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What is China’s Organizational Form of the Military in the Era of Intelligence?

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智能化時代中國軍隊的組織形態是什麼？

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2019年4月18日 星期四

現代英語：

The organizational form of the military in the intelligent era is a military organizational form in which the military organizational system, scale structure, force composition and operation mode have the characteristics of the intelligent era, meet the requirements of intelligent warfare, and have an intelligent external manifestation and internal operation state. Since the 21st century, the armies of some developed countries have set off a new wave of intelligent military revolution in order to maintain their military leadership, and the war form has begun to accelerate from informationization to intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the ubiquitous cognitive domain and the broad-spectrum social domain, and the combat style has extended to unmanned combat, distributed combat and multi-domain combat. Close coupling of man and machine and flexible and autonomous combat have become the future trend, and the control of intelligence has evolved into the core control of battlefield competition. The world military competition around intelligence has begun, and it is urgent to adapt the organizational form of the military to it, calling for a new round of changes in the organizational form of the military.

The army will be streamlined. With the development of unmanned weapons and equipment based on artificial intelligence and its derivative technologies, the material basis of war and the face of combat forces will change greatly. Unmanned combat forces such as unmanned armored forces, unmanned fleets, and drone forces will soon enter the historical stage and dominate the battlefield in the future. It can be foreseen that an operator of an unmanned force can control several, dozens, or even hundreds of unmanned combat units to perform tasks that were originally completed by a unit, fleet, or fleet. The number of front-line combat personnel will drop significantly, while the number of personnel in the rear who are concerned about how to develop, use, and ensure intelligent equipment will increase sharply. At the same time, the evolution of intelligent technology will enable weapons and equipment to develop from passive use to active learning and deep learning. Autonomous planning, automatic updating, free action, and even self-repair will become the norm. The demand for personnel at all levels and types of combat command, construction management, and comprehensive support will be significantly reduced, further weakening the overall size of the army. Some traditional large-scale troops are facing “collective unemployment.” The ratio of combat personnel to weapons has undergone a historic reversal, with the proportion of combat personnel dropping significantly and the proportion of intelligent unmanned systems rising significantly. The overall appearance of the military will change to an intelligence-intensive, human-machine integrated type, and the weapons and equipment system will evolve from “firepower + information” to “firepower + intelligence”.

Integration of force structure. In the era of mechanized warfare, the prominent features of the military organization are the separation of services and self-development. The battlefield unfolds in the three domains of land, sea and air, and the boundaries of the services are clear. In the era of information warfare, the performance of weapons and equipment has been greatly improved. Each service has broken the original boundaries and gradually extended to other battlefields, ending the pattern of the three services monopolizing land warfare, sea warfare and air warfare respectively. The characteristics of the services have weakened, requiring unprecedented joint combat force systems. In the era of intelligent warfare, the winning mechanism has evolved from the precise release of information-controlled power to cognitive warfare, will warfare, swarm warfare, wolf pack warfare, etc. controlled by intelligence. “Unmanned, invisible, and silent” combat will become the main mode of war. The combination of people and land, sea and air equipment will give way to the combination of people and intelligent machines. The military structure has developed from the “land, sea and air” field organization to the “unmanned + manned” integrated force model divided by combat subjects. The fundamental change in combat style and the full-domain combat capability of weapons and equipment have brought subversive impacts on the traditional combat force organization structure, shaking the foundation of the existence of the services. The services are more integrated and will eventually achieve “integration”. At the same time, the boundaries of traditional battlefields are becoming increasingly blurred, the effects of war expansion are becoming more obvious, the degree of military-civilian integration is deepening, and more and more “soldiers without uniforms” are performing military tasks, which has a profound impact on the composition of traditional armies. The army’s organizational structure is rapidly developing towards a cross-border, cross-domain, and cross-generational mixed organization model.

Flexible command system. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of “human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness”. The situation on the intelligent battlefield is more complex, with all-dimensional and all-domain “hard kill” and “soft confrontation” intertwined and iterated. Multi-type and multi-channel battlefield information converges to form massive data, which poses severe challenges and higher requirements for the construction and operation of the command system. In terms of the establishment of the command system, the command chain evolves to the three levels of “strategic command organization-functional command organization-intelligent combat force”; the command organization personnel are more capable, and the staff seats will be replaced by “cloud brain” and “digital staff”. Commanders will mainly rely on intelligent command systems to analyze information, implement communication control, and process various types of intelligence. With the help of intelligent decision-making technologies such as intelligent recognition of graphic image processing, decision-making “optimization” algorithms, and deep neural networks, the quality of command decisions will be improved, and the shortest “decision-response” cycle will be achieved. In terms of the operation mode of the command system, more attention will be paid to following the human-machine interaction mode, and expanding the application and development of independent and autonomous command decisions by machines. We will promote the intelligence of command and control, use artificial intelligence to obtain useful, orderly, timely and accurate battlefield information data, greatly shorten the operational cycle of operational conception, task allocation, target attack, damage assessment, etc., and ensure that commanders can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and deal with battlefield situations, so that they can achieve the operational cycle characteristics of “man out of the loop”. In terms of the configuration of command system authority, commanders are required to actively delegate “power” and let machines replace humans to perform some command and decision-making functions. Some decision-making functions are embedded in machines through implanted programs, and machines are allowed to make autonomous decisions, while retaining the final decision-making power of humans on major matters.

Autonomous combat formation. In the era of information warfare, the external characteristics of combat formations are modularization and “plug and play”, and the formation of troops is quite different from combat formations. In the era of intelligent warfare, combat missions, combat targets, combat space, and combat styles are mixed and varied. The combat effectiveness is determined by the degree of integration between man and machine, requiring combat formations to be more flexible, elastic, and have autonomous adaptability. The emergence of intelligent unmanned forces provides the prerequisite for realizing the autonomous adaptability of combat formations. In 2015, the French army conducted a demonstration and verification of the “neuron” UAV, realizing autonomous formation flight. Several “neurons” can accept the command and control of a “Rafale” fighter at the same time, solving the formation control, information fusion, inter-machine data communication, and tactical decision-making technologies. It is not difficult to speculate that in the future, unmanned forces may have hundreds or thousands of unmanned combat units. Different combat units may have multiple functions such as “reconnaissance, control, attack, and evaluation”, and may also have multi-dimensional combat capabilities such as land, sea, air, space, network, and electricity. By differentiating these combat units into “machine-machine formations” and “man-machine formations”, they can perform tasks in different fields. At the same time, through preset rules, these combat units can also be autonomously organized according to changes in tasks, thereby achieving autonomous adaptability and flexible organization of combat units, and generating diversified combat capabilities that traditional forces do not have.

現代國語：

楊 震 蔣 艷

智能化時代軍隊組織形態，是軍隊組織體制、規模結構、力量編成和運行模式具備智能化時代特徵、符合智能化戰爭要求，具有智能化外在表現形式及內在運作狀態的一種軍隊組織形態。自21世紀以來，一些已開發國家軍隊為維持軍事領先優勢，掀起了新一輪智慧化軍事革命浪潮，戰爭形態開始由資訊化加速向智慧轉型。戰場空間從傳統物理域向泛在認知域、廣譜社會域拓展，作戰樣式向無人作戰、分散式作戰和多域作戰延伸，人機緊密耦合、靈活自主作戰成為未來趨勢，制智權演化為戰場爭奪的核心製權。圍繞智慧化的世界軍事競爭已拉開序幕，迫切要求軍隊組織形態與之相適應，呼喚新一輪軍隊組織形態變革。

軍隊規模精乾化。隨著基於人工智慧及其衍生技術的無人化武器裝備發展，戰爭的物質基礎和作戰力量面貌將發生極大變化。無人裝甲部隊、無人艦隊、無人機部隊等無人作戰部隊即將登上歷史舞台，成為未來戰場主宰。可以預見，無人部隊的一名操作手即可控制數個、數十個、甚至成百上千個無人作戰單元，去執行原來由一支部隊、機群或艦隊完成的任務，一線作戰人員規模將大幅下降，而後方圍繞如何發展、如何運用、如何保障智慧裝備的人員將急劇增加。同時，智慧技術的進化將使武器裝備從被動使用向主動學習、深度學習發展，自主規劃、自動更新、自由行動甚至自我修復成為常態，各級各類作戰指揮、建設管理、綜合保障等人員需求明顯減少，進一步削弱了軍隊整體規模，部分傳統規模化部隊面臨「集體失業」。戰鬥人員與武器編配比例出現歷史性逆轉，戰鬥人員比例大幅下降，而智慧化無人系統的比例大幅上升。軍隊整體面貌將向智力密集、人機融合型轉變，武器裝備體係由「火力+資訊」向「火力+智慧」方向演進。

力量結構一體化。機械化戰爭時代，軍隊組織形態的顯著特徵是軍種分立、自我發展，戰場在陸、海、空三域展開，軍種界限分明；資訊化戰爭時代，武器裝備性能極大提升，各軍種打破原有界限，逐漸向其他戰場延伸拓展，結束了三軍分別壟斷陸戰、海戰和空戰的格局，軍種特性弱化，要求作戰力量體系空前聯合化；智能化戰爭時代，制勝機理由信息控制的力量精確釋放演進到由智慧控制的認知戰、意志戰、蜂群戰、狼戰等，「無人、無形、無聲」作戰將成為戰爭主要模式，人與陸海空裝備組合將讓位給人與智慧機器組合，軍隊結構由「陸、海、空」領域編成向按作戰主體劃分的「無人+有人」一體化力量模式發展。作戰樣式的根本改變和武器裝備的全域作戰能力，對傳統作戰力量編成結構帶來顛覆性影響，動搖了軍種存在的根基，軍種更加一體化，終將實現「合而為一」。同時，傳統戰場邊界日益模糊，戰爭外擴效益明顯，軍民一體化程度加深，越來越多「不穿軍裝的戰士」執行軍事任務，對傳統軍隊構成帶來深刻影響，軍隊編成結構向著跨界、跨域、跨世代混合編組模式快速發展。

指揮體制靈活化。智慧化戰爭具有「人機融合，以快製慢」特點，智慧化戰場態勢更加複雜，全維全局「硬殺傷」「軟對抗」交織迭代，多類型多通路戰場資訊交匯形成海量數據，對指揮體制的建構及運作提出了嚴峻挑戰和更高要求。在指揮體制編制上，指揮鏈向「戰略指揮機構─職能指揮機構─智慧作戰力量」三級演進；指揮機構人員更加精幹，參謀席位將被「雲端大腦」「數位參謀」取代。指揮人員將主要依托智能化指揮系統進行資訊分析、實施通訊控制、處理各類情報，借助圖形影像處理智慧識別、決策「尋優」演算法以及深度神經網路等智慧決策技術提升指揮決策質量，實現最短“決策—反應”週期。在指揮體制運作模式上，更重視遵循人機互動模式，拓展機器獨立自主指揮決策的應用與開發。推進指揮控制智能化，利用人工智慧手段取得有用、有序、及時、準確的戰場資訊數據，大幅壓縮作戰構想、任務分配、目標打擊、毀傷評估等作戰週期，確保指揮官更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況，處置戰場態勢，使其實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環特性。在指揮體制權限配置上，要求指揮官主動放“權”，讓機器代替人類進行一部分指揮決策職能，將部分決策職能通過植入程序嵌入機器，交由機器進行自主決策，保留重大事項的人類最終決策權。

作戰編組自主化。在資訊化戰爭時代，作戰編組的外部特徵是模組化、“即插即用”，部隊編成與作戰編組差異較大。智慧化戰爭時代，作戰任務、作戰對象、作戰空間、作戰樣式混合多變，作戰效能由人與機器的融合程度所決定，要求作戰編組更加靈活、富於彈性、具備自主適應能力。智慧化無人部隊的產生，為實現作戰編組的自主適應提供了前提。 2015年，法軍進行了「神經元」無人機展示驗證，實現了自主編隊飛行，數架「神經元」可同時接受1架「陣風」戰鬥機的指揮控制，解決了編隊控制、資訊融合、機間數據通訊以及戰術決策等技術。不難推測，未來無人部隊可擁有數百上千個無人作戰單元，不同的作戰單元可具備「偵、控、打、評」等多種功能，還可具備陸、海、空、天、網、電等多維作戰能力，將這些作戰單元進行差異化“機機編組”“人機編組”，就能執行不同領域任務。同時，透過預設規則，這些作戰單元還可根據任務變化臨機自主編組，從而實現作戰單元自主適應、彈性編組，產生傳統部隊所不具備的多樣化作戰能力。

中國軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-04/18/content_231980.htm

#中國太空軍, #新興戰爭技術, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Space Force, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國太空軍, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military “new domains” and “new quality combat space force”?

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中國軍隊的「新領域」與「新素質作戰太空軍」？

現代英語：

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress proposed to increase the proportion of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. In today’s world, the war situation is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence, and a large number of advanced technologies are widely used in the military field. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have become the commanding heights of strategic competition among major powers and the key force to win the future. Developing new-domain and new-quality combat forces has become a priority option for the world’s military powers. Understanding what is “new” about new-domain and new-quality combat forces is of great value in clarifying ideas, building scientifically, and improving quality and efficiency.

New developments in space

The space domain is the attribute embodiment of the environment that combat forces rely on and the scope of influence. With the expansion of the scope of human activities and the development of national interests, the current military struggle space has exceeded the traditional land, territorial waters and airspace, and has continuously expanded to the deep sea, space, electromagnetic and other fields, and new domains and new types of combat forces have also emerged.

The scope of action has entered social cognition. The scope of action of new-domain and new-quality combat forces has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the social domain and cognitive domain. In the era of intelligence, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the expansion of the scope of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as biological cross-fertilization, brain science, and human-computer interface has promoted the deep penetration and high integration of intelligent network systems and human social activities. New situations and new means such as “intelligent deep forgery” and “fabrication of information manholes” have surfaced in large numbers, and the struggle in the social domain and cognitive domain has gradually evolved into a new domain and new “trend” for power games.

The activity space is more three-dimensional and diversified. Driven by advanced technology, new domain and new quality combat forces have broken through the traditional space of land, sea, air and space, and the scope of activities is more three-dimensional and diversified. The deep sea, space, underground, polar regions, etc. have become new territories for the competition of new domain and new quality combat forces, and have grown into a “new sector” for leveraging the combat space. In 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “National Defense Space Strategy”. Against the background of the establishment of an independent space force and space command in the United States, its space force has evolved into a synonym for comprehensive space capabilities that integrate military, political, economic, and diplomatic capabilities.

Battlefield dimensions emphasize high-level multi-dimensionality. New domain and new quality combat forces often achieve performance aggregation through high-level multi-dimensional deployment, which is very different from the battlefield deployment of conventional forces. With the extension of battlefield dimensions such as network and electromagnetic, the matrix distribution of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the traditional three-dimensional limitations and expanded to a high-level space of high-dimensional, full-dimensional, and large-scale joint. At the end of 2019, the US military launched the concept of “all-domain operations”, integrating space, network, electromagnetic and missile defense capabilities, claiming to compete with competitors in all possible conflict dimensions.

Winning mechanism highlights new changes

The winning mechanism contains the mechanism and principle of seizing the right to occupy and winning. At present, the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare is undergoing profound changes. The new domain and new quality combat force is precisely the “blade” that conforms to the evolution of the war form and conforms to the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare.

The focus of force confrontation is on dimensionality reduction and intelligence control. For new domain and new quality combat forces, data drive is the driving force of power, breaking the network chain is the focus of action, and dimensionality reduction and intelligence control is the focus of confrontation. New domain and new quality combat forces confront based on advanced algorithms and intelligent models, effectively drive key nodes such as cloud, terminal, and library of intelligent combat systems, and form intelligent advantages based on data resources. At the same time, focus on attacking weak links such as the enemy’s data chain system and mobile communication network, cut off the enemy’s cross-domain actions, and block its energy release.

The action path tends to be compound and iterative. Conventional combat forces generally achieve the expected effect through the superposition and accumulation of soft kill and hard destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces use compound iteration of action effects as an effective path for efficient energy release. In the process of action, it not only emphasizes the role of new forces and new means such as hypersonic, long-range precision, laser electromagnetic and high-power microwave, but also focuses on multi-domain effects such as comprehensive algorithm control, network point paralysis, electromagnetic confrontation, psychological offense and defense, and public opinion building, so as to achieve cross-domain release of combat effects, multi-domain resonance and iterative efficiency enhancement.

The game mode focuses on gray over-limit. Traditional combat forces often pursue the direct effect of damage and destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces pay more attention to gray over-limit battlefield games. The essence is to effectively reduce domains and control intelligence through non-military destruction, unconventional warfare and non-physical destruction in more fields, wider dimensions and wider ranges based on intelligent means and intelligent tools. It is reported that the US military has developed more than 2,000 computer virus weapons such as Stuxnet, Flame, and Shute, and has successfully used them in battlefields such as Syria and Iran. At present, the US military is striving to use projects such as the “National Cyber ​​​​Range” to continue to consolidate its dominant position.

New mutations emerge in science and technology

Science and technology have always been the most dynamic and revolutionary factor in military development. Entering the new century, leading, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies have shown a “spurting” growth and have become an important variable in promoting the development of new domains and new types of combat forces.

Mutations come from emerging technologies. Advanced technologies play a vital role in driving the development of combat forces. The core technologies that support new-domain and new-quality combat forces have been rapidly transformed from traditional categories to emerging fields. In today’s world, intelligent technology has made new progress, unmanned system technology has entered an explosive period, space confrontation technology has flourished, network combat technology has advanced in depth, new concept weapons technology has attracted much attention, and fusion technology has given birth to disruptive innovation. As the key to changing the rules of the war game, new-domain and new-quality combat forces must firmly grasp the “key to victory” of emerging technologies.

Mutations present cluster effects. Breakthroughs in advanced science and technology often have a decisive impact on the development of new domains and new types of combat forces. In the era of intelligence, the science and technology system is more complex and systematic, and the role of core and key technologies emphasizes cluster effects and overall emergence. At present, the world’s military science and technology presents an all-round, multi-domain, and deep-level development trend. Various professional directions are accelerating through multi-point breakthroughs, multi-party penetration, and deep integration. The key technologies that support new domains and new types of combat forces are also undergoing a transformation from single competition to cluster promotion.

Mutation favors integration and crossover. Advanced science and technology have a subversive effect of changing the rules of engagement and breaking the conventional path in promoting the development of new domain and new quality combat forces. Today, the development of cutting-edge technology is shifting from conventional disciplines to cutting-edge crossovers. Big crossovers, big integrations, and big breakthroughs have become the general trend. The world’s military powers have increased their investment in artificial intelligence, biological crossovers, advanced computing, hypersonics, and other directions, and have used integration and crossover as an effective way to innovate cutting-edge technologies, competing for the strategic commanding heights of the development of new domain and new quality combat forces.

New modes for weapons and equipment

Weapons and equipment have always been an effective carrier for combat forces to exert their effectiveness. The weapons and equipment of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have the characteristics of new technology, new functions, and new modes. They can effectively exert new-domain and new-quality combat capabilities, create a window of advantage, paralyze the opponent’s system, and form a shock effect.

Platform equipment focuses on intelligent unmanned. At present, the platform equipment of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the conventional manned control mode and accelerated the transformation to intelligent unmanned form. In recent years, based on the rapid application of intelligent unmanned technology, the full spectrum of unmanned platforms, intelligent equipment and unmanned swarms have experienced explosive growth. The US military’s “Global Hawk” and “Predator” drones have been put into actual combat in large numbers. The F-35 and the unmanned version of the F-16 continue to strengthen manned and unmanned collaboration through the “Loyal Wingman” program. The US military plans that drones will account for 90% of its air force aircraft equipment in the future.

The weapon system highlights heterogeneity and versatility. The integration of various types of data links, standards and waveforms provides a richer set of technical integration tools for the weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. The weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have changed the fixed state of individual operation and static combination, and put more emphasis on heterogeneous hinges and data conversion based on network information systems to quickly build cross-domain and cross-dimensional wide-area distributed weapon systems. In 2017, the US military proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, envisioning the use of dynamic distribution technology to transform the previously centralized and static weapon systems into heterogeneous and multi-functional ones.

The equipment system is more flexible and open. The equipment system of the new domain and new quality combat force has changed the structural mode of element series connection and unit parallel connection, becoming more flexible and open. With the help of “decentralized” design, the new domain and new quality combat force distributes the key functions of the equipment system nodes to each unit module, which can effectively avoid the passive situation of paralysis as a whole once a certain type or some key equipment is hit. In recent years, the US military has actively promoted the test and verification of “sewing” new electronic system integration technology, which is to accelerate the development of new information fusion and interoperability technologies.

New forms of force formation

Force organization is a form of deployment of combat forces, which directly affects the role and effectiveness of combat forces. New-domain and new-type combat forces have the characteristics of new force platforms, wide range of areas involved, innovative combat mechanisms, and sudden technological development. Force organization is significantly different from traditional forces.

The integration of elements emphasizes dynamic reconstruction. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have realized the dynamic reconstruction and cross-domain integration of combat elements, and promoted the transformation of combat elements from static matching to dynamic reconstruction. Based on the support of intelligent network information system, new-domain and new-quality combat forces can give full play to the derivative effectiveness of intelligent technology, and build a fusion iterative update mechanism of system elements based on autonomous and intelligent battlefield real-time command and control. Through heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules, iterative updates of system elements, reorganization and optimization of system structure, and evolutionary improvement of system capabilities can be achieved.

The unit architecture relies on cross-domain networking. The new domain and new quality combat force has achieved a leap from intra-domain combination to multi-domain aggregation of the unit architecture. Using advanced information network technology and based on mutually cooperative functional nodes, the new domain and new quality combat force can build a distributed “kill network” with good resilience to achieve wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. In the U.S. Army’s “Convergence Plan 2020” exercise, the “Firestorm” artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making system was able to achieve target input for the cutting-edge “Gray Eagle” drone within 20 seconds, and connect with attack weapons such as glide guided bombs, helicopters, and ground artillery.

The formation structure emphasizes human-machine hybrid. The new domain and new quality combat force has realized the transformation of the formation structure from manned to man-machine hybrid. The application of a large number of unmanned platforms and unmanned combat clusters enables the new domain and new quality combat force to rely on the intelligent combat system to form a heterogeneous and diverse open hybrid formation. Based on artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, various unmanned system platforms can autonomously build links and networks to generate multiple sets of combination plans. With the help of auxiliary decision-making tools, commanders can quickly select the best man-machine hybrid formation to achieve intelligent decision-making and unexpected victory.

現代國語：

黨的二十大報告提出，增加新域新質作戰力量比重。當今世界，戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變，大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用，新域新質作戰力量已成為大國戰略競爭的製高點和製勝未來的關鍵力量。發展新域新質作戰力量已成為世界軍事強國的優先選項。認清新域新質作戰力量到底「新」在哪裡，對於釐清思緒、科學抓建、提升質效具有重要價值。

空間領域出現新拓展

空間領域是作戰力量環境依賴和影響範圍的屬性體現。隨著人類活動範圍的擴大和國家利益的發展，當前軍事鬥爭空間已經超越傳統的領陸、領海和領空，不斷向深海、太空、電磁等領域拓展，新域新質作戰力量也隨之應運而生。

作用領域進入社會認知。新域新質作戰力量的作用領域已由傳統的物理域擴展進入社會域、認知域。智慧化時代，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術加速擴展作戰力量的影響領域。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機介面等技術的快速應用，促使智慧化網絡體係與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。 「智慧深度偽造」「編制資訊繭房」等新情況、新手段大量浮出水面，社會域、認知域的鬥爭已逐漸演變為力量博弈的新領域和新「風口」。

活動空間更加立體多元。在先進技術推動下，新域新質作戰力量已突破陸、海、空、天等傳統空間，活動範圍更加立體多元。深海、太空、地下、極地等都已成為新域新質作戰力量角逐比拼的新領地，並成長為撬動作戰空間的「新版塊」。 2018年，美國國防部發布《國防太空戰略》，在美國成立獨立太空軍和太空司令部的背景下，其太空力量已經演變成為集軍事、政治、經濟、外交等於一體的太空綜合能力代名詞。

戰場維度強調高階多維。新域新質作戰力量往往透過高層的多維布勢實現效能聚合，與常規力量的戰場部署表現出極大不同。隨著網絡、電磁等戰場維度的延展，新域新質作戰力量的矩陣分佈已突破傳統的三維限制，擴展到高立體、全維度、大聯合的高階空間。 2019年底，美軍推出「全域作戰」概念，將太空、網路、電磁和導彈防禦等能力整合，聲稱要與競爭對手在所有可能的沖突維度展開競爭。

制勝機理突顯新變化

制勝機理蘊含著搶佔制權、奪取勝利的機制和原理。當前，智慧化高端戰爭的製勝機理正在發生深刻改變，新域新質作戰力量恰恰正是順應戰爭形態演變、契合智能化高端戰爭制勝機理的「刀鋒」。

力量對抗聚焦降維制智。對新域新質作戰力量來說，數據驅動是力量的動力來源，破擊網鍊是作用的著力處，降維制智是對抗的聚焦點。新域新質作戰力量基於先進演算法和智慧模型對抗，有效驅動智慧化作戰體系雲、端、庫等關鍵節點，形成基於數據資源的智慧優勢。同時，注重打擊敵方數據鏈體系和行動通訊網等弱點，切斷敵跨域行動，阻隔其能量釋放。

作用路徑傾向複合迭代。常規作戰力量一般透過軟殺傷和硬摧毀的疊加累積達成預期效果，新域新質作戰力量則將作用效果的複合迭代作為高效釋能的有效路徑。作用過程中，其不僅強調發揮高超聲速、遠程精確、雷射電磁和高功率微波等新力量、新手段的作用，而且注重綜合演算法控制、網點毀癱、電磁對抗、心理攻防和輿論造勢等多域效果，以實現作戰效果的跨域釋放、多域共振和迭代增效。

博弈方式註重灰色超限。傳統作戰力量常常追求毀傷破壞的直接作用，新域新質作戰力量更重視灰色超限的戰場賽局。實質是基於智慧手段和智慧工具，在更多領域、更寬維度和更廣範圍，通過非軍事破壞、非常規作戰和非物理摧毀等作用方式，有效降域制智。據悉，美軍已研發出震網、火焰、舒特等2,000多種電腦病毒武器，並在敘利亞、伊朗等戰場成功使用。目前，美軍正力求藉助「國家網絡靶場」等項目，持續鞏固其優勢地位。

科學技術湧現新突變

科學技術一直以來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。進入新世紀，先導性、前衛性、顛覆性技術呈現「井噴式」成長，並成為推動新域新質作戰力量發展的重要變數。

突變源於新興科技。先進科技對作戰力量的產生發展具有至關重要的驅動作用，而支撐新域新質作戰力量的核心技術已由傳統範疇加速向新興領域轉變。當今世界，智慧技術取得新進展，無人系統技術進入爆發期，空間對抗技術蓬勃興起，網絡作戰技術向縱深推進，新概念武器技術備受關注，融合技術催生顛覆性創新。新域新質作戰力量作為改變戰爭遊戲規則的關鍵，必須緊緊扭住新興科技這把「勝利之鑰」。

突變呈現集群效應。先進科技的突破往往對新域新質作戰力量的發展有決定性影響。在智慧化時代，科技體系的複雜程度更高、系統性更強，核心和關鍵技術的作用發揮更加強調集群效應和整體湧現。當前，世界軍事科技呈現全方位、多領域、深層次的發展態勢，各專業方向透過多點突破、多方滲透和深度融合等方式加速推進，支撐新域新質作戰力量的關鍵技術也正在經歷由單項比拼向集群推動轉換。

突變青睞融合交叉。先進科技對於推動新域新質作戰力量發展，具有改變交戰規則、打破常規路徑的顛覆性效果。如今，前沿技術的發展正由常規學科延伸向前沿交叉轉移，大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為大勢所趨。世界軍事強國紛紛在人工智慧、生物交叉、先進計算、高超音波等方向加大投入，並將融合交叉作為前沿技術創新的有效途徑，爭相搶佔新域新質作戰力量發展的戰略制高點。

武器裝備呈現新模態

武器裝備一直以來都是作戰力量發揮效用的有效載體。新域新質作戰力量的武器裝備具有技術新、功能新、模態新等特點，可有效發揮新域新質作戰能力，創設優勢窗口，毀癱對方體系，形成震懾效應。

平台裝備側重於智慧無人。當前，新域新質作戰力量的平台裝備已經突破有人為主的常規操控模式，加速向智慧化無人形態轉變。近年來，基於智慧化無人技術的快速應用，全譜係無人平台、智慧裝備和無人蜂群迎來爆發性成長。美軍「全球鷹」「掠食者」等無人機已大量投入實戰，F-35與無人版F-16通過「忠誠僚機」計畫不斷強化有人無人協同。美軍規劃未來無人機將佔到其空軍飛機裝備量的90%。

武器系統突顯異構多能。多種類型的數據鏈、標準和波形的整合，為新域新質作戰力量的武器系統提供了更豐富的技術整合工具。新域新質作戰力量的武器系統改變了個體運行、靜態組合的固定狀態，更加強調基於網絡資訊體系的異構鉸鍊和數據轉換，以快速構建跨領域、穿維度的廣域分散式武器系統。 2017年，美軍提出「馬賽克戰」概念，設想藉助動態分佈技術將以往集中靜態的武器系統變得異構且多能。

裝備體系更彈性開放。新域新質作戰力量的裝備體系改變了要素串聯、單元並聯的結構化模式，變得更有彈性開放。透過「去中心化」設計，新域新質作戰力量將裝備體系節點的關鍵功能分散至各單元模塊，可有效避免一旦某類或某些重點裝備遭到打擊，整體陷入癱瘓的被動局面。近幾年，美軍積極推進「縫合」全新電子系統整合技術的試驗驗證，就是要加速研發新型資訊融合與互通技術。

力量編組顯現新樣態

力量編組是作戰力量編配的形式體現，直接影響作戰力量的角色發揮與效能釋放。新域新質作戰力量具有力量平台新生性、涉及領域廣泛性、作戰機理創新性和技術發展突變性等特徵，力量編組與傳統力量相比有著明顯不同。

要素融合強調動態重構。新域新質作戰力量實現了作戰要素的動態重構與跨域融合，推動了作戰要素由靜態搭配向動態重構的轉變。基於智慧化網絡資訊體系的支撐，新域新質作戰力量可充分發揮智慧技術的衍生效能，基於自主化、智慧化的戰場實時指揮控制，構建一種體係要素的融合式迭代更新機制。透過異構的功能要素和單元模塊，實現體係要素的迭代更新、體系結構的重組優化和體系能力的演進提升。

單元架構借助跨域組網。新域新質作戰力量實現了單元架構由域內組合向多域聚合躍升。利用先進的資訊網絡技術，基於相互協作的功能節點，新域新質作戰力量可構建具有良好韌性的分佈式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。在美陸軍「融合計畫2020」演習中，「火焰風暴」人工智慧輔助決策系統能夠在20秒鐘內實現前沿「灰鷹」無人機的目標輸入，並與滑翔導引炸彈、直升機、地面火砲等攻擊武器連接起來。

編組構成講求人機混合。新域新質作戰力量實現了編組構成由有人為主向人機混合轉變。大量無人平台和無人作戰集群的應用，使得新域新質作戰力量能夠依托智能化作戰體系，形成異構多樣的開放式混合編組。各類無人系統平台基於人工智慧與機器學習技術，自主建鏈組網，產生多套組合方案。指揮員借助輔助決策工具，可快速選定最優的人機混合編組，以實現智慧決策、出奇制勝。

來源：解放軍報 作者：劉海江 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-11-29

中國國防部原文資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4927208.html?big=fan

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

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中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語：

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文：

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明，戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代，世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化，其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下，智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術，並事先佈局，加強頂層設計和規劃引領，探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》：在首個年度報告》等文件中，詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃，並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年，美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢：評估與改進建議》中指出，美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題：與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態；美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何；哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源，以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年，俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示，人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革，俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作，早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件，從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》，旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中，強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》，這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握，主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結，作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代，作戰概念不僅是經驗概念，更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念，要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此，美陸軍先後發布《多域戰：21世紀合成兵種的發展（2025至2040）》《美國陸軍多域戰（2028）》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月，美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型：準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》，顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念，旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月，美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令，探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一，俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標，認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制，降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率，是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前，俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念，核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈，也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外，俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念，希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念，將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統，以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合，這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應，進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中，「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式，「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式，「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等，將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用，為武器加上“智慧大腦”，使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月，美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”，旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網，整合有人無人聯合編隊，加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具，支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構，提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外，美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目，研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作，開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法，也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力，高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心，注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心，計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室，用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目，確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用，以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心，主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室，英國設立了人工智慧實驗室，印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組，進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來，多國重視研發智慧武器裝備，無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前，美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同，人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰，2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統，進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域，展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作，計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中，Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器，除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外，還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外，日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, Strategic Support Forces, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

Chinese Military Analysis of Developing Intelligent Command Information Systems

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中國軍隊發展智慧指揮資訊系統的分析

現代英語：

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and control, and are the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and win the initiative in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form towards information-based intelligent warfare, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the era’s call for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information system will help to guide the construction direction of intelligent command information system and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war. In the future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and severe. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “control of intelligence” has become a new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important means of supporting future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the implementation of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of the intelligent command information system. The intelligent command information system will serve as the extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and realizing the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the combat victory mechanism. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat networks + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development and create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super-brainization” assists decision-making. In the future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, as an extension of the human brain, assist the commander’s work, and develop war decisions from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super-brainized command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent combat, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diversified, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will be accelerated. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situations will become the basis for commanders to make decisions, and multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situations will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future war situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be connected to the command and control platform and the weapon platform. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted connection to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and have played an important role in determining the direction of war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed disruptive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is led by humans, it gives machines a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous and coordinated combat according to the purpose of the operation.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the “intellectual power” struggle on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security technologies, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and strengthen intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concepts. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “building chimneys” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas that combine research, construction and use, formulate short-term, medium-term and long-term development strategies, and standardize the direction of system construction and development; adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the continuous and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of the next generation of computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources, and seek to gain the upper hand.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, pioneering and innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on high-tech promotion and intelligent combat demand. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, levels, and forms, continuously break through innovation, iterative upgrades, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and smarter.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. We must study and formulate general technical standards, demolish barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. We must cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

國語中文：

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智慧化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智慧化發展可助推戰爭形態朝向智能化演變，是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術與智慧技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡＋精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰，戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變，指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎，多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制，形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力，以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網絡防護策略，豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集儲存各類數據的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智慧化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協議和標準，形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持研建用相結合的系統研發思路，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化完善策略，不斷提升指揮控制、情報偵察、通信、資訊對抗和綜合保障等各分系統智能化水平，確保智能化指揮資訊系統持續健康發展。

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢；加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發，為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持；深度挖掘海量作戰資料資源中更深層次、更廣維度資訊價值，謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智慧化作戰需求拉動，開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流，不斷突破創新、迭代升級，使智慧化指揮資訊系統功能更加完善、更加智慧。

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4917788.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰

China’s Emphasis on Accelerating the Advancement of Military Intelligence

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中國重視加速軍事情報進步

現代英語：

Today, the world’s science and technology is brewing new breakthroughs. With the man-machine war as a symbol, the development of artificial intelligence has made significant progress and is accelerating its development into the military field, which will inevitably have an impact on the war situation and even a subversive impact. Therefore, our military must accelerate the promotion of military intelligence construction and accelerate the forging of an intelligent army.

Create intelligent theory. Create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristic laws, etc. of intelligent warfare; continuously innovate the tactics of intelligent warfare, such as intelligent cluster warfare, precise second-kill warfare, cognitive control warfare, intelligent ambush warfare, etc.; study and master the basic technical theories of intelligent warfare, including the perception and understanding of highly complex battlefield environments, human-machine hybrid intelligence in human-machine collaborative operations, etc. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory with “algorithm-centric warfare” as the core is very likely to replace the war theory with “network-centric warfare” as the core.

Reshape the intelligent form. Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. In the future intelligent warfare, along with the pace of new military reforms, the development trend of military organization will be built and developed in the direction of “globally distributed, networked matrix” leadership and management system, “algorithm-supported, human-machine integration” combat command system, “small and flexible, modular cluster” scale structure, and “military integration, military and civilian integration, traditional forces as the main body, intelligent forces as the backbone, unmanned and adaptive” force composition. The organizational structure of future intelligent warfare will be to form small, multi-functional, intelligent, new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military services.

Develop intelligent weapons. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support, covering land, sea, air, space, and network space domains, in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, and with high, medium, and low-end, large, medium, and small, long, medium, and short ranges, and enhance the system integration of various services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned operations to ensure that we can effectively conduct intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontations with the enemy.

Innovate intelligent training. At present, the concept and method of intelligent combat are constantly updated, and the training mode has changed from “mechanical + information” dominated to “intelligent +” dominated. Artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, can realistically simulate the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. Exploring new models of intelligent training and improving intelligent combat capabilities will become an important part of future military training and preparation. In particular, intelligent warfare and unmanned combat should be included in the training outline and carried out on a regular basis.

Cultivate intelligent talents. Talent is the first resource. The cultivation of artificial intelligence talents is the foundation for strengthening the country’s intelligent infrastructure. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of complexity, advancement, and humanization. It has the characteristics of decentralized combat command, de-division of combat processes, de-stratification of talent structure, high-end skill operation, research-based working methods, and fuzzification of the front and rear. Correspondingly, it also requires intelligent military talents to have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Therefore, to build an intelligent army and win intelligent warfare, it is first necessary to have a large number of specialized technical talents and command talents in the field of artificial intelligence.

Deepen intelligent integration. Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. In the tide of the intelligent era, we must focus on achieving integrated breakthroughs in the following disruptive technologies: around algorithm support, develop intelligent data mining technology for massive intelligence information and intelligent planning technology; around machine combat, develop intelligent chip technology and autonomous unmanned system technology; around intelligent decision-making, develop explainable high-reliability auxiliary decision-making technology, human-computer interaction and intelligent fusion technology; around extreme combat, develop intelligent cluster combat coordination technology and energy and information intelligent confrontation technology. Therefore, the research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also connect the development of social intelligence with that of military intelligence, draw on the mature technologies and successful experiences of social intelligence development, vigorously strengthen the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and processes.

國語中文：

當今世界科技正醞釀著新的突破，以人機大戰為標志，人工智慧發展取得重大進展，並加速向軍事領域發展，這必將對戰爭形態產生沖擊甚至顛覆性影響。因此，我軍必須加速推進軍事智慧化建設，加速鍛造智慧化軍隊。

創建智能化理論。創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論，深入研究智能化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特點規律等內容；不斷創新智能化戰爭的戰法，如智能集群戰、精確秒殺戰、認知控制戰、智能伏擊戰等；研究掌握智能化戰爭的技術基礎理論，包括高復雜戰場環境的感知與理解、人機協同作戰的人機混合智能等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論，極有可能取代以「網絡中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

重塑智能化形態。軍隊組織是聯結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶，也是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。在未來智慧化戰爭中，伴隨著新軍事變革的步伐，軍隊組織的發展趨勢，將按照領導管理體制「全局分散式、網絡矩陣式」、作戰指揮體制「演算法支撐、人機融合」、規模結構「小型靈巧、模塊集群」、力量編成「軍種融合軍民一體、傳統部隊為主體、智慧部隊為骨幹的無人化、自適應」方向建設發展。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將依戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種，組建不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊。

發展智能化武器。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要，搞好頂層設計和整體統籌，編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖，按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程，覆蓋陸、海、空、天和網絡等空間領域，作戰與保障相配套的智能化無人作戰裝備體系，增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。與此同時，應著眼無人和反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要，注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統，確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

創新智能化訓練。當前，智慧化作戰理念、作戰方式不斷更新，訓練模式由「機械+資訊」主導型向「智慧+」主導型轉變。人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境，能夠逼真地演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。探索智慧化訓練新模式，提升智慧化作戰能力，將成為未來練兵備戰的重要內容。特別是將智慧化戰爭和無人化作戰納入訓練大綱，常態化展開進行。

培養智能化人才。人才是第一資源。人工智慧人才的培養是加強國家智慧化基礎建設的根本。智慧化戰爭具有複雜性、超前性、類人化等特徵，存在作戰指揮去中心化、作戰過程去分工化、人才結構去分層化、技能操作高端化、工作方式研究化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點，相應也要求智慧化軍事人才具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識復合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特點。因此，建設智慧化軍隊，打贏智慧化戰爭，首要是擁有一大批人工智慧領域的專門技術人才和指揮人才。

深化智能化融合。人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破，是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。在智慧時代的浪潮中，要重點在以下顛覆性技術上取得融合突破：圍繞演算法支撐發展海量情報資訊智慧數據挖掘技術、智慧規劃技術；圍繞機器主戰發展智慧晶片技術、自主無人系統技術；圍繞智慧決策發展可解釋高可信賴輔助決策技術、人機互動與智慧融合技術；圍繞極限作戰發展智慧集群作戰協同技術、能量與資訊智慧對抗技術。因此，軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發，不僅要開展跨學科、跨領域協作創新，還要使社會智能化與軍事智能化發展對接並軌，借鑒社會智能化發展的成熟技術和成功經驗，大力加強軍民融合深度發展，推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李明海 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2019-10-08 10:39:28

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4852388.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 資料來源：中國外交部

打贏資訊化智慧化戰爭解放軍必須找到科技融合點推進戰術創新

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To Win The Information-based Intelligent War China’s People’s Liberation Army Must Find Science and Technology Integration Point To Evolve Innovation of Tactics

戰法，即作戰方法，指作戰中運用的策略和技術。 戰法創新，既要深謀“策”，也要鑽研“技”。 有“策”無“技”，心有餘而力不足；有“技”無“策”，雖用力而不得法。 既要有策略指導，又具備技術支撐，方能百戰百勝。 打贏資訊化智能化戰爭，開展以謀為先、以智取勝的戰法創新，必須「策」「技」並施，有效解決理論創新與技術應用脫節、作戰行動與技術路徑脫軌等問題。

思維認知「融」。 現代科技快速發展，正推動未來作戰向高端戰爭演進。 既要搶佔理論制高點，又要塑造技術新優勢，理技深度融合創新戰法，是製勝戰場的要訣。 軍人作為戰法創新的主體，必須深刻認知現代戰爭制勝機理，根植理技融合理念，拓展理技融合思維。 目前，兩個突出問題和傾向值得注意：一是科技素養不夠，容易導致對新的戰爭形態認識不深不透，僅憑以往經驗套路研究戰法，對作戰體系中哪些技術起作用、什麼技術 真管用、對敵形成技術優勢從何入手、與強敵存在哪些技術差、如何避免被敵技術壓制等知之不深，重戰法輕技術、重“智謀”輕“智能”，創新的戰法 看似管用，其實缺乏技術支撐，風險度大。 二是把握不准作戰需求，未來戰場景象描繪不夠清晰，雖然技術原理、制勝機理明白了，但對科技在作戰行動中的運用知之不夠，忽略了人的主觀能動性對作戰效能發揮起到的決定性 作用，重技術輕戰法，就技術研技術，或只鑽研技術性能而不考慮戰法運用，或只知技術功效卻不嘗試戰法創新。 凡此，應把指戰員學科技、懂科技、用科技與科技人員學軍事、懂打仗、研戰法統籌起來協調推進，建立戰技專家融合創新機制，對接研究制勝機理，協同嵌入理技融合理念 ，交互幫帶提升戰法創新素質，形成以作戰行動牽引科技運用、以科技運用支撐作戰行動的思想認識，厚實理技融合開展戰法創新的根基。

作戰設計「融」。 世界上從來沒有完全相同的兩場戰爭，戰法創新可以繼承借鑒，不能複製翻版。 目前，軍事理論創新步伐加快、先進科技發展日新月異，戰爭形態深刻變革，呈現出混合多元、變幻莫測的顯著特徵，顛覆性技術、創新性概念、重塑性理論層出不窮。 理技融合設計未來作戰，才能找準提升戰法創新的起點。 要以敢領世界先的勇氣突破思維定勢，用超前眼光、獨特視角創新作戰理論，開發並落地作戰概念，構想作戰場景，創新戰法打法，先把未來戰場的「底圖」勾勒 好，以此對接現代科技應用、牽引先進技術研發。 同時，設計未來作戰不能超越科技極限過於遙遠地“空想”，應立足於一定時期內的科技可行性，在具有現實或可預期科技運用支撐、擁有技術實現路徑的前提下創新戰法，將技術 阻斷、技術突襲、技術壓制、技術調控嵌入作戰行動。

技高一籌「融」。 在現代戰爭中，人是決定性因素的地位沒有變，而科技對戰爭勝負的影響更加凸顯，爭奪科技勝勢在很大程度上決定戰爭勝負，必須始終把科技運用嵌入作戰鏈條、貫穿作戰全程 ，以技術效應支撐戰法運用，以技術優勢驅動作戰效能發揮。 當前，戰法創新中的理技融合，主要矛盾並非技術中少理論，而是理論中缺乏技術，最迫切的是著力推進前沿科技向作戰理論融合滲透。 要加強以武器裝備平台為依託的實質融合，著眼於最大限度地啟動作戰效能，廣泛進行基於行動效能釋放的裝備作戰運用研究、裝備作戰試驗鑑定，透過模擬推演、數據分析來偵測作戰行動的有效性 ，以「數算」驗證「勝算」。 要加強基於作戰任務選擇「最優解」技術手段的深度性融合，從研究作戰對手、確定行動方法，到擬製作戰預案、組織對抗演訓，都要充分考慮敵我技術力量對比，貫徹非對稱 作戰思想，把以優制劣、避強擊弱作為基本原則，謀求技術壓制並防敵壓制，謀求技術阻斷並防敵阻斷，謀求技術顛覆並防敵顛覆，最大限度發揮技術優勢，竭 全力限制敵方技術發揮，以此塑造有利態勢、支撐戰法運用。

集智聚力「融」。 資訊化智能化時代，不論是理論研究，或科技創新，都呈現出開放連結、交叉滲透的顯著特徵。 理技融合進行戰法創新，開放共享是重要的成長點。 推進人機一體式戰法創新，人出智謀、機器來算，以算的結果反推修訂戰法成果，在人機交互中實現理技融合；推進指技人才團隊式戰法創新，組建“ 科學家+指揮官」「戰鬥員+技術員」混合群體，實行聯調聯試、聯演聯訓、聯算聯謀，以戰法的科學性、技術的先進性謀求聯戰聯勝；推進開源眾 籌式戰法創新，軍內軍外結合，線上線下互動，以更開闊的視野、更靈活的形式，集中廣大官兵和各類專業化人才的聰明智慧，開展戰法創新領域的「創客 ”活動，發展匯聚新戰法“資源池”“成果庫”，以實現理技融合的最大效益。

實踐迭代“融”。 理論成果在實務運用中得到檢驗和昇華，科技手段在作戰行動中顯現功能與效益。 戰法創新非一日之功，理技融合也應迭代進步、滾動發展。 要注重整合應用資訊科技與智慧技術，虛擬構設未來作戰景象，在感觸與體驗智慧化作戰環境中創新戰法；要深入開展戰法創新成果虛擬模擬論證，透過虛擬實驗、模擬檢驗，充分驗證 戰法設計的可行性、作戰行動的有效性；要結合演訓活動進行技術性能檢測，透過武器裝備與資訊系統的聚能與釋能實際狀況分析，充分檢驗技術應用的功效與缺陷所在。 從而，在複盤研討、反覆論證、資料檢驗中動態發現與解決問題，理論不適用的修改理論，技術行不通的升級技術，讓戰法引進新領域技術，讓技術顛覆傳統式戰法，實現 技戰一體有機結合，持續推動戰法創新螺旋上升滾動發展。

Modern English:

Find the integration point of theory and technology for innovative tactics

Tactic, that is, combat methods, refers to the strategies and techniques used in combat. To innovate tactics, we must not only think deeply about “strategies”, but also study “techniques”. If there is “strategy” but no “skill”, the mind will be more than sufficient but the strength is insufficient; if there is “skill” but no “strategy”, no matter how hard you try, you will not be able to achieve the goal. It requires both strategic guidance and technical support to be victorious in every battle. To win information-based and intelligent wars and carry out strategic innovation that puts strategy first and wins by outsmarting, we must implement both “policy” and “technique” to effectively solve problems such as the disconnect between theoretical innovation and technological application, and the derailment of combat operations and technological paths.

“Integration” of thinking and cognition. The rapid development of modern science and technology is promoting the evolution of future combat to high-end warfare. It is necessary to seize the theoretical commanding heights and create new technological advantages. In-depth integration of science and technology and innovative tactics are the keys to victory on the battlefield. As the main body of innovation in tactics, military personnel must have a deep understanding of the winning mechanism of modern warfare, root the concept of integrating science and technology, and expand the thinking of integrating science and technology. At present, two outstanding problems and tendencies are worth noting: First, insufficient scientific and technological literacy, which can easily lead to an in-depth understanding of new forms of warfare. Only relying on past experience and routines to study tactics, and which technologies are effective and which technologies in the combat system. I don’t know much about how effective it is, where to start to form a technological advantage over the enemy, what are the technical differences with powerful enemies, how to avoid being suppressed by the enemy’s technology, etc. We emphasize tactics over technology, emphasis on “wisdom” over “intelligence”, and innovative tactics. It seems to work, but in fact it lacks technical support and is highly risky. The second is that the combat needs are not accurately grasped, and the future battlefield scene is not clearly described. Although the technical principles and winning mechanisms are understood, the application of science and technology in combat operations is not known enough, and the decisive role of human subjective initiative in combat effectiveness is ignored. Function, focusing on technology over tactics, researching technology based on technology, or only studying technical performance without considering the application of tactics, or only knowing the efficacy of technology without trying to innovate tactics. In this regard, officers and soldiers should learn, understand, and use science and technology and science and technology personnel should learn military affairs, understand warfare, and study warfare methods in a coordinated and coordinated manner, establish an integration and innovation mechanism for combat technology experts, conduct joint research on winning mechanisms, and collaboratively embed the concept of science and technology integration , interactively help and improve the quality of tactical innovation, form an ideological understanding that combat operations drive the application of science and technology, and use science and technology application to support combat operations, and lay a solid foundation for integrating theory and technology to carry out tactical innovation.

Combat design “integration”. There are never two identical wars in the world. Innovation in tactics can be inherited and learned from, but cannot be copied. At present, the pace of military theoretical innovation is accelerating, advanced science and technology are developing at a rapid pace, and the form of warfare is undergoing profound changes, showing the distinctive characteristics of being mixed, diverse, and unpredictable. Subversive technologies, innovative concepts, and reshaping theories are emerging one after another. Only by integrating science and technology to design future operations can we find and improve the starting point for tactical innovation. We must have the courage to lead the world and break through the stereotypes, use forward-looking and unique perspectives to innovate combat theories, develop and implement combat concepts, conceive combat scenarios, innovate tactics, and first outline the “base map” of the future battlefield. Well, in this way, we can connect the application of modern science and technology and promote the research and development of advanced technology. At the same time, the design of future operations cannot be too far-fetched and “utopian” beyond the limits of science and technology. It should be based on the feasibility of science and technology within a certain period of time, and on the premise of having the support of realistic or foreseeable technology application and having a path for technological implementation, innovate tactics and integrate technology. Interdiction, technological surprise, technological suppression, and technological control are embedded in combat operations.

“Integration” with superior skills. In modern wars, the status of people as the decisive factor has not changed, but the impact of technology on the outcome of wars has become more prominent. The fight for technological victory determines the outcome of wars to a large extent. The use of science and technology must always be embedded in the combat chain and throughout the entire combat process. , use technical effects to support the application of tactics, and use technical advantages to drive combat effectiveness. At present, the main contradiction in the integration of theory and technology in the innovation of tactics is not the lack of theory in technology, but the lack of technology in theory. The most urgent thing is to promote the integration of cutting-edge technology into combat theory. It is necessary to strengthen the substantive integration based on weapons and equipment platforms, focus on activating combat effectiveness to the maximum extent, carry out extensive research on the combat application of equipment based on operational effectiveness release, equipment combat testing and identification, and test the effectiveness of combat operations through simulation deductions and data analysis. , verify the “probability of winning” with “number calculations”. It is necessary to strengthen the in-depth integration of technical means to select “optimal solutions” based on combat tasks. From studying combat opponents and determining action methods to formulating combat plans and organizing confrontation exercises, we must fully consider the technical strength comparison between the enemy and ourselves, and implement asymmetric The operational philosophy takes the superiority of the inferior and the avoidance of the strong to attack the weak as the basic principle, seeks technological suppression and prevents the enemy from suppressing it, seeks technological blockage and prevents the enemy from blocking it, seeks technological subversion and prevents the enemy from subverting it, maximizes the use of technological advantages, and does everything possible. Make every effort to limit the enemy’s technological performance in order to create a favorable situation and support the use of tactics.

Gather wisdom and strength to “integrate”. In the era of informationization and intelligence, both theoretical research and scientific and technological innovation show the remarkable characteristics of open linkage and cross-penetration. The integration of science and technology carries out strategic innovation, and open sharing is an important growth point. Promote the innovation of man-machine integrated tactics, where people use their ingenuity and machines do calculations, and use the calculation results to revise the results of tactics, and realize the integration of science and technology in human-computer interaction; promote the innovation of team-based tactics for finger-technical talents, and form a ” A mixed group of “scientists + commanders” and “combatants + technicians” implements joint debugging and testing, joint exercises and training, and joint calculations and calculations, and seeks joint victory with the scientific nature of tactics and advanced technology; promotes open source and mass Tactics innovation, integration within and outside the military, online and offline interaction, with a broader vision and more flexible form, pool the wisdom of officers and soldiers and various professional talents to carry out “makers” in the field of tactics innovation “Activities, develop and gather new tactics “resource pools” and “results libraries” to achieve maximum benefits from the integration of science and technology.

Practice iterative “integration”. Theoretical achievements have been tested and sublimated in practical applications, and scientific and technological means have demonstrated their functions and benefits in combat operations. Innovation in tactics is not something that can be accomplished in a day, and the integration of science and technology should also be iteratively progressed and developed on a rolling basis. It is necessary to focus on the integrated application of information technology and intelligent technology, to virtually construct future combat scenarios, and to innovate tactics while feeling and experiencing the intelligent combat environment; it is necessary to carry out in-depth virtual simulation demonstrations of the innovative results of tactics, and fully verify them through virtual experiments and simulation tests. The feasibility of tactical design and the effectiveness of combat operations; technical performance testing must be carried out in conjunction with drills and training activities, and the efficacy and flaws of technical applications must be fully tested by analyzing the actual energy collection and release of weapons, equipment and information systems. Therefore, problems can be discovered and solved dynamically during review discussions, repeated demonstrations, and data testing, and we can modify theories where the theory is not applicable and upgrade technologies where technology is not feasible, so that tactics can introduce new field technologies, and technology can subvert traditional tactics and achieve success. The organic combination of technology and combat continues to promote the spiral and rolling development of tactical innovation.

中國國防部原文來源: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/888沒有湯適合你.html

中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 認知領域操作, 資料來源：中國外交部

透過智慧戰爭洞察中國軍隊打贏戰爭的演變

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Insight into Chinese Military’s Evolution of Winning Wars through the use of Intelligent Warfare

引言

軍事理論家常說，勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑。 近年來，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅速，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變，與之相應的戰爭觀也正在發生嬗變。 及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強打弱”到“以智制拙”

「強勝弱敗」是帶有一定普遍性的戰爭制勝法則。 即使是那些以弱勝強的戰例，往往也必須在局部和特定時段形成對敵的力量優勢才能真正取勝。 在智慧化戰爭時代，智力優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素。

在智慧化戰爭對抗中，人的智慧廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全域多維、各種類型的智慧化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求建構作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰， 任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智慧自主趨勢。 智慧程度更高更強的一方，能夠更好地開發和運用「以智制拙」機理，甚至據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。 也要看到，智慧化戰爭時代很可能存在由低到高的多個發展階段，盡可能讓自己處於高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維度的階段，也是以高打低「智勝」機理 的運用。

從“消滅力量”到“摧毀認知”

隨著戰爭形態加速向智慧化演進，作戰空間逐漸由物理域、資訊域拓展至認知域，以有形戰場擴展到無形戰場，由人的精神和心理活動構成的認知空間已成為新的作戰 空間。 與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智能化戰爭將更著重於削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的認知。

透過智慧分析對手的性格偏好、心理特徵、決策習慣，可有針對性地「量身定制」威懾訊息，利用智慧化等前沿技術優勢，以形象逼真的方式向對手展現強大實力，使焦慮、猜疑 、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致不攻自破。 被譽為「新石油」的大數據在豐富情報來源的同時，也成為作用於對手認知的重要「武器」。 透過對大數據進行加工處理，並刻意“洩露”給對手，將給其製造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知迷茫的境地。 在智慧化戰爭中，圍繞著攻心奪誌所展開的鬥爭博弈將更加激烈，而佔據認知優勢的一方將比對方先勝一籌，更加容易掌握主動、先機。

從“以人為主”到“人機協同”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織與運用均以人為主。 隨著智慧技術的廣泛應用，無人裝備的比例不斷提高。 在智慧化戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機融合、優勢互補。 外軍提出的第三次「抵銷戰略」將人機協作等作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的「忠誠僚機」等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。 可以預見，人機協同將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量進行立體多維的戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量即時提供情報支援；利用無人平台攜帶中繼負荷，可為有人作戰力量持續提供通訊中繼支援；利用無人作戰力量深入 前方戰場，可吸引敵方攻擊，迫敵暴露位置，為有人作戰力量提供目標引導和火力支援；利用無人運輸裝備為前線提供物資補給，可提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少非必要的 人員傷亡。 在人工智慧的輔助下，有人作戰力量與無人作戰力量將在數量規模、功能作用等方面實現科學分工與合理搭配，從而使整體效能最大化。

從“以大吃小”到“以快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要透過增加兵力數量來彌補在裝備性能等方面的短板。 “兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速OODA殺傷鏈循環 ，使「發現即摧毀」成為可能。

高超音波飛彈、雷射武器、微波武器、電磁脈衝武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向「秒殺」。 在海灣戰爭中，OODA環的迴路時間需要3天；在伊拉克戰爭中，迴路時間已縮短至10分鐘以內；而在敘利亞戰爭中，迴路已幾乎實現了近實時。 在智慧化戰爭中，利用察打一體無人平台對敵方的核心指揮所、高層指揮官等高價值目標進行快速定點清除，將使對方還來不及反應就遭受重創，甚至面臨癱瘓的險境。 可見勝利不一定眷顧軍力規模龐大的一方，行動迅速而精準的一方將更有可能贏得戰場先機。 根據統計，人工智慧應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400倍以上。 面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於借助人工智慧技術實現指控係統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指控模式由“人在環路上”轉變為“人在環路外”，從而在減輕 指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和執行任務的成功率。

從“整合製勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備發展概念是將大量資金投入到高度整合的高精尖武器平台研發中，以期在戰爭中憑藉代際優勢和性能優勢實現對敵方的降維打擊。 然而，開發部署多功能高階平台不僅需要耗費大量的時間和經費，當把多個軟硬體模組整合到單一武器平台時，還可能出現彼此之間不相容的情況。 一旦該平台被摧毀，將造成重大損失。 人工智慧等顛覆性技術的軍事應用促使無人群聚快速發展。 無人集群具有數量規模大、綜合成本低、去中心化等優勢，無人平台之間相互協調、分工合作，可自主決策並有組織地執行作戰任務，即使部分無人平台被毀，也不 影響整體作戰效能。 外軍提出的「決策中心戰」「馬賽克戰」等作戰概念，即著眼利用無人集群完成作戰任務。 在智慧化戰爭中，透過將偵察監視、資訊通聯、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，建構高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，然後根據任務 需要對組合方式進行調整，將使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手製造極大的不確定性，進而把對手困在OODA環的判斷環節，無法做出有效決策。 此外，由於無人集群數量龐大，可使對手的探測、跟踪、攔截能力迅速達到飽和，對手因無法摧毀集群中的所有無人平台，而不得不面臨防禦工事失效的困境。

從“軍事主導”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段使敵方屈服於己方意志，通常具有較強的戰爭強度，平時與戰時界線分明。 隨著軍事鬥爭領域向太空、網路、智慧等新型領域不斷拓展，以及經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用不斷凸顯，智能化戰爭將在「灰色地帶」為代表的多個領域 以「多管齊下」的形式展開。 戰爭強度可能會減弱，平戰界線將更加模糊。 無論是2019年沙烏地阿拉伯油田因遭到無人機攻擊而導致一半石油停產，或是2021年美國最大輸油管因遭遇網路攻擊而導致大面積油料短缺，各類新型攻擊手段所帶來的深遠影響均 不可小覷。

隨著智慧化技術的發展成熟，綜合運用多種手段對對手的工業、交通、金融、通訊、能源、醫療等設施和網路發動的攻擊將更加普遍。 智慧化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能採取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網路戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，使對手疲 於應付。

從“實戰驗兵”到“實驗演兵”

在傳統條件下，由於缺乏科學的模擬模擬與評估工具，因此只有在實戰中才能檢驗出軍隊的真實能力。 在智慧化條件下，利用虛擬實境技術可基於實際的戰場環境和任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景。 該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度對武器裝備等客觀事物進行還原，還能模擬大霧、大雨和暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，以可視化的形式展現戰場的地形、氣象、水文 、電磁、核化等訊息，接近戰場的真實狀況。

根據現實中敵方的特徵設定虛擬環境中的假想敵，並對戰局的可能走向進行智慧模擬仿真，可使官兵在正式開戰前就已在虛擬實境中數次「親歷」戰爭，從而對裝備性能 、戰爭節奏、敵我情況都了然於胸，在執行現實任務時將更加游刃有餘。 在伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍曾秘密開發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦遊戲，在派遣到伊拉克執行任務的人員中，接受過遊戲訓練的人員生存率高達90%。 隨著現實中收集到的數據不斷豐富完善，虛擬戰場的搭建將更加逼真，對戰場態勢的走向預測將更加準確，關於演習的綜合評估將更加可信，敵對雙方都力圖通過智能推演即可預先 獲知戰爭結果，將可能出現不戰或小戰就「屈人之兵」的情況。

Modern English:

Insight into the evolution of the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare

■Xie Kai, Zhang Dongrun, Liang Xiaoping

introduction

Military theorists often say that victory tends to smile on those who can foresee changes in the character of warfare, rather than on those who wait for changes to occur and then adapt. In recent years, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence have developed rapidly and are widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of war into intelligence. Correspondingly, the concept of war is also changing. Only by discovering changes in a timely manner, proactively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we remain invincible in future wars.

From “using the strong to defeat the weak” to “using wisdom to control the weak”

“The strong wins and the weak loses” is a certain universal law for winning wars. Even in those battles in which the weak defeat the strong, it is often necessary to form a strength advantage over the enemy locally and at a specific period of time in order to truly win. In the era of intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intelligence superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than other factors.

In intelligent warfare, human intelligence has widely penetrated into the combat field and been transplanted into weapon systems. All-domain, multi-dimensional, and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build combat systems based on mission requirements, and independently implement collaborative operations. After the mission ends, it quickly returns to the ready-to-fight state, showing a trend of intelligent autonomy. The side with higher and stronger intelligence can better develop and use the “wisdom to control” mechanism, and even design wars based on this, dominate the development of the war situation, and achieve final victory. It should also be noted that in the era of intelligent warfare, there are likely to be multiple stages of development from low to high. Try to keep yourself in an advanced stage and attack the opponent to a low-dimensional stage. This is also the mechanism of “outsmarting” by using high to defeat low. application.

From “destroying power” to “destroying cognition”

As the form of war accelerates to evolve towards intelligence, the combat space gradually expands from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, and extends from the tangible battlefield to the invisible battlefield. The cognitive space composed of human spirit and psychological activities has become a new combat space. space. Different from the main purpose of traditional war, which is to eliminate the enemy’s physical strength, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s cognition.

By intelligently analyzing the opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrence information can be “tailored” in a targeted manner, and the advantages of cutting-edge technologies such as intelligence can be used to demonstrate powerful strength to the opponent in a realistic way, making anxiety and suspicion Emotions such as fear and fear continued to ferment within it, eventually leading to its self-defeat. Big data, known as the “new oil”, not only enriches the source of intelligence, but also becomes an important “weapon” that affects the opponent’s cognition. By processing big data and deliberately “leaking” it to the opponent, a new “fog of war” will be created for it, making it fall into a state of cognitive confusion. In intelligent warfare, the struggle for the heart and mind will become more intense, and the party with the cognitive advantage will be better than the other party, making it easier to seize the initiative and take advantage of opportunities.

From “people-oriented” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and use of military force are dominated by people. With the widespread application of smart technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment continues to increase. In intelligent warfare, combat tasks will be completed by man-machine collaboration, and the two will achieve organic integration and complementary advantages. The third “offset strategy” proposed by foreign military forces focuses on human-machine collaboration as a key technology for development. Concepts such as “loyal wingman” proposed by them are also aimed at exploring the realization of manned/unmanned collaborative operations. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play an important role in future wars.

The use of unmanned reconnaissance forces to carry out three-dimensional and multi-dimensional battlefield situation awareness can provide real-time intelligence support for manned combat forces; the use of unmanned platforms to carry relay loads can continuously provide communication relay support for manned combat forces; the use of unmanned combat forces can provide in-depth The forward battlefield can attract enemy attacks, force the enemy to expose their positions, and provide target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; using unmanned transportation equipment to provide material supplies to the front line can improve logistics support efficiency, reduce transportation costs, and reduce unnecessary Casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces will achieve scientific division of labor and reasonable coordination in terms of quantity, scale, functions, etc., thereby maximizing overall effectiveness.

From “eating the small with the big” to “eating the slow with the fast”

In traditional wars, it is often necessary to increase the number of troops to make up for shortcomings in equipment performance and other aspects. “Soldiers love the main speed”, the rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and weapon strike accuracy, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command decision-making, fire strikes, damage assessment, and accelerated the OODA kill chain cycle , making “discovery and destruction” possible.

New rapid-kill weapons such as hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, and electromagnetic pulse weapons have further pushed the pace of war to “instant kill.” In the Gulf War, the loop time of the OODA loop took 3 days; in the Iraq War, the loop time has been shortened to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop time has almost achieved near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the use of unmanned platforms that integrate surveillance and combat to quickly and precisely eliminate high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command posts and high-level commanders will cause the opponent to suffer heavy damage before it has time to respond, and may even face the danger of paralysis. It can be seen that victory does not necessarily favor the side with large military strength. The side that moves quickly and accurately will be more likely to gain the upper hand on the battlefield. According to statistics, the reaction time required for artificial intelligence to respond to battlefield changes is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. Faced with the ever-changing battlefield situation, people will be more inclined to use artificial intelligence technology to realize adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making of the command and control system, so that the command and control mode changes from “people on the loop” to “people outside the loop”, thereby mitigating the While reducing the burden on command personnel, it can improve combat efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Integration to Win” to “Cluster to Win”

The traditional equipment development concept is to invest a large amount of money in the research and development of highly integrated, sophisticated weapon platforms, in order to achieve dimensionality reduction against the enemy by virtue of generational advantages and performance advantages in war. However, the development and deployment of multi-functional high-end platforms not only requires a lot of time and money, but when multiple software and hardware modules are integrated into a single weapon platform, there may also be mutual incompatibility. Once the platform is destroyed, significant losses will occur. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has promoted the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned clusters have the advantages of large scale, low overall cost, and decentralization. The unmanned platforms coordinate with each other, divide labor and cooperate, and can make decisions independently and carry out combat tasks in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, there will be no Affect overall combat effectiveness. The operational concepts such as “decision-centered warfare” and “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign military forces focus on using unmanned swarms to complete combat missions. In intelligent warfare, by dispersing reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, fire strike and other functions into a large number of unmanned combat units with single functions, a highly robust and elastic “kill network” is constructed, and then based on the mission The combination method needs to be adjusted, which will allow it to emerge with powerful group intelligence, creating great uncertainty for the opponent, thereby trapping the opponent in the judgment link of the OODA loop and unable to make effective decisions. In addition, due to the large number of unmanned swarms, the opponent’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities can quickly reach saturation. Because the opponent cannot destroy all unmanned platforms in the swarm, the opponent has to face the dilemma of defense failure.

From “military dominance” to “diversified mixture”

Traditional war mainly relies on violent means to make the enemy succumb to one’s own will. It usually has a strong war intensity and has a clear boundary between peacetime and wartime. As the field of military struggle continues to expand into new fields such as space, network, and intelligence, and the role of economic, cultural, diplomatic, legal and other means in war continues to become more prominent, intelligent warfare will be carried out in many fields represented by “grey zones” In the form of “multi-pronged approach”. The intensity of war may weaken, and the boundaries between peace and war will become more blurred. Whether it is the Saudi oil fields that were attacked by drones in 2019, which caused half of its oil production to cease, or the largest oil pipeline in the United States that suffered a cyber attack in 2021, which caused a large-scale oil shortage, the far-reaching impact of various new attack methods has been Not to be underestimated.

As intelligent technology develops and matures, it will become more common to use a variety of means to launch attacks on opponents’ industrial, transportation, financial, communications, energy, medical and other facilities and networks. The threshold for intelligent warfare will show a downward trend, and warring parties may resort to undeclared warfare to launch hybrid wars that integrate economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare and other styles to tire out their opponents. To cope.

From “actual combat test” to “experimental exercise”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of the military can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong three-dimensional sense and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. This scene can not only restore objective things such as weapons and equipment from multiple dimensions such as sound, appearance, and performance, but can also simulate various severe weather such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and blizzards, and visually display the terrain, meteorology, and hydrology of the battlefield. , electromagnetic, nuclear and other information, close to the real situation on the battlefield.

Setting the imaginary enemy in the virtual environment based on the characteristics of the enemy in reality and conducting intelligent simulation of the possible direction of the war situation can enable officers and soldiers to “experience” the war several times in virtual reality before the official war begins, thereby having a better understanding of the performance of the equipment. , the rhythm of war, and the situation between ourselves and the enemy are all clear, and you will be more comfortable when performing realistic tasks. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the US military secretly developed a computer game that simulated the combat environment in Baghdad. Among the personnel sent to perform tasks in Iraq, the survival rate of those who received game training was as high as 90%. As the data collected in reality continue to be enriched and improved, the construction of the virtual battlefield will become more realistic, the prediction of the direction of the battlefield situation will be more accurate, and the comprehensive assessment of the exercise will be more credible. Both sides of the enemy will strive to predict the situation through intelligent deduction. Knowing the outcome of the war, it may be possible to “subdue the enemy’s troops” without fighting or with a small battle.

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

中國軍隊做好戰爭準備，科學研究旨在實現戰場統治

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Chinese Military Readies for War with Scientific Research Designed to Achieve Domination on the Battlefield

4月下旬，軍事科學院戰爭研究院順利完成上報兩項作戰重大問題研究工程的立項論證建議書。 這是研究院著眼履行核心職能，科研攻關始終瞄準備戰打仗的具體實踐。

戰爭研究院是全軍專門研究戰爭、設計戰爭的科學研究機構。 作為新組成單位，大項任務多、臨時任務多、論證申報任務多是他們科學研究工作的主要特徵。 年初，針對人少事急、科研任務壓茬推進的實際情況，該研究院黨委對照戰鬥力標準，把旨在強軍勝戰的科研工作擺在重要位置。 他們依據備戰急需、打仗急用、部隊急盼的標準，調整確立了戰爭與作戰問題研究、條令法規編排等方向的重點科研任務，壓減了10餘項偏離主責主業的課題，新增 了一批戰爭形態、作戰風格等聚焦備戰打仗的課題研究。 該研究院領導介紹，院黨委要求班子成員在重大科研任務中既掛帥又出征，做到主要精力向重點任務投放，力量配備、經費支持等向作戰研究傾斜。

同時，研究院持續深化「小核心、大外圍」協同攻關，不斷創新科學研究組織模式。 他們在研究院內部進行軍事理論人員和軍事科技人員「捆綁式」研究，打通科研壁壘；與軍事醫學研究院、國防工程研究院等兄弟單位互派專家參與重大專案研究，實現優勢互補；組織科研 人員參加各類重大演訓活動，找準科研需求；舉辦多邊軍事交流活動，使科研人員及時了解最新軍事科技動態。 此外，他們也積極與地方科研院所合作，將地方優質科研資源為己所用，形成研究戰爭、設計戰爭、運籌戰爭、驗證戰爭的閉合迴路。

去年以來，該研究院先後完成百餘項科研課題，在核心作戰概念開發、聯合作戰實驗等研究上取得重要突破，提交國家高端智庫研究報告、重要問題評估報告等60餘份，推出一批戰略 性強、原創性強、前瞻性強的創新成果。

Modern English:

In late April, the Institute of War Research of the Academy of Military Sciences successfully completed the submission of project demonstration proposals for two major combat issue research projects. This is a concrete practice of the institute focusing on fulfilling its core functions and always aiming at scientific research and preparation for war.

The War Research Institute is a scientific research institution specializing in the study and design of war in the entire military. As a newly established unit, the main characteristics of their scientific research work are many major tasks, many temporary tasks, and many demonstration and application tasks. At the beginning of the year, in response to the actual situation where there were few people and urgent tasks and scientific research tasks were being pushed forward, the party committee of the institute put the scientific research work aimed at strengthening the army and winning the war in an important position in accordance with the combat effectiveness standards. Based on the criteria of urgent need for war preparation, urgent need for war, and urgent need of troops, they adjusted and established key scientific research tasks in the research of war and combat issues, and the compilation of doctrines and regulations, etc., and reduced more than 10 topics that deviated from their main responsibilities and main business, and added new A batch of research on war forms, combat styles and other topics focusing on war preparation and combat were carried out. According to the leader of the institute, the party committee of the institute requires team members to both take command and go out on major scientific research tasks, so that the main energy should be devoted to key tasks, and force allocation and financial support should be tilted towards combat research.

At the same time, the institute continues to deepen the collaborative research of “small core and large periphery” and continuously innovates the scientific research organization model. They carry out “bundled” research by military theoretical personnel and military scientific and technological personnel within the institute to break down barriers to scientific research; they exchange experts with sister units such as the Military Medical Research Institute and the National Defense Engineering Research Institute to participate in major project research to achieve complementary advantages; organize scientific research Personnel participate in various major exercises and training activities to identify scientific research needs; multilateral military exchange activities are held to keep scientific researchers informed of the latest military science and technology trends. In addition, they also actively cooperate with local scientific research institutes to use local high-quality scientific research resources for their own use, forming a closed loop of researching war, designing war, operating war, and verifying war.

Since last year, the institute has completed more than 100 scientific research projects, made important breakthroughs in the development of core operational concepts and joint operational experiments, submitted more than 60 national high-end think tank research reports and important issue assessment reports, and launched a number of strategies. Innovative results that are highly innovative, original and forward-looking.

解放軍原文參考：http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0514/c1888沒有湯給你.html

China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Cyberspace Adminstration of China 中央網絡安全和信息勇, 中华人民共和国网络安全法, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 國家網絡空間安全戰略

中國特色治網之道和網絡強國戰略思想

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The Way of Internet Governance with Chinese Characteristics and the Strategic Thought of Network Power

網絡安全和信息化事關黨的長期執政，事關國家長治久安，事關經濟社會發展和人民群眾福祉。習近平同志站在我們黨“過不了互聯網這一關，就過不了長期執政這一關”的政治高度，準確把握信息化變革帶來的機遇和挑戰，明確提出要努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。中央黨史和文獻研究院編輯的《習近平關於網絡強國論述摘編》一書的第三部分，以“努力把我國建設成為網絡強國”為題，收入了習近平同志的相關論述。

縱觀世界文明史，人類先後經歷了農業革命、工業革命、信息革命。每一次產業技術革命，都給人類生產生活帶來巨大而深刻的影響。如今，以互聯網為代表的信息技術日新月異，引領了社會生產新變革，創造了人類生活新空間，拓展了國家治理新領域，極大提高了人類認識世界、改造世界的能力。互聯網讓世界變成了“雞犬之聲相聞”的地球村，相隔萬里的人們不再“老死不相往來”。世界因互聯網而更多彩，生活因互聯網而更豐富。

人類社會正在經歷偉大的信息革命，中國正處在信息化快速發展的歷史進程之中，信息革命時代潮流與中華民族偉大復興歷史進程發生了歷史性交匯，為我們全面建設社會主義現代化國家帶來新的機遇和挑戰。習近平同志指出，信息化為中華民族帶來了千載難逢的機遇。我們正逢其時，要順勢而為、乘勢而上、相向而行。

隨著網絡信息技術日新月異，全面融入社會生產生活，也深刻改變著全球經濟格局、利益格局、安全格局。世界主要國家都把互聯網作為經濟發展、技術創新的重點，把互聯網作為謀求競爭新優勢的戰略方向。能不能適應和引領互聯網發展，成為決定大國興衰的一個關鍵。誰掌握了互聯網，誰就把握住了時代主動權；誰輕視互聯網，誰就會被時代所拋棄。一定程度上可以說，得網絡者得天下。信息化為我國搶占新一輪發展制高點、構築國際競爭新優勢提供了有利契機。

中國高度重視互聯網發展，自接入國際互聯網以來，我們按照積極利用、科學發展、依法管理、確保安全的思路，加強信息基礎設施建設，發展網絡經濟，推進信息惠民。同時，我們依法開展網絡空間治理，網絡空間日漸清朗。儘管起步稍晚，但經過二十多年努力，迅速縮短了同發達國家的信息化差距，成為舉世矚目的網絡大國。同時也要看到，雖然我國網絡信息技術和網絡安全保障取得了不小成績，但同世界先進水平相比還有很大差距。我們在自主創新方面還相對落後，區域和城鄉差異比較明顯，國內互聯網發展瓶頸仍然較為突出。

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央審時度勢、高瞻遠矚，順勢應時，吹響了向網絡強國進軍的號角。 2014年2月27日，在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上，習近平同志提出，要從國際國內大勢出發，總體佈局，統籌各方，創新發展，努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。

建設網絡強國是黨中央從黨和國家事業發展全局出發作出的重大決策。黨的十八大以後，黨中央從進行具有許多新的歷史特點的偉大斗爭出發，重視互聯網、發展互聯網、治理互聯網，作出一系列重大決策、提出一系列重大舉措，推動網信事業取得了歷史性成就。

我們提出建設網絡強國戰略目標，網信工作頂層設計和總體架構基本確立，出台《關於加強網絡安全和信息化工作的意見》，基本理順互聯網管理領導體制機制，形成全國“一盤棋”工作格局；網絡意識形態安全得到切實維護，做大做強網上正面宣傳，在管網治網上出重拳、亮利劍，打贏網絡意識形態領域一系列重大斗爭，根本扭轉了過去網上亂象叢生、陣地淪陷、被動挨打的狀況，網絡空間正能量更加強勁、主旋律更加高昂；國家網絡安全屏障進一步鞏固，制定實施網絡安全法，加強網絡安全保障能力建設，關鍵信息基礎設施安全保護不斷強化，網絡違法犯罪活動得到有效遏制，全社會網絡安全意識和防護能力明顯增強；網信軍民融合取得階段性成效，網絡安全威懾反制能力不斷增強；注重發揮信息化對經濟社會發展的驅動引領作用，“互聯網+”行動計劃深入實施，數字經濟、共享經濟蓬勃發展；信息領域核心技術創新取得積極進展，新一代移動通信（5G）、高性能計算、量子通信等技術研究實現突破，一批網信企業躋身世界前列；網絡空間國際話語權和影響力顯著提升，高舉網絡主權大旗，推動構建網絡空間命運共同體，積極參與全球互聯網治理進程，創設並成功舉辦世界互聯網大會，中國理念、中國主張、中國方案贏得越來越多認同和支持；加快網絡基礎設施建設和信息化服務普及，網上交易、手機支付、共享出行等新技術新應用廣泛普及，電子政務加速發展，網絡扶貧紮實推進，社會治理和基本公共服務水平持續提升，人民群眾有了更多獲得感、幸福感、安全感。這些歷史性成就的取得，充分證明黨中央關於加強黨對網信工作集中統一領導的決策和對網信工作作出的一系列戰略部署是完全正確的。

新時代呼喚新思想，新實踐孕育新理論。在努力建設網絡強國的進程中，我們不斷推進理論創新和實踐創新，不僅走出一條中國特色治網之道，而且提出一系列新思想新觀點新論斷，形成了網絡強國戰略思想。概括起來，主要有以下幾個方面。

第一，明確網信工作在黨和國家事業全局中的重要地位。我們提出，沒有網絡安全就沒有國家安全，沒有信息化就沒有現代化，網絡安全和信息化事關黨的長期執政，事關國家長治久安，事關經濟社會發展和人民群眾福祉，過不了互聯網這一關，就過不了長期執政這一關，要把網信工作擺在黨和國家事業全局中來謀劃，切實加強黨的集中統一領導。

Network security and informatization are related to the long-term governance of the party, the long-term stability of the country, economic and social development and the well-being of the people. Comrade Xi Jinping stood at the political height of our party “If you can’t pass the hurdle of the Internet, you can’t pass the hurdle of long-term governance”, accurately grasped the opportunities and challenges brought about by the informatization revolution, and clearly stated that we should strive to build our country into a cyber power. The third part of the book “Excerpts of Xi Jinping’s Discussions on Internet Power” edited by the Central Academy of Party History and Documentation is titled “Strive to Build my country into a Cyber ​​Power” and includes relevant expositions by Comrade Xi Jinping.

Looking at the history of world civilizations, humanity has successively undergone agricultural revolution, industrial revolution and information revolution. Every revolution in industrial technology has had a huge and profound impact on human production and life. Today, information technology represented by the Internet is changing with each passing day, leading new changes in social production, creating a new space for human life, expanding new areas of national governance, and greatly improving human ability to understand and transform the world. The Internet has turned the world into a global village where “the voices of chickens and dogs hear each other”, and people separated by thousands of miles no longer “do not communicate with each other”. The world is more colorful because of the Internet, and life is richer because of the Internet.

Human society is undergoing a great information revolution, and China is in the historical process of rapid development of informatization. The trend of the era of information revolution and the historical process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation have had a historic intersection, which has brought great benefits to us in building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. New opportunities and challenges. Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out that informatization has brought golden opportunities to the Chinese nation. We are at the right time, and we must follow the trend, ride on the trend, and meet each other halfway.

With the rapid development of network information technology and its comprehensive integration into social production and life, it has also profoundly changed the global economic pattern, interest pattern, and security pattern. Major countries in the world regard the Internet as the focus of economic development and technological innovation, and regard the Internet as a strategic direction for seeking new competitive advantages. Whether it can adapt to and lead the development of the Internet has become a key to determining the rise and fall of a big country. Whoever controls the Internet will grasp the initiative of the times; whoever despises the Internet will be abandoned by the times. To a certain extent, it can be said that those who win the Internet win the world. Informatization provides a favorable opportunity for my country to seize the commanding heights of a new round of development and build new advantages in international competition.

China attaches great importance to the development of the Internet. Since its access to the international Internet, we have strengthened the construction of information infrastructure, developed the network economy, and promoted information to benefit the people in accordance with the ideas of active utilization, scientific development, law-based management, and security assurance. At the same time, we have carried out cyberspace governance in accordance with the law, and cyberspace has become increasingly clear. Although it started relatively late, after more than 20 years of hard work, it quickly narrowed the informatization gap with developed countries and became a network powerhouse that has attracted worldwide attention. At the same time, we must also see that although my country’s network information technology and network security have made great achievements, there is still a big gap compared with the world’s advanced level. We are still relatively backward in terms of independent innovation, the differences between regions and urban and rural areas are relatively obvious, and the bottleneck of domestic Internet development is still relatively prominent.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has judged the situation, looked far ahead, followed the trend, and sounded the clarion call to march towards a cyber power. On February 27, 2014, at the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, Comrade Xi Jinping proposed that we should proceed from the international and domestic trends, make an overall layout, coordinate all parties, innovate and develop, and strive to build my country into a cyber power .

Building a cyber power is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee based on the overall development of the Party and the country. After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee proceeded from the great struggle with many new historical characteristics, attached importance to the Internet, developed the Internet, and governed the Internet. sexual achievement.

We put forward the strategic goal of building a strong network country, basically established the top-level design and overall structure of network information work, issued the “Opinions on Strengthening Network Security and Informatization Work”, basically straightened out the Internet management leadership system and mechanism, and formed a national “one game of chess” work pattern; The security of Internet ideology has been effectively safeguarded, positive online propaganda has been made bigger and stronger, and heavy blows and sharp swords have been used to manage and control the Internet. A series of major struggles in the field of Internet ideology have been won, which has fundamentally reversed the past. In the situation of being occupied and passively beaten, the positive energy of cyberspace is stronger and the main theme is more high-spirited; the national network security barrier is further consolidated, the network security law is formulated and implemented, the construction of network security guarantee capabilities is strengthened, and the security protection of key information infrastructure is continuously strengthened. Activities have been effectively curbed, and the awareness of network security and protection capabilities of the whole society have been significantly enhanced; the military-civilian integration of network information has achieved phased results, and the network security deterrence and countermeasure capabilities have been continuously enhanced; attention has been paid to the driving and leading role of informatization in economic and social development, “Internet + “The action plan has been implemented in depth, the digital economy and the sharing economy have flourished; positive progress has been made in core technology innovation in the information field, breakthroughs have been made in the research of new-generation mobile communication (5G), high-performance computing, quantum communication and other technologies, and a number of network information enterprises have entered the world In the forefront; the international discourse power and influence of cyberspace have been significantly improved, holding high the banner of cyber sovereignty, promoting the construction of a community of shared future in cyberspace, actively participating in the process of global Internet governance, creating and successfully hosting the World Internet Conference, and winning More and more recognition and support; speed up the construction of network infrastructure and the popularization of information services, the widespread popularization of new technologies and new applications such as online transactions, mobile payment, and shared travel; the accelerated development of e-government affairs; The service level continues to improve, and the people have a greater sense of gain, happiness, and security. The achievement of these historic achievements fully proves that the Party Central Committee’s decision on strengthening the party’s centralized and unified leadership over cybersecurity and informatization work and a series of strategic deployments for cybersecurity and informatization work are completely correct.

The new era calls for new ideas, and new practices breed new theories. In the process of striving to build a strong network country, we have continuously promoted theoretical innovation and practical innovation, not only blazing a way to govern the network with Chinese characteristics, but also put forward a series of new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions, forming the strategic thinking of a strong network country. To sum up, there are mainly the following aspects.

First, clarify the important position of cybersecurity and informatization work in the overall situation of the party and the country. We propose that there will be no national security without network security, and no modernization without informatization. If we do not pass the hurdle of being in power for a long time, we must place cybersecurity and informatization work in the overall planning of the party and the country, and earnestly strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership.

Second, clarify the strategic goal of building a cyber power. We propose that we must accelerate the construction of a cyber power from the height of realizing the “two centenary” goals and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In accordance with the requirements of strong technology, strong content, strong foundation, strong talents, and strong international discourse power, we must move towards the basic popularization of network infrastructure, significant enhancement of independent innovation capabilities, comprehensive development of the digital economy, strong network security guarantees, and balanced network offensive and defensive capabilities. Keep moving forward, and finally achieve the goal of advanced technology, developed industry, both offensive and defensive capabilities, full control of network control, and indestructible network security.

Third, clarify the principles and requirements for building a cyber power. We propose that we must adhere to the principles of innovative development, governing by law, ensuring security, promoting benefits and eliminating disadvantages, and benefiting the people, adhere to innovation-driven development, cultivate new kinetic energy with informatization, and use new kinetic energy to promote new development; adhere to the rule of law, so that the Internet will always be under the rule of law. We will continue to operate healthily on track; adhere to the correct concept of network security, and build a national network security barrier; adhere to the principle of equal emphasis on preventing risks and promoting healthy development, and grasp opportunities and challenges, so that the Internet can better benefit the society; The people have a greater sense of gain in sharing the fruits of Internet development.

Fourth, clarify the international propositions for Internet development and governance. We propose to adhere to the four principles of global Internet governance: respecting Internet sovereignty, maintaining peace and security, promoting openness and cooperation, and building a good order. The five-point proposal for building a community of shared future in cyberspace, such as ensuring network security and building an Internet governance system, emphasizes joint advancement of development, joint maintenance of security, joint participation in governance, and joint sharing of achievements, and jointly build a peaceful, secure, open, and cooperative cyberspace.

Fifth, clarify the basic methods for doing a good job in cybersecurity and informatization work. We realize that cybersecurity and informatization work involves many fields, and it is necessary to strengthen overall planning and coordination, implement comprehensive management, and form a strong work force. It is necessary to grasp the dialectical relationship between security and development, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, management and service, and comprehensively promote various tasks such as network content construction, network security, informatization, and international governance of cyberspace.

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the network power, adhere to the Marxist position, viewpoint and method, based on the new era background of human beings entering the information society, systematically summed up our party’s practical experience in network management and network governance, and profoundly answered why we should build a network power and how to build a network power. A series of major theoretical and practical issues such as building a powerful network country, with a high-level view, overall control, profound thinking, and rich connotations, have become the guide to action leading the development of my country’s Internet information industry, and are the fundamental principles for doing a good job in Internet information work. Continuously enrich and develop.

Focusing on the overall development of human society, Comrade Xi Jinping creatively put forward the concept of making the Internet better benefit the world and the people of all countries, and building a community with a shared future in cyberspace. He proposed a Chinese plan for global Internet development and governance, and contributed Chinese wisdom. The mind of a responsible big country and Comrade Xi Jinping’s broad mind of the leader of a big country to seek peace and development for the world and civilization and progress for mankind.

We must combine in-depth study of Comrade Xi Jinping’s important expositions on building a strong network country, strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve “two safeguards”, constantly explore new paths for building a strong network country, and open up a new realm of global network governance , Let the Internet become a powerful boost to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

(Author: Xu Shan, Director of the Second Division of the First Research Department of the Central Academy of Party History and Documentation, Deputy Editor)

普通話來源：http://www.cac.gov.cn/2021-03/08/c_161677810000.htm

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用

Chinese Military Review: From Army Information Construction to Construction of Information Army // 中國軍事評論：從軍隊信息建設到建設信息化軍隊

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Chinese Military Review: From Army Information Construction to Construction of Information Army //

中國軍事評論：從軍隊信息建設到建設信息化軍隊

2006年04月20日 22:00

From the Army Information Construction to the Construction of Informatized Army——Opening the Eyes to See the New Military Revolution in the World

　　Li Bingyan

　　A few years ago, there was a curtain factory abroad that was on the verge of bankruptcy and turned to the consulting company. The consulting company only asked them to change the curtain factory to a shading technology factory, and the factory would survive.

　　A name change has broadened the horizon of development; a concept change has opened up the mind shackles. Updating the concept is inseparable from the concept of renewal. In the new military revolution, we need to adopt new concepts in a timely manner to show new development ideas.

　　Although the ongoing new military revolution still does not see the other side, it is clear that the change has entered a new stage.

　　This new military revolution was triggered by a new technological revolution centered on information technology. In the 1990s, the revolutionary impact of information technology on the military mainly remained at the stage of “construction”, that is, information technology embedding, networking, networking, and integration within the framework of the mechanized military organization. Technology strengthens mechanization and enhances mechanization. The theoretical community often refers to this stage of change as a revolution in the military field, which is to promote the army.

Information construction. At that time, the digital division and the digital army to be built by the US Army were carried out within the structure of the original mechanized army. Later, the US military learned from the experience of informatization of some large enterprises and multinational corporations in the society and changed the way of thinking.

　　In the past, military changes were first to change military technology, weapons and equipment, and finally to complete the transformation of the military organizational system to adapt to the new methods of warfare. The new military revolution, characterized by informatization, especially the post-launch army, should be reversed. The experience of the business community is also “first rationalization of organizational structure, re-automation, informationization.”

　　Before the 1990s, the US business community carried out informatization construction, focusing only on improving work efficiency. Although effective, it still cannot be changed. Ford Motor Company has spent a lot of money on automation, and its office efficiency has improved significantly. For example, the financial department of the North American branch has reduced the number of employees from 500 to 400 after office automation. The company leaders think it is good. Later, they learned about Japan.

Mazda Motor Company did the same job and used only five people. In contrast, Ford’s leadership was shocked. After in-depth investigation, they found that Mazda started to adjust the organizational structure, first change the workflow, and then engage in office automation. Ford’s financial system, organizational structure or traditional model has caused a lot of useless work. Later, Ford Company optimized its structure, re-engineered its business processes, and started office automation on this basis. The company’s financial staff was compressed to a quarter.

　　In the development of human society, there is a phenomenon of “path dependence”. After a social system is formed, it will continue to strengthen itself in the actual operation, so that people will not be able to get rid of the influence of the original ideas afterwards.

　　In addition, the organizational structure does not change, it is difficult to make the right decision in information. Usually, people are standing in their own units and planning work in this department, forming a “professional syndrome.” The research informatization is first of all the informationization of the unit, beyond the scope of construction of the unit, the leadership vision will not be achieved. This has led to the emergence of new “isomorphic diseases” – large and complete, small and complete, you have me, can not be interconnected, interoperable, interoperable. In this regard, some people call it the “potato effect”: a sack of potatoes, all sprouting, each self-contained system, self-enclosed, and not connected. Building these systems may be reasonable from a local perspective, but it may not be scientific or irrational from the overall perspective of informatization.

　　In the practice, the foreign military realized that if informationization is not detoured, it should start with rationalizing the system and adjusting the command system. Otherwise, all levels and departments are busy with informationization. It is likely that the faster and the more the action is now, the greater the losses will be caused once reworked in the future.

　　The rationalization of the organizational structure, the consideration of informationization, or the rationalization of organizational structure and informationization, and the simultaneous development have become a new consensus on the new military revolution. After entering the 21st century, the US military proposed a military transformation, marking a new stage in military transformation. At this stage, information technology has shifted from a “construction” role to a “deconstruction” role. That is: instead of strengthening mechanization, it is reorganizing mechanization. As a result, the army’s informatization construction has turned to the construction of an information-based army; the changes in the military field have turned to real military changes.

　　In the theoretical preparation stage of the US military, the future army that was designed was: the sensor army, the precision strike army, the dominant mobile army, and the logistics army. In the transition, after a new argument, the future goals of the US military reorganization are proposed: the full-dimensional battlefield perception army, the precision firepower strike army, the efficient command and control army, and the intelligent logistics support army.

　　In 2005, Germany proposed the idea of ​​building a “new three armed forces”, namely: rapid reaction forces, standing combat troops, and logistics support forces.

　　At the end of last year, the Russian General Staff Department completed the reform of the armed forces. The Russian military’s new round of structural reforms eliminated the arms, military regions and fleets and re-established three functional headquarters and three regional headquarters. The three functional commands are: Strategic Nuclear Power Command, Transportation Command, and Aerospace Defense Command. The three regional commands are: Western European Command, Central Asian Command and Far East Command.

　　Generally speaking, although the structural changes of the military have their own characteristics, the common point is that they tend to be integrated and tend to be integrated, and the boundaries between the traditional arms and services are increasingly blurred. The informationized army is not just a technology, but a new structure that is linked to new technologies – ultimately, a structural decision function.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

從軍隊信息建設到建設信息化軍隊——放開眼界看世界新軍事變革

李炳彥

幾年前，國外有一家窗簾廠，瀕臨倒閉之際，求助於諮詢公司。諮詢公司只讓他們把窗簾廠改為遮光技術廠，這個廠子便活了起來。

一個名字改變，拓寬了發展視野；一個概念更換，撬開了心智枷鎖。更新觀念，離不開更新概念。在新軍事變革中，我們需要適時採用新的概念，來展現新的發展思路。

持續發生的新軍事變革雖然至今仍看不到彼岸，但清晰可見變革已經進入到一個新階段。

這場新軍事變革，是由以信息技術為核心的新技術革命引發的。上個世紀90年代，信息技術對軍隊的革命性影響，主要還停留於“建構”階段，即在機械化軍隊的組織結構框架內進行信息技術嵌入、建網、聯網、集成，實際上是用信息技術加強機械化、提昇機械化。理論界常把這一階段的變革，稱之為軍事領域裡的變革，是推動軍隊

信息化建設。當時，美陸軍要建設的數字化師、數字化軍，都是在原來機械化軍隊的結構內進行的。後來，美軍汲取社會上一些大企業、跨國公司進行信息化的經驗，改變了變革的思路。
以往的軍事變革，都是先變革軍事技術、武器裝備，最後完成軍事組織體制的變革，以適應新的作戰方式。而信息化為標誌的新軍事變革，特別是後發之軍，應當反過來進行。企業界的經驗也是“先組織結構合理化，再自動化、信息化”。

上個世紀90年代以前，美國企業界進行信息化建設，只著眼於提高工作效率，雖有成效，但還談不上變革。美福特汽車公司，曾花大筆金錢搞自動化，辦公效率明顯提高，如北美分公司的財務部，實現辦公自動化後，人員由原來的500人減少到400人,公司領導自認為不錯。後來，他們得知日本

馬自達汽車公司做同樣的工作，一共只用了5個人。兩者相對照，福特公司的領導大吃一驚。他們深入調查後發現，馬自達公司從調整組織結構入手，先改變工作流程，再搞辦公自動化。福特公司的財務制度、組織結構還是傳統模式，造成許多無用功。後來，福特公司經過優化結構，再造業務流程，在此基礎上搞辦公自動化，公司財務員工壓縮到了原來的四分之一。
人類社會在發展中，存在一種“路徑依賴”現象，即一個社會系統形成後，必將在實際運作中不斷自我強化，以致後來人們改進它的種種嘗試，都難以擺脫原有思路的影響。

另外，組織結構不改變，很難做出信息化的正確決策。通常，人們都是站在本單位、本部門謀劃工作，形成了一種“職業官能症”。研究信息化首先是本單位的信息化，超出本單位的建設範圍，領導視野就達不到了。致使出現新的“同構病”——大而全、小而全，你有我也有，不能互聯、互通、互操作。對此，有人稱之為“馬鈴薯效應”：一麻袋馬鈴薯，個個都發芽，個個自成小系統，自我封閉，互不相聯。建這些系統，從局部來看可能合理，但從信息化的全局看可能並不科學、不合理。

外軍在實踐中認識到：要想信息化不走彎路，還應從理順編制體制、調整指揮體系入手。否則，各級、各部門都忙著信息化，很可能現在動作愈快、投入愈多，將來一旦返工，造成的損失就愈大。

先組織結構合理化，在信息化，或者組織結構合理化與信息化一併考慮，同時進行，成了新軍事變革的一種新共識。進入21世紀後，美軍提出軍隊轉型，標誌著軍事變革進入了一個新階段。在這個階段，信息技術從“建構”作用，轉向“解構”作用。即：不是加強機械化，而是重組機械化。由此，軍隊信息化建設，轉向了建設信息化軍隊；軍事領域裡的變革，轉向真正的軍事變革。

美軍在理論準備階段，曾設計出的未來軍隊是：傳感器軍，精確打擊軍，主導機動軍，聚焦後勤軍。在轉型中，經過新的論證，提出美軍重組的未來目標：全維戰場感知軍，精確火力打擊軍，高效指揮控制軍，智能後勤保障軍。

德國於2005年，提出了建設“新三軍”設想，即：快速反應部隊，常備作戰部隊，後勤支援部隊。

去年底，俄軍總參謀部完成了關於武裝力量改革方案。俄軍新一輪結構改革方案，取消了軍兵種、軍區和艦隊，重新成立三個職能司令部和三個地區司令部。三個職能司令部是：戰略核力量司令部、運輸司令部、空天防禦司令部。三個地區司令部是：西歐司令部、中亞司令部和遠東司令部。

從總體上看，軍隊結構變革雖然各國都有自己的特色，但共同點是趨於綜合、趨於一體化，傳統的軍兵種之間的界限日益模糊。信息化軍隊不只是技術，重要的是與新技術相聯繫的新的結構方式——最終還是結構決定功能。

Original Referring url: http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2006-04-20/