Category Archives: 域作战突出属性, 認知戰

Uncertainty – Fog of War and the Way to Win in Modern Warfare for China’s Military

不確定性-戰爭迷霧與中國軍隊在現代戰爭中的勝利之道

現代英語:

Wars in different eras have different characteristics, and the “fog of war” that accompanies them is constantly changing. Often when people feel that they have basically seen the way to win through multi-faceted exploration, the next war presents new uncertainties. Local wars such as the Syrian War and the India-Azerbaijan conflict have demonstrated the multifaceted and complex nature of modern warfare from different perspectives. It can be seen that although traditional firepower warfare is still on the stage, the characteristics of intelligence have already emerged; although the combat type is still an offensive and defensive struggle, the combat guidance, environmental conditions, and specific methods of play have undergone profound changes. Wars are accelerating their evolution towards intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet to space, polar regions, deep sea, and cognitive confrontations. The game competition has changed from military confrontation to multi-dimensional competitions such as politics, economy, science and technology, and public opinion. The participating forces have developed from the two warring parties to global attention and multi-dimensional intervention. Information intelligence has moved from auxiliary support to comprehensive dominance, full penetration, and full coverage. The combat unit has evolved from scale optimization to small, micro, and sophisticated, and the form is scattered and capable. Intelligence and hybrid have become basic trends. In the face of evolving wars and new uncertainties, we need to be sensitive to change and respond proactively, accumulate momentum and forge ahead in the midst of change, so as to achieve leadership and surpass others and seize the opportunity to win.

Enhance the hybrid nature of war based on the “pan-variability”. War is the continuation of politics and has never been a simple military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, visible struggles and invisible struggles coexist, battlefields with gunpowder smoke and silent battles coexist, and gray areas, hybrid warfare, and marginal conflicts coexist. In the face of fierce and complex competitive game situations, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a hybrid warfare system with military as the cornerstone. First, enrich strategic options. Closely follow the characteristics of the times, strengthen the exploration of the characteristics and laws of non-military confrontation and the construction of power means, implement relevant preparations, and form comprehensive advantages. Secondly, enhance invisible strength. Attach importance to geopolitical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of research, and form an effective discourse system through think tank exchanges, academic promotion, cultural integration, legal construction, media propaganda and other means to influence the other party’s cognition in a silent way. Thirdly, unite the forces of peace. Take the construction of a united front in the new era as an important means of hybrid confrontation, unite all forces that can be united, and enhance international influence and appeal.

Enhance the flexibility of tactics based on the “smart change” of the battlefield. Looking at recent local wars and conflicts, due to factors such as the regional dimension and the strength of both sides, the traces of traditional warfare are still relatively obvious, but intelligent and unmanned warfare has irreversibly come to the fore. It can be foreseen that comprehensive intelligent warfare is not far away, the extension range of weapons and equipment will be farther and wider, the combat perspectives of the opposing sides will be larger and wider, and the degree of hinge fusion between the physical domain, network domain, and cognitive domain will be deeper. The battlefield with deep “smart change” calls for concepts and tactics that are adapted to it. We should accelerate the promotion of intelligent thinking, intelligent technology, and intelligent network aggregation and empowerment to form a flexible closed link with fast perception, fast decision-making, fast judgment, fast action, and fast feedback, based on “OODA” and the kill chain to beat the slow with the fast and change with change. Relying on intelligent computing power and intelligent algorithms, we design wars in advance, build various models, and innovate tactics and training methods in peacetime. In wartime, we analyze the battle situation in real time, keenly seize opportunities, and make precise decisions and actions. We use “military + technology”, “theory + experiment”, and “algorithm + tactics” to integrate the art of strategy with intelligent technology to achieve a combination of the strange and the orthodox, take the lead in rapid changes, and win by intelligence.

Enhance the plasticity of forces based on the “micro-change” of units. One of the important characteristics of modern warfare is that large systems support elite combat, and combat units are becoming increasingly miniaturized, integrated, and modular. We must focus on the combat unit, the end of combat effectiveness, and forge a “sharp knife” and “sharp blade” that is small, fine, micro, and strong to adapt to intelligent warfare. On the one hand, strengthen its ability to integrate into the system and connect all parties, rely on ubiquitous access to information networks, and achieve decentralized combat and energy concentration through flexible matching and rapid reorganization; on the other hand, strengthen its independent decision-making and improvisation capabilities, improve robustness and self-recovery, and be able to survive, respond to emergencies, and fight in extreme situations. It is possible to explore the formation of a “micro-unit” concept force, implement a flexible organization, do not fix the number of personnel, and do not restrict the field. Advanced combat theories, new combat formations, and new weapons and equipment can be tested and verified in advance, so as to explore ways to achieve cloud combat, cloud joint, cloud energy gathering, and self-combination at the end of the strike chain.

Enhance strategic bottom line based on deterrence “evolution”. Deterrence has a long history like war. With the in-depth application of intelligent technology and weapons and equipment, the connotation and extension, force means, form and effect of deterrence are changing. Although traditional nuclear deterrence is still the cornerstone of bottom line, new deterrence capabilities have been quietly formed, requiring higher determination, strength, wisdom, and strategy. Focusing on the role of deterrence in blocking the enemy invisibly in peacetime, controlling the situation at the key in times of crisis, and winning the final victory in wartime, we should focus on strengthening the strong and making up for the weak, opening up new areas, and long-term strategy to maximize the strategic value of deterrence. First, we should give equal importance to conventional and unconventional, accelerate the development of new weapons and new forces, and achieve the predetermined deterrence intention through actual combat training and actual combat deployment, supplemented by the expression and transmission of strategic will. Secondly, we should continue to study new combat concepts and new combat theories, and promote the transformation of theories from “soft” to “hard” through academic exchanges, think tank collisions, and multi-track and multi-layer confrontations, and transform them into real deterrence. Thirdly, accelerate the transformation of science and technology into the military field, increase research efforts in cloud computing, blockchain, quantum technology, etc., and strive to form a potential deterrent to opponents.

現代國語:

郭呈淵 趙中其

不同時代的戰爭有不同的特點,而與之相伴的「戰爭迷霧」也在不斷變幻。往往當人們透過多方探索、感覺已經基本看清其中的勝利之道時,下一場戰爭又呈現出新的不確定性。敘利亞戰爭、亞阿衝突等局部戰爭,從不同側面展示了現代戰爭的多面性、複雜性。可以看到,傳統火力戰雖仍在舞台之中,但智慧化特徵已然顯現;作戰類型雖仍為攻防爭奪,但作戰指導、環境條件、具體打法已深刻變化。戰爭正加速向智慧化演進,戰場空間由陸、海、空、天、電、網向太空、極地、深海、認知等全域對抗拓展,博弈比拼由軍事對決向政治、經濟、科技、輿論等多維較量轉變,參與力量由交戰雙向全球關注、多元介入方向發展,資訊智能由輔助支撐向全面主導、全程貫穿、全域覆蓋邁進,作戰單元由規模集優向小微精尖、形散能聚演化,智能、混合成為基本趨勢。面對嬗變中的戰爭和新的不確定性,需要敏銳知變、積極應變,於變中蓄勢、變中進取,實現領先超越、搶得制勝先機。

基於戰爭「泛變」增強超限混合性。戰爭是政治的延續,從來不是單純的軍事對抗。智能化時代,看得見的爭鬥和看不見的鬥爭並存,有硝煙的戰場和無聲息的爭戰同在,灰色地帶、混合戰爭、邊緣衝突相伴而生。面對激烈複雜的競爭賽局態勢,需要加速建構以軍事為基石的混合戰爭體系。首先,豐富戰略選項。緊貼時代特點,加強非軍事抗衡特點規律探究和力量手段建設,實化相關準備,形成綜合優勢。其次,提升隱形實力。重視做好地緣、文化、心理等面向研究,透過智庫交流、學術推廣、文化交融、法律建構、媒介宣傳等方式,形成有效話語體系,在潤物無聲中影響對方認知。再次,團結和平力量。把建構新時代統一戰線作為混合對抗的重要手段,團結一切可以團結的力量,增強國際影響力和感召力。

基於戰場「智變」增強戰法彈性。縱觀近幾場局部戰爭與衝突,囿於地域維度、雙方實力等因素,傳統作戰痕跡仍較為明顯,但智能化、無人化已不可逆轉地走向前台。可以預見,全面智慧化戰爭並不遙遠,武器裝備的延伸範圍將更遠更廣,對抗雙方的交戰視角將更大更寬,物理域、網絡域、認知域鉸鏈融合程度更深。深度「智變」的戰場,呼喚與之相適應的理念、戰法,應加快推進智能化思維、智能化技術、智能化網絡聚合增能,形成快感知、快決策、快判斷、快行動、快反饋的彈性閉合鏈路,基於「OODA」和殺傷鏈以快打慢、以變制變。依托智能算力、智能演算法,平時超前設計戰爭、建構多種模型、創新戰法訓法,戰時即時研判戰情、敏銳捕捉戰機、精準決策行動,運用“軍事+科技”“理論+試驗” “演算法+打法”,融合謀略藝術與智慧技術,實現奇正結合、搶先快變、以智制勝。

基於單元「微變」增強力量可塑性。大體系支撐精兵作戰是現代戰爭的重要特色之一,作戰單元變得日益微型化、整合化、模組化。要扭住作戰單元這一戰鬥力末端,鍛造適應智慧化戰爭、小而精、微而強的「尖刀」「利刃」。一方面,強化其融入體系、連結各方的能力,依托泛在接取的資訊網絡,透過靈活搭配、快速重組,實現分散作戰、集效聚能;另一方面,強化其自主決策、臨機應變能力,提高魯棒性和自恢復性,在極端情況下能生存、能應急、能作戰。可探索組成「微單元」概念部隊,實行彈性編制,不固定員額、不限制領域,超前試驗論證先進作戰理論、新式作戰編組、新型武器裝備,為實現打擊鏈條末端雲作戰、雲聯合、雲聚能、自組合運用摸索路子。

基於威懾「衍變」增強戰略保底性。威懾與戰爭一樣歷史悠久。隨著智慧化技術和武器裝備的深入運用,威懾的內涵外延、力量手段、形式效果等都在改變。雖然傳統的核威懾仍是保底基石,但新的威懾能力已在悄悄形成,對決心、實力、智慧、謀略等要求更高。著眼發揮威懾平時阻敵於無形、危時控勢於關鍵、戰時決勝於最後的作用,應注重固強補弱、開拓新域、長期經略,實現威懾戰略價值最大化。首先,堅持常規與非常規並重,加速發展新型武器、新質力量,透過實戰化演訓、實戰化部署,輔以謀略意志表達傳遞,達成預定威懾企圖。其次,持續研究新作戰概念、新作戰理論,透過學術交流、智庫碰撞和多軌多層對抗,推動理論由“軟”變“硬”,轉化為現實威懾力。再次,加速科技向軍事領域轉化進程,在雲端運算、區塊鏈、量子科技等方面加強研究力度,努力形成對對手的潛在嚇阻。

中国军网 国防部网

2022年9月16日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/16/content_324164888.htm

Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Research Cannot be separated from Dialectical Thinking

中國軍事智能化戰爭研究離不開辯證思維

現代英語:

●The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it also requires great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence.

●The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative.

Accelerating the development of military intelligence is a strategic task proposed in the report of the 19th CPC National Congress. It is a powerful tool to promote the modernization of national defense and the army and realize the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era. It is also a major measure to aim at the future war situation and seize strategic opportunities. When conducting research on intelligent warfare, we should adhere to dialectical thinking, prevent research from “deviating from reality to virtuality”, “generalizing from a single case”, and “focusing on technology rather than theory”. Only by scientifically analyzing the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare can we truly promote in-depth and practical research.

To prevent “decoupling from reality and turning to virtuality”, we need to use scientific methodology and epistemology to analyze the problem

Intelligent warfare is a highly informationized war conducted in the physical and cognitive domains through the extensive use of intelligent weapons and equipment and the corresponding combat styles and methods. It is essentially not out of the scope of informationized warfare. The trend of unmanned warfare in recent local wars only has some characteristics of intelligent warfare, and is far from being an intelligent war in the true sense. At present, there is a wave of research on artificial intelligence in all walks of life, but to some extent, there is also a phenomenon of exaggeration and exaggeration. Some people also believe that intelligent warfare will give rise to geopolitical changes, and the traditional physical space control will be replaced by “intelligence control” with artificial intelligence as the core. This view inevitably has a tendency to virtualize cognition. To this end, intelligent warfare should be rationally studied and understood using scientific methodology and epistemology.

System theory perspective. Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage of information warfare, and is essentially still a system confrontation based on information systems. Whether it is human-machine collaborative operations, real-time perception of the entire battlefield, or brain-machine integrated decision-making, the characteristics it exhibits are all conscious behaviors of the various elements of the military system with “winning the war” as the ultimate goal. The understanding of military intelligence cannot stop at “technology-only theory” and “weapon-only theory”, but should focus on the mutual connection and action characteristics between the various elements of the military system, and explore its triggering mechanism, internal laws and implementation path.

Global thinking. Qian Xuesen believes that war is an organic whole composed of many parts and cannot be separated. In all human social practices, there is no activity that emphasizes the global concept and the overall concept more than directing war, and emphasizes starting from the overall situation, using all forces rationally, and ultimately achieving the overall final effect. This is true for directing war and studying war. Intelligent warfare not only refers to the intelligence of weapons and equipment, but also includes a series of intelligence such as intelligence analysis, command and control, military training, and logistics support. Only by conducting all-round research and thinking on the relevant elements can we have a global understanding of intelligent warfare. Global thinking also requires us to consider military intelligence in the context of achieving the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and the overall national strategy, and to grasp the dialectical relationship between short-term and long-term, key and urgent needs, and actual military needs and overall military modernization.

Engineering design. To win future wars, we must have the ability to design future wars. We should use engineering thinking to classify and plan the operational concepts, operational styles, and force use of future intelligent warfare, and put forward practical military needs, phased development goals, and methods based on the current development stage of our army and targeting powerful enemies. We can follow the idea of ​​”proposing theories – developing concepts – experimental simulations – actual military exercises” to promote innovative breakthroughs in military theories based on intelligent warfare, incorporate them into operational regulations, and integrate them into actual combat training.

Avoid generalizing from a single example, and grasp the opposites of contradictions with the unity of opposites thinking

The ancients said: “The way to win or lose, to be safe or dangerous, is the way.” The “way” here includes not only the fundamental view of war, but also the speculative understanding of the laws of winning war. Intelligent warfare research should go beyond the limitations of one-sided descriptions such as “algorithmic warfare”, “unmanned warfare” and “self-adaptation”, and use dialectical thinking to fully understand and grasp the relationship between the various elements of future wars.

The relationship between people and weapons. With the widespread use of drones, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned submarines, etc. in the military, “war between people” will be largely replaced by “war between machines”. The realization of combat means such as autonomous coordination and autonomous decision-making has reshaped the combat process, and the combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of the battlefield. Despite this, the decisive role of people in war has not changed, but the way they act is significantly different from before. As Engels said, “It is people, not guns, who win the battle… Guns will not move by themselves, and they need a brave heart and a strong hand to use them.” Intelligent weapons undoubtedly play an important role in war, but the subject of war is still people, and people are always the most active factor in war. The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative. Intelligent weapons cannot replace the important role of fighting spirit. The superposition of indestructible political beliefs, overwhelming heroism, the bloody spirit of daring to fight and win, as well as superb strategies and flexible strategies and tactics, these dynamic factors make it possible to win when the enemy and our strength are equal, and to have the possibility of defeating the strong with the weak when we are at a disadvantage.

The relationship between offense and defense. The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it is also necessary to pay great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence. Intelligent warfare mainly relies on powerful algorithms and interconnected networks. Once they are attacked, fatal errors occur, or they are reversely controlled, the advantage may turn into a disadvantage. The U.S. Department of Defense has now established a special agency to assess the potential risks of military intelligence and countermeasures. While promoting military intelligence, we should pay special attention to strengthening information protection and risk management, and simultaneously develop “anti-artificial intelligence technology” to establish a two-way advantage of both offense and defense.

The relationship between inheritance and innovation. Artificial intelligence has promoted major changes in the war situation, but it has not changed the general sense of the war guidance rules and war winning mechanism. No matter how the future war is fought, we must not abandon or deviate from the precious war experience and theoretical guidance accumulated by our army in long-term practice. We must still adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, uphold the principle of asymmetric strategic checks and balances, and attach importance to giving full play to people’s subjective initiative. On the other hand, we must follow the general trend of military reform, keep a close eye on the forefront of war development, promote military innovation with a sense of urgency and accelerate the application and transformation of results.

To prevent “focusing on technology and neglecting science”, it is necessary to promote technological and theoretical innovation by integrating science and technology.

An advanced army needs advanced military theory to guide it. The emergence of intelligent warfare is first of all due to the promotion of the new scientific and technological revolution, but it is inseparable from the scientific guidance of advanced military theory, especially Marxist military theory. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, which is an inevitable requirement for realizing the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era, and is also the meaning of intelligent warfare research. To this end, we must conscientiously implement the development idea of ​​integrating theory and technology, and promote the simultaneous innovation of technology and theory in deepening problem research.

Conceptual integration. Modern military theories are increasingly characterized by actual combat-driven, interdisciplinary, and systemic support. To promote the integration of science and technology, we must first break through the barriers of concepts and ideas. We should adhere to the complex research approach of overall planning, system design, and system integration, based on the evolution of war forms and the actual national and military conditions and development stages, and coordinate the promotion of technological breakthroughs, concept development, tactics innovation, combat power generation and other theoretical innovations to provide scientific guidance and theoretical support for winning future wars. We should strengthen research on the winning mechanism, combat guidance, and combat style of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the military organization form caused by intelligent warfare, especially the series of changes in organizational system, scale structure, combat organization, tactical principles, combat support, and force application, so as to make ideological and theoretical preparations for a new round of military reforms.

Integration of disciplines. Intelligent warfare research not only involves the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, but also involves multiple fields such as algorithms and materials, and multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, electronics, and biology, and involves a wide range of fields such as war ethics and international law. In order to achieve the integration of science and technology, technical workers are required to break away from the shackles of pure engineering thinking, establish strategic thinking and global awareness, master scientific methodology and epistemology, and use dialectical thinking to lead technology research and development. Theoretical researchers should break the boundaries of disciplines, step out of the small circle of pure academic research, actively promote the interaction between scientific research institutions and colleges, troops, and technology research and development departments, strive to achieve original results in the basic field of artificial intelligence, and enrich the theory of intelligent warfare. Make good use of data, focus on actual combat, adhere to the “three aspects”, and effectively play the leading and guiding role of theory on technology.

現代國語:

要點提示

●人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。

●智慧武器的運用不表示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。

加速軍事智慧化發展是黨的十九大報告提出的戰略任務,是推進國防和軍隊現代化建設、實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的有力抓手,是瞄準未來戰爭形態、搶抓戰略機遇的重大舉措。在進行智慧化戰爭研究時,應堅持辯證思維,防止研究“脫實向虛”“以偏概全”“重技輕理”,科學分析智能化戰爭的特點規律,才能真正推動研究走深走實。

謹防“脫實向虛”,需用科學方法論和認識論分析問題

智慧化戰爭是透過廣泛使用智慧武器裝備及與其相適應的作戰樣式、作戰方法,在物理域和認知域進行的高度資訊化的戰爭,本質上沒有脫離資訊化戰爭範疇。近期局部戰爭中所呈現的無人化作戰趨勢,僅僅是具備了智慧化戰爭的某些特點,還遠遠不是真正意義上的智慧化戰爭。當前各界掀起一股研究人工智慧的熱潮,但某種程度上也存在著拔高和誇大的現象。還有人認為,智慧化戰爭催生地緣政治異變,傳統的實體空間制權將被以人工智慧為核心的「制智權」取代。這種觀點不免帶有認識虛化的傾向。為此,應以科學方法論、認識論來理性研究和認識智能化戰爭。

系統論視角。智能化戰爭是資訊化戰爭的高級階段,本質上仍是基於資訊系統的體系對抗,無論是人機協同作戰、戰場全局實時感知,還是腦機一體決策,其展現出的特點莫不是軍事體系諸要素以「勝戰」為終極牽引而湧現的自覺行為。對軍事智能化的認識不能停留於“唯技術論”“唯武器論”,而應著眼軍事體系諸要素間的相互聯繫和作用特性,探究其觸發機理、內在規律和實現路徑。

全局性思維。錢學森認為,戰爭是由許多部分構成的、不可分離的有機整體。在人類全部的社會實踐活動中,沒有比指導戰爭更強調全局觀念、整體觀念,更強調從全局出發,合理地使用全部力量,最終求得全局最終效果的了。指導戰爭如此,研究戰爭也是如此。智慧化戰爭不僅指武器裝備的智慧化,更包含情報研判、指揮控制、軍事​​訓練、後勤保障等一系列的智慧化,只有對有關諸要素進行全方位研究與思考,方能對智能化戰爭有全局性認識。全局性思維也要求我們將軍事智能化放在實現黨在新時代的強軍目標和國家戰略大局下通盤考量,把握短期與長期、重點與急需、現實軍事需求與整體軍事現代化的辯證關系。

工程化設計。打贏未來戰爭,必須有設計未來戰爭的能力。應運用工程化思維對未來智能化戰爭的作戰概念、作戰樣式、力量運用等進行分類規劃和層次化設計,立足我軍現有發展階段,瞄準強敵,提出切合實際的軍事需求以及階段性發展目標和方法手段。可依照「提出理論—發展概念—實驗模擬—實兵演習」的思路,推動基於智慧化作戰的軍事理論實現創新突破,進入作戰條令,融入實戰化訓練。

力避“以偏概全”,需以對立統一思維把握矛盾對立面

古人雲:“以決勝敗安危者,道也。”這裡的“道”,不僅包含對戰爭的根本看法,也包含對戰爭制勝規律的思辨性認識。智慧化戰爭研究應超越「演算法戰」「無人化」「自適應」等片面所描述的限制,以辯證思維完整理解與掌握未來戰爭各要素間的相互關系。

人與武器的關系。隨著無人飛機、無人戰車、無人潛艇等在軍事上的廣泛運用,「人與人的戰爭」將在很大程度上被「機器與機器的戰爭」所取代,自主協同、自主決策等作戰手段的實現使作戰流程得以重塑,以無人化為突顯標志的作戰樣式使戰場規則重新改寫。盡管如此,人在戰爭中的決定性作用並未改變,只是作用方式與以往相比出現重大不同。正如恩格斯所稱,「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍……槍是不會自己動的,需要有勇敢的心和強有力的手來使用它。」智能武器在戰爭中無疑發揮重要作用,但戰爭主體依舊是人,人永遠是戰爭中最活躍的因素。智慧武器的運用不顯示人的作用下降了,而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體,也延伸了人的大腦,激發了人的創造性和能動性。智慧武器也無法取代戰鬥精神的重要角色。堅不可摧的政治信念、壓倒一切的英雄氣概、敢打必勝的血性精神,以及高超的謀略和靈活的戰略戰術,這些能動性因素的疊加,使在敵我實力相當時有製勝的把握,在居於劣勢時有以弱勝強的可能。

進攻與防禦的關系。人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍,一方面極大提高了作戰效能,另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。智慧化戰爭主要依賴強大的演算法和互聯互通的網絡,一旦受到攻擊、出現致命錯誤或遭反向控制,優勢將可能轉化為劣勢。美國國防部目前已成立專門機構,評估軍事智慧化的潛在風險及應對措施。在推動軍事智慧化的同時,我們應特別注意加強資訊防護和風險管控,同步發展“反人工智慧技術”,以確立攻防兼備的雙向優勢。

傳承與創新的關系。人工智慧推動戰爭形態發生重大變化,但並未改變一般意義上的戰爭指導規律和戰爭制勝機理。不管未來戰爭怎麼打,都不能丟棄或偏離我軍在長期實踐中積累的寶貴戰爭經驗和理論指導,仍要堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,秉持非對稱戰略制衡原則,重視發揮人的主觀能動性。另一方面,要順應軍事變革大勢,緊盯戰爭發展前沿,以時不我待的緊迫感推動軍事創新並加快成果應用轉化。

防止“重技輕理”,需以理技融合推動技術與理論創新

先進的軍隊需要先進的軍事理論作指導。智能化戰爭的出現首先源自於新科技革命的推動,但離不開先進軍事理論尤其是馬克思主義軍事理論的科學指導。黨的十九大報告提出要全面推進軍事理論現代化,這是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的必然要求,也是智慧化戰爭研究的題中之義。為此,要認真貫徹好理技融合的發展思路,在深化問題研究中推動技術與理論同步創新。

觀念融合。現代軍事理論日益呈現出實戰牽引、學科交叉、體系支撐的特徵,要推動理技融合,首先需要打破觀念和思想藩籬,應秉持整體謀劃、體系設計、系統集成的複合型研究思路,立足戰爭形態演變與國情軍情實際與發展階段,協調推進技術突破、概念研發、戰法革新、戰鬥力生成等多面向理論創新,為打贏未來戰爭提供科學引領與理論支撐。應加強研究智能化戰爭的製勝機理、作戰指導、作戰樣式,深入研究智能化戰爭引發的軍隊組織形態,尤其是組織體制、規模結構、戰鬥編成、戰術原則、作戰保障、力量運用等方面的系列變化,為迎接新一輪軍事變革做好思想與理論準備。

學科融合。智慧化戰爭研究不僅涉及人工智慧在軍事領域的運用,還涉及演算法、材料等多領域和物理、化學、電子、生物等多學科,涉及戰爭倫理、國際法等廣泛領域。為實現理技融合,要求技術工作者要擺脫單純工程思維的羈絆,樹立戰略思維和全局意識,熟練掌握科學方法論和認識論,用辯證思維統領技術研發。理論研究者要打破學科界限,走出純學術研究的小圈子,積極推動科研機構與院校、部隊、技術研發部門的互動,力爭在人工智慧基礎領域取得原創性成果,同時豐富智能化戰爭理論。善用數據說話,向實戰聚焦,堅持“三個面向”,切實發揮理論對技術的引領和指導作用。

來源:解放軍報 作者:馬榮升 責任編輯:楊一楠 2019-07-04 14:xx

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4845177.html

China’s Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

中國軍事智能化時代呼喚訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉型

現代英語:

Zeng Haiqing

introduction

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new-type forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new-type combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% by 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new-type combat forces as the dominant element, highlight the formation and combat use of new-type combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new-type forces into the combat system, and make new-type combat power resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and getting the upper hand over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

■曾海清

引言

當前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術,正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變,打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐,應該及時邁開智能化新步伐,實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”,助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變,升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來,高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用,正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野,緊跟智慧化發展趨勢,倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現,體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊,如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”,升級智能化作戰理念,加強智能化訓練理論研究,以以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題,把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來,用先進技術設計戰爭,用智慧手段演練戰爭,從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前,發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量,將只能在低層次徘徊,很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此,應該樹牢科技制勝理念,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新科技新手段的實踐運用,從而揭開智慧化戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強智能化訓練條件

智慧化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍事訓練的基礎支撐,直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境,需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展,在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰,空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突顯智慧化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗,充分挖潛現有訓練手段及訓練場地功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴設備、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來,例如利用數字地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示形象直觀的三維地貌、天候氣象和復雜交戰態勢,構建生動、逼真的智能化實戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素,把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強數據連結融合,打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的「數據池」;開發數據智慧分析工具,借助雲計算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘作戰數據;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智慧裁決等模擬訓練手段建設,整體推動軍事訓練手段向「科技+」「智慧+」轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣,某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應該精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育,用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源,推動“指揮員」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,鍛造專業化、智慧化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境廣泛適應。

強化智能裝備支撐。目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練,一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分以好戰建備統籌機制,大力推進現有裝備「+智慧」與新一代裝備「智慧+」建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智慧化水平,兩端發力實現倍增效應,縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展,已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒,並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點,創新智慧化軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式,集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練,瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位,形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化,俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備越來越多,應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法,加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質力量融入作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變,指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵,在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算深算細算中判敵情、立方案、定行動,達到以快吃慢、先敵一手。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4916122888.html

The rationale, theory and philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening China’s military


習近平強軍思想的理論基礎與哲學思想 

現代英語:

Liu GuangmingDecember 06, 2023 08:21 | Source: 

2023 Issue 12 of “Party Building” Magazine

Among the innovative theories of the Party in the new era, the most brilliant chapter guiding the cause of strengthening the military is Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military. The principles, theories and philosophy of this important thought are an organic and unified whole. Among them, principles are the cornerstone, supporting the basic theoretical framework of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; theories are the concentrated embodiment of principles in academic theories, supporting the discipline system of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military; philosophy is the sublimation of principles at the philosophical level, supporting the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology contained in Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military.

The main content and basic principles of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military

In early March 2023, an article signed by “Jun Zheng” entitled “Advancing Victoriously under the Guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military” was published in Qiushi and the Liberation Army Daily, which for the first time publicly disclosed the new summary of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as “eleven clarifications” and defined it as the main content of this important thought, namely: (1) Clarifying that the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is the foundation of the people’s army and the soul of strengthening the army; We must comprehensively strengthen the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military, implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the Party’s leadership of the military, and ensure that the troops are absolutely loyal, absolutely pure, and absolutely reliable; (2) We must make it clear that a strong country must have a strong military, and that strengthening national defense and a strong people’s army are strategic supports for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. The people’s army must be effective. Fulfill the mission and tasks of the new era; (3) Make it clear that the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era is to build a people’s army that obeys the Party’s command, can win battles, and has a good style of work, to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the army by 2027, to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and to build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century; (4) Make it clear that the army is prepared to fight , we must focus on being able to fight and win battles, focus on strong enemies, innovate military strategic guidance, develop people’s war strategy and tactics, comprehensively strengthen military training and preparation, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain war, and win wars; (5) Clearly promote the cause of strengthening the military and adhere to the political construction of the army, reform and strengthening the army, science and technology strengthening the army, talent strengthening the army, and rule of law in the army , adhere to the principle of fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, pay more attention to focusing on actual combat, innovation-driven, system-building, intensive and efficient, and military-civilian integration, strengthen military governance, promote high-quality development, and comprehensively improve the level of revolutionization, modernization, and regularization; (6) Make it clear that reform is the only way to strengthen the military, and it is necessary to promote the modernization of the military organization and build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. Improve the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics; (7) Make it clear that science and technology are the core combat power, we must adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance, coordinate and promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization, management, culture and other aspects, and build an innovative people’s army; (8) Make it clear that the way to strengthen the army is to get people, we must implement the military education policy of the new era and promote the military (9) Make it clear that ruling the military by law is the basic way for our Party to build and govern the military. We must build a military legal system with Chinese characteristics, promote fundamental changes in the way the military is governed, and improve the level of legalization in national defense and military construction. (10) Make it clear that the development of military-civilian integration is the core of the development of the military. It is a move to rejuvenate the country and a strategy to strengthen the military. We must consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. (11) We must make it clear that good work style is the distinctive feature and political advantage of our military. We must strictly govern the Party and the military in an all-round way, train a strong grassroots in an all-round way, unswervingly rectify work styles, discipline and fight corruption, vigorously promote the glorious traditions and good work style of our Party and our military, and forever maintain the nature, purpose and character of the people’s army.

Deeply understand that “the fundamental focus is to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military is fundamentally focused on supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military. This important proposition is a scientific conclusion drawn by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, which has placed national defense and military construction under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Only by deeply studying and understanding this “fundamental focus” and comprehensively and accurately grasping the far-sighted considerations of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi to support the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military can we understand Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the political and strategic levels. The “second clarification” is an important statement that directly reflects the fundamental focus of “supporting the great cause of rejuvenation with a strong military.” Whether this “support” is effective or not depends on whether we have real world-class military strength. Now, although there are more means and options for maintaining national security, we can use them flexibly and maneuver them in all directions, but we must never forget that military struggle is a strong backing for national political and diplomatic struggles, and military means are always the last resort. We must take the initiative in national rejuvenation into our own hands. While striving for strategic mutual trust, we must work hard to build a world-class military that can compete with powerful enemies. We must then insist on conducting strategic operations based on strong military strength, so that the comprehensive spillover effects of a strong military can be truly brought into play, ensuring that we can achieve national rejuvenation regardless of whether the enemy forces are willing or not and whether the international environment is relaxed or not.

Deeply realize that “the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era”. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, the core requirement is to realize the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. This is a major conclusion based on “building a strong national defense and a strong people’s army that is commensurate with our country’s international status and consistent with national security and development interests”. The “third clarification” comprehensively explains the goal of strengthening the military. The goal of strengthening the military is the general strategy of our party in building and governing the military in the new era, and provides fundamental guidance for promoting national defense and military construction from a new starting point. Obeying the Party’s command is the soul, determining the political direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “first clarification”; being able to win battles is the core, reflecting the army’s fundamental functions and the fundamental direction of the army’s construction, and is embodied in the “fourth clarification”; having a good work style is the guarantee, related to the nature, purpose, and character of the army, and is embodied in the “eleventh clarification”. These three points embody the guiding ideology and principles of our party’s consistent construction and management of the army, embody the idea of ​​comprehensive construction that unifies revolutionization, modernization, and regularization, and clarifies the focus and emphasis of strengthening the army’s construction. Grasping these three points in building and managing the army is to grasp the key points and play a leading role. The goal of strengthening the military is implemented in the process of national defense and military modernization, and is reflected in the new “three-step” strategic arrangement of successively connecting short-term, medium-term and long-term goals by 2027, 2035 and the middle of this century.

Deeply understand that “practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics”. To successfully advance the cause of strengthening the military in the new era, it is not enough to have the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era. There must also be a correct path to match it, which is the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, practical requirements are to follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics. This is a scientific conclusion reached by the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi through arduous exploration. From a vertical perspective, the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics is not only a glorious path full of historical experience and wisdom, but also a path of exploration that is constantly being explored in the process of advancing the practice of a strong military, and a bright path that faces the future and realizes the dream of a strong military; from a horizontal perspective, it is a military development path in the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is parallel, mutually reinforcing, and organically unified with the development paths of our country in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization. The “fifth clarification” directly reflects the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics, and at the same time, the other “clarifications” are also closely related to the path to a strong military with Chinese characteristics. In particular, building the army politically was developed as the “first clarification” and the “eleventh clarification”, strengthening the army through reform was developed as the “sixth clarification”, strengthening the army through science and technology was developed as the “seventh clarification”, strengthening the army through talents was developed as the “eighth clarification”, governing the army according to law was developed as the “ninth clarification”, focusing on actual combat was developed as the “fourth clarification”, and military-civilian integration was developed as the “tenth clarification”.

Learn the profound theoretical content of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military from the dialectical unity of a series of major strategic ideas in the field of national defense and military construction in the new era

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military did not come out of thin air, but was built on a solid theoretical foundation, embodying the unity of politics and theory. Its correctness lies not only in the correctness of its political direction, but also in the scientific and thorough nature of its theory.

Comprehend the theory in the process of sublimating the practical experience of strengthening the army into ideological theory. The times are the mother of thought, practice is the source of theory, and theory is also constantly clarified and close to the truth under the catalysis of practice. In December 2012, when President Xi visited the Guangzhou Theater, he emphasized that “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation since modern times. It can be said that this dream is a dream of a strong country, and for the military, it is also a dream of a strong army.” With this as the ideological starting point and logical starting point, President Xi proposed a series of original and major strategic ideas in leading the practice of strengthening the People’s Army, opening up the historical process of the formation and development of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the army. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi have firmly grasped the strategic needs of national security and development in the new era and the objective basis for the development of a strong military. With a strong sense of worry and crisis, they have examined the historical, contemporary and practical issues of China’s military, adhered to a problem-oriented approach, and focused on building a strong people’s army in the new era. How to build a strong people’s army has profoundly answered the basic questions of the new era, such as “who should command the people’s army and how to forge a strong military spirit”, “why to strengthen the army and how to strengthen the army”, “what kind of war to fight and how to win the war”, etc., so that Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the army has been enriched and improved with the continuous development of China’s military practice in the new era, and the theoretical support of this important thought has been made more solid. Generally speaking, this important thought originated from the profound pursuit of realizing the rejuvenation of a strong country, was formed by providing scientific guidance and fundamental principles for the cause of strengthening the army in the new era, developed from the vigorous practice of solving a series of prominent contradictions and problems, and improved from the systematic and physical construction of its theoretical innovation.

Comprehend the theory through the mutual support and integration of ideological theories in various fields. The “eleven clarifications” of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military, from the first “clear” emphasis on the absolute leadership of the Party over the military to the last “clear” emphasis on strict governance of the Party and the military, fully demonstrate our Party’s major strategy of strengthening the military and demonstrating the great ambition and strategy of comprehensively strengthening the Party’s leadership and Party building in the military to lead the modernization of national defense and the military in the new era. Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military covers the party’s absolute leadership over the military, military strategy, war and combat guidance, military modernization, national defense construction and other disciplines. It is a scientific military theory system with rich content, profound thoughts and keeping pace with the times. Regarding the modernization of the military, it is proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, military organizational structure, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, comprehensively strengthen military governance, and promote the high-quality development of our military; regarding national defense construction, it is proposed to implement the overall national security concept, consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, strengthen the integrated integration of strategic layout in various fields, the integrated integration of strategic resources, and the integrated use of strategic forces, and build a strong and stable modern border, sea, and air defense; and so on. These new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions on related fields have deepened the understanding of the laws of national defense and military construction, the laws of military struggle preparation and the laws of war guidance with a new perspective, and have become the “four pillars” supporting Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military.

Comprehend the theory from the comprehensive penetration and guidance of the distinctive theme of strengthening the army. To construct a scientific theoretical system, we must focus on the theme to plan the layout. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army takes strengthening the army as its theme, which is a natural manifestation of the inherent theoretical logic of this thought in the process of formation and development. The chapters of the main part of the “Outline for Studying Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army (2023 Edition)” are closely related to the theme of strengthening the army, and the subtitle of each chapter begins with “On Strengthening the Army”. Grasping the theme of strengthening the army is mastering the “golden key” to learning and understanding Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army. The main contents of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, which are “eleven clarifications”, profoundly answer major questions such as the fundamental guarantee, requirements of the times, goals, fundamental orientation, strategic layout, the only way, a powerful engine, fundamental plan, legal guarantee, important support, and unique advantages of strengthening and rejuvenating the military. Each “clarification” is closely linked to strengthening and rejuvenating the military, covering all areas and aspects of military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era, running through the entire process of military force construction and use, and enriching and developing the party’s military guidance theory with systematic innovation and creative sublimation. Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military, with the theme of “strengthening and rejuvenating the military”, runs through and guides the construction of the discipline system of the party’s military thought in the new era.

Comprehend the profound philosophy of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military from the military outlook and methodology of the “Five Persistences”

Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military insists on using Marxism to examine contemporary Chinese military issues, profoundly expounds on a series of major relationships, and creatively puts forward the contemporary Chinese Marxist military outlook and methodology of “five insistences”: insist on political leadership, insist on stopping war with force, insist on being proactive and enterprising, insist on overall planning and balancing all aspects, and insist on daring to fight and win. It is a vivid manifestation of the world outlook and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the military field, and has opened up a new realm of Marxist military dialectics and contemporary Chinese military philosophy.

Understand the relationship between the military and politics from “upholding political guidance”. “Upholding political guidance” emphasizes that the military should obey politics, and that political nature is the essential attribute of the military, which profoundly explains the political nature of military power. In the relationship between the military and politics, the first thing to grasp is that politics determines the military, and political strategy determines strategy. We must unswervingly uphold the party’s absolute leadership over the military, serve the people wholeheartedly, always think about and handle military issues from a political perspective, faithfully perform the mission and tasks entrusted by the party and the people, always listen to the party, follow the party, and always be the people’s soldiers. At the same time, the importance of the military cannot be ignored. Politics determines and leads the military, and the military serves and supports politics. These two aspects complement each other and are organically unified.

Understand the relationship between war and peace from “insisting on stopping war with force”. President Xi pointed out: “Only by being able to fight can we stop war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able we are to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. This is the dialectic between war and peace.” This important statement scientifically reveals the contradictory characteristics of the mutual connection and mutual transformation between war and peace, and points out that the premise and key to achieving peace is “being able to fight”, and the ultimate way to win peace is “stopping war with war and stopping war with force”. Therefore, we must build military struggle preparations on the basis of coping with the most complex and difficult situations, not fight unprepared battles, grasp strategic initiative, effectively formulate strategies and tactics, and ensure that we can effectively stop war and resolutely win the war.

From “persisting in positive progress”, we can understand the relationship between stability and shaping. First, stability and shaping are mutually conditional: stability is the premise and foundation of shaping. Without stability, shaping is impossible; without positive and enterprising shaping, stability is impossible. Second, stability and shaping promote each other: stability can prevent shaping from “going astray”; shaping can enhance the “new quality” of stability. Therefore, we must insist on putting ourselves first, proceed from reality, give full play to our conscious initiative, be good at taking the initiative, fight proactively, find opportunities in crises and turn crises into opportunities, strive to be proactive and avoid being passive, and strive for all possible victories on a stable and reliable basis.

Understand the relationship between system and efficiency from “adhering to overall planning and balancing considerations”. Dialectical materialism believes that everything is interconnected and interdependent, and the entire world is an interconnected whole and an interactive system. Within the system, the various components coordinate and interact with each other to achieve optimized efficiency. Military practice is full of various complex contradictory movements. Grasping the relevance and mastering the complexity are the basic requirements for promoting military development. The cause of strengthening the military in the new era must be planned and operated as a systematic project. We must implement the overall national security concept, coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, coordinate military struggle and other aspects of the struggle, coordinate major tasks of war preparation, use key breakthroughs to drive overall progress, and improve overall effectiveness through coordination and linkage.

Understand the relationship between people and weapons from “insisting on daring to fight and winning”. In today’s era, with the rapid development of high-tech and the widespread use of new weapons and equipment, the human factor and the weapon factor are becoming more and more closely integrated. Faced with the new changes in the relationship between people and weapons in modern warfare, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “people are the decisive factor in winning wars”, and emphasized that “with the continuous development of military technology, the importance of equipment factors is increasing”. If there is a generation gap in weapons and equipment, it will be difficult to fight. We must attach importance to the factor of weapons. It is not enough to talk about the human factor without weapons and equipment, the basic components of war. Attaching importance to the equipment factor is to attach importance to the human factor. We must carry forward the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, dare to overcome all difficulties, and dare to overwhelm all enemies.

(Author’s unit: National Defense University’s Research Center for Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Wang Keyuan)

現代國語:

在新時代黨的創新理論中,用來指導強軍事業的精彩篇章是習近平強軍思想。這一重要思想的道理學理哲理是有機統一的整體。其中,道理是基石,支撐起習近平強軍思想的基本理論架構﹔學理是道理在學術理論上的集中體現,支撐起習近平強軍思想的學科體系﹔哲理是道理在哲學層面的升華,支撐起習近平強軍思想蘊含的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀與方法論。

習近平強軍思想的主要內容與基本道理

2023年3月初,「鈞政」署名文章《在習近平強軍思想引領下勝利前進》在《求是》和《解放軍報》發表,首次公開了習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的新概括,並將其界定為這一重要思想的主要內容,即:(1)明確黨對軍隊絕對領導是人民軍隊建軍之本、強軍之魂,必須全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設,貫徹黨領導軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度,確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠﹔(2)明確強國必須強軍,鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊是新時代堅持發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略支撐,人民軍隊必須有效履行新時代使命任務﹔(3)明確黨在新時代的強軍目標是建設一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風優良的人民軍隊,到2027年實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標,到2035年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化,到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊﹔(4)明確軍隊是要準備打仗的,必須聚焦能打仗、打勝仗,扭住強敵對手,創新軍事戰略指導,發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,全面加強練兵備戰,堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭,有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭﹔ (5)明確推進強軍事業必須堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍,堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設,更加重視聚焦實戰、創新驅動、體系建設、集約高效、軍民融合,加強軍事治理,推動高質量發展,全面提高革命化現代化正規化水平﹔(6)明確改革是強軍的必經之路,必須推進軍隊組織形態現代化,建立中國特色現代軍事力量體系,完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度﹔(7)明確科技是核心戰鬥力,必須堅持自主創新戰略基點,推進高水準科技自立自強,統籌推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等各方面創新,建設創新型人民軍隊﹔(8)明確強軍之道要在得人,必須貫徹新時代軍事教育方針,推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級,鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才﹔(9)明確依法治軍是我們黨建軍治軍基本方式,必須構建中國特色軍事法治體系,推動治軍方式根本轉變,提高國防及軍隊建設法治化水準﹔(10)明確軍民融合發展是興國之舉、強軍之策,必須鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力﹔(11)明確作風優良是我軍鮮明特色和政治優勢,必須全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍,全面鍛造過硬基層,堅定不移正風肅紀反腐,大力弘揚我黨我軍光榮傳統和優良作風,永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

深刻體悟「根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」。習近平強軍思想,根本著眼是以強軍支撐強國復興偉業。這一重大論斷,是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央,把國防和軍隊建設放在實現中華民族偉大復興的大目標下,思考謀劃而得出的科學結論。深入學習領悟這個“根本著眼”,全面準確把握黨中央、中央軍委和習主席以強軍支撐強國復興偉業的深遠考量,才能從政略和戰略層面讀懂習近平強軍思想。 「第二個明確」是直接體現「以強軍支撐強國復興偉業」根本著眼的重要論述。這個「支撐」是否管用頂用,關鍵在於看有沒有實打實的世界級的軍事實力。現在,雖然維護國家安全的手段和選擇增多了,我們可以靈活運用、縱橫捭閔,但千萬不能忘記,軍事鬥爭是國家政治和外交鬥爭的堅強後盾,軍事手段始終是保底的手段。我們必須把強國復興的主動權掌握在自己手中,在爭取戰略互信的同時,努力建設能與強敵相抗衡的世界一流軍隊,進而堅持以強大軍事實力為托底進行戰略運籌,使強軍的綜合性溢出效應真正發揮出來,確保無論敵對勢力是否樂意、國際環境是否寬鬆,我們都能實現強國復興。

深刻體悟「核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標」。習近平強軍思想,核心要求是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。這是從「建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊」出發作出的重大論斷。 「第三個明確」全面闡釋了強軍目標。強軍目標是新時代我們黨建軍治軍的總方略,為在新的起點上推進國防和軍隊建設提供了根本指引。聽黨指揮是靈魂,決定軍隊建設的政治方向,集中體現為“第一個明確”﹔能打勝仗是核心,反映軍隊的根本職能和軍隊建設的根本指向,集中體現為“第四個明確” ﹔作風優良是保証,關系軍隊的性質、宗旨、本色,集中體現為「第十一個明確」。這三條體現了我們黨一以貫之的建軍治軍指導思想和方針原則,體現了革命化現代化正規化建設相統一的全面建設思想,明確了加強軍隊建設的聚焦點和著力點。建軍治軍抓住這三條,就抓住了要害,就能起到綱舉目張的作用。強軍目標落實到國防和軍隊現代化進程中,體現為到2027年、2035年、本世紀中葉,近、中、遠目標梯次銜接的新「三步走」戰略安排。

深刻體悟「實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路」。要勝利推進新時代強軍事業,僅有黨在新時代的強軍目標是不夠的,還必須有與之相匹配的正確道路,這就是中國特色強軍之路。習近平強軍思想,實踐要求是走中國特色強軍之路。這是黨中央、中央軍委和習主席領導全軍經過艱辛探索的科學結論。中國特色強軍之路,從縱向看,既是飽含歷史經驗和智慧的光榮之路,又是在推進強軍實踐中不斷開拓的求索之路,也是面向未來、實現強軍夢的光明之路﹔從橫向來看,是中國特色社會主義事業總體佈局中的軍事發展道路,與我國在經濟、政治、文化、社會、生態文明等領域的發展道路並行展開、交相輝映、有機統一。直接體現中國特色強軍之路的,是“第五個明確”,同時,其他各個“明確”也都與中國特色強軍之路緊密相關。特別是其中的政治建軍展開為“第一個明確”和“第十一個明確”,改革強軍展開為“第六個明確”,科技強軍展開為“第七個明確”,人才強軍展開為“第八個明確”,依法治軍展開為“第九個明確”,聚焦實戰展開為“第四個明確”,軍民融合展開為“第十個明確”。

從新時代國防與軍隊建設領域一系列重大戰略思想的辯証統一中領悟習近平強軍思想的厚實學理

習近平強軍思想,不是憑空冒出來的,而是建立在堅實的學理基礎之上,體現了政治性與學理性的統一,其正確性,既在於政治方向的正確性,也在於學理的科學性、徹底性。

在強軍實踐經驗向思想理論升華的進程中領悟學理。時代是思想之母,實踐是理論之源,學理也是在實踐的催化下不斷明晰並貼近真理。 2012年12月,習主席在廣州戰區考察時強調,“實現中華民族偉大復興,是中華民族近代以來最偉大的夢想。可以說,這個夢想是強國夢,對軍隊來說,也是強軍夢” 。以此為思想發端和邏輯起點,習主席在領航人民軍隊的強軍實踐中提出一系列原創性重大戰略思想,開啟了習近平強軍思想形成和發展的歷史進程。黨的十八大以來,黨中央、中央軍委和習主席牢牢把握新時代國家安全與發展的戰略需求和強軍事業發展的客觀基點,以強烈的憂患意識和危機意識審視中國軍事的歷史之問、時代之問、實踐之問,堅持問題導向,圍繞新時代建立一支什麼樣的強大人民軍隊、怎樣建設強大人民軍隊,深刻回答了新時代「人民軍隊聽誰指揮、怎樣鑄牢軍魂」「為什麼強軍、怎樣強軍」「打什麼仗、怎樣打勝仗」等基本問題,使習近平強軍思想隨著新時代中國軍事實踐的不斷發展而豐富完善,也使這一重要思想的學理支撐更加堅實。整體來看,這一重要思想發軔於對實現強國復興的深沉追求,形成於為新時代強軍事業提供科學指引和根本遵循,發展於破解一系列突出矛盾問題的壯闊實踐,完善於其理論創新的體系化學理化構建。

在各領域思想理論的相互支撐與契合融通中領悟學理。習近平強軍思想的“十一個明確”,從第一個“明確”強調黨對軍隊絕對領導,到最後一個“明確”強調全面從嚴治黨、全面從嚴治軍,全面展現了我們黨強軍興軍的重大方略,彰顯了以全面加強軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設統領新時代國防和軍隊現代化建設的大氣魄大戰略。習近平強軍思想涵括了黨對軍隊絕對領導、軍事戰略、戰爭和作戰指導、軍隊現代化、國防建設等學科內容,是內涵豐富、思想深邃、與時俱進的科學軍事理論體系。關於軍隊現代化,提出全面推進軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員、武器裝備現代化,加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展,全面加強軍事治理,推動我軍高質量發展﹔關於國防建設,提出貫徹總體國家安全觀,鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力,加強各領域戰略佈局一體融合、戰略資源一體整合、戰略力量一體運用,建設強大穩固的現代邊海空防﹔等等。這些對相關領域提出的一系列新思想新觀點新論斷,以全新視野深化了對國防和軍隊建設規律、軍事鬥爭準備規律、戰爭指導規律的認識,成為支撐習近平強軍思想的「四樑八柱」。

從強軍興軍這個鮮明主題的全面貫通引領中領悟學理。建構一個科學的理論體系,必須著眼主題來謀篇佈局。習近平強軍思想以強軍興軍為主題,是這一思想在形成與發展過程中內在理論邏輯的自然體現。 《習近平強軍思想學習綱要(2023年版)》主體部分的各章節緊扣強軍興軍這個主題,其中每一章的副標題都是以「關於強軍興軍的」打頭。掌握住強軍興軍這個主題,就掌握了學習理解習近平強軍思想的「金鑰匙」。習近平強軍思想「十一個明確」的主要內容,深刻回答了強軍興軍的根本保証、時代要求、奮鬥目標、根本指向、戰略佈局、必由之路、強大引擎、根本大計、法治保障、重要依托、特有優勢等重大問題,每一個「明確」都緊扣強軍興軍來展開,涵蓋新時代軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備各領域各方面,貫通軍事力量建設和運用全過程,以體系性創新、創造性升華豐富發展了黨的軍事指導理論。習近平強軍思想以「強軍興軍」這個主題貫通引領新時代黨的軍事思想的學科體系建設。

從「五個堅持」的軍事觀和方法論中領悟習近平強軍思想的精深哲理

習近平強軍思想,堅持用馬克思主義審視當代中國軍事問題,深刻闡述一系列重大關系,創造性提出「五個堅持」的當代中國馬克思主義軍事觀和方法論:堅持政治引領、堅持以武止戈、堅持積極進取、堅持統籌兼顧、堅持敢打必勝,是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的世界觀和方法論在軍事領域的生動體現,開拓了馬克思主義軍事辯証法和當代中國軍事哲學新境界。

從「堅持政治引領」中領悟軍事與政治的相互關系。 “堅持政治引領”,強調軍事服從政治,政治性是軍隊的本質屬性,深刻闡明了軍事力量的政治本質。在軍事與政治的相互關系中,首先要把握的是政治決定軍事、政略決定戰略,必須毫不動搖堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導,全心全意為人民服務,始終從政治高度思考和處理軍事問題,忠實履行黨和人民賦予的使命任務,永遠聽黨話、跟黨走,永遠做人民子弟兵。同時,也不能忽視軍事的重要性。政治決定軍事、引領軍事,軍事服務政治、支撐政治,這兩個面向相輔相成、有機統一。

從「堅持以武止戈」領悟戰爭與和平的相互關系。習主席指出:「能戰方能止戰,準備打才可能不必打,越不能打越可能挨打,這就是戰爭與和平的辯証法。」這一重要論述,科學揭示了戰爭與和平相互聯繫、相互轉化的矛盾特徵,指明了實現和平的前提和關鍵是“能戰”,贏得和平的最後途徑是“以戰止戰、以武止戈”。因此,要把軍事鬥爭準備建立在應對最復雜最困難的基礎上,不打無準備之仗,掌握戰略主動、有效制定戰略戰術,確保有力懾止戰爭、堅決打贏戰爭。

從「堅持積極進取」領悟穩局與塑勢的相互關系。一是穩局和塑勢互為條件:穩局是塑勢的前提和基礎,立足未穩就不可能塑勢﹔離開了積極進取的塑勢,想穩也穩不住。二是穩局和塑勢互相促進:穩局可以防止塑勢「劍走偏鋒」﹔塑勢可以提升穩局的「新質」。因此,要堅持以我為主,從實際出發,充分發揮自覺能動性,善於下先手棋、打主動仗,善於危中尋機、化危為機,力爭主動、力避被動,在穩當可靠基礎上爭取一切可能的勝利。

從「堅持統籌兼顧」領悟系統與效能的相互關系。唯物辯証法認為,萬事萬物是相互聯繫、相互依存的,整個世界是相互聯繫的整體,也是相互作用的系統。在系統內部,各組成部分之間相互協調、相互作用,實現效能優化。軍事實踐充滿各種複雜矛盾運動,把握關聯性、駕馭複雜性是推動軍事發展的基本要求,必須把新時代強軍事業作為系統工程來謀劃和運籌。要貫徹總體國家安全觀,統籌經濟建設和國防建設,統籌軍事鬥爭和其他方面鬥爭,統籌戰建備重大任務,以重點突破帶動整體推進,以協調聯動提高綜合效能。

從「堅持敢打必勝」領悟人與武器的相互關系。在當今時代,隨著高新技術的快速發展以及新式武器裝備的廣泛使用,人的因素和武器因素結合得越來越緊密。面對現代戰爭中人與武器關系的新變化,習主席明確指出,“在戰爭制勝問題上,人是決定因素”,同時強調“隨著軍事技術不斷發展,裝備因素的重要性在上升”。如果武器裝備上有代差,仗就很難打了。要重視武器的因素,脫離了武器裝備這個戰爭的基本構件來講人的因素是不行的。重視裝備因素也就是重視人的因素。要發揚一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神,敢於戰勝一切困難,敢於壓倒一切敵人。

(作者單位:國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心)

(責編:王珂園)

中國原創軍事資源:http://ztjy.people.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1206/c457340-40132768.html

Accelerate Development of Chinese National Defense Science and Technology Innovation to Help Modernization of China’s Military

加速發展國防科技創新 協助軍隊現代化

現代英語:

President Xi Jinping stressed that military scientific research is highly exploratory, and innovation should be placed in a more prominent position, strategic planning and top-level design should be done well, military theory innovation, national defense science and technology innovation, and innovation in the organizational model of military scientific research should be strengthened, and the engine of military scientific research innovation should be started at full speed. This important statement by President Xi profoundly reveals the importance of national defense science and technology innovation, and is the fundamental principle for promoting the development of national defense science and technology innovation under the new situation. We must start the engine of national defense science and technology innovation at full speed, promote the high-quality development of national defense science and technology, and provide strong material and technical support for achieving the goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army and building a world-class army in an all-round way.

Strengthen basic research towards the forefront of development

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is emerging, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating, opening the curtain of the era from informatization to intelligence, which will inevitably bring about a major evolution of war forms, major adjustments in military strategy, major changes in combat methods, and major transformation of combat forces. To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, we must adhere to the forefront of world military science and technology development, face the major needs of strengthening the military practice, face the future battlefield, earnestly explore the winning mechanism of future wars, and continuously improve the contribution rate of national defense science and technology to preparing for war, deterring war and winning war, and inject strong momentum into seizing the strategic commanding heights of future military competition.

We should aim at the forefront of world military science and technology, keep up with the direction of the world’s new military revolution, especially the development of military science and technology, firmly grasp the opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, strive to narrow the gap in key areas, take comparative advantage as the fundamental standard for measuring innovation and development, select the breakthrough and focus of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen forward-looking planning and design, allocate limited resources to major technical breakthroughs, concentrate superior forces, vigorously overcome key technologies in the military field, and master a number of core technologies with independent intellectual property rights. From structural design to force allocation to scientific research projects, we should seize the main research areas, reflect the development frontier, form overall advantages, and actively seek strategic initiative and military advantages.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration are becoming increasingly prominent. Great cross-integration, great integration and great breakthroughs have become the basic laws of the development of modern military science. To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, we must strive to improve our technical cognition ability, dare to blaze new trails in construction ideas and technical paths, open up the channel for the transformation of technology chain into industrial chain, and enhance the national strategic capabilities and weapons and equipment development strength. We must follow the essential requirements and inherent laws of national defense science and technology, stand against the backdrop of the national innovation system and military-civilian integrated collaborative innovation, accelerate the establishment of strategic, basic, cutting-edge and open scientific research and innovation platforms, and promote the transformation of national defense science and technology to the close integration of military theory and military technology, the mutual promotion of basic research and applied research, and the equal emphasis on independent innovation and absorption and reference. Adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, do a good job in basic management, and establish a supporting basic support management mechanism to ensure the development of national defense science and technology innovation; strengthen project management, and strive to form a classified, efficient, flexible, adaptive and sustainable management mechanism and work process; broaden the channels for technology transformation, establish and improve the policy and institutional mechanisms for the transformation and application of national defense science and technology achievements, and promote the rapid transformation and application of national defense science and technology innovation achievements.

Practice has proved that basic research is the key to how high and how far national defense science and technology innovation can “jump”. Therefore, we must focus on innovative basic and applied basic research, make good scientific reserves, correctly grasp the relationship between basic research and technological application, and provide strong support for promoting the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we must take basic research as a leading project to promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, put it in a strategic position of priority development, maintain sufficient and stable funding, make early arrangements and give priority support in several major fields, explore new concepts, new principles, and new methods, and strive to make major breakthroughs in basic, cutting-edge, and strategic fields. Second, we must persist in using the thinking and methods of systems engineering, correctly understand and scientifically guide basic research and technology application practices, promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and cultivate new technological growth points to form a closed link of “basic research, development and application, transformation of achievements, and integrated application and re-innovation”. Third, we must open up channels for the transformation of national defense science and technology achievements as soon as possible, and promote scientific research achievements to take root in building a world-class military and serving and preparing for war. Actively explore scientific research collaboration in the form of technology groups and project groups, strengthen communication and cooperation between the military and local governments, open up channels for technological needs, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible.

Establish a scientific research orientation and win the future with innovation

Focusing on actual combat is the core goal of military construction. We must adhere to the fundamental guidance of combat needs as an important guiding principle for the development of national defense science and technology innovation. We must always aim at tomorrow’s wars to innovate and develop military theories and military technology, and explore and form a national defense science and technology innovation system that keeps pace with the development of the times, adapts to national security needs, and meets future combat requirements.

To promote the innovation and development of national defense science and technology, we must firmly establish the fundamental orientation of scientific research for warfare, conduct in-depth research on combat characteristics, combat styles, combat focus and winning mechanisms under information conditions, insist on using combat needs to guide basic research and strategic frontier technology exploration, and further improve the institutional mechanisms for scientific research projects to focus on preparing for war. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on future combat opponents, accurately grasp the evolution trends of war forms and the development trends of world military science and technology, constantly update our ideas, scientifically plan today’s preparations, design tomorrow’s wars, and win future battlefields.

Combat effectiveness has always been the decisive factor in the success or failure of the military, and the combat effectiveness standard is the only fundamental standard for military construction. With the rapid development of high-tech with information technology as the core, the complexity of the offensive and defensive combat mechanism of war has undergone unprecedented profound changes, which has had an unprecedented profound impact on the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to take independent innovation as an important factor, component and implementation method for the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode, be good at discovering the potential driving force of new technologies on combat effectiveness development, and promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation in the great practice of fully realizing the goal of strengthening the military.

In order to adapt to the requirements of winning information and intelligent wars and effectively fulfill the mission, we must adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, improve the mechanism of scientific research collaborative innovation, build a fusion innovation platform, and comprehensively promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we must take the weak links of national defense science and technology as the main direction of promoting independent innovation, and at the same time increase the original innovation efforts, focus on mastering key core technologies in some important fields and scientific and technological frontiers, and strive to build a national defense science and technology innovation system that can not only increase the national defense science and technology reserves, but also enable them to be rapidly transformed. Correctly handle the relationship between key technologies and general technologies, general technologies and special technologies, traditional technologies and high-tech technologies, and achieve overall planning and reasonable layout to achieve mutual support and coordinated development of various technologies and disciplines. Second, we must grasp the needs of national defense science and technology innovation and development, focus on solving problems in the science and technology management system, demand generation mechanism, scientific research plan system, etc., improve the overall benefits of scientific research, and form a strong vitality to promote independent innovation. Vigorously promote the sharing of technical basic resources between the military and civilians, and establish and improve the military-civilian standardization coordination mechanism and technical service mechanism. Third, we must improve the science and technology collaborative innovation policy system of universities, research institutes, enterprises, and governments, maximize the advantages of all aspects, focus on building a fusion innovation platform, and form an overall synergy to promote national defense science and technology collaborative innovation.

Implementing the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era to unleash creative vitality

To promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation, it is ultimately necessary to rely on high-level talents. Without a strong team of national defense science and technology talents, independent innovation is like water without a source and a tree without roots. Therefore, it is necessary to actively adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, vigorously build a systematic and high-level talent training platform, and allow more high-quality and professional talents to emerge.

We should firmly establish the concept that “talent is the first resource”, insist on cultivating talents as a major political task, and boldly use strategic scientists with the wisdom to identify talents, the sincerity to love talents, the methods to gather talents, the courage to use talents, and the mind to tolerate talents, support young scientific and technological talents to take the lead and shoulder important responsibilities, and continuously expand the ranks of leading scientific and technological talents and first-class innovation teams. We should adhere to the major national defense science and technology construction projects and talent construction projects together, boldly select, use, and temper various talents in the practice of major projects and major tasks, cultivate and bring up a new generation of scientific and technological leaders and leading talents, and build the field of national defense science and technology and equipment into a highland for national innovative talents and a fertile ground for talent growth and development, forming a vivid situation in which the creative vitality of national defense science and technology talents competes. We should clarify the evaluation methods and standards for national defense science and technology talents, improve the differentiated evaluation and policy support mechanism for national defense science and technology talents, and build an evaluation system that conforms to the laws of national defense science and technology and the laws of talent growth. Reform the science and technology management and personnel systems, let scientific research management keep pace with scientific and technological innovation, truly free up time for scientific researchers, build platforms, and hand over the stage for scientific research and innovation to them with confidence, allowing them to play the leading role and play a big role in scientific research and innovation.

A scientific and fair evaluation mechanism plays a fundamental role in stimulating innovation. Practice has proved that any major breakthrough in the field of basic research is inseparable from long-term accumulation and repeated failures, which is an inevitable law of scientific development. Therefore, in the process of national defense science and technology and weapon equipment research and production, we should encourage researchers to have wonderful ideas and tolerate their failures in exploration and practice. It is advocated that the implementation of various scientific research plans should not be based on the number of papers and patents as project goals, but should focus on the achievement of original results and allow a certain proportion of failures. Peer evaluation should be implemented for basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlighting the medium- and long-term goal orientation and original value, focusing on creating a fair competition environment that encourages innovation, and making great efforts to activate the “spring water” of national defense science and technology innovation and development.

We will fully implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, further enhance the vitality of talent team building, maximize the innovative power of national defense science and technology talents, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. We will follow the growth rules of high-quality and professional military talents, create an environment for identifying, loving, respecting and using talents, formulate policies and systems that combine competitive incentives with advocating cooperation, promote the orderly flow and reasonable layout of talent resources, build a good platform for local talents to serve national defense science and technology construction, and strive to create a good situation in which people can use their talents to the fullest, display their talents to the fullest, and use their talents to the fullest.

(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Song Meiqi)

現代國語:

習近平主席強調指出,軍事科學研究具有很強的探索性,要把創新擺在更加突出的位置,做好戰略規劃和頂層設計,加強軍事理論創新、國防科技創新、軍事科研工作組織模式創新,把軍事科研創新的引擎全速發動。習主席的這一重要論述,深刻揭示了國防科技創新的重要性,是新形勢下推動國防科技創新發展的根本遵循。我們要全速發動國防科技創新發展的引擎,促進國防科技高品質發展,為實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、全面建成世界級軍隊提供強而有力的物質技術支撐。

面向發展前沿 加強基礎研究

目前,新一輪科技革命與產業變革正孕育興起,世界新軍事革命加速推進,拉開了從資訊化邁向智慧化的時代大幕,必將帶來戰爭形態大演進、軍事戰略大調整、作戰方式大嬗變、作戰力量大轉型。推動國防科技創新發展,必須堅持面向世界軍事科技發展前沿,面向強軍實踐重大需求,面向未來戰場,認真探索未來戰爭制勝機理,不斷提高國防科技對備戰懾戰勝戰的貢獻率,為搶佔未來軍事競爭策略制高點注入強勁動能。

瞄準世界軍事科技前沿,緊跟世界新軍事革命特別是軍事科技發展方向,緊緊抓住新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在興起的機遇,努力縮小關鍵領域的差距,以取得比較優勢作為衡量創新發展的根本標準,選準科技創新的突破口和著力點,加強前瞻謀劃設計,把有限的資源配置到重大技術攻關上,集中優勢力量,大力攻克軍事領域的關鍵技術,掌握一批擁有自主智慧財產權的核心技術。從結構設計到力量配比再到科研項目,都應抓住主要研究領域,體現發展前沿,形成整體優勢,積極謀求戰略主動與軍事優勢。

隨著科學技術不斷發展,多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合整合的特徵日益凸顯,大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為現代軍事科學發展的基本法則。推動國防科技創新發展,要努力提陞技術認知能力,在建立想法、技術路徑上敢於蹚新路,打通技術鏈轉化為產業鏈的通道,提升國家戰略能力與武器裝備發展實力。要遵循國防科技的本質要求和內在規律,站在國家創新大體系、軍民一體化協同創新的大背景下,加速建立戰略性、基礎性、前沿性、開放性的科學研究創新平台,推動國防科技向軍事理論與軍事技術緊密結合、基礎研究與應用研究相互促進、自主創新與吸收借鏡並重視並舉轉變。適應國防科技創新發展要求,搞好基礎管理,配套建立確保國防科技創新發展的基礎支撐性管理機制;加強專案管理,努力形成分類分級、高效靈活、自適應、可持續的管理機制和工作流程;拓寬技術轉化管道,建立並改善國防科技成果轉化應用政策制度機制,推動國防科技創新成果快速轉化應用。

實務證明,國防科技創新能「跳」多高、「跑」多遠,基礎研究是關鍵。因此,要著力抓好創新性基礎與應用基礎研究,搞好豐厚的科學儲備,正確掌握基礎研究與技術應用的關係,為推動國防科技創新發展提供強力支撐。一要把基礎研究作為推動國防科技創新發展的先導工程,放在優先發展的戰略位置來抓,保持足夠、穩定的經費投入,在若干重大領域提前佈局與優先支持,探索新概念、新原理、新方法,力爭在基礎、前衛、策略領域取得重大突破。二要堅持運用系統工程的思維和方法,正確認識和科學指導基礎研究與技術應用實踐,既要促進科技成果轉化運用,又要培育新的技術增長點,形成“基礎研究、開發應用、成果轉化,到整合應用再創新」的閉合鏈路。三要盡快打通國防科技成果轉化的管道,促進科研成果在建設世界一流軍隊和服務備戰打仗中落地生根。積極探索以技術群、專案群等形式進行科研協作攻關,加強軍地溝通協作,暢通技術需求通道,促進科技成果盡快轉換。

樹立科研為戰導向 以創新制勝未來

聚焦實戰是軍隊建設的核心目標,必須把堅持作戰需求的根本牽引作為國防科技創新發展的重要指導原則,始終瞄準明天的戰爭創新發展軍事理論和軍事科技,探索形成與時代發展同步伐、與國家安全需求相適應、滿足未來作戰需求的國防科技創新體系。

推動國防科技創新發展,必須穩固確立科研為戰的根本導向,深入研究資訊化條件下的作戰特徵、作戰樣式、作戰重心和製勝機理,堅持以作戰需求牽引基礎研究和戰略前沿技術探索,進一步完善科學研究計畫聚焦於備戰打仗等製度機制,同時要緊盯未來作戰對手,準確掌握戰爭形態演變趨勢、世界軍事科技發展趨勢,不斷更新思想觀念,科學籌劃今天的備戰、設計明天的戰爭、制勝未來的戰場。

戰鬥力始終是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素,戰鬥力標準是軍隊建立唯一的根本的標準。以資訊科技為核心的高新科技快速發展,戰爭攻防作戰機理的複雜程度發生了前所未有的深刻變化,對於戰鬥力的生成與提升產生了前所未有的深刻影響。因此,必須把自主創新視為戰鬥力生成模式轉變的重要因素、構成要素和實現途徑,善於發現新技術對戰鬥力發展的潛在推動力,在全面實現強軍目標的偉大實踐中促進國防科技創新發展。

為適應打贏資訊化與智慧化戰爭要求,著眼有效履行使命任務,就要堅持自主創新的戰略基點,完善科學研究協同創新機制,打造融合創新平台,全面推進國防科技創新發展。一要把國防科技的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向,同時加大原始性創新力度,著力在一些重要領域和科技前沿掌握關鍵核心技術,努力建構既能使國防科學技術儲備不斷增加、又能使之快速轉化的國防科技創新體系。正確處理重點技術與一般技術、一般技術與專用技術、傳統技術與高新技術的關係,做到統籌兼顧、合理佈局,實現各類技術、各類學科相互支撐、協調發展。二要掌握國防科技創新發展的需求,重點在於解決科技管理體制、需求生成機制、科學研究計畫體係等面向問題,提昇科研整體效益,形成推動自主創新的強大活力。大力推動技術基礎資源軍民共用分享,建立完善軍民標準化協調機制與技術服務機制。三要健全大學、科研院所、企業、政府的科技協同創新政策制度,最大限度發揮各方面的優勢,著力打造融合創新平台,形成推動國防科技協同創新的整體合力。

實施新時代人才強軍策略 讓創造活力競相迸發

推動國防科技創新發展,歸根究底要靠高水準人才,如果沒有強大的國防科技人才隊伍,自主創新就是無源之水、無本之木。因此,必須積極適應國防科技創新發展要求,大力打造體系化、高階的人才培育平台,讓更多高素質、專業化人才競相湧現。

牢固樹立「人才是第一資源」的觀念,堅持把培養人才作為一項重大的政治任務,以識才的慧眼、愛才的真情、聚才的方法、用才的膽略、容才的胸懷,大膽運用戰略科學家,支持青年科技人才挑起大樑、擔重任,不斷壯大科技領軍人才隊伍和一流創新團隊。堅持國防科技重大建設工程和人才建設工程一起抓,在重大工程和重大任務實踐中大膽選拔、使用、錘煉各種人才,培養造就新一代科技帥才和領軍人才,把國防科技和裝備領域打造成國家創新人才的高地、人才成長興業的沃土,形成國防科技人才創造活力競相迸發的鮮明局面。明確國防科技人才的評估方式與標準,完善國防科技人才差異化評估與政策支援機制,建構符合國防科技規律與人才成長規律的評估體系。改革科技管理與人事制度,讓科學研究管理跟上科技創新的步伐,真正為科研人員放開手腳、騰出時間、搭建平台,把科研創新的舞台放心交給他們,讓他們在科研創新中當主角、唱大戲。

科學公平的評估機制對於激勵創新具有根本性的作用。實務證明,任何一個基礎研究領域的重大突破都離不開長期的累積和多次的失敗,這是科學發展的必然規律。因此,在國防科技和武器裝備科學研究生產過程中,既要鼓勵科學研究人員有奇思妙想,也要寬容其在探索實踐中的失敗。提倡各類科學研究計畫的實施不以論文、專利數量為專案目標,著重原創成果的取得,允許一定的失敗比例。對基礎和前沿技術研究實行同行評價,突顯中長期目標導向和原創價值,著力營造激勵創新的公平競爭環境,下大力氣激活國防科技創新發展的「一池春水」。

全面貫徹實施新時代人才強軍戰略,進一步增強人才隊伍建設活力,最大限度激發國防科技人才的創新動力、充分調動他們的積極性、主動性和創造性。遵循高素質、專業化軍事人才成長規律,營造識才愛才敬才用才的環境,制定競爭激勵和崇尚合作相結合的政策制度,促進人才資源有序流動、合理佈局,為地方人才服務國防科技建設搭建好平台,著力形成人盡其才、盡展其才、才盡其用的良好局面。

(作者係軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員、博士生導師)

(編按:王之鋒、宋美琪)

中國原創軍事資源:

How Can Chinese Military Research Institutes Achieve “accelerated” Innovation in National Defense Science and Technology?

中國軍事科學研究院所如何實現國防科技創新「加速」?

現代英語:

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and emerging fields such as space and the Internet will become the focus of future competition. The rapid development of science and technology, the ever-changing weapons and equipment and combat methods have put forward new requirements for military research institutes to conduct full-domain battlefield research.

Standing at the forefront of the times, how can military research institutes promote the implementation of the national defense science and technology innovation strategy and transform scientific research results into real combat effectiveness? How can we achieve the transition from “squatting to running” to “jumping” in scientific and technological innovation and achieve “acceleration” in scientific and technological innovation? Please read the news investigation brought by the PLA Daily reporter from the National Defense Engineering Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences.

Defense Science and Technology Innovation: Forging a Powerful Engine to Enhance National Defense Strength

■China National Defense News reporter Pan Di and special correspondent Zhao Jie

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and emerging fields such as space and the Internet will become the focus of future competition. The rapid development of science and technology, the ever-changing weapons and equipment and combat methods have put forward new requirements for military research institutes to conduct full-domain battlefield research.

President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation and vigorously improve the ability of independent innovation in national defense science and technology when attending the plenary meeting of the PLA and armed police delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress. Standing at the forefront of the times, how can military research institutes promote the implementation of national defense science and technology innovation strategies and transform scientific research results into real combat effectiveness? How can we achieve the transition from “squatting to running” to “jumping” in scientific and technological innovation and achieve “acceleration” in scientific and technological innovation? Please see the news investigation brought by reporters from the National Defense Engineering Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences.

Research direction——

We must work hard to study and strive for the future, and never lose our ambition

In late March, at a research institute of the National Defense Engineering Research Institute, researchers who had completed the experimental content of a project were busy collecting, organizing and analyzing data, which also meant that a forward-looking topic they had been studying had entered the finalization stage.

A few years ago, when the concept of a certain type of weapon was just proposed, researchers were keenly aware that with the continuous development of science and technology, once this type of weapon breaks through the technical barriers and is successfully developed, it will bring new challenges to the construction of national defense projects. Time waits for no one, and they have planned in detail the research direction of the subject and the key issues that need to be solved in combination with the current status of my country’s national defense projects. Today, the project team has basically mastered the damage effect of a certain new type of weapon on the target, and has proposed a new protection concept accordingly.

The successful completion of the project stems from the accurate aiming of the scientific research target, and the establishment of the scientific research direction is due to the keen insight and foresight of the scientific research team. This kind of forward-looking research is not an isolated case in the institute.

Engineer Han Yu recalled that as early as the 1980s, the research staff of the institute proposed the research direction of information warfare in the future war based on the development trend of warfare. After extensive data collection, investigation and understanding of the situation, and analysis of research rules, they outlined a forward-looking development blueprint for this research direction.

Thanks to the long-term research accumulation on informationized combat styles, after the institute formally established the relevant protection research laboratory last year, the laboratory’s researchers have been advancing related scientific research topics in an orderly and intensive manner.

The application and research cycle of a project is long, ranging from a few years to more than ten years, or even longer. If the research topic lacks foresight, the scientific research direction is not closely connected to the battlefield, and the results are difficult to help improve the combat effectiveness of the troops, it will inevitably cause a waste of manpower and material resources. In response to this situation, the institute clearly requires: “For research topics related to national defense projects, if they are not practical and forward-looking, they will not be allowed to be established.”

“Our research results usually have to be tested in the training ground, and the opinions and suggestions from the troops are summarized and collected on the feedback form, which provides an important reference basis for the next step of scientific research.” Wang Mingzhe, an engineer who is about to visit a certain test site, told reporters that in order to make the research topics stand the test of future wars, the researchers of the institute often go to plateaus and islands, and travel all over the country to investigate, inspect and demonstrate.

A few years ago, when conducting research in the army, researchers discovered that the camouflage cloth used by a brigade during a live-fire exercise was not conducive to camouflage and cover in special terrain. In response to the problem, researchers quickly organized a research project and designed a new information-based shielding system and cloth, making battlefield laying more convenient, faster, more confusing and concealed.

“When attending the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and the Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi stressed the need to pay close attention to the development trends of world military technology and weaponry. Indeed, conducting scientific research is like fighting a war. Only with a forward-looking vision can we win the commanding heights in overcoming difficult problems and seize the initiative for victory.” Speaking of the institute’s project approval standards, researcher Liu Ruichao said with emotion that scientific research in the field of national defense engineering must conform to the latest trends in combat styles and weapon development, and take one step ahead while being down-to-earth.

Scientific research talents——

How can the water be so clear? Because it comes from a source of fresh water.

“Look, these are the cracks that appeared after treatment…” On the afternoon of March 13, a laboratory of the institute was occasionally filled with the sound of machines roaring and explanations of experimental content.

In the laboratory, the reporter saw a soldier with gray hair in military uniform. Researcher Chen Anmin told the reporter that the old man was Gu Jincai, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the voice just heard outside the door was Academician Gu explaining the experiment content to the young backbone.

As an academician, the scientific research tasks are already very busy and there is no need for him to always be on the front line. However, Academician Gu, who is already 80 years old, still insists on patiently and meticulously teaching his apprentices and leading the team.

“Academician Gu and his group of veteran comrades have been working on the front line since the establishment of the unit, providing hands-on training and guidance to scientific researchers. I am especially grateful to the predecessors for their guidance and support in getting to where I am today.” Engineer Ma Dongliang is deeply impressed by the good atmosphere of the institute.

In 2009, Ma Dongliang was assigned to a research institute in the Central Plains. As a new employee, Ma Dongliang, who had not yet understood the content of his job, thought he would be assigned to do some “odd jobs” such as organizing documents. What he did not expect was that he was entrusted with an important task as soon as he arrived at the unit and participated in a major protection research project throughout the process.

“The project team is full of teachers with many books, and I, a ‘rookie’, can complete the project tasks?” Ma Dongliang recalled that he was both excited and terrified at the time. After working in the institute for a long time, he learned that the institute would formulate a capacity improvement plan for each key talent, formulate a targeted training plan for those with development potential, and cultivate a team of key talents through job training, sending students to study, cooperation and exchange, etc.

At the 2017 National Science and Technology Awards Commendation Conference, the project in which Ma Dongliang participated won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award. What surprised him was that the project leader put him in the position of the seventh author after considering everyone’s contribution, which is not only an honor but also a spur and encouragement for young researchers.

“My contribution to scientific research has not been ignored just because I am young. This is also an important reason why our young backbones stay here to concentrate on scientific research. The evaluation of awards focuses on professional ability and contribution. When evaluating and adjusting positions, it is not based on awards or achievements, but on comprehensive evaluation.” Ma Dongliang told reporters that he is currently working on four projects at the same time, working more than 10 hours a day, and working overtime on weekends is the norm. As he said, this fair competition method and evaluation mechanism make them “excited” and “energized” to do scientific research here.

Like Ma Dongliang, there are many young backbones born in the 1980s who like the talent training atmosphere of the institute and engage in scientific research and have achieved success and development. Some have become senior engineers, and some have served as laboratory leaders. A large number of scientific research backbones have grown rapidly here.

Research conditions——

The phoenix will come to roost when the phoenix tree is lush and leafy.

If information technology is the “multiplier” of combat effectiveness, then scientific research conditions are the “incubator” that gives birth to innovative results.

During the interview at the research institute, the reporter found that the place where the researchers spent the longest time was the test site.

At a test site of the institute, the reporter met Associate Researcher Xu Xiangyun who was preparing the test content. He told the reporter that each research room has several laboratories or test sites built according to the needs of scientific research projects. In addition to purchasing local mature technology products, most of the equipment is independently developed. A new type of test equipment next to him was developed and put into use last year.

At the end of 2012, a new type of weapon was released abroad. According to information obtained by scientific and technological personnel, its attack performance and its destructiveness to protective projects are astonishing, and it is likely to cause many protective projects to lose their due effectiveness.

As it concerns the safety of national defense projects, researchers need to find out the relevant performance of this type of weapon as soon as possible, and to obtain the most accurate information, they need to conduct relevant tests. Because it is a new type of weapon, there is no alternative test method in China, and it often takes 3 years or even longer to apply for the development of test equipment. This practical problem made the researchers of the institute frown. What should they do?

“A special research team composed of academicians and experts will be established to work together to overcome difficulties.” After the researchers reported the situation, the institute also invited experts in related fields from all over the country to discuss the matter. After multiple scientific discussions, they immediately decided to start the development of the test equipment as soon as possible.

In 2015, the Institute developed a certain type of test equipment when most similar test equipment in China could only be used in a fixed manner. With the test equipment, the research team quickly began to apply for a certain evaluation test project. Today, the research team has successfully conducted tests such as weapon power research and target damage, and has proposed new protection concepts and structures accordingly.

“Today, a big challenge facing military research institutions is how to fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and innovation of researchers. We must try our best to provide researchers with advanced research conditions in a timely manner to ensure innovative research.” said the leader of the institute. In recent years, they have successively built an engineering comprehensive demonstration environment laboratory with an area of ​​more than 1,000 square meters and more than 200 sets of equipment and software, as well as dynamic and static load test platforms.

If you want to do your work well, you must first sharpen your tools. At present, while continuing to implement the tasks of scientific research conditions construction, the institute focuses on the current situation at home and abroad and the development trend of related majors, actively plans new scientific research conditions construction projects, and promotes the application of the “Major Underground Engineering Safety” National Key Laboratory. A project aimed at the protection technology research of the world’s cutting-edge weapons will be carried out in the newly built simulation test center…

Accelerate national defense science and technology innovation

■Weidong

At the plenary meeting of the PLA and Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integration innovation system, and vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology. This important thought profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development and points out the direction for the prosperity and development of modern military science.

In recent years, as the strategic commanding heights of science and technology have accelerated their development to the deep earth, deep sea and deep space, the forms of war and combat styles have undergone profound changes, and the process of transforming combat theories into battlefield actions and technology into equipment has continued to accelerate, and the cycle has been further shortened. Many military powers have seen the dawn of intelligent military transformation and have launched a new round of military technology innovation.

In the face of the ever-changing technological development, military research institutes must take the lead in the national defense science and technology game, take the opportunity of reshaping the military research system, stand at the overall height of ensuring victory in the informationized war, step up the strategic transformation, and firmly grasp the “bull’s nose” of independent innovation, so as to take the initiative in the grand journey of becoming world-class.

Qian Xuesen once said that national defense science and technology innovation must not be satisfied with “chasing tail” or “looking in the mirror”. Military research institutes should be bold in their ideas, have the courage to emancipate their minds, break the mindset, make macro plans for their long-term development, and optimize the top-level design. At the same time, they should also carry out forward-looking demonstrations of the needs for the development of national defense science and technology innovation, independently and proactively carry out basic, leading, and disruptive innovative technology research, keenly discover new directions and new fields for the generation of new quality combat effectiveness, and strive to stand at the forefront and be at the forefront of the world’s military science and technology competition.

It is the duty of the general to not forget to fight while defending; it is the duty of the soldiers to be well-prepared for training. Focusing on actual combat is both a goal and a guide. Military research institutes should firmly establish the idea of ​​research for combat, implement President Xi’s instructions and requirements of “facing the battlefield, facing the troops, and facing the future”, and follow the requirements of “improving joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems”. We should strive to conduct research in the way the war is fought and what is needed for the war, focus on improving the contribution rate of military research and innovation to the combat effectiveness of the troops, and continuously provide strong scientific and technological support for strengthening the army.

A first-class army needs first-class scientific research units, and first-class scientific research units need first-class talents. Only when talents emerge in competition can there be a burst of innovative vitality. Military scientific research institutes should always adhere to the awareness of talent cultivation as the main battlefield, highlight the cultivation of creative thinking and innovative capabilities of military scientific researchers, rely on first-class military talents to create first-class military theories and first-class military technology, and implant the winning genes for decoding future wars into the body of the army.

President Xi stressed that we should focus on the coordinated innovation of military and civilian science and technology in key areas. The fields of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment are the focus of military-civilian integration. As military research institutes, we should focus on meeting national strategic needs, integrating into the national scientific research system, strengthening the coordinated research of major projects, and strengthening the deep integration of industry, academia and research. Relying on the superior resources of the military and the local government, we should strengthen the strategic cooperation between the military and the local government, build a service platform for the joint research and sharing of national defense science and technology achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the connection of common standards between the military and the local government, and form a new situation of open, integrated and innovative development of national defense science and technology.

Stride forward, reshape and reconstruct is not a minor repair, and must not be a small fight. We must seize the opportunity of the start, release the starting momentum, take steps and speed up in key areas, important directions and major tasks, and create new models and set new benchmarks as soon as possible, so as to take the lead in achieving leading results in the world military science and technology competition, occupy a number of strategic commanding heights and winning points, use first-class military technology to create a first-class combat offense and defense system, and gradually achieve the goal of building a first-class army.

(Author’s unit: National Defense Engineering Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)

Military scientific and technological innovation should focus on basic scientific research, improve basic scientific research support capabilities, and lay a solid foundation for national defense scientific and technological innovation.

In recent years, we have made great progress in the field of national defense science and technology, but there is still a gap with foreign countries in some key technologies, mainly because the basic research is not solid enough, and there is still room for improvement in professional basic theoretical research, digital military simulation platform development, large-scale distributed numerical computing technology, etc. These factors have restricted the scientific research progress and development in the military field to a certain extent, affecting the emergence and breakthroughs of cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations.

Basic key technologies cannot be bought, and you will not get far if you rely on buying second-hand technologies from abroad. We should start from the aspects of top-level planning design, scientific research management system, and incentive mechanism for scientific researchers, attach importance to and support basic research work, carry out basic research work in depth, and enhance original innovation capabilities.

Military research institutions must break down the “barriers” between the military and civilian science and technology systems, and focus on collaborative innovation in military and civilian science and technology in key areas.

With the rapid development of high-tech weapons and equipment, the styles and forms of warfare are constantly changing, which puts higher requirements on battlefield construction. We must actively explore many disciplines such as earth sciences, high-tech equipment manufacturing, and automatic control, and study the construction of a full-domain intelligent battlefield.

Based on this, military research units need to cooperate with local governments to jointly carry out in-depth engineering research, integrate high-quality local military resources in the fields of electronic information, drones, artificial intelligence and bionics, and use the best scientific and technological resources in the country to build a modern military force system. For our national defense engineering field, we must attach importance to promoting the application of building information modeling (BIM) in military engineering and realize the informationization and refined management of engineering construction and operation and maintenance.

Innovation-driven development is essentially talent-driven. Whoever possesses first-class innovative talents will have the advantage and dominance in scientific and technological innovation.

At present, the most urgent need for strengthening national defense and military construction is talent; looking to the future, the core of achieving leapfrog development in military construction is still talent. Only by fully driving the talent training engine can we strongly promote independent innovation in national defense science and technology.

Many years of experience in scientific research have made me feel that talent cultivation is a systematic project and strategic task. We need to focus on the overall situation, strengthen top-level design, scientifically set up echelons, and strive to create a vivid situation where outstanding talents emerge and everyone competes to be a “maker” in the military camp. Talent cultivation has its inherent characteristics and laws. It cannot be achieved overnight or in a short period of time. We need to firmly establish a scientific concept of talent cultivation, with the ideological realm and confidence and courage of “success does not have to be mine, but the effort will not be in vain”, and work hard for a long time and continue to relay, so as to turn the talent cultivation blueprint into reality and provide solid talent support for the development of the military through science and technology.

Conducting military scientific research is like fighting a war. Only with a forward-looking vision can you gain the commanding heights in overcoming difficult problems and seize the initiative for victory.

In recent years, national defense science and technology at home and abroad has developed rapidly, the all-round reconnaissance technology integrating land, sea, air and space has been continuously improved, the use of troops and weapons supported by highly information technology on the battlefield and the emergence of new weapons have greatly changed the combat style and characteristics of future wars. Scientific researchers must deeply grasp and base themselves on the characteristics of future wars and carry out innovative scientific research in a targeted manner.

Specifically in the field of national defense engineering research, military researchers must keep up with the forefront of the development of world weapons and equipment and protection technology, and focus on preventing both “hard kill” and “soft kill”; they must pay attention to the protection of key parts as well as the protection of the overall system; they must do a good job in passive protection, and also track and study active protection and new weapon protection technologies, promote disruptive technological innovation, and strive to improve the battlefield survivability and combat support capabilities of national defense engineering.

現代國語:

目前,新一輪科技革命、工業革命、軍事革命正加速推進,太空、網路等新興領域將成為未來競爭的焦點。科學技術日新月異,武器裝備和作戰方式日新月異,對軍事科學研究院所進行全域戰場研究提出了新的要求。

站在時代前沿,軍隊科學研究院所如何推動國防科技創新戰略實施,將科學研究成果轉化為現實戰力?如何實現科技創新從“蹲著跑”到“跳起來”,實現科技創新“加速”?請閱讀解放軍報記者軍事科學院國防工程研究所帶來的新聞調查。

國防科技創新:為提升國防實力鍛造強大引擎

■中國國防報記者 潘娣 特約記者 趙傑

目前,新一輪科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命加速推進,太空、網路等新興領域將成為未來的爭奪焦點。快速發展的科學技術、日新月異的武器裝備及作戰方式,給軍科研院所提出了全域戰場研究的新要求。

習主席出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,加強國防科技創新,並大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。挺立時代潮頭,軍事科研院所如何推進國防科技創新戰略落地生根,把科學研究成果轉化為實實在在的戰鬥力?如何實現科技創新“深蹲助跑”到“起跳跨越”,跑出科技創新“加速度”?請看記者從軍事科學院國防工程研究院帶來的新聞調查。

科學研究方向——

躬身必以研為戰,望遠不墜鯤鵬志

3月下旬,在國防工程研究院某研究所,已經完成某專案試驗內容的科研人員正在緊張地進行資料的蒐集、整理與分析,這也意味著他們潛心鑽研的某前瞻性課題進入結題階段。

幾年前,某型武器的概念剛被提出時,科研人員就敏銳地認識到:隨著科學技術不斷發展,該型武器一旦突破技術壁壘研製成功,將會對國防工程建設帶來新的挑戰。時間不等人,他們結合我國國防工程現狀,詳細規劃了主題的研究方向和需要重點解決的關鍵問題。現今,本計畫組基本上掌握某新型武器對目標的毀傷效果,並相應提出新的防護理念。

專案成功結題的背後,源自於科研標靶的準確瞄準,而科研方向的確立得益於科研團隊敏銳的洞察力與前瞻性。這種具有前瞻性的研究在該研究院並非個案。

根據工程師韓彧回憶,早在1980年代,該研究院科研人員根據作戰發展趨勢,預見未來戰爭資訊化作戰的研究方向。經過廣泛收集資料、調查了解情況、剖析研究規律,他們為研究方向勾勒出前瞻性的發展藍圖。

得益於長期資訊化作戰樣式的研究積累,去年研究院正式組成相關防護研究室之後,研究室科研人員便有條不紊、緊鑼密鼓地推進相關科研課題。

課題申請立項與研究週期長,短則幾年多則十幾年,甚至會更長。如果研究主題缺乏前瞻性,科學研究方向對接戰場不緊密,出了成果也難以助力部隊戰鬥力的提升,勢必會造成人力物力的浪費。針對這種情況,該研究院明確要求:“事關國防工程的研究主題,不具備實用性前瞻性決不允許立項。”

「我們的研究成果通常要經過演練場檢驗,匯總收集部隊反饋的意見建議到意見反饋表上,為下一步科研攻關提供重要參考依據。」即將赴某試驗場考察的工程師王明哲告訴記者,為了讓研究主題經得起未來戰爭的檢驗,研究院的科研人員常上高原、下海島,走南闖北去研究、考察與論證。

幾年前,科學研究人員在部隊調查時發現,某旅在實兵演練過程中使用的迷彩遮蔽佈在特殊地形下不利於偽裝掩護。針對發現的問題,科學研究人員快速組織主題立項研究,設計出新型資訊遮蔽系統與遮蔽布,使戰場鋪設更加方便快捷,更具迷惑性和隱蔽性。

「習主席在出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,要密切關注世界軍事科技和武器裝備發展動向。的確,搞科研如同打仗,有前瞻性視野才能贏得攻克難題的製高點,把握勝利的主動權。 。

科學研究人才—

問渠哪得清如許,為有源頭活水來

「你們觀察一下,這是處理後顯現的裂縫…」3月13日下午,研究院某實驗室不時傳出陣陣機器轟鳴與講解試驗內容的聲音。

在實驗室裡,記者看到一位穿著軍服、頭髮花白的軍人。研究員陳安敏告訴記者,這位老者是中國工程院院士顧金才,剛在門外聽到的聲音就是顧院士在為年輕骨幹講解試驗內容。

身為院士,科學研究任務本就十分繁忙,完全不需要一直盯在一線,但已經80歲高齡的顧院士卻仍堅持耐心細緻地教徒弟、帶團隊。

「顧院士那一批老同志自單位成立以來就一直奮戰在一線,手把手地對科研人員進行傳幫帶。我能走到今天特別感謝前輩們的教導和扶持。」工程師馬棟良對研究院良好的氛圍感受頗深。

2009年,馬棟良被分配到地處中原地的某研究所。新到工作單位,還沒了解工作內容的馬棟良以為會被派去幹一些整理文檔的“雜活兒”,讓他沒想到的是,剛到單位就被委以重任,全程參與某重大防護研究課題。

「專案組裡都是著作等身的老師,而我一個『菜鳥』能把專案任務完成好嗎?」馬棟良回想當時的心情既激動又惶恐。他在研究院待久了才知道,原來研究院對每位骨幹人才都會製訂能力提升計劃,對有發展潛力的針對性製訂培養方案,透過崗位鍛鍊、送學培養、合作交流等方式,培養骨幹人才方隊。

在2017年度國家科學技術獎勵表揚大會上,馬棟良參與的這個計畫獲得國家科學技術進步獎二等獎。讓他既驚訝又意外的是,專案組組長綜合考慮每個人的貢獻後,將他放在了第七作者的位置,這對年輕科研人員來說既是榮譽,更是鞭策和激勵。

「並沒有因為年輕就忽略我在科研中的貢獻,這也是我們年輕骨幹留在這裡潛心搞科研的重要原因。評獎看重專業能力與所作所為,在評職調級時不唯獎不唯成果,而是依據綜合性評估。如他所說,這種公平的競爭方式與評價機制,讓他們在這裡搞科研「得勁兒」「有勁兒」。

而和馬棟良一樣,喜歡研究院人才培養氛圍而深耕科研,並取得成就與發展的「80後」年輕骨幹不在少數,有的成為了高級工程師,有的擔任了研究室領導,一大批科研骨幹在這裡快速成長起來。

科學研究條件——

梧桐枝繁葉茂,自有鳳凰來棲

如果資訊科技是戰鬥力的“倍增器”,那麼科研條件就是催生創新成果的“孵化器”。

在研究院採訪的日子裡,記者發現科學研究人員待得最久的地方就是試驗場。

在研究院某試驗場地,記者見到正在準備試驗內容的副研究員徐翔雲,他告訴記者,每個研究室都有幾處根據科研項目需求建造的實驗室或試驗場,除了購置地方技術成熟的產品,大部分是自主研發的設備,他身旁的某新型試驗設備就是去年研發投入使用的。

2012年年底,國外發布了一款新型武器,根據科技人員掌握到的情況,其攻擊性能及其對防護工程的破壞性令人吃驚,很可能會導致許多防護工程失去其應有的效用。

關乎國防工程的安全問題,科學研究人員要盡快摸清該型武器的相關性能,而要掌握到最準確的資料,需要進行相關試驗。由於是新型武器,國內尚未有可以作為替代的試驗手段,而要報項申請研發試驗裝備,往往需要3年甚至更長的時間。這個現實難題讓研究院科研人員皺緊了眉頭,怎麼辦?

「成立由院士專家組成的專題課題攻關小組,群策群力攻堅克難。」科研人員報告情況後,研究院還請來全國相關領域的專家探討,經過多方科學論證,他們當即拍板兒,盡快開展試驗設備的研發。

2015年,在國內大多數同類型試驗裝備只能固定使用的情況下,研究院研發出某型試驗裝備。有了試驗裝備,課題組很快就開始進行某評估試驗課題的申報工作。如今,該研究小組成功進行武器威力研究、目標毀傷情況等試驗,並相應提出新的防護理念和結構。

「如今,軍事科研機構面臨的很大一個難題,就是如何充分調動科研人員的積極性、主動性和創新性。我們要盡力為科研人員及時提供先進的科研條件,保障創新研究。」該研究院領導說。近年來,他們先後建造1000多平方公尺、200餘台(套)設備軟體的工程綜合論證環境實驗室、動載和靜載試驗平台。

工欲善其事,必先利其器。目前,該研究院在持續抓好科研條件建設任務落實的同時,著眼於國內外現狀與相關專業的發展趨勢,積極籌劃新的科研條件建設項目,推動“重大地下工程安全”國家重點試驗室等申報工作。瞄準世界前沿武器的防護技術研究的某個主題將在剛建成的模擬試驗中心開展…

跑出國防科技創新“加速”

■衛東

習主席在出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,要加強國防科技創新,加速建立軍民融合創新體系,大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這一重要思想,深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律,為繁榮發展現代軍事科學指明了前進方向。

近年來,隨著科技戰略制高點朝向深地、深海、深空加速發展,戰爭形態和作戰樣式深刻嬗變,作戰理論轉化為戰場行動、技術物化為裝備的進程不斷加快,週期進一步縮短。不少軍事強國看到了智慧化軍事變革破曉的訊號,紛紛啟動新一輪軍事技術革新。

軍事競爭唯創新者勝。面對日新月異的科技發展態勢,軍事科研院所必須在國防科技博弈中率先投子佈勢、走開棋路,以軍事科研體系重塑為契機,站在保障打贏資訊化戰爭的全局高度,加緊推進戰略轉型,緊緊扭住自主創新這個“牛鼻子”,才能在邁進世界一流的宏闊征程中下好先手棋,掌握主動權。

錢學森曾說過,國防科技創新絕對不能滿足於「追尾巴」「照鏡子」。軍事科學研究院所應大膽構想,勇於解放思想,破除思維定式,對其長遠發展進行宏觀規劃,優化頂層設計。同時,也應進行前瞻性國防科技發展創新需求論證,自主超前展開基礎性、先導性、顛覆性創新技術研究,敏銳發現新質戰鬥力生成的新方向新領域,努力在世界軍事科技競爭中站上前沿、走在前面。

守不忘戰,將之任也;訓練有備,兵之事也。聚焦實戰是目標,也是牽引。軍事科研院所應牢固樹立研為戰思想,貫徹習主席「面向戰場、面向部隊、面向未來」的指示要求,按照「提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」的要求,努力做到仗怎麼打科學研究就怎麼搞,打仗需要什麼科學研究就搞什麼,著力提升軍事科學研究創新對部隊戰鬥力的貢獻率,不斷為強軍興軍提供強而有力的科技支撐。

一流的軍隊需要一流的科學研究單位,一流的科學研究單位需要一流的人才。只有人才競相湧現,才有創新活力迸發。軍事科研院所應始終堅持人才培養的主陣地意識,突顯對軍事科研工作者創造性思維、創新型能力的培養,靠一流軍事人才創造一流軍事理論和一流軍事科技,為軍隊的肌體植入解碼未來戰爭的致勝基因。

習主席強調,要突顯抓好重點領域軍民科技協同創新。國防科技與武器裝備領域是軍民融合的重點,作為軍事科研院所,應注重對接國家戰略需求,融入國家科研體系,加強重大項目協同攻關,強化產研深度融合。依托軍地優勢資源,強化軍地戰略協作,建構國防科技成果共研共享、條件設施共建共用、通用標準軍地銜接的服務平台,形成國防科技開放融合創新發展新局面。

闊步前進,重塑重構不是小修小補,絕不能小打小鬧。必須抓住開局契機,釋放起跑動能,在重點領域、重要方向和重大任務上把步子邁起來、速度提上去,盡快打造新樣板,樹起新標桿,從而在世界軍事科技競爭中率先取得引領性成果,佔據若干戰略制高點、致勝點,以一流軍事科技打造一流作戰攻防體系,逐步實現一流軍隊的建設目標。

(作者單位:軍事科學學院國防工程研究院)

軍事科技創新要聚焦基礎科學研究,提升基礎研究支撐能力,築牢國防科技創新的根基。

近年來,我們在國防科技領域取得非常大的進展,但在一些關鍵技術上和國外仍存在差距,主要是因為基礎性研究不夠紮實,在專業基礎理論研究、數位化軍事模擬平台研發、大型分散式數值計算技術等方面仍有待提升。這些因素都在一定程度上限制了軍事領域的科研進步與發展,影響著前沿引領技術、現代工程技術、顛覆性技術創新等方面的產生與突破。

基礎性關鍵技術絕對買不來,靠從國外買二手技術是走不遠的。若要從規劃頂層設計、研究管理制度、研究人員激勵機制等面向入手,實際重視與扶持基礎研究工作,深入進行基礎研究工作,提升原始創新能力。

軍事科研機構必須破除軍民科技體系之間的“藩籬”,突顯抓好重點領域軍民科技協同創新。

隨著當前高新技術武器裝備迅速發展,戰爭樣式和形態推陳出新,對戰場建設提出了更高要求,要積極探索地球科學、高新技術裝備製造、自動控制等眾多學科,研究全局智能戰場建設。

基於此,軍事科研單位需要和地方協同合作,共同做好深部工程研究,在電子資訊、無人機、人工智慧和仿生技術等高新科技研究方向,整合軍隊地方優質資源,用全國最優質的科技資源建構現代軍事力量體系。對我們國防工程領域而言,要重視推進建築資訊模型(BIM)在軍事工程的應用,實現工程建設與運作維護的資訊化、精細化管理。

創新驅動實質上是人才驅動,誰擁有了一流的創新人才,誰就擁有了科技創新的優勢和主導權。

著眼當下,加強國防和軍隊建設最緊張的就是人才;放眼未來,實現軍隊建設跨越式發展最核心的還是人才。全力驅動人才培養引擎,才能強勢助推國防科技自主創新。

多年的科學研究工作經驗使我感到,人才培育工作是一項系統工程和策略任務,需要著眼全局,加強頂層設計,科學設置梯次,著力形成優秀人才競相湧現、人人爭當軍營「創客」的生動局面。人才培育有其固有的特點和規律,不可能一蹴而就、短期速成,需要牢固樹立科學的人才培養觀,以「功成不必在我,而功力必不唐捐」的思想境界和信心勇氣,久久為功、持續接力,才能把人才培養藍圖變成現實,為科技興軍提供堅實的人才支撐。

搞軍事科研如同打仗,有前瞻性視野才能贏得攻克難題的製高點,把握勝利的主動權。

近年來,國內外國防科技快速發展,陸海空天一體的全方位偵察技術不斷提升,戰場中以高度資訊化技術為支撐的兵力武器運用以及新式武器的問世,大大改變了未來戰爭的作戰樣式和特徵,科學研究人員要深刻掌握並立足未來戰爭特點,有針對性地進行創新性科學研究工作。

具體到國防工程研究領域,軍事科研人員要緊跟世界武器裝備和防護技術發展的前沿,既要注重防“硬殺傷”,也要注重防“軟殺傷”;既要注重對要害部位的防護,也要注重整體系統防護;既要搞好被動防護,也要追蹤研究主動防護和新型武器防護技術,推動顛覆性技術創新,努力提升國防工程戰場生存能力和作戰保障能力。

来源:中国军网综合

作者:潘娣 赵杰等责任编辑:柳晨

2018-05-02 

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/2018zt/2018-05/02/content_8020899.htm

Chinese Military Simulation Technology—— Knocking on the door of Russian “war design”

中國軍事模擬技術—敲開俄羅斯「戰爭設計」之門

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2018年8月24日 星期五

現代英語:

Recently, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the establishment of the “Era Military Innovation Technology Park”, which focuses on scientific research, testing and simulation of advanced weapons, military and special equipment. Coincidentally, the US military is also stepping up the development of the “Soldiers Build Intelligence System Military Training Support” project, hoping to better assist officers and soldiers in conducting military intelligence training by providing equipment, simulators and simulation modeling services. The frequently mentioned military simulation technology has attracted attention from all parties. With the rapid development of cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, military simulation technology has made significant progress in equipment construction, military exercises, combat training and logistics support. At present, major military powers have recognized the huge application prospects of simulation technology in the military field and regard it as an “advanced intelligence contest” in modern warfare.

The “virtual battlefield” can also deploy troops

Once upon a time, we all “learned about war from war”. The emergence of military simulation technology has allowed us to learn about future wars from the “virtual battlefield”.

Simulation technology mainly relies on computer and other equipment platforms, and uses mathematical models to conduct scientific research, analysis, evaluation and decision-making on issues that need to be studied. Military simulation systems are simulation systems built specifically for military applications. They can conduct quantitative analysis of combat elements such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, the performance of weapons and equipment, and combat operations, and then accurately simulate the battlefield environment, present relevant battlefield situations, and achieve effectiveness evaluation of the combat system and command decision-making assistance.

At present, military simulation systems have become an effective means of studying future wars, designing weapons and equipment, and supporting the evaluation of tactics, and they run through the entire process of weapons and equipment development and testing. In recent years, military simulation technology has been increasingly regarded as a multiplier for improving combat effectiveness and one of the key technologies for national defense security and troop construction and development.

The United States has always listed modeling and simulation as an important key defense technology. As early as 1992, the United States announced the “Defense Modeling and Simulation Initiative” and established a special Defense Modeling and Simulation Office. The United States also specifically listed the “integrated simulation environment” as one of the seven driving technologies to maintain the US military advantage. At the same time, European countries attach great importance to the development of military simulation technology, and strive to continuously improve simulation methods in the process of developing a new generation of weapon systems, thereby improving the comprehensive effectiveness of weapon equipment construction and development.

In fact, military simulation technology has allowed people to fully learn about future wars in experiments. Before the outbreak of the Gulf War, the US Department of Defense used military simulation technology to analyze and determine the direct consequences of Iraq igniting all oil wells in Kuwait, which had a profound impact on the US military’s formulation of the Gulf War combat plan. In the integrated ballistic missile defense system project carried out by the US military, modeling and simulation methods are specifically used to conduct a preliminary assessment of the ballistic missile defense system. At the end of 2017, the US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency invested 12.8 million US dollars specifically for the construction of virtual simulation space battlefields. The US Army also spent 57 million US dollars to develop the Army Infantry Training System – this immersive military virtual simulation training system can provide soldiers with a more realistic battlefield combat simulation environment.

A brainstorming session to plan operations

From artillery simulation, aircraft simulation, missile simulation to today’s various types of weapon system equipment simulation and combat simulation, while simulation technology continues to meet the needs of military applications, it is also rapidly developing in the direction of virtualization, networking, intelligence, collaboration and universalization. In order to continuously improve military simulation calculation methods and improve simulation technology, people are constantly launching a “brainstorming” to plan operations.

Mathematical modeling algorithm. Mathematical model is the basis of simulation. To carry out simulation, we must first build a mathematical model of the object to be simulated. At the same time, the correctness and accuracy of the mathematical model directly affect the credibility of the simulation calculation results. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has provided new ideas for mathematical modeling. Introducing artificial intelligence to build mathematical models can not only effectively improve the realism, reliability and accuracy of simulation models, but also further improve the efficiency of modeling and simulation.

Virtual reality technology. With virtual reality technology, people can interact with objects in a virtual simulation environment through related equipment, thereby creating an effect of “immersion” in the real environment. The augmented reality technology that has emerged in recent years has further increased the user’s perception of the virtual simulation system, and can superimpose virtual objects, scenes, and information generated by the military simulation system onto the real scene. The U.S. Army is currently relying on virtual reality and augmented reality technologies to develop the future overall training environment to achieve seamless, mixed immersive combat training.

Network grid technology. The realization of military simulation is inseparable from the strong support of computers, local area networks, software engineering and other technologies. The distributed interactive simulation that integrates simulation equipment or systems of different types in different locations into a whole provides a more realistic application environment for military simulation. In recent years, grid technology that can realize the rapid transmission of various types of information and resource sharing has become a research hotspot for military simulation. The US Department of Defense has begun to use the “Global Information Grid” plan to establish a military grid that communicates various information elements on the battlefield and realizes the dynamic sharing and collaborative application of various military network resources.

Winning the war before it starts

The future information warfare is an integrated war that is carried out simultaneously in multiple dimensions such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Not only is the battle structure complex and the weapons and equipment diverse, but it also places higher demands on the combatants and the use of tactics. Only by building a “virtual battlefield” for future wars with the help of military simulation technology and realizing the scientific coordination of factors such as the scale of war, the course of war, war investment, the number of combatants and weapons and equipment, the targets of attack and the intensity of attack, can we be sure of victory before the war begins.

In the field of combat experiments, the U.S. military has fully reduced the losses caused by improper combat plans and action plans through a large number of computer simulation evaluations and iterative optimizations. The Russian military’s combat regulations and tactics are also “optimal battlefield solutions” obtained through scientific deduction and simulation calculation using mathematical models. Through military simulation analysis and evaluation, battlefield commanders and fighters can quickly understand the trend of war simulations and carry out effective responses according to various changes in the “virtual battlefield”, thereby effectively improving the effectiveness of combat experiments.

In the field of military training, individual soldier training can be carried out through an immersive virtual simulation training environment, which can be as close to the battlefield environment as possible and effectively improve the training effect. In recent years, the US Army has specially opened a “simulated immersion” training course in the “Advanced Course for Officers”. Through the implementation of virtual simulation military training, the organization and implementation of training are not restricted by time and weather conditions. The distributed training simulation system can even enable trainees in different locations to participate in the training together. By modeling and simulating the specific battlefield environment, tactical background and enemy forces, the military training system can also provide trainees with a more realistic battlefield perception.

In the field of equipment demonstration, the technical support of simulation systems is required throughout the life cycle of weapons and equipment development. At present, the United States has extensively adopted simulation technology in new weapon system development projects to fully support the development and testing, live-fire evaluation and combat testing of weapons and equipment. The U.S. Missile Defense Agency has further explored effective measures to deal with incoming missile threats through missile threat target modeling and simulation. The U.S. Navy simulates the operation of ship systems and crew members through mission analysis simulation software, and obtains simulation results for determining and optimizing the number of crew members. In the future, military simulation technology may become a new technological highland for the world’s major military powers to compete.

現代國語:

日前,俄羅斯國防部宣布組成“時代軍事創新科技園區”,重點進行先進武器、軍事和特殊裝備的科學研究、試驗以及模擬模擬。無獨有偶,美軍也在加緊研發「士兵建構情報系統軍隊訓練保障」項目,希望透過提供設備、模擬器與模擬建模等服務,更好地輔助官兵進行軍事情報訓練。這其中常提及的軍用模擬技術,引起各方注意。伴隨著雲端運算、大數據、人工智慧等技術的快速發展,軍事模擬技術在裝備建設、軍事演習、作戰訓練與後勤支援等領域相繼取得重大進展。目前,各軍事大國紛紛體認到模擬技術在軍事領域的巨大應用前景,將其視為現代戰爭的「超前智慧較量」。

「虛擬戰場」也能排兵布陣

曾幾何時,我們都是「從戰爭中學習戰爭」。軍用模擬技術的出現,開始讓我們從「虛擬戰場」學習未來戰爭。

模擬技術主要藉助電腦等設備平台,利用數學模型對需要研究的問題進行科學的研究、分析、評估與決策。軍用模擬系統是專門針對軍事應用建構的模擬模擬系統,可對陸、海、空、天、電、網等作戰元素、武器裝備性能以及作戰行動進行量化分析,進而精確模擬戰場環境、呈現相關戰場態勢,實現作戰體系的效能評估與指揮決策輔助。

目前,軍用模擬系統已成為研究未來戰爭、設計武器裝備、支撐戰法評估的有效手段,並貫穿武器裝備研發、試驗的整個過程。近年來,軍用模擬技術越來越被視為提升作戰效能的倍增器,是國防安全與部隊建設發展的關鍵技術之一。

美國一直將建模與模擬列為重要的國防關鍵技術。早在1992年,美國就宣布了“國防建模與模擬倡議”,並專門成立國防建模與模擬辦公室。美國也專門將「綜合模擬環境」列為保持美國軍事優勢的七大推動技術之一。同時,歐洲各國高度重視軍用模擬技術發展,力求在新一代武器系統研發過程中不斷完善模擬方法,進而提升武器裝備建設發展的綜合效能。

事實上,軍用模擬技術已經讓人們在實驗中充分學習了未來戰爭。在海灣戰爭爆發前,美國國防部就藉助軍用模擬技術,分析研判伊拉克點燃科威特境內全部油井的直接後果,對美軍制定海灣戰爭作戰方案產生了深遠影響。在美軍進行的一體化彈道飛彈防禦系統專案中,就專門採用建模模擬方法​​對彈道飛彈防禦系統進行預先評估。 2017年底,美國國防部高級研究計畫局投資1,280萬美元,專門用於虛擬模擬太空戰場建設。美國陸軍也耗資5,700萬美元研發陸軍步兵訓練系統-這款沉浸式軍事虛擬模擬訓練系統,能為士兵提供更真實的戰場作戰模擬環境。

掀起策劃作戰的“腦力激盪”

從火砲仿真、飛行器仿真、飛彈仿真到現今的各式武器系統裝備仿真以及作戰仿真,仿真技術在不斷滿足軍事應用需求的同時,自身也朝向虛擬化、網路化、智慧化、協同化與普適化方向迅速發展。為不斷完善軍用模擬計算方法、改進模擬技術手段,人們正不斷掀起謀劃作戰的「腦力激盪」。

數學建模演算法。數學模型是進行模擬的基礎,要進行模擬模擬,必須先建構被模擬物件的數學模型。同時,數學模型的正確與否以及精確度高低直接影響模擬計算結果的可信度。近年來,人工智慧技術的快速發展,為數學建模提供了新思路。引進人工智慧建構數學模型,不僅能有效改善模擬模型的逼真性、可靠性與精確性,也進一步提升了建模與模擬的效率。

虛擬實境技術。採用虛擬實境技術,人們可透過相關設備與虛擬模擬環境中的物件進行交互,進而產生「沉浸」於真實環境的效果。近年來興起的擴增實境技術,進一步增加了使用者對虛擬模擬系統的感知程度,能將軍用模擬系統產生的虛擬物件、場景和資訊疊加到真實場景中。美國陸軍目前就依賴虛擬實境和擴增實境技術開發未來整體訓練環境,實現無縫、混合的沉浸式作戰訓練。

網路網格技術。軍用仿真的實現離不開電腦、區域網路、軟體工程等技術的強大支撐,將分散於不同地點、不同類型的仿真設備或系統集成為一個整體的分散式交互仿真,為軍用仿真提供了更逼真的應用環境。近年來,可實現各類資訊快速傳輸和資源共享的網格技術成為軍用模擬的研究熱點。美國國防部已開始借助「全球資訊網格」計劃,建立起溝通戰場各類資訊要素的軍事網格,實現各類軍事網路資源的動態共享與協同應用。

在戰爭開始前穩操勝券

未來的資訊化戰爭是陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維空間同時展開的一體化戰爭,不僅戰役結構複雜、武器裝備多樣,對參戰人員和戰術運用也提出了更高要求。借助軍事模擬技術建構未來戰爭的“虛擬戰場”,實現對戰爭規模、戰爭進程、戰爭投入、作戰人員與武器裝備數量、打擊目標與打擊強度等要素的科學統籌,才能在戰爭開始之前穩操勝券。

在作戰實驗領域,美軍透過大量的電腦模擬評估和迭代優化,充分減少了因作戰方案和行動計畫不當而造成的損失。俄軍的作戰條令和戰法也都是運用數學模型進行科學推導、模擬計算得出的「戰場最優解」。透過軍用模擬分析與評估,戰場指戰員可以快速了解戰爭推演趨勢,在「虛擬戰場」中根據各種情況變化開展有效應對,進而有力提升作戰試驗效果。

在軍事訓練領域,透過沉浸式虛擬模擬訓練環境實施單兵訓練,能最大限度地貼近戰場環境,並有力提升訓練效果。近年來,美國陸軍已經在“軍官高級教程”中專門開設了“模擬沉浸”訓練課程。透過進行虛擬模擬軍事訓練,訓練的組織與實施不受時間和氣象條件限制,分散式訓練模擬系統甚至能使不同地點的參訓人員共同參與訓練。透過對具體戰場環境、戰術背景和敵方兵力進行建模和仿真,軍事訓練系統也能為訓練人員提供更逼真的戰場感知。

在裝備論證領域,武器裝備研發的全生命週期都需要模擬系統的技術支援。目前,美國在新型武器系統研發專案中大量採用模擬技術,全面支援武器裝備的開發測試、實彈評估測試和作戰測試。美國飛彈防禦局透過飛彈威脅目標建模與仿真,進一步探索出應對來襲飛彈威脅的有效措施。美國海軍則透過任務分析仿真軟體,對船艦系統和艦員的操作進行仿真,得出確定和優化艦員數量的仿真結果。未來,軍用模擬技術或將成為世界各軍事大國角逐的科技新高地。

製圖:陳 晨

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-08/24/content_214234888.htm

China’s Artificial Intelligence Opens the Door to Intelligent Warfare Operational Success for the Military

中國人工智慧為軍隊開啟智慧戰爭作戰成功之門

現代英語:

At the beginning of 2017, Master, known as the evolved version of “AlphaGo”, swept Ke Jie, Park Tinghuan, Iyama Yuta and other top Go players on the Go online platform, winning 60 consecutive games, setting off a “Master storm” and causing many people to worry. What humans are worried about is not that Go, known as the “last bastion of human wisdom”, will be conquered by artificial intelligence, but that artificial intelligence has subverted Go today, what will it subvert tomorrow? This is the concern that hangs in people’s minds.

Master’s consecutive victories over human masters are similar to the nature of computers proving the four-color theorem. They are all victories of computing power and algorithms. There is no need to worry too much that they will dominate and enslave humans. However, artificial intelligence is developing rapidly, and it is generally believed that strong artificial intelligence will come sooner or later. Nowadays, artificial intelligence has penetrated into every corner of life. It is not uncommon to use artificial intelligence in war. Since the arrival of the artificial intelligence era is inevitable, how we use it in future wars will become the key to victory. Whether artificial intelligence brings threats or development to mankind depends on how to use it. “The fake horse is not good at running, but it can reach a thousand miles; the fake boat is not good at sailing, but it can cross the river.” The integration of war technology and artificial intelligence may be the way of the future.

Development History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Opens the Door to Intelligent Warfare

Master’s 60-game winning streak makes us think about how artificial intelligence will change our lives. Perhaps the following life scenarios will gradually become a reality:

When driving, you tell the location and the autopilot system takes you to your destination;

In hospitals, you see tug-trailer robots from the United States transporting medical equipment and “Big White” robots caring for patients;

After get off work, you press the “Go Home Mode” on your phone, and when you open the door, you find that the curtains are closed, the temperature is right, the lights are soft, the water is hot, and there is a cute home robot greeting you.

In fact, you can also use an unmanned aerial vehicle to carry a diamond ring and propose to your beloved…

We have been looking forward to this day for a long time.

The era of great development of artificial intelligence is here!

As early as shortly after the first computer came out, scientists predicted that the era of artificial intelligence would come. In 1997, when Deep Blue defeated Kasparov, this beautiful scene seemed just around the corner. However, in the second half of the 20th century, artificial intelligence research fell into a cold winter due to the failure of several attempts at technological innovation. The most recent cold winter, from the end of the 20th century to the first decade of the 21st century, was caused by the bottleneck encountered in the research of neural networks.

In recent years, everyone can clearly feel that the theoretical research and perceptible products of artificial intelligence seem to have suddenly “exploded” in a blowout manner: wearable devices have appeared in large numbers, intelligent robots have appeared frequently, the accuracy of machine face recognition exceeds that of the naked eye, companies such as Apple and BMW have worked together to develop driverless cars, and the United States and Europe have successively established projects to tackle the human brain…

The explosion of artificial intelligence projects is not a coincidence, but a leap forward after more than 10 years of silence. Ray Kurzweil, an American scientist who successfully predicted that robots will defeat human chess players, has predicted that the wonderful intersection point when artificial intelligence surpasses the sum of human wisdom will be in 2045.

So, how big an impact will this wave of artificial intelligence explosion have, how long will the impact last, and to what extent will it change human life?

From weak artificial intelligence to strong artificial intelligence. After Deep Blue dominated the chess field in 1997, artificial intelligence did not change the world as expected, and Deep Blue disappeared after more than 10 years of silence. Artificial intelligence has also remained at the stage of weak artificial intelligence and has not made any breakthroughs. This period of nearly 20 years has become the longest artificial intelligence winter to date. Some people joked that the greatest achievement in the field of artificial intelligence in the past 20 years is that Spielberg made the science fiction movie “Artificial Intelligence” that has captivated the world. Spielberg put all the rich fantasies of human beings about the future world into the movie world he created. Subsequently, a series of movies about artificial intelligence such as “Robot Butler”, “Super Hacker” and “Ex Machina” came into being. Artificial intelligence has begun to enter all aspects of human life. The use of artificial intelligence in industries such as medicine, education, services, manufacturing, and even in the military field has become common, which makes many military enthusiasts think about what artificial intelligence means to the military field and where it will go in the future?

“AlphaGo” only represents the latest achievements of artificial intelligence in the fields of deep learning of machines based on neural networks, high-performance computing and big data technology, and is a weak artificial intelligence. However, some military experts predict that the application of strong artificial intelligence in the future will bring about huge changes, just like the entry of big data five years ago. In the military field where competition and game are more intense, artificial intelligence has been increasingly moving towards the battlefield since the emergence of computers in the last century, promoting the advent of the era of intelligent warfare.

Artificial intelligence is taking big steps onto the battlefield

Artificial intelligence is an important branch of modern information technology. The world’s first programmable “Giant” computer was born in Britain during World War II. Its purpose was to help the British army decipher German codes. In recent years, artificial intelligence has been increasingly used on the battlefield, profoundly changing the face of war. In summary, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field is mainly reflected in the following five aspects:

Intelligent perception and information processing. The rapid development of micro-electromechanical systems, wireless sensor network technology, and cloud computing technology has further developed battlefield perception methods in the direction of intelligent perception and information fusion processing. The U.S. military, Russian military, French military, German military, etc. are all equipped with digital soldier systems with intelligent information perception and processing capabilities, such as the U.S. military’s “Night Warrior” and the Russian military’s “Warrior”. In fiscal year 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency added research and development projects such as the “cerebral cortex processor”. This processor simulates the structure of the human cerebral cortex to solve problems such as real-time control of high-speed moving objects. In the future, its application will greatly improve the autonomous action capabilities of robots and drones.

Intelligent command and control assists decision-making. The military of various countries develops various military information systems in order to build a powerful grid network information system and improve intelligent evaluation and decision-making assistance capabilities. The command and control automation systems of major military powers are constantly developing, pursuing stronger information and decision-making advantages than their opponents. In recent years, the US military has established a cyber command to vigorously strengthen its network attack and defense capabilities, focusing on the development of intelligent diagnostic information systems for network intrusions based on cloud computing, big data analysis and other technologies, which can automatically diagnose the source of network intrusions, the degree of damage to one’s own network and data recovery capabilities.

Unmanned military platforms. Western countries began to attach importance to the research and development and application of small drones, remote-controlled unmanned vehicles and unmanned boats during World War I. At present, the armies of more than 70 countries in the world are developing unmanned system platforms. The US military has equipped more than 7,000 drones, and more than 12,000 ground wheeled (or tracked) robots have been put into use on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan. In the near future, the US military will achieve that ground robots account for one-third of its ground forces, and the carrier-based X-47B drone will account for one-third of the total number of carrier-based aircraft, further promoting the coordinated training and exercise between manned and unmanned platforms.

Bionic robots. Since the 21st century, robot technology has developed rapidly. Various bionic robots such as humanoid robots, robot fish, and robot insects have been continuously introduced and have been increasingly used in the military field. For example, the US military once tested a “big dog” robot on the battlefield in Afghanistan to help soldiers with accompanying support. The US Department of Defense upgraded it in 2013, increasing its load capacity to 200 kilograms, running speed to 12 kilometers per hour, bulletproof and silent. The Russian army recently plans to step up the development of humanoid robots that can drive vehicles and form a robot unit that can fight side by side with human soldiers.

Expanding people’s physical skills and intelligence. The cross-integration of information technology, new material technology and biotechnology will further expand people’s physical strength, skills and intelligence. For example, foreign militaries are developing mechanical exoskeletons to create “mech warriors” with doubled physical strength; and by implanting bioinformatics chips to improve people’s memory and reaction ability, so that human soldiers can better adapt to the highly informationized combat environment in the future.

Artificial intelligence will drive a new round of military reforms

When new military technologies, operational concepts, and organizational structures interact to significantly enhance military combat capabilities, it will trigger new military changes. The increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field is becoming an important driver of military change, giving rise to new war styles and changing the internal mechanism of winning wars.

It brings a new impact on the concept of war. The history of human warfare has gone through the era of cold weapons, the era of hot weapons, the era of mechanization, and the era of informatization. The development of artificial intelligence has accelerated the arrival of the intelligent era. Can intelligence be divided into high-level intelligence and low-level intelligence? Do armies with high-level intelligence have an overwhelming advantage over low-level intelligence armies? If the “mechanization” of people and the “humanization” of machines are two inevitable development trends, does it go against the traditional ethics of war for robots that can think to fight instead of humans? Artificial intelligence has unprecedentedly improved battlefield perception and information processing capabilities. Does the “fog” of war still exist on the high-tech battlefield? To understand these issues, the military field must have a brainstorming session.

It brings new inspiration to theoretical innovation. The material and technological basis of war is constantly updated, opening up new space for innovation in strategic theories and operational concepts, and constantly giving birth to new disruptive technologies in the field of artificial intelligence; the combined application of precision strike ammunition, unmanned equipment and network information systems has given birth to new intelligent combat theories such as “distributed lethality”, “mothership theory”, “combat cloud” and “swarm tactics”; relying on one’s own information advantage and decision-making advantage, how to cut off and delay the opponent’s information and decision-making loop in a decentralized battlefield network has become a core issue that must be solved to win in intelligent warfare.

Future Trends in Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence

With the development and application of strategic frontier technology fields such as information technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, new materials technology, and new energy technology, artificial intelligence-related technologies will continue to mature and play an increasingly important role in the military field.

Artificial intelligence technology and equipment continue to make breakthroughs. Major countries have elevated artificial intelligence to the level of national strategy. The Office of the Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force has issued the “Unmanned Systems Horizon” technology assessment and forecast report for 2035, which believes that the automation, autonomy and remote control performance of various unmanned systems and combat platforms in the future will continue to make breakthroughs with the advancement of technology. In particular, with the advancement of technologies such as super-large-scale computing, quantum computing, cloud computing, big data, and brain-like chips, artificial intelligence information processing and control technology will be greatly developed, profoundly changing the proportion of artificial intelligence technology in modern warfare.

Artificial intelligence has given rise to the vigorous development of new combat forces. The widespread application of artificial intelligence systems and combat platforms will make artificial intelligence, as an important combat element, permeate the entire process of war and combat preparation, and further enrich the connotation of new combat forces. With the application of drone formations, unmanned submarine formations, battlefield robot soldier formations, and coordinated formations of unmanned and manned combat units on the battlefield, various types of “mixed” new combat forces will continue to emerge. With the construction and application of military Internet of Things, military big data, and cloud computing technology in the military field, artificial intelligence combat forces such as “cloud brain”, “digital staff”, and “virtual warehousing” for information support, command and control, effect evaluation, and logistics support will play an increasingly important role in future wars.

Artificial intelligence is constantly evolving and upgrading through actual combat applications. Artificial intelligence systems and combat platforms, which are supported by information technology, are different from the research and development model of traditional mechanized weapons and equipment. Mechanized weapons and equipment are generally put into use after the technology matures until they are scrapped and eliminated, and have a certain service life; artificial intelligence systems are developed in the mode of system prototype-practical training-evolutionary upgrade. Artificial intelligence systems often use continuous evolution to improve their intelligence level according to different versions. The evolution direction of artificial intelligence is always towards high-level intelligence. This law of development of artificial intelligence systems and combat platforms has revolutionary significance for military training and combat capability improvement. In recent years, the United States and its allies have continued to organize activities such as the “Schriever” space (network) exercise and the “Lockton” cybersecurity exercise, which are repeated tests and upgrades of their artificial intelligence information systems. In the future, upgrading training of artificial intelligence systems and various unmanned combat platforms through continuous confrontation exercises will be an important way to improve combat effectiveness.

Artificial Intelligence Helps Build Smart National Defense

Data is called a strategic resource in the information age. The emergence of artificial intelligence provides methods and means for humans to deeply mine the wisdom resources of data information, and is leading and reshaping the development trend of the world’s new military transformation. Facing the booming wave of artificial intelligence, how to meet challenges, seize opportunities, accelerate the construction of military informatization, and enhance the core military capabilities to win modern wars are the contemporary issues that our army must answer to achieve the goal of strengthening the army. On the one hand, our army must keep a clear mind and make prudent judgments. We must not be frightened by the seemingly powerful and mysterious appearance of artificial intelligence, nor blindly applaud it, nor be indifferent and lose the opportunity for development, and be attacked by opponents due to lack of technical cognition. Breakthroughs in individual technical fields of artificial intelligence are nothing more than an extension of human intelligence, but they cannot replace the dominant position of human intelligence. People are still the core element of all elements of combat effectiveness, and people’s subjective initiative is still the key to determining the outcome of intelligent warfare. On the other hand, our army should implement the military-civilian integration development strategy and the innovation-driven development strategy, grasp the trend of the times, highlight the characteristics of our army, keep a close eye on the opponent’s layout, boldly absorb and apply the relevant technological achievements of artificial intelligence to promote the information construction of the army, and try to apply artificial intelligence technology to achieve transformation and upgrading in platform construction, logistics support, military training, national defense mobilization and other fields. Actively develop countermeasures against the opponent’s military application of artificial intelligence, and explore the winning mechanism of the game with strong enemies in the field of artificial intelligence in practice.

Related links

The military application of artificial intelligence in the United States, Russia and other countries

United States: In July 2016, the U.S. Marine Corps tested the Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS), which uses sensors and cameras to control gun-wielding robots based on artificial intelligence. The “Army Global Military Command and Control System” developed by the U.S. Army has been equipped with Army Aviation Force transport helicopters, allowing helicopter pilots to maintain contact with frontline soldiers and command ground forces.

Russia: The “Wolf-2” mobile robot system being developed by the Russian Strategic Missile Forces uses a tracked chassis and can be controlled via radio channels within a range of 5 kilometers. The shooting accuracy is guaranteed by a thermal imager, ballistic computer, laser rangefinder and gyro stabilizer, and it can hit the target at a speed of 35 kilometers per hour.

Israel: The robot “Dogo” developed by the company is an automatically armed tactical combat robot, which comes with a standard Glock 26 9mm caliber pistol. It can be said to be a little devil.

The arrival of the “Master” makes the combat style develop towards unmanned

The Go account Master has challenged the world’s top players on two major Go platforms, Yicheng Go and Tencent Go, and won 60 consecutive games, which has attracted great attention from the world on artificial intelligence. Few people thought that in the field of Go, machines did not experience a period of “stalemate” with humans, but directly left in the dust.

Engels once said that the application of cutting-edge technology began in the military field. Military struggle is a comprehensive contest covering multiple dimensions, multiple fields, full time domain and high intensity, and the addition of artificial intelligence will accelerate the pace of military reform in various countries like a catalyst. Looking at the entire process of the two industrial revolutions and the two world wars, we will find that there is an inevitable connection between “technology” and “war”. Technology will trigger war, and war in turn will promote the development of technology. At this stage, all countries have made great progress in the development of information and intelligent weapons and equipment, and various precise positioning, precise strike, and precise evaluation weapon systems have emerged in an endless stream. However, humans have not yet been separated from the weapon system, and a large part of the operations still need to be completed manually. The combination of artificial intelligence and weapons and equipment means that in the future, from searching and discovering targets, to threat assessment, to locking and destroying, and then to effect evaluation, this series of processes does not require human participation at all. Machines can help us make decisions and achieve unmanned development of combat styles.

Master quietly disappeared after winning 60 games in a row, but discussions about the future of artificial intelligence are still endless: Will it take away human jobs, or will it be an extension of human functions? Will it eventually surpass human intelligence, or will it merge with humans? The answers to these questions are not as simple as either one or the other. Solving them will accompany the future development of artificial intelligence. In 1997, “Deep Blue” defeated Kasparov, making more use of computer computing expertise such as hardware acceleration and brute force computing. AlphaGo uses new artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks, deep learning, and Monte Carlo tree search, and its strength has already made a substantial leap. These new technologies make artificial intelligence more competent for tasks such as voice and image recognition and evaluation and analysis, and are therefore an important development direction.

Although the dust has settled on this round of the Go “man-machine battle”, the thoughts it has triggered in various fields are very worthy of study. Among them, “‘man-machine battle’ is the best pre-practice of war” is particularly worthy of serious study in the military field. Whether in the era of cold weapons or the mechanized era, fighting on the front line relies on “human wave tactics”, and solving problems requires “concentrating superior forces”. Informatized warfare no longer uses “human wave tactics”, and the scene of large-scale fighting is difficult to reproduce, but as far as the entire war is concerned, the use of troops is not necessarily less, on the contrary, it may be more, but the number of troops used at the forefront has been greatly reduced, and the position of the troops has undergone a major shift. In the unmanned, networked and non-contact combat mode of future wars, there will be more participants, and sometimes you cannot know who the opponent is or where he is hiding.

Although the competition field and the battlefield have different operating rules, many of the winning mechanisms are the same. In the past, we could only learn about war in war, but now we can learn about war in a computer-simulated, near-actual combat environment, and deduce the offensive and defensive modes and development trends of future wars. “AlphaGo” can easily collect the chess games of many Go masters, but in the military field, it is extremely difficult to obtain relevant data on your opponent’s training, exercises, and even combat! Future wars are carried out with the support of information systems. Only by solving the core problem of human-machine integration can we take the initiative on the battlefield and win the final victory in modern warfare. (Zhu Qichao, Wang Jingling, Li Daguang)

現代國語:

寫在前面

2017年伊始,被稱為進化版“阿爾法狗”的Master在圍棋網絡平台橫掃柯潔、樸廷桓、井山裕太等圍棋界頂尖高手,豪取60連勝,掀起一股“Master風暴”,也引起了很多人的擔憂。人類擔心的不是圍棋這塊被稱為「人類智慧的最後堡壘」的領域被人工智慧攻克,而是擔心人工智慧今天顛覆了圍棋,明天還會顛覆什麼?這是橫亙在人們心頭的顧慮。

Master連勝人類高手,與電腦證明四色定理性質相似,都是算力與演算法的勝利,不用過度擔憂它們會主宰人類、奴役人類。但人工智慧發展日新月異,大家普遍認為強人工智慧降臨是遲早的事。如今,人工智慧已經滲入生活的各個角落。在戰爭中運用人工智慧的情況也並不罕見,既然人工智慧時代的到來已經無法避免,那麼未來戰爭中我們如何運用它將會成為致勝關鍵。人工智慧帶給人類的是威脅還是發展,關鍵在於如何利用,「假輿馬者,非利足也,而致千里;假舟楫者,非能水也,而絕江河。」戰爭技術與人工智慧融合,也許是未來之路。

人工智慧發展歷程

人工智慧叩開智慧化戰爭大門

Master的60連勝讓人思考人工智慧會為我們的生活帶來如何的改變。或許,以下這些生活場景將陸續變成現實:

開車時,你說出地點,自動駕駛系統將你帶到目的地;

在醫院,你看到來自美國的拖車機器人在運送醫療器材和「大白」機器人在照顧病人;

下班後,你按下手機上的“回家模式”,推開家門你發現,窗簾已經拉上,溫度適宜,燈光柔和,熱水燒好,還有可愛的家居機器人跟你問好賣萌;

其實,你還可以使用無人飛行器,載著鑽戒,向心愛的她求婚…

這一天,我們期待已久。

人工智慧大發展時期來了!

早在第一台電腦問世後不久,就有科學家預言,人工智慧的時代必將來臨。 1997年,當「深藍」戰勝了卡斯帕羅夫之後,這美好的情景似乎更是指日可待。但在20世紀後半葉,人工智慧研究卻因為數次技術革新嘗試的失敗而陷入寒冬。最近的一個寒冬期,從20世紀末到21世紀的頭10年,是因為神經網路的研究遭遇瓶頸而帶來的。

近年來,大家都能明顯地感覺到,人工智慧的理論研究和可感知產品似乎突然井噴式地「爆發」了:可穿戴設備扎堆出現,智慧機器人頻頻亮相,機器的人臉辨識準確率超過肉眼,蘋果和寶馬等公司齊發力無人駕駛汽車,美國、歐洲先後設立人類大腦攻關計畫…

人工智慧計畫的大爆發,並不是巧合,而是在經歷了10餘年的沉寂後迎來的飛躍式發展。成功預言機器人必將會戰勝人類棋手的美國科學家雷‧庫茲韋爾又預言:人工智慧超越人類智慧能總和的那個奇妙交點,就在2045年。

那麼,這一波人工智慧的爆發會有多大影響,影響的時間會持續多久,又會在多大程度上改變人類的生活呢?

從弱人工智慧到強人工智慧。 1997年「深藍」在西洋棋領域稱霸以後,人工智慧沒有像預想的那樣改天換地,而「深藍」則在沉寂了10多年,銷聲匿跡。人工智慧也一直停留在弱人工智慧的階段,遲遲沒有突破,這段跨度近20年的時間,成為了迄今為止最長的一次人工智慧寒冬。有人戲談,這20年裡面人工智慧領域最大的成就,就是史匹柏拍出了《人工智慧》這部讓全世界傾倒的科幻電影,史匹柏把人類對於未來世界的豐富幻想傾盡所能地放入了自己製造的電影世界。隨之,《機器管家》《超級駭客》《機械姬》等一系列講述人工智慧的電影應運而生。人工智慧開始進入人類生活的各個層面,醫療、教育、服務、製造等產業,甚至軍事領域的人工智慧運用也變得普遍起來,這讓許多軍事愛好者思考,人工智慧對於軍事領域究竟意味著什麼,未來將走向何方?

「阿爾法狗」只代表了人工智慧在基於神經網路的機器深度學習、高效能運算和大數據技術等領域的最新成就,屬弱人工智慧。但有軍事專家預言,未來強人工智慧的運用就會如同5年前大數據的進入一樣,帶來巨大的改變。在競爭與博弈更為激烈的軍事領域,人工智慧自上個世紀隨著電腦的出現已經越來越多地走向戰場,推動著智慧化戰爭時代的來臨。

人工智慧正大踏步走上戰場

人工智慧是現代資訊科技的重要分支,世界上第一台可編程的「巨人」電腦誕生於二戰期間的英國,其目的就是為了幫助英軍破解德軍密碼。近年來,人工智慧越來越多地走上戰場,深刻改變戰爭面貌。總結來看,人工智慧在軍事領域的應用主要表現在以下5個面向:

智慧化感知與資訊處理。微機電系統、無線感測器網路技術、雲端運算技術的快速發展,使得戰場感知手段進一步朝著智慧感知與資訊融合處理的方向發展。美軍、俄軍、法軍、德軍等均裝備了具有智慧化訊息感知與處理能力的數位化士兵系統,如美軍的「奈特勇士」、俄軍的「戰士」等。美國國防部高級研究計畫局2015財年中新增了「大腦皮質處理器」等研發項目,該處理器透過模擬人類大腦皮質結構,解決高速運動物體的即時控制等難題,未來投入應用將大幅提高機器人、無人機等的自主行動能力。

智能化指揮控制輔助決策。各國軍隊透過開發各種軍事資訊系統,目的是建構功能強大的柵格化網路資訊體系,提升智慧化評估和輔助決策能力。各軍事大國不斷發展的指揮控制自動化系統,追求比對手更強的資訊優勢與決策優勢。近年來,美軍建立網路司令部,大力加強網路攻防能力,專注於雲端運算、大數據分析等技術研發針對網路入侵的智慧診斷資訊系統,能夠自動診斷網路入侵來源、己方網路受損程度與資料恢復能力。

無人化軍用平台。西方國家在一戰期間就開始重視小型無人機、遙控無人車和無人艇的研發應用。目前世界上已有70多個國家軍隊在發展無人系統平台。美軍已裝備的無人機達7,000多架,在伊拉克、阿富汗戰場上投入運用的地面輪式(或履帶式)機器人超過12,000個。美軍近期將實現地面機器人佔地面兵力的三分之一,艦載型X-47B無人機將佔艦載機總量的三分之一,進一步推進有人平台與無人平台之間的協同編組演訓。

仿生機器人。自21世紀以來,機器人技術呈現井噴式發展,類人機器人、機器魚、機器昆蟲等各種仿生機器人不斷問世,並在軍事領域有了越來越多的應用。例如美軍曾在阿富汗戰場上試驗了一款「大狗」機器人,幫助戰士實施伴隨保障。美國防部於2013年升級,提升負重至200公斤、奔跑時速每小時12公里、防彈和靜音效果。俄羅斯軍隊近來計畫加緊研發可以駕駛車輛的類人機器人、組成可與人類戰士並肩戰鬥的機器人部隊。

擴展人的體能技能和智能。資訊科技、新材料科技和生物科技的交叉融合使得人的體能、技能和智慧將進一步擴展。例如,外軍正透過研發機械外骨骼,來打造體力倍增的「機甲戰士」;透過生物資訊晶片的植入來提升人的記憶力與反應能力,以使人類戰士更能適應未來高度資訊化的作戰環境。

人工智慧將推動新一輪軍事變革

當新的軍事技術、作戰理念和組織編成相互作用顯著提升軍事作戰能力時,將促進新的軍事變革的發生。人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用,正成為軍事變革的重要推手,催生新的戰爭樣式,改變戰爭制勝的內在機制。

對於戰爭觀念帶來新的衝擊。人類戰爭史經歷了冷兵器時代、熱兵器時代、機械化時代、資訊時代,人工智慧的發展使得智慧化時代加速到來。智能是否可分為高階智能和低階智能?擁有高階智慧化程度的軍隊對於低階智慧化的軍隊是否具有壓倒性優勢?如果人的「機器化」和機器的「人化」是兩個必然的發展趨勢,會思考的機器人取代人類拼殺是否有違傳統的戰爭倫理?人工智慧使得戰場感知能力和資訊處理能力空前提高,在高技術化的戰場上戰爭的「迷霧」是否仍舊存在?對於這些問題的理解,要求軍事領域必須來一場腦力激盪。

對於理論創新帶來新的啟發。戰爭的物質技術基礎不斷更新,為戰略理論和作戰概念創新開闢了新的空間,不斷催生人工智慧領域新的顛覆性技術;精確打擊彈藥、無人化裝備與網路資訊體系的組合應用,催生了“分散式殺傷”“母艦理論」「作戰雲」「蜂群戰術」等新的智能化作戰理論;憑藉己方的信息優勢和決策優勢,如何在去中心化的戰場網絡中切斷和遲滯對手的信息與決策迴路,成為智能化戰爭制勝必須解決的核心問題。

人工智慧軍事應用的未來趨勢

隨著資訊科技、奈米技術、生物技術、新材料技術、新能源技術等戰略前沿技術領域的發展應用,必將繼續推動人工智慧相關技術日益成熟,在軍事領域扮演越來越重要的角色。

人工智慧技術與裝備不斷取得突破。主要國家紛紛將人工智慧提升到國家戰略高度,美空軍首席科學家辦公室頒布2035年的《無人系統地平線》技術評估與預測報告,認為未來各類無人系統與作戰平台的自動化、自主性和遠端遙控性能將隨著技術的進步而不斷取得突破。尤其隨著超大規模運算、量子運算、雲端運算、大數據、類腦晶片等技術的進步,將使得人工智慧的資訊處理與控制技術獲得極大發展,深刻改變現代戰爭人工智慧的技術比重。

人工智慧催生新型作戰力量蓬勃發展。人工智慧系統與作戰平台的廣泛應用,將使人工智慧作為重要的作戰要素滲透於戰爭與作戰準備的整個流程,進一步豐富新型作戰力量的內涵。隨著無人機編組、無人潛航器編組、戰場機器人士兵編組以及無人與有人作戰單元的協同編組走向戰場應用,各類「混搭式」新型作戰力量將持續出現。隨著軍事物聯網、軍用大數據、雲端運算技術在軍事領域的建置運用,用於資訊支援、指揮控制、效果評估、後勤支援的「雲端大腦」、「數位參謀」、「虛擬倉儲」等人工智慧作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用。

人工智慧透過實戰應用不斷演化升級。以資訊科技為核心支撐的人工智慧系統與作戰平台,與傳統機械化武器裝備的發展發展模式不同。機械化武器裝備一般在技術成熟後投入使用直到報廢淘汰,有著一定的使用壽命;人工智慧系統則是按照系統原型-實踐訓練-演化升級的模式發展,人工智慧的系統往往按照不同版本用不斷演化的方式提升其智能化水準。人工智慧的演化方向總是朝著高階智慧不斷升級,人工智慧系統與作戰平台的這種發展法則對於軍事訓練和作戰能力提升具有革命性意義。美國及其盟友近年來持續組織「施里弗」太空(網路)演習、「鎖頓」網路安全演習等活動,就是其人工智慧資訊系統的反覆測試與升級演化。未來,透過持續的對抗演習對人工智慧系統和各類無人化作戰平台的升級訓練,將是戰鬥力提升的重要方式。

人工智慧助力智慧國防建設

數據被稱為資訊時代的戰略資源,人工智慧的出現,為人類深度挖掘數據資訊的智慧資源提供了方法手段,正在引領並重塑世界新軍事變革的發展態勢。面對人工智慧蓬勃發展的浪潮,如何迎接挑戰,把握機遇,加速推進軍隊資訊化建設,提升打贏現代戰爭的核心軍事能力,是我軍實現強軍目標必須回答的時代議題。一方面,我軍要保持清醒頭腦、審慎研判,既不能被人工智慧看似強大神秘的表象所嚇倒,也不能盲目叫好,更不能無動於衷而喪失發展的機遇,由於缺乏技術認知力而被對手造成技術突襲。人工智慧個別技術領域的突破,不過是人類智能的延伸,卻不能取代人類智能的支配地位,人仍是戰鬥力各要素中的核心要素,人的主觀能動性仍是決定智能化戰爭勝負的關鍵。另一方面,我軍應貫徹軍民融合發展戰略、創新驅動發展戰略,掌握時代趨勢,彰顯我軍特色,緊盯對手佈局,大膽吸收應用人工智慧相關技術成果助推軍隊資訊建設,在平台建設、後勤保障、軍事訓練、國防動員等領域嘗試應用人工智慧技術實現轉型升級,積極發展針對對手人工智慧軍事應用的反製手段,在實踐中探索人工智慧領域與強敵博弈的致勝機制。

相關連結

美俄等國人工智慧在軍事上的運用

美國:2016年7月,美國海軍陸戰隊測試模組化先進武裝機器人系統(MAARS),利用感測器和攝影機基於人工智慧控制持槍機器人。美國陸軍開發的“陸軍全球軍事指揮控制系統”,目前已經裝備陸軍航空部隊運輸直升機,可使直升機駕駛員與前線士兵保持聯絡,並指揮地面部隊。

俄羅斯:俄羅斯戰略飛彈部隊正在研發的「狼式—2」移動式機器人系統使用履帶式底盤,可在5公里範圍內透過無線電頻道控制,由熱成像儀、彈道電腦、雷射測距儀和陀螺穩定器保證射擊精度,能夠在時速35公里的情況下擊中目標。

以色列:研發的機器人「多戈」自動武裝戰術作戰機器人,自備一支標準格洛克26型9毫米口徑手槍,堪稱人小鬼大。

「大師」來襲,讓作戰樣式向無人發展

圍棋帳號Master(大師),連續在弈城圍棋、騰訊圍棋兩大圍棋平台中,挑戰世界頂尖棋手,取得60連勝,引發全球對人工智慧的高度關注。幾乎沒有多少人想到,在圍棋領域機器沒有經歷與人類「相持」的時期,直接就絕塵而去。

恩格斯曾說過,尖端科技的應用最早是從軍事領域開始。軍事鬥爭是涵蓋多維度、多領域、全時域、高強度的綜合較量,而人工智慧的加入將如催化劑般加快各國軍事變革步伐。縱觀兩次工業革命和兩次世界大戰的整個過程,我們會發現「科技」和「戰爭」存在著必然的聯繫。科技會觸發戰爭,戰爭反過來推動科技的發展。現階段各國在武器裝備資訊化、智慧化發展方面都取得長足進步,各種精確定位、精確打擊、精確評估武器系統層出不窮。但是人類還未能從武器系統中分離出來,很大部分操作依然需要人工完成。人工智慧與武器裝備結合就意味著以後,從搜尋發現目標,到威脅評估,到鎖定摧毀,再到效果評估,這一系列過程完全不需要人類參與,機器就能幫我們作決定,做到作戰樣式無人發展。

Master取得60連勝後悄悄消失,但人工智慧何去何從的探討仍不絕於耳:它會搶了人類飯碗,還是作為人類功能的延伸?它終將超越人類智慧,還是會與人類融合?這些問題的答案,不是非此即彼那麼簡單。對於它們的求解,將伴隨著人工智慧未來的發展。 1997年「深藍」擊敗卡斯帕羅夫,更多發揮了硬體加速、暴力計算等電腦運算特長。而AlphaGo使用神經網路、深度學習、蒙地卡羅樹搜尋法等人工智慧新技術,實力早有實質飛躍。這類新技術讓人工智慧更加勝任語音和影像辨識以及評估分析等工作,因此是重要發展方向。

這一輪的圍棋「人機大戰」雖然塵埃落定,但它在各領域引發的思考卻非常值得研究。其中,「『人機大戰』是戰爭最好的預實踐」特別值得軍事領域認真研究。不管是冷兵器時代,還是機械化時代,在前方打仗靠的是“人海戰術”,解決問題需要“集中優勢兵力”。資訊化戰爭不再打“人海戰術”,大兵團廝殺的場景難於再現,但就整個戰爭而言,用兵並不見得少,相反有可能還多,只不過是用在最前沿的兵大大減少了,用兵的位置發生了乾坤大挪移。未來戰爭無人、網路化和非接觸的作戰模式,參與者會變得更多,有時你無法知道對手是誰、藏在哪裡。

賽場和戰場雖然有不同的運作法則,但制勝機制很多則是相通的。過去,我們只能在戰爭中學習戰爭,現在可以在電腦模擬的近似實戰環境下學習戰爭,推演未來戰爭的攻防模式和發展趨勢。 「阿爾法狗」可以輕易蒐集獲得眾多圍棋高手的棋局,但在軍事領域,你想要獲得對手訓練、演習乃至作戰方面的相關數據,難上加難!未來戰爭是在資訊體系支撐下進行的,只有解決好人機融合這一核心問題,才能佔據戰場的主動,贏得現代戰爭最後的勝利。 (朱啟超、王婧凌、李大光)

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0123/c1011-29044316888.html

Chinese Military Carries Forward Spirit of Socialist Rule of Law Strengthening Construction of Combat Winning Culture

中國軍隊弘揚社會主義法治精神加強打贏文化建設

現代英語:

Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture

■Wang Mei

introduction

President Xi stressed that we should carry forward the spirit of socialist rule of law and strive to cultivate socialist rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture, as an important component of socialist rule of law culture, is the spiritual support for the practice of military rule of law construction, and has important functions such as ideological enlightenment, behavior regulation and cultural nourishment. In the new era and new journey, we should regard strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture as a strategic and basic work for building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and provide a strong ideological guarantee and spiritual motivation for the in-depth implementation of the strategy of ruling the army by law.

Fully recognize the status and role of military rule of law culture construction

Culture is the product of human thinking and behavior, and in turn shapes human thinking and behavior. Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and is also an important guarantee for mobilizing and stimulating the consciousness of military rule of law subjects.

Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics. The military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics consists of a military legal system, a military rule of law implementation system, a military rule of law supervision system, and a military rule of law guarantee system. The military rule of law guarantee system mainly includes military rule of law organizations, military law governance theory, military legal talent teams, and military rule of law culture, providing organizational guarantees, theoretical support, talent support, and cultural nourishment for the construction of military rule of law. Military rule of law culture is closely related to other subsystems in the military rule of law system, and permeates the contents of these subsystems in the form of people, objects, information and other elements. In addition, the rule of law is not only a way of governing the army, but also a value choice, cultural thought, and spiritual power. The rule of law culture of the people’s army is embedded with the value standards of allocating power and responsibility and balancing rights and obligations. It is a culture that demonstrates the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly. To comprehensively promote the rule of law in the army, it is necessary to lead and guide all aspects of the military rule of law construction with the core values ​​of socialism and the core values ​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers, so that it can better reflect the national value goals, social value orientation, citizen value standards, and military personnel value requirements.

Military rule of law culture is an important guarantee for mobilizing and inspiring the consciousness of military rule of law subjects. Culture is created by people, and in turn cultivates, shapes and changes people, playing a vital role in guiding and supporting the all-round development of people. The realization of the rule of law depends on the foundation and power of the rule of law culture, and on the sincere recognition, sincere support and conscious practice of various subjects. Officers and soldiers are the main body of the army. The construction of the rule of law in the army needs officers and soldiers to promote it, and various laws and regulations need to be implemented by officers and soldiers. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture, strengthening officers and soldiers’ belief in and thinking of the rule of law, and improving officers and soldiers’ legal literacy and ability to handle affairs in accordance with the law are important aspects of deepening the rule of law in the army and strict management of the army. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture can create a good rule of law environment and establish a clear direction throughout the army that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be punished, so that officers and soldiers always maintain awe of laws and regulations and military discipline, firmly establish the concept that legal red lines cannot be touched and legal bottom lines cannot be crossed, cultivate the habit of using rule of law thinking to think about problems, handle matters, and solve problems, and inspire the enthusiasm, initiative, consciousness and creativity of the majority of military personnel to participate in the construction of military rule of law.

Accurately grasp the contemporary requirements of building a military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should accurately grasp and highlight the basic characteristics of military culture construction, such as its political nature, people-oriented nature, moral nature, practical nature, and innovative nature, adhere to the corresponding work principles and requirements, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is comprehensively guided and always followed.

Highlight the political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture. The rule of law is a way to express and distribute the interests of specific interest groups. The distinct political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture is closely related to and organically unified with the party’s nature and the people’s nature. To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we must adhere to the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and President Xi’s important expositions on ruling the military according to law, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”, implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is always promoted in the correct political direction.

Highlight the people-oriented nature of the military rule of law culture construction. Military personnel, especially officers and soldiers, are the main body of the military rule of law culture construction. The construction of the military rule of law culture must adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the subject status of officers and soldiers, mobilize and stimulate the various cultural needs of officers and soldiers, and provide basic support and create favorable conditions for meeting the needs. By improving the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics that meets the only fundamental standard of combat effectiveness, we can improve the level of legalization of national defense and military construction, promote the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness and fully release it, and ensure the realization of the fundamental purpose of the people’s army to serve the people wholeheartedly.

Highlight the morality of military rule of law culture construction. “Law brings peace to the world, and virtue nourishes people’s hearts.” A distinctive feature of the rule of law path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is to insist on combining rule of law with rule of virtue, emphasizing that both rule of law and rule of virtue should be grasped with both hands and both hands should be strong. To fully implement the strategy of ruling the military by law, it is necessary to implement moral requirements into the construction of the rule of law, attach importance to the normative role of law, and embody moral concepts through the rule of law; attach importance to the educational role of morality, and nourish the spirit of the rule of law with morality, so as to realize that law and morality complement each other, and rule of law and rule of virtue complement each other.

Highlight the practicality of the construction of military rule of law culture. The process of cultural innovation and development is the process of constantly answering new issues raised by the times and practice. In order to turn the “law on paper” into the real and vivid “law in action” in real life, and to turn the “blueprint” of the construction of military rule of law culture into a real and tangible “high-rise building” in real life, we must pay attention to the unity of knowledge and action, guide and promote through the specific work of the construction of military rule of law culture, and rely on the universal, regular and long-term practice of the construction of military rule of law culture by relevant subjects, so as to guide the majority of military personnel to become loyal advocates, conscious abiders and firm defenders of the military rule of law with Chinese characteristics.

Highlight the innovation of the construction of military rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture is constantly gaining vitality and vigor in the process of evolution, development and continuous innovation. The construction of military rule of law culture should uphold an open and inclusive attitude, fully learn from and absorb the outstanding achievements of human rule of law civilization, and enhance the international influence and voice of the military rule of law culture with Chinese characteristics; adhere to inheritance and development, keep integrity and innovation, rely on the use of new technologies, new platforms, new models and new mechanisms, and continuously develop and prosper, spread and carry forward the military rule of law culture content in China’s excellent traditional military culture and socialist advanced culture, and promote the further creative transformation and innovative development of military rule of law culture.

Ideas and measures to comprehensively strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should insist on the coordinated efforts in the construction of military rule of law culture in spiritual form, institutional form, and material form, and effectively adopt ideas and measures that cover both goals and tasks and include implementation paths, and have their own focuses and are mutually integrated.

Strengthen the spiritual form of military rule of law culture. Thought is the forerunner of behavior, and theory is the guide to action. Military law governance theory and military rule of law thinking are both requirements and indicators for the construction of military rule of law culture, and are also important contents of the construction of military rule of law culture. We should strengthen the research on military law governance theory, support it with discipline construction, promote the research and interpretation of the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, convince people with thorough theories, and give play to the guiding role of theoretical identification on emotional identification and behavioral identification. We should strengthen the rule of law thinking of military personnel, thoroughly study, publicize and implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law, deepen the rule of law education and training of the entire army, incorporate the goals, objects, system, content and methods of education and training into the track of the rule of law, let the thinking of respecting rules, the thinking of rights and obligations, the thinking of limiting power and governing power, and the thinking of justice and science take root in their minds, and make respecting and practicing the rule of law the way of thinking, working and living of military personnel, especially leading cadres.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in the form of system. Only by formulating scientific systems and making them run smoothly can the value orientation of the rule of law culture be established and consolidated. We should strengthen the construction of the military legal system, adhere to scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and legislation in accordance with the law, fully reflect the interests of the people and the standards of combat effectiveness in the legal system, establish institutional rules and clear directions that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be investigated, and create a persuasive and credible cultural form. The military legal system should run smoothly, and in the implementation, supervision, and guarantee of military rule of law, we should establish the prestige of the rule of law, cultivate integrity, and lead a new style. We must attach importance to the activities of creating a rule of law military camp and jointly building the rule of law between the military and the local government as an important starting point, take safeguarding national defense and military interests, and the legitimate rights and interests of military personnel and their families in accordance with the law as a breakthrough point, and enhance the military personnel’s experience of the rule of law in laws, regulations, and their operation.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in material form. Military rule of law cannot be separated from a solid material foundation, and institutional and spiritual culture cannot be separated from solid material conditions. To this end, the construction of military rule of law facilities should be strengthened, including facilities related to all elements and processes of rule of law such as legislation, law enforcement, judicial affairs, legal governance research, education and training, such as venues and items for legal publicity and education. The rule of law information platform should be expanded, and hardware and software construction should be improved. We should enrich cultural products, comprehensively use traditional methods as well as technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, tell good stories about military rule of law, let military rule of law elements and figurative cultural symbols permeate and permeate the military environment, enable military personnel to always be in the information field and strong atmosphere of military rule of law, be influenced by what they see and hear, and constantly enhance their awareness of respecting, learning, abiding by and using the law.

(Author’s unit: College of Military Management, National Defense University)

現代國語:

加強軍事法治文化建設

■王梅

引言

習主席強調,弘揚社會主義法治精神,努力培養社會主義法治文化。軍事法治文化作為社會主義法治文化的重要組成部分,是軍隊法治建設實踐的精神支撐,具有重要的思想教導、行為調控和文化滋養等功能。新時代新旅程,應當把加強軍事法治文化建設作為建構中國特色軍事法治體系的戰略性、基礎性工作,為深入貫徹依法治軍戰略提供堅強思想保證和強大精神動力。

充分認清軍事法治文化建設的地位作用

文化是人類思維與行為方式的產物,反過來又塑造人類的思維與行為方式。軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成,也是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。

軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成部分。中國特色軍事法治體係由軍事法規制度、軍事法治實施體系、軍事法治監督體系、軍事法治保障體系構成。軍事法治保障體系主要包括軍事法治組織、軍事法治理論、軍事法律人才隊伍、軍事法治文化等方面,為軍事法治建設提供組織保障、理論支持、人才支持、文化滋養。軍事法治文化與軍事法治體系中其他子系統有著密切關聯,以人、物、資訊等要素的形式,滲透於這些子系統的內容之中。此外,法治是一種治軍方式,更是一種價值選擇、文化思想和精神力量。人民軍隊的法治文化內蘊著配置權力責任、平衡權利義務的價值標準,是彰顯全心為人民服務宗旨的文化。全面推進依法治軍,必須以社會主義核心價值觀和當代革命軍人核心價值觀引領和指導軍事法治建設的各方面全過程,使其更好地體現國家價值目標、社會價值取向和公民價值準則、軍隊人員價值要求。

軍事法治文化是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。文化由人創造,反過來培養人、塑造人、改變人,對人的全面發展發揮至關重要的方向引導與支撐作用。法治的實現,要依靠法治文化的底蘊和偉力,要依靠各種主體的真誠認同、真心擁護和自覺踐行。官兵是部隊主體,部隊法治建設需要官兵推動,各項法規制度要靠官兵落實。加強軍事法治文化建設,強化官兵法治信仰與法治思維,提升官兵法治素養及依法辦事能力,是深入依法治軍從嚴治軍的重要面向。加強軍事法治文化建設,可以營造良好的法治環境,在全軍範圍內立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的鮮明導向,使官兵始終保持對法律法規和軍規鐵紀的敬畏之心,牢固樹立法律紅線不能觸碰、法律底線不能逾越的觀念,養成運用法治思維想問題、辦事情、解難題的習慣,激發廣大軍隊人員參與軍事法治建設的積極性、主動性、自覺性和創造性。

準確把握軍事法治文化建設的時代要求

加強軍事法治文化建設,應當準確掌握並突顯軍事文化建設的政治性、人民性、道德性、實踐性、創新性等基本特點,堅持相應的工作原則和要求,使軍事法治文化建設全面得到指引,始終有所遵循。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的政治性。法治是特定利益集團利益訴求的表述和分配實現的方式。軍事法治文化建設的鮮明政治性與黨性、人民性是密切關聯和有機統一的。加強軍事法治文化建設,必須堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,深入貫徹習近平法治思想和習主席關於依法治軍重要論述,深刻領悟「兩個確立」的決定性意義,增強「四個意識」、堅定「四個自信」、做到「兩個維護”,貫徹軍委主席負責制,確保軍事法治文化建設始終沿著正確的政治方向推進。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的人民性。軍隊人員,特別是廣大官兵,是軍事法治文化建設的主體。軍事法治文化建設必須堅持以人民為中心,堅持官兵主體地位,調動激發官兵各種文化需求,並且為滿足需求提供基礎支撐、創造有利條件,通過完善符合戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準的中國特色軍事法治體系,提升國防和軍隊建設法治化水平,促進戰鬥力生成提升和充分釋放,確保實現人民軍隊全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的道德性。 「法安天下,德潤人心。」中國特色社會主義法治之路的一個鮮明特點,就是堅持依法治國和以德治國相結合,強調法治和德治兩手抓、兩手都要硬。全面貫徹依法治軍戰略,要把道德要求貫徹到法治建設中,既重視發揮法律的規範作用,以法治體現道德理念;又重視發揮道德的教化作用,以道德滋養法治精神,從而實現法與德相輔相成、法治與德治相得益彰。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的實踐性。文化創新發展的過程,就是不斷回答時代和實踐所提出的新課題的過程。要使“紙面上的法律”變成現實生活中真實生動的“行動中的法律”,使軍事法治文化建設的“藍圖”變成現實生活中真切可感的“高樓大廈”,必須注重知行合一,通過軍事法治文化建設的具體工作牽引促動,以相關主體普遍、經常、持久的軍事法治文化建設實踐為堅實依托,引導廣大軍隊人員成為中國特色軍事法治的忠實崇尚者、自覺遵守者、堅定捍衛者。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的創新性。軍事法治文化是在演進發展、持續創新中不斷獲得生機和活力的。軍事法治文化建設應秉持開放包容的態度,充分藉鑑吸收人類優秀法治文明成果,提升中國特色軍事法治文化的國際影響力和話語權;堅持繼承發展、守正創新,依托運用新技術、新平台、新模式、新機制,不斷發展繁榮、傳播弘揚中華優秀傳統軍事文化、社會主義先進文化中的軍事法治文化內容,促進軍事法治文化進一步被創造性轉化、創新性發展。

全面加強軍事法治文化建設的思路舉措

加強軍事法治文化建設,應當堅持精神形態的軍事法治文化建設、制度形態的軍事法治文化建設、物質形態的軍事法治文化建設協同發力,切實採用既涵蓋目標任務又包括實現路徑、既各有側重又相互交融的思路舉措。

建強精神形態的軍事法治文化。思想是行為的先導,理論是行動的指南。軍事法治理論與軍事法治思維,既是軍事法治文化建設的要求與指標,也是軍事法治文化建設的重要內容。應當加強軍事法治理論研究,以學科建設為支撐,推進中國特色軍事法治體系化學理化研究闡釋,用透徹的理論說服人,發揮理論認同對情感認同、行為認同的牽引作用。應當強化軍隊人員法治思維,深入學習宣傳貫徹習近平法治思想,深化全軍法治教育訓練,將教育訓練目標、對象、體制、內容和方式等納入法治軌道,讓尊重規則思維、權利義務思維、限權治權思維、正義科學思維等紮根頭腦,使尊崇和踐行法治成為軍隊人員尤其是領導幹部的思維方式、工作方式、生活方式。

建強權形態的軍事法治文化。只有製定科學的製度並使之順暢運行,法治文化的價值取向才能確立和鞏固。應當加強軍事法規制度體系建設,堅持科學立法、民主立法、依法立法,在法規制度中充分體現人民利益和戰鬥力標準,立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的製度規矩和鮮明導向,塑造具有說服力、可信度的文化形態。應當順暢軍事法規制度運行,在軍事法治實施、監督、保障實踐中樹立法治威信、培植正氣、引領新風。重視以法治軍營創建活動、軍地法治共建活動為重要抓手,將依法維護國防和軍事利益、軍隊人員及其親屬合法權益作為突破口,增進軍隊人員對法規制度及其運行的法治體驗。

建強物質形態的軍事法治文化。軍事法治離不開堅實的物質基礎,制度形態、精神形態的文化離不開堅實的物質條件。為此,應加強軍事法治設施建設,包括與立法、執法、司法、法治理論研究、教育訓練等所有法治要素和流程相關的設施,例如承載法治宣傳教育的場館物品等。應當拓展法治資訊平台,搞好硬體建設和軟件建設。應當豐富文化產品,綜合運用傳統方式及人工智慧、虛擬現實等技術,講好軍事法治故事,讓軍事法治元素和形象化的文化符號滲透充盈於軍營環境,使軍隊人員隨時置身軍事法治的資訊場域和濃厚氛圍,在耳濡目染中受到薰陶,不斷增強尊法學法守法用法的自覺性。

(作者單位:國防大學軍事管理學院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/163106888.html

Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡?

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語:

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗,透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息,影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心,進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看,認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而,認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線;同時,根據政治或軍事目的需要,其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此,認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念,並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基,具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面,但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中,圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈,成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知,奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗,也是舉國之志的對抗,政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中,透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導,培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情,舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基,是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知,奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導,建構戰爭認知思維體系,引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向,推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成,調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落,是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度,對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知,奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向,在認定事物、判定是非方面,人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落,透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播,圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中,不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同,是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎,它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化,是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一,也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理,調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散,提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力,但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生;國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性,為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機,而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎,結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控,對社會穩定有直接影響,是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理,漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人,如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的,那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位,也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理,不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞,也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒,為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中,需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理,影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中,個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引,如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等,對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取,是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等,有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象,從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐,具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰,「攻」「防」行動同步開展,武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效,「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮,是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志,迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等,透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志,透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策;針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量,以武力打擊震懾主導,綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段,動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式;針對社會面支撐力量,透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心,透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒,透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線,凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線,防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量,透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情,透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相,透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念,透過樹立典型調動士氣等等;針對支撐力量,透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳,建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感,透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理,透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營,消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍,為己方陣營拓展提供支撐,是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取,雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主,但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散,常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變,進而影響到政治層面的決策,為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外,戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務,即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期,隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散,人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期,需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效,方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按:王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html