligence, and is an important basis for intelligent warfare to gain the upper hand and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent operations require corresponding combat command concepts, and the intelligent command information system is an important basis for the practical application of combat command concepts and the soil for the innovation and development of intelligent combat command concepts. New concepts of intelligent combat command such as human-machine hybrid command grouping, data-driven command activities, open development command model, and intelligent concentrated command process are all inseparable from the support of intelligent command information system. Intelligent command information system will serve as a human The extension of the brain breaks through the physiological limits of the human body and realizes the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has caused major changes in the mechanism of combat victory. Intelligence surpasses firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods transform from the “combat network + precision guided weapons” in the information age to the “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age. The combat style has accordingly evolved from “network-centric warfare” to “cognition-centric warfare”.

Seize the key points of research and development of intelligent command information system

The command information system is a product of the era of informationized warfare. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade and construction of the command information system is urgent. The key points of functional research and development should be highlighted to create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super brain” assisted decision-making. In future intelligent operations, the amount of battlefield information data will be huge and complex. Commanders will easily fall into the “information ocean” during the command process, leading to information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent auxiliary decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital consultants”, a new decision-making model based on “human brain + artificial intelligence” collaboration is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, serve as an extension of the human brain, assist commanders in their work, and develop war decision-making from pure human brain decision-making to super-brain command decision-making of “human brain + artificial intelligence”.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent operations, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diverse, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will accelerate. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of the battlefield situation will become the basis for commanders’ decision-making. Multi-domain integration, intelligent and dynamic presentation of the full-dimensional battlefield situation will become the construction and development of command information systems. Necessary requirement. The command information system’s perception, understanding, fusion and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future battle situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces. to the cognitive domain and social domain to achieve “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent operations will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the connection between command and control platforms and weapon platforms must be intelligent information communication systems. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, intelligent information and communication systems play a linking and lubricating role in intelligent operations. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a full-dimensional coverage, uninterrupted intelligent information network to support the connectivity and control of intelligent equipment, and form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network invulnerability, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities to ensure intelligent collaboration between platforms Combat and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been widely used and played an important role in determining the direction of the war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis for intelligent warfare, and have formed subversive combat styles, such as intrusive lone wolf operations, manned/unmanned coordinated system attack operations, unmanned system formation independent operations, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Swarm combat, etc. Although unmanned combat is led by humans, machines are given a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby enabling machines to perform unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned combat battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be smarter and be able to conduct autonomous coordinated operations according to the combat purpose.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent operations will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the battle for “intelligence control” on the battlefield, and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and build and strengthen intelligent traceability response. control capabilities to effectively contain information attacks.

Explore the key points for the development of intelligent command information systems

The development of intelligent command information systems is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of minds and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information systems, we must change the traditional thinking of adding hardware, building a large “network”, and collecting and storing various types of data. We must break through the inherent hierarchical settings and create an open and service-oriented system to target the needs of intelligent combat command and operations. , explore and study the key points for the development of intelligent command information systems.

Innovative ideas. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, and explore a development path with its own characteristics based on actual needs. It is necessary to break the traditional “chimney building” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of the command information system, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system research and development ideas that combine research, construction and application, and formulate Develop strategies for different stages in the near, medium and long term to standardize the development direction of system construction; adhere to iterative upgrades, optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of command and control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information countermeasures and comprehensive support to ensure intelligence The command information system continues to develop healthily.

Concentration is the key. Focusing on the key capabilities of the intelligent command information system is an important basis for intelligent warfare to gather superior intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to obtaining “victory power” for intelligent warfare. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the intrinsic driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of next-generation computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; Deeply explore the value of deeper and wider dimensions of information in massive combat data resources to seek opportunities for victory.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-department and multi-unit participation project of great integration and linkage. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of teamwork, collective wisdom, and pioneering innovation, and target strategic and forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. Adhere to the promotion of high and new technologies and the demand for intelligent combat, carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, multiple levels, and multiple forms, and continue to make breakthroughs, innovations, and iterative upgrades to make the intelligent command information system more complete and smarter.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the current trend of world artificial intelligence innovation and development. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is developing vigorously, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. The application of artificial intelligence technology is highly versatile and has broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to realize the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. It is necessary to study and formulate general technical standards, tear down barriers, break ice, smooth military-civilian cooperation, and achieve shared linkage of technological achievements. It is necessary to cultivate and shape new types of military talents through collaborative training, so that they can continuously adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

繁體中文：

介紹

智慧戰爭時代已經開始。 具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的「中樞神經」和智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。 加快智慧指揮資訊系統建置是軍事情報發展的內在需求。 只有明確智慧指揮資訊系統發展的要義，抓住智慧指揮資訊系統的研發重點，探索智慧指揮資訊系統的發展要點，才能更好地發展，推動智慧指揮資訊系統的建構與發展。指揮資訊系統智慧化進程，贏得未來智能化作戰的先機。

明確智慧指揮資訊系統發展要領

智慧指揮資訊系統是資訊化、智慧化戰爭發展的必然選擇。 它們是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是時代對軍事情報發展的要求。 明確智慧指揮資訊系統發展的本質，有助於掌握智慧指揮資訊系統的建構方向，確立系統發展的長遠目標。

推動戰爭智能化演進。 未來智慧化作戰中，戰場局勢瞬息萬變，戰場環境複雜惡劣。 想要在戰場上佔據主動，「智力」將成為新的製高點，而智慧指揮資訊系統無疑將成為未來作戰指揮與作戰的重要支撐。 其智慧化發展可以推動戰爭朝向智慧化演進，是智慧化戰爭佔上風、取得勝利的重要基礎。

支持作戰理念智能化創新。 未來智慧化作戰需要相應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實際應用的重要基礎，也是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新發展的土壤。 人機混合指揮編組、資料驅動指揮活動、開放式開發指揮模型、智慧化集中指揮流程等智慧化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智慧指揮資訊系統的支撐。 智慧指揮資訊系統將作為人類大腦的延伸，突破人體的生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術與智慧技術的有機融合。

推動作戰方式智能化變革。 人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，引發了戰鬥勝利機制的重大變化。 情報超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。 智慧指揮資訊系統的建構和發展將推動作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使作戰方式從資訊時代的「作戰網路+精確制導武器」轉變為「智慧物聯網+有人/無人作戰」。智慧時代的「平台」。 作戰方式也相應地從「網路中心戰」演變為「認知中心戰」。

把握智慧指揮資訊系統研發重點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物。 隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展以及智慧化作戰制勝機制的研究和實際應用，指揮資訊系統的智慧化升級和建設刻不容緩。 突顯功能研發重點，打造新型智慧指揮資訊系統。

“超級大腦”輔助決策。 未來智慧化作戰中，戰場資訊資料量將龐大且複雜。 指揮官在指揮過程中很容易陷入“資訊海洋”，導致資訊混亂，影響指揮決策。 隨著智慧輔助決策技術以及「雲端大腦」、「數位顧問」的出現，基於「人腦+人工智慧」協同的新型決策模式正在悄悄形成。 智慧指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力的極限，作為人腦的延伸，輔助指揮的工作，發展戰爭決策

從純人腦決策到「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦指揮決策。

「全維度」態勢感知。 未來的智慧化作戰，空間將是多維的，力量將是多元化的，風格將是多樣化的，步伐將加快。 全面、靈活地掌握戰場情勢將成為指揮官決策的依據。 多域融合、全維度戰場態勢智慧化、動態呈現將成為指揮資訊系統的建構與發展。 必要的要求。 指揮資訊系統對目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預測、未來戰勢預測等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測正在從陸、海、空、太空、電磁、網路等空間拓展。 向認知域和社交域實現「全維度」的態勢感知。

「智慧型」網路通訊。 未來智慧化作戰將大量使用智慧指揮控制平台和智慧武器平台，指揮控制平台和武器平台之間的連接必須是智慧資訊通訊系統。 智慧資訊與通訊系統就像人體的神經、血管一樣，在智慧運作中發揮連結與潤滑作用。 因此，需要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧資訊網絡，支撐智慧設備的連接與控制，形成網絡結構智慧最佳化、網絡抗毀性智慧重組、智慧抗干擾能力，保障智慧設備的智慧化。平台之間協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體戰鬥力。

「無人」自主協作。 在近期世界各地的局部衝突中，無人機已廣泛應用，並在決定戰爭走向方面發揮了重要作用，引起各方廣泛關注。 無人武器裝備是智慧戰爭的物質基礎，已形成侵入性獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同系統攻擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機等顛覆性作戰方式。 群體作戰等。雖然無人作戰是由人類主導，但在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而使機器能夠在前線進行無人作戰行動。 然而，無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協作的破壞將成為常態。 無人智能裝備平台的指揮控制系統必須更智能，能夠根據作戰目的進行自主協調作戰。

“主動”訊息防禦。 智慧作戰必然面臨強大敵人全方位、多樣化的資訊攻擊。 資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「智控」爭奪戰的勝負，是智慧指揮資訊系統建構的關鍵環節。 因此，我們應主動出擊，積極制定和完善網路防護策略，豐富入侵偵測能力和認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術的應用，加強各種無線傳輸方式的抗干擾和防介入能力。 ，建構和強化智慧追溯響應。 控制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探討智慧指揮資訊系統發展重點

智慧指揮資訊系統的發展不僅是技術創新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新觀念。 推動智慧指揮資訊系統發展，必須改變傳統的增加硬體、建構大「網路」、採集和儲存各類數據的思維。 我們要突破固有的層級設置，針對智慧化作戰指揮與作戰需求，打造開放式、服務化的體系。 ，探索研究智慧指揮資訊系統發展的關鍵點。

創新的想法。 堅持創新思維理念引領，借鏡軍事強國智慧指揮資訊系統發展思路，立足實際需求，探索出一條具有自身特色的發展道路。 要打破傳統的「煙囪式建築」做法，堅持

對指揮資訊系統進行頂層設計與總體規劃，統一介面、協定與標準，形成開放、永續的系統架構佈局； 堅持研究、建置、應用結合的系統研發思路，制定近、中、長期不同階段的發展策略，規範系統建設的發展方向； 堅持迭代升級、優化改進策略，不斷提高指揮控制、情報偵察、通訊、資訊對抗和綜合保障等智慧化水平，確保情報指揮資訊系統持續健康發展。

專注是關鍵。 聚焦智慧指揮資訊系統關鍵能力，是智慧戰爭匯集優勢情報、以智取勝的重要基礎，是獲得智慧戰爭「制勝動力」的關鍵。 演算法、算力、數據不僅是人工智慧發展的內在驅動力和支撐，也是智慧指揮資訊系統的核心能力需求和優勢。 智慧指揮資訊系統的發展必須堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統的認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢； 加速以量子電腦為代表的下一代電腦研發，為智慧指揮資訊系統提供更強算力支撐。 深入挖掘海量作戰資料資源中更深層、更廣維度的資訊價值，尋求制勝先機。

集思廣益，攻堅克難。 智慧指揮資訊系統的建置與發展是軍事情報的重大工程之一。 它是一個多領域、多學科、多部門、多單位共同參與、高度整合、連結的工程。 智慧指揮資訊系統建置發展必須堅持團隊協作、集體智慧、開拓創新的精神，瞄準感測器、量子資訊、網路通訊、積體電路、關鍵軟體、大數據等策略性、前瞻性領域、人工智慧和區塊鏈。 堅持高新技術推廣與智慧化作戰需求，多領域、多層次、多形式深入進行研究交流，不斷突破、創新、迭代升級，使智慧化指揮資訊系統更加完善、更有智慧。

協同開發。 進一步推動智慧指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收本土先進技術成果，融入當前世界人工智慧創新發展趨勢。 目前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，累積了強勁的發展動力和技術優勢。 人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊。 是實現智慧指揮資訊系統建置與發展的重要途徑。 要研究制定通用技術標準，破除壁壘、破冰，暢通軍民合作，實現技術成果共享連動。 要透過協同訓練培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各崗位需求，充分發揮智慧指揮資訊系統的效能。

中國國防部資源： http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4917888.html