Tag Archives: China’s Informatization – 中國信息化

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 認知戰

People’s Republic of China’s Development Trend & Governance Strategy for Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence

Leave a comment

中華人民共和國人工智慧武器化發展趨勢與治理策略

現代英語：

The weaponization of artificial intelligence is an inevitable trend in the new round of military transformation. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have further stimulated relevant countries to promote the strategic deployment of artificial intelligence weaponization and seize the commanding heights of future wars. The potential risks of artificial intelligence weaponization cannot be ignored. It may intensify the arms race and break the strategic balance; empower the combat process and increase the risk of conflict; increase the difficulty of accountability and increase collateral casualties; lower the threshold of proliferation and lead to misuse and abuse. In this regard, we should strengthen international strategic communication to ensure consensus and cooperation among countries on the military application of artificial intelligence; promote dialogue and coordination on the construction of laws and regulations to form a unified and standardized legal framework; strengthen the ethical constraints of artificial intelligence to ensure that technological development meets ethical standards; actively participate in global security governance cooperation and jointly maintain peace and stability in the international community.

    The weaponization of artificial intelligence is to apply artificial intelligence-related technologies, platforms and services to the military field, making it an important driving force for enabling military operations, thereby improving the efficiency, accuracy and autonomy of military operations. With the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, major powers and military powers have increased their strategic and resource investment and accelerated the pace of research and development and application. The frequent regional wars and conflicts in recent years have further stimulated the battlefield application of artificial intelligence, and profoundly shaped the form of war and the future direction of military transformation.

    It cannot be ignored that, as a rapidly developing technology, AI itself may have potential risks due to the immaturity of its inherent technology, inaccurate scene matching, and incomplete supporting conditions. It is also easy to bring various risks and challenges to the military field and even the international security field due to human misuse, abuse, or even malicious use. To conscientiously implement the global security initiative proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, we must face the development trend of weaponization of AI worldwide, conduct in-depth analysis of the security risks that may be brought about by the weaponization of AI, and think about scientific and feasible governance ideas and measures.

    Current trends in the weaponization of artificial intelligence

    In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field is fundamentally reshaping the future form of war, changing the future combat system, and affecting the future direction of military reform. Major military powers have regarded artificial intelligence as a subversive key technology that will change the rules of future wars, and have invested a lot of resources to promote the research and development and application of artificial intelligence weapons.

    The weaponization of artificial intelligence is an inevitable trend in military transformation.

    With the rapid development of science and technology, the necessity and urgency of military reform have become increasingly prominent. Artificial intelligence can simulate human thinking processes, extend human brainpower and physical strength, realize rapid information processing, analysis and decision-making, and develop increasingly complex unmanned weapon system platforms, thus providing unprecedented intelligent support for military operations.

    First, it provides intelligent support for military intelligence reconnaissance and analysis. Traditional intelligence reconnaissance methods are constrained by multiple factors such as manpower and time, and it is difficult to effectively respond to large-scale, high-speed and high-complexity intelligence processing needs. The introduction of artificial intelligence technology has brought innovation and breakthroughs to the field of intelligence reconnaissance. In military infrastructure, the application of artificial intelligence technology can build an intelligent monitoring system to provide high-precision and real-time intelligence perception services. In the field of intelligence reconnaissance, artificial intelligence technology has the ability to process multiple “information flows” in real time, thereby greatly improving analysis efficiency. ① By using technical tools such as deep learning, it is also possible to “see the essence through the phenomenon”, dig out the deep context and causal relationship in various types of fragmented intelligence information, and quickly transform massive fragmented data into usable intelligence, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of intelligence analysis.

    Second, provide data support for combat command and decision-making. Artificial intelligence provides strong support for combat command and military decision-making in terms of battlefield situation awareness. ② Its advantage lies in the ability to perform key tasks such as data mining, data fusion, and predictive analysis. In information-based and intelligent warfare, the battlefield environment changes rapidly, and the amount of intelligence information is huge, requiring rapid and accurate decision-making responses. Therefore, advanced computer systems have become an important tool to assist commanders in managing intelligence data, making enemy situation judgments, proposing combat plan suggestions, and formulating plans and orders. Taking the US military as an example, the ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Identification and Tracking) system developed by Raytheon Technologies Corporation of the United States covers intelligence collection, surveillance, target identification and tracking functions, and can gather data from multiple information sources such as satellites, ships, aircraft and ground stations, and conduct in-depth analysis and processing. This not only significantly improves the speed at which commanders obtain information, but also can provide data support with the help of intelligent analysis systems, making decisions faster, more efficient and more accurate.

    Third, it provides important support for unmanned combat systems. Unmanned combat systems are a new type of weapon and equipment system that can independently complete military tasks without direct human manipulation. They mainly include intelligent unmanned combat platforms, intelligent ammunition, and intelligent combat command and control systems, and have significant autonomy and intelligent features. As a technical equipment that leads the transformation of future war forms, unmanned combat systems have become an important bargaining chip in military competition between countries. The system has achieved adaptability to different battlefield environments and combat spaces by using key technologies such as autonomous navigation, target recognition, and path planning. With the help of advanced algorithms such as deep learning and reinforcement learning, unmanned combat systems can independently complete navigation tasks and achieve precise strikes on targets. The design concept of this system is “unmanned platform, manned system”, and its essence is an intelligent extension of manned combat systems. For example, the “MQM-57 Falconer” drone developed by the US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) uses advanced artificial intelligence technology and has highly autonomous target recognition and tracking functions.

    Fourth, provide technical support for military logistics and equipment support. In the context of information warfare, the war process has accelerated, mobility has improved, and combat consumption has increased significantly. The traditional “excessive pre-storage” support model can no longer adapt to the rapidly changing needs of the modern battlefield. Therefore, higher requirements are placed on combat troops to provide timely, appropriate, appropriate, appropriate, and appropriate rapid and accurate after-sales support. As a technology with spillover and cross-integration characteristics, artificial intelligence is integrated with cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing, allowing artificial intelligence knowledge groups, technology groups, and industrial groups to fully penetrate the military after-sales field, significantly improving the logistics equipment support capabilities.

    Major countries are planning to develop military applications of artificial intelligence.

    In order to enhance their global competitiveness in the field of artificial intelligence, major powers such as the United States, Russia, and Japan have stepped up their strategic layout for the military application of artificial intelligence. First, by updating and adjusting the top-level strategic planning in the field of artificial intelligence, they provide clear guidance for future development; second, in response to future war needs, they accelerate the deep integration of artificial intelligence technology and the military field, and promote the intelligent, autonomous, and unmanned development of equipment systems; in addition, they actively innovate combat concepts to drive combat force innovation, thereby improving combat effectiveness and competitive advantages.

    The first is to formulate a strategic plan. Based on the strategic paranoia of pursuing military hegemony, political hegemony, and economic hegemony with technological hegemony, the United States is accelerating its military intelligence process. In November 2023, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “Data, Analysis and Artificial Intelligence Adoption Strategy”, which aims to expand the advanced capabilities of the entire Department of Defense system to gain lasting military decision-making advantages. The Russian military promulgated the “Russian Weapons and Equipment Development Outline from 2024 to 2033”, known as the “3.0 version”, which aims to provide guidance for the development of weapons and equipment in the next 10 years. The outline emphasizes the continued advancement of nuclear and conventional weapons construction, and focuses on the research of artificial intelligence and robotics technology, hypersonic weapons and other strike weapons based on new physical principles.

    The second is to develop advanced equipment systems. Since 2005, the U.S. military has released a version of the “Unmanned System Roadmap” every few years to look forward to and design unmanned system platforms in various fields such as air, ground, surface/underwater, and connect the development chain of unmanned weapons and equipment such as research and development-production-testing-training-combat-support. At present, more than 70 countries in the world can develop unmanned system platforms, and various types of drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned ships (boats), and unmanned submarines are springing up like mushrooms after rain. On July 15, 2024, Mark Milley, former chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in an interview with U.S. Defense News that by 2039, one-third of the U.S. military will be composed of robots. The Platform-M combat robot, the “Lancet” suicide drone, and the S70 “Hunter” heavy drone developed by the Russian army have been put into actual combat testing.

    The third is to innovate future combat concepts. The combat concept is a forward-looking study of future war styles and combat methods, which can often lead to the leapfrog development of new combat force formations and weapons and equipment. In recent years, the US military has successively proposed combat concepts such as “distributed lethality”, “multi-domain warfare” and “mosaic warfare” in an attempt to lead the development direction of military transformation. Taking “mosaic warfare” as an example, this combat concept regards various sensors, communication networks, command and control systems, weapon platforms, etc. as “mosaic fragments”. These “fragment” units, with the support of artificial intelligence technology, can be dynamically linked, autonomously planned, and collaboratively combined through network information systems to form an on-demand integrated, highly flexible, and flexible killing network. In March 2022, the US Department of Defense released the “Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) Strategic Implementation Plan”, which aims to expand multi-domain operations to all-domain operations concepts, connect sensors of various services to a unified “Internet of Things”, and use artificial intelligence algorithms to help improve combat command decisions. ③

    War conflicts stimulate the weaponization of artificial intelligence.

    In recent years, local conflicts such as the Libyan conflict, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Ukrainian crisis, and the Israeli-Kazakh conflict have continued, further stimulating the development of the weaponization of artificial intelligence.

    In the Libyan conflict, the warring parties used various types of drones to perform reconnaissance and combat missions. According to a report released by the United Nations Panel of Experts on Libya, the Turkish-made Kargu-2 drone carried out a “hunt and engage remotely” operation in Libya in 2020, and could autonomously attack retreating enemy soldiers. This incident marked the first use of lethal autonomous weapon systems in actual combat. As American scholar Zachary Cullenborn said, if someone unfortunately died in such an autonomous attack, this would most likely be the first known example in history of artificial intelligence autonomous weapons being used for killing. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan used a formation of Turkish-made “Flagship” TB2 drones and Israeli-made “Harop” drones to successfully break through the Armenian air defense system and gain air superiority and initiative on the battlefield. ④ The remarkable results of the Azerbaijani army’s drone operations are largely due to the Armenian army’s “underestimation of the enemy” mentality and insufficient understanding of the importance and threat of drones in modern warfare. Secondly, from the perspective of offensive strategy, the Azerbaijani army has made bold innovations in drone warfare. They flexibly use advanced equipment such as reconnaissance and strike drones and cruise missiles, which not only improves combat efficiency, but also greatly enhances the suddenness and lethality of combat. ⑤

    During the Ukrainian crisis that broke out in 2022, both Russia and Ukraine widely used military-grade and commercial drones to perform reconnaissance, surveillance, artillery targeting and strike missions. The Ukrainian army used the “Flagship” TB2 drone and the “Switchblade” series of suicide drones assisted by the United States to carry out precision strikes and efficient killings, becoming a “battlefield killer” that attracted worldwide attention. In the Israeli-Kazakhstan conflict, the Israeli military was accused of using an artificial intelligence system called “Lavender” to identify and lock bombing targets in Gaza. It once marked as many as 37,000 Palestinians in Gaza as suspected “militants” and identified them as targets that could be directly “assassinated”. The Israeli military’s actions have attracted widespread attention and condemnation from the international community. ⑥

    Security risks posed by weaponization of artificial intelligence

    From automated command systems to intelligent unmanned combat platforms, to intelligent decision-making systems in network defense, the application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field is becoming more and more common and has become an indispensable part of modern warfare. However, with the trend of weaponization of artificial intelligence, its misuse, abuse and even malicious use will also bring risks and challenges to international security that cannot be ignored.

    Intensify the arms race and disrupt the strategic balance.

    In the information and intelligent era, the disruptive potential of artificial intelligence is hard for major military powers to resist. They are all focusing on the development and application of artificial intelligence military capabilities, fearing that they will fall behind in this field and lose strategic opportunities. Deepening the military application of artificial intelligence can gain “asymmetric advantages” at a lower cost and with higher efficiency.

    First, countries are scrambling to seize the “first mover advantage”. When a country achieves technological leadership in the development of intelligent weapon systems, it means that the country has more advanced artificial intelligence and related application capabilities, giving it a first-mover advantage in weapon system development, control, and emergency response. This advantage includes higher autonomy, intelligence, and adaptability, which increases the country’s military strength and strategic competitive advantage. At the same time, the military advantage of the first mover may become a security threat to competitors, leading to a scramble among countries in the military application of advanced technologies. ⑦ In August 2023, US Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathryn Hicks announced the “Replicator initiative”, which seeks to deploy thousands of “autonomous weapon systems” in the Indo-Pacific region in less than two years. ⑧

    Second, the opacity of AI armament construction in various countries may intensify the arms race. There are two main reasons for this: First, AI technology is an “enabling technology” that can be used to design a variety of applications, which means that it is difficult to verify the specific situation of AI military applications. It is difficult to determine whether a country is developing or deploying nuclear weapons by monitoring uranium, centrifuges, weapons and delivery systems, as is the case with nuclear weapons. The difference between semi-autonomous and fully autonomous weapon systems is mainly due to different computer software algorithms, and it is difficult to verify the implementation of treaties by various countries through physical verification. Second, in order to maintain their strategic advantages, countries often take confidentiality measures for the details of the military application of advanced technologies, so that opponents cannot detect their strategic intentions. In the current international environment, this opacity not only intensifies the arms race, but also lays the groundwork for future escalation of conflicts.

    Third, the uncertainty of the strategic intentions of various countries will also intensify the arms race. The impact of artificial intelligence on strategic stability, nuclear deterrence and war escalation depends largely on other countries’ perception of its capabilities rather than its actual capabilities. As American scholar Thomas Schelling pointed out, international relations often have the characteristics of risk competition, which is more of a test of courage than force. The relationship between major opponents is determined by which side is ultimately willing to invest more power, or make it look like it is about to invest more power. ⑨ An actor’s perception of the capabilities of others, whether true or false, will greatly affect the progress of the arms race. If a country vigorously develops intelligent weapon systems, competitors will become suspicious of their competitors’ armament capabilities and intentions to develop armaments without being sure of the other party’s intentions, and often take reciprocal measures, that is, to meet their own security needs by developing armaments. It is this ambiguity of intention that stimulates technological accumulation, exacerbates the instability of weapons deployment, and ultimately leads to a vicious cycle.

    Empowering operational processes increases the risk of conflict.

    Empowered by big data and artificial intelligence technologies, traditional combat processes will be rebuilt intelligently, that is, from “situational awareness – command decision-making – attack and defense coordination – comprehensive support” to “intelligent cognition of global situation – human-machine integrated hybrid decision-making – manned/unmanned autonomous coordination – proactive on-demand precise support”. However, although the intelligent reconstruction of combat processes has improved the efficiency and accuracy of operations, it has also increased the risk of conflict and misjudgment.

    First, wars that break out at “machine speed” will increase the risk of hasty actions. Artificial intelligence weapon systems have demonstrated strong capabilities in accuracy and response speed, making future wars break out at “machine speed”. ⑩ However, too fast a war will also increase the risk of conflict. In areas such as missile defense, autonomous weapon systems, and cyberspace that value autonomy and response speed, faster response speeds will bring huge strategic advantages, but will also greatly compress the time window for the defender to respond to military actions, causing combat commanders and decision makers to be under tremendous “time pressure”, exacerbating the risk of “hasty action” and increasing the possibility of accidental escalation of crises.

    Second, reliance on system autonomy may increase the chance of misjudgment under pressure. The U.S. Department of Defense believes that “highly autonomous artificial intelligence systems can autonomously select and execute corresponding operations based on the dynamic changes in mission parameters, and efficiently achieve human preset goals. The increase in autonomy not only greatly reduces dependence on manpower and improves overall operational efficiency, but is also regarded by defense planners as a key factor in maintaining tactical leadership and ensuring battlefield advantage.” ⑪ However, since human commanders cannot respond quickly enough, they may gradually delegate control to autonomous systems, increasing the chance of misjudgment. In March 2003, the U.S. Patriot missile system mistakenly marked a friendly Tornado fighter as an anti-radiation missile. The commander chose to launch the missile under the pressure of only a few seconds to react, resulting in the death of two pilots. ⑫

    Third, it weakens the effectiveness of the crisis termination mechanism. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union led the construction of a series of restrictive measures to curb the escalation of crises and prevent them from evolving into large-scale nuclear wars. In these measures, humans play a vital role as “supervisors”. When risks may get out of control, they can initiate termination measures in sufficient time to avoid large-scale humanitarian disasters. However, with the improvement of the computing power of artificial intelligence systems and their deep integration with machine learning, combat responses have become faster, more precise and destructive, and humans’ termination intervention mechanism for crises may be weakened.

    War accountability is difficult and collateral casualties increase.

    Artificial intelligence weapon systems make it more difficult to define responsibility for war. In traditional combat modes, weapons systems are controlled by humans. Once errors or crises occur, human operators or developers of operating systems will bear corresponding responsibilities. Artificial intelligence technology itself weakens human initiative and control capabilities, making the attribution of responsibility for technical behavior unclear.

    The first is the problem of the “black box” of artificial intelligence. Although artificial intelligence has significant advantages in processing and analyzing data, its internal operating rules and causal logic are often difficult for humans to understand and explain, which makes it difficult for programmers to correct errors in the algorithm. This problem is often referred to as the “black box” of the algorithm model. Once the artificial intelligence weapon system poses a safety hazard, the “algorithm black box” may become a rational excuse for the relevant responsible parties to shirk responsibility. Those who pursue responsibility can only face generalized shirking and shirking of responsibility, and point the finger of responsibility at the artificial intelligence weapon system. In practice, if the decision-making process of artificial intelligence cannot be understood and explained, it may cause a series of problems, such as decision-making errors, trust crises, and information abuse.

    The second is the division of responsibilities between humans and machines in military operations. When an AI system fails or makes a wrong decision, should it be considered an independent entity to bear responsibility? Or should it be considered a tool, with human operators bearing all or part of the responsibility? The complexity of this division of responsibilities lies not only in the technical level, but also in the ethical and legal levels. On the one hand, although AI systems can make autonomous decisions, their decision-making process is still limited by human preset procedures and algorithms, so their responsibilities cannot be completely independent of humans. On the other hand, AI systems may go beyond the preset scope of humans and make independent decisions in some cases. How to define their responsibilities at this time has also become a difficult problem in the field of arms control.

    The third is the issue of the allocation of decision-making power between humans and artificial intelligence weapon systems. According to the different autonomous powers of the machine, the artificial intelligence system can perform tasks in three decision-making and control modes: semi-autonomous, supervised autonomous, and fully autonomous. In a semi-autonomous system, the decision-making power of the action is controlled by humans; in supervised autonomous actions, humans supervise and intervene when necessary; in fully autonomous actions, humans do not participate in the action process. With the gradual deepening of the military application of artificial intelligence, the role of humans in the combat system is undergoing a gradual transformation from the traditional “man in the loop” mode to the “man on the loop”, and humans have evolved from direct operators inside the system to supervisors outside the system. However, this transformation has also raised new problems. How to ensure that artificial intelligence weapon systems can still follow human ethics and values ​​when operating independently is a major challenge facing the current field of artificial intelligence weapon research and development.

    Lowering the threshold for proliferation leads to misuse and abuse.

    Traditional strategic competition usually involves large-scale research and development and procurement of weapons systems, which requires a lot of money and technical support. After AI technology matures and spreads, it has the advantages of being easy to obtain and inexpensive. Even small and medium-sized countries may have the ability to develop advanced intelligent weapon systems. At present, strategic competition in the field of military AI is mainly concentrated between major military powers such as the United States and Russia. However, in the long run, the spread of AI technology will expand the scope of strategic competition and pose a destructive threat to the existing strategic balance. Once smaller countries that master AI technology have relatively strong competitiveness, their willingness to initiate confrontation when facing threats from major powers may increase.

    First, artificial intelligence helps develop some lightweight and agile means of warfare, thereby encouraging some small and medium-sized countries or non-state actors to use it to carry out small, opportunistic military adventures, achieving their strategic goals at a lower cost and with more abundant channels. Second, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has made new forms of warfare such as cyber warfare and electronic warfare increasingly prominent. In a highly competitive battlefield environment, malicious third-party actors can influence military planning and strategic deterrence by manipulating information, leading to an escalation of the situation. In the Ukrainian crisis that broke out in 2022, a lot of false information was spread on the Internet to confuse the public. Third, the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology has also reduced strategic transparency. Traditional military strategies often rely on a large amount of intelligence collection, analysis and prediction, and with the assistance of artificial intelligence technology, combat planning and decision-making processes have become more complex and unpredictable. This opacity may lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments, thereby increasing the risk of escalating conflicts.

    Governance Path for Security Risks of Weaponized Artificial Intelligence

    To ensure the safe development of artificial intelligence and avoid the potential harm caused by its weaponization, we should strengthen international communication on governance strategies, seek consensus and cooperation among countries on the military application of artificial intelligence; promote dialogue and coordination on laws and regulations to form a unified and standardized legal framework; strengthen the constraints on artificial intelligence ethics to ensure that technological development complies with ethical standards; and actively participate in global security governance cooperation to jointly maintain peace and stability in the international community.

    Attach great importance to strategic communication at the international level.

    AI governance is a global issue that requires the concerted efforts of all countries to solve. On the international stage, countries have both mixed and conflicting interests. Therefore, dealing with global issues through effective communication channels has become the key to maintaining world peace and development.

    On the one hand, we need to accurately grasp the challenges of international governance of AI. We need to grasp the consensus of various countries on the development of weaponized AI, pay close attention to the policy differences among countries in the security governance of weaponized AI applications, and coordinate relevant initiatives with the UN agenda through consultation and cooperation, so as to effectively prevent the military abuse of AI and promote the use of AI for peaceful purposes.

    On the other hand, governments should be encouraged to reach relevant agreements and establish strategic mutual trust through official or semi-official dialogues. Compared with the “Track 1 Dialogue” at the government level, the “Track 1.5 Dialogue” refers to dialogues between government officials and civilians, while the “Track 2 Dialogue” is a non-official dialogue between scholars, retired officials, etc. These two forms of dialogue have higher flexibility and are important supplements and auxiliary means to official dialogues between governments. Through a variety of dialogue and communication methods, officials and civilians can widely discuss possible paths to arms control, share experiences and expertise, and avoid the escalation of the arms race and the deterioration of tensions. These dialogue mechanisms will provide countries with a continuous communication and cooperation platform, help enhance mutual understanding, strengthen strategic mutual trust, and jointly respond to the challenges brought about by the militarization of artificial intelligence.

    Scientifically formulate laws and ethical norms for artificial intelligence.

    Artificial intelligence technology itself is neither right nor wrong, good nor evil, but there are differences in good and bad intentions in the design, development, manufacturing, use, operation and maintenance of artificial intelligence. The weaponization of artificial intelligence has aroused widespread ethical concerns. Under the framework of international law, can autonomous weapon systems accurately distinguish between combatants and civilians on a complex battlefield? In addition, if artificial intelligence weapon systems cause unexpected harm, how to define the responsibility? Is it in line with moral and ethical standards to give machines the decision-making power of life and death? These concerns highlight the need to strengthen the ethical constraints of artificial intelligence.

    On the one hand, we must insist on ethics first and integrate the concept of “intelligent for good” from the source of technology. In the design process of artificial intelligence military systems, values ​​such as people-oriented and intelligent for good will be embedded in the system. The purpose is to eliminate the indiscriminate killing and injury that may be caused by artificial intelligence from the source, control its excessive lethality, and prevent accidental damage, so as to limit the damage caused by artificial intelligence weapon systems to the smallest possible range. At present, nearly 100 institutions or government departments at home and abroad have issued various artificial intelligence ethical principle documents, and academia and industry have also reached a consensus on the basic ethical principles of artificial intelligence. In 2022, China’s “Position Paper on Strengthening the Ethical Governance of Artificial Intelligence” submitted to the United Nations provided an important reference for the development of global artificial intelligence ethical supervision. The document clearly emphasizes that artificial intelligence ethical supervision should be promoted through institutional construction, risk control, collaborative governance and other measures.

    On the other hand, we need to improve relevant laws and regulations and clarify the boundaries of rights and responsibilities of AI entities. We need to formulate strict technical review standards to ensure the security and reliability of AI systems. We need to conduct comprehensive tests before AI systems go online to ensure that they do not have a negative impact on human life and social order. We need to clarify the legal responsibilities of developers, users, maintainers and other parties throughout the life cycle of AI systems, and establish corresponding accountability mechanisms.

    Pragmatically participate in international cooperation on artificial intelligence security governance.

    The strategic risks brought about by the military application of artificial intelligence further highlight the importance of pragmatic cooperation in international security. It is recommended to focus on three aspects:

    First, promote the formulation of guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence in the military field. Formulating a code of conduct for the military application of artificial intelligence is an important responsibility of all countries to regulate the military application of artificial intelligence, and it is also a necessary measure to promote international consensus and comply with international laws and regulations. In 2021, the Chinese government submitted the “China’s Position Paper on Regulating the Military Application of Artificial Intelligence” to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Conference, and issued the “Global Artificial Intelligence Governance Initiative” in 2023. These have provided constructive references for improving the code of conduct for regulating the military application of artificial intelligence.

    The second is to establish an applicable regulatory framework. The dual-use nature of AI involves many stakeholders. Some non-state actors, such as non-governmental organizations, technology communities, and technology companies, will play a more prominent role in the global governance of AI and become an important force in the construction of a regulatory framework for the military application of AI. The technical regulatory measures that countries can take include: clarifying the scope of use of AI technology, responsible entities, and penalties for violations; strengthening technology research and development to improve the security and controllability of technology; establishing a regulatory mechanism to supervise the development and application of technology throughout the process, and promptly discover and solve problems.

    Third, jointly develop AI security prevention technologies and solutions. Encourage bilateral or multilateral negotiations between governments and militaries to be included in the dialogue options for military AI applications, conduct extensive exchanges on military AI security prevention technologies, operating procedures and practical experience, promote the sharing and reference of relevant risk management technical standards and usage specifications, and continuously inject new stability factors into the international security mutual trust mechanism under the background of AI militarization.

    (The author is the director, researcher, and doctoral supervisor of the National Defense Science and Technology Strategic Research Think Tank of the National University of Defense Technology; Liu Hujun, a master’s student at the School of Foreign Languages ​​of the National University of Defense Technology, also contributed to this article)

現代國語：

【摘要】人工智慧武器化是新一輪軍事變革的必然趨勢，近年來局部戰爭的衝突進一步刺激相關國家推動人工智慧武器化戰略部署，搶佔未來戰爭制高點。人工智慧武器化的潛在風險不容忽視，將可能加劇軍備競賽，打破戰略平衡；賦能作戰流程，加大衝突風險；提升問責難度，增加附帶傷亡；降低擴散門檻，導致誤用濫用。對此，應加強國際間戰略溝通，確保各國在人工智慧軍事應用上的共識與協作；推動法律法規建設的對話與協調，以形成統一規範的法律架構；加強人工智慧倫理約束，確保技術發展符合道德標準；積極參與全球安全治理合作，共同維護國際社會的和平與穩定。

【關鍵字】人工智慧 軍事應用 安全風險 安全治理 【中圖分類號】F113 【文獻識別碼】A

人工智慧武器化，是將人工智慧相關技術、平台與服務應用到軍事領域，使其成為賦能軍事行動的重要驅動力量，進而提升軍事行動的效率、精準度與自主性。隨著人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，各主要大國及軍事強國紛紛加大戰略與資源投入，加速研發應用步伐。近年來頻繁的區域戰爭衝突也進一步刺激了人工智慧的戰場運用，並深刻塑造戰爭形態以及軍事變革的未來走向。

不容忽視的是，人工智慧作為一類快速發展中的技術，其本身由於內在技術的不成熟、場景匹配的不準確、支持條件的不完備，可能存在潛在風險，而由於人為的誤用、濫用甚至惡意使用，也容易給軍事領域乃至國際安全領域帶來多種風險挑戰。認真貫徹實習近平總書記提出的全球安全倡議，必須直面世界範圍內人工智慧武器化的發展趨勢，深入分析人工智慧武器化應用可能帶來的安全風險，並思考科學可行的治理思路與舉措。

當前人工智慧武器化的發展趨勢

近年來，人工智慧在軍事領域的應用，正從根本上重塑未來戰爭形態、改變未來作戰體系，影響軍事變革的未來走向。主要軍事大國已將人工智慧視為改變未來戰爭規則的顛覆性關鍵技術，紛紛挹注大量資源，並推動人工智慧武器的研發與應用。

人工智慧武器化是軍事變革的必然趨勢。

隨著科學技術的快速發展，軍事變革的必要性與緊迫性愈發凸顯。人工智慧透過模擬人類的思考過程，延展人類的腦力與體力，可實現資訊快速處理、分析與決策，研發日益複雜的無人化武器系統平台，進而為軍事行動提供前所未有的智慧化支援。

一是為軍事情報偵察與分析提供智慧支援。傳統的情報偵察方式受到人力和時間等多重因素制約，難以有效應對大規模、高速度和高複雜度的情報處理需求。人工智慧技術的引進，為情報偵察領域帶來革新和突破。在軍事基礎設施中，應用人工智慧技術，可建構智慧監測系統，提供高精度即時的情報感知服務。在情報偵察領域，人工智慧技術具備對多個「資訊流」進行即時處理的能力，從而大大提高分析效率。 ①透過使用深度學習等技術工具，還可以“透過現像看本質”，挖掘出各類碎片化情報信息中的深層脈絡與因果聯繫，將海量碎片化數據快速轉變為可以利用的情報，從而提升情報分析的質效。

二是為作戰指揮與決策提供資料支援。人工智慧在戰場態勢感知方面為作戰指揮和軍事決策提供有力支援。 ②其優點在於能夠進行資料探勘、資料融合以及預測分析等關鍵任務。在資訊化智能化戰爭中，戰場環境瞬息萬變，情報資訊量龐大，要求決策反應迅速且準確。因此，先進的電腦系統就成為協助指揮人員管理情報資料、進行敵情判斷、提出作戰方案建議以及擬制計畫與命令的重要工具。以美軍為例，美國雷神科技公司（Raytheon Technologies Corporation）研發的ISTAR（情報、監視、目標辨識與追蹤）系統，涵蓋了情報採集、監視、目標辨識及追蹤功能，可匯聚來自衛星、艦船、飛機及地面站等多元資訊來源的數據，並對其進行深度分析與處理。這不僅顯著提高了指揮官獲取資訊的速度，而且可藉助智慧分析系統提供數據支持，使決策更加快速、高效和精準。

第三是為無人作戰系統提供重要支撐。無人作戰系統是一種無需人類直接操縱，便可獨立完成軍事任務的新型武器裝備系統，主要包括智慧化無人作戰平台、智慧化彈藥和智慧化作戰指揮控制系統等組成部分，具備顯著的自主性和智慧化特徵。無人作戰系統，作為引領未來戰爭形態變革的技術裝備，成為國家間軍事競爭的重要籌碼。該系統透過運用自主導航、目標辨識、路徑規劃等關鍵技術，實現了不同戰場環境及作戰空間的適應能力。透過深度學習、強化學習等先進演算法，無人作戰系統能夠獨立完成導航任務，並實現精準打擊目標。這種系統的設計理念是“平台無人，系統有人”，其本質是對有人作戰系統的智慧化延伸。例如，美國國防部高級研究計畫局（DARPA）研發的「MQM-57獵鷹者」無人機，就採用了先進的人工智慧技術，具備高度自主的目標識別和追蹤功能。

四是為軍事後勤與裝備保障提供技術支援。在資訊化戰爭的背景下，戰爭進程加快、機動性提升、作戰消耗顯著增加。傳統的「超量預儲」保障模式已無法適應現代戰場快速變化的需求，因此，對作戰部隊進行適時、適地、適需、適量的快速精確後裝保障提出了更高的要求。人工智慧作為一種具有溢出帶動和交叉融合特性的技術，與物聯網、大數據、雲端運算等尖端技術相互融合，使得人工智慧知識群、技術群和產業群全面滲透到軍事後裝領域，顯著提升了後勤裝備保障能力。

主要國家紛紛佈局人工智慧軍事應用。

為增強人工智慧領域的全球競爭力，美國、俄羅斯、日本等主要大國加緊人工智慧軍事應用的戰略佈局。首先，透過更新和調整人工智慧領域的頂層策略規劃，為未來的發展提供明確指導；其次，針對未來戰爭需求，加速人工智慧技術與軍事領域的深度融合，推動裝備系統的智慧化、自主化和無人化發展；此外，積極創新作戰概念，以驅動作戰力量創新，進而提升作戰效能和競爭優勢。

一是製定戰略規劃。基於技術霸權追求軍事霸權、政治霸權、經濟霸權的戰略偏執，美國正加速自體軍事智慧化進程。 2023年11月，美國國防部發布《數據、分析與人工智慧採用戰略》，旨在擴展整個國防部體系的先進能力，以獲得持久的軍事決策優勢。俄軍頒布被稱為「3.0版本」的《2024年至2033年俄羅斯武器裝備發展綱要》，旨在為未來10年武器裝備發展提供指導，綱要強調繼續推進核武器和常規武器建設，並重點研究人工智慧和機器人技術、高超音速武器和其他基於新物理原理的打擊兵器。

二是研發先進裝備系統。美軍自2005年開始每隔幾年都會發布一版“無人系統路線圖”，以展望並設計空中、地面、水面/水下等各領域無人系統平台，貫通研發—生產—測試—訓練—作戰—保障等無人化武器裝備發展鏈路。目前，世界上已有70多個國家可以研發無人化系統平台，各種類型的無人機、無人車、無人船（艇）、無人潛航器如雨後春筍般不斷出現。 2024年7月15日，美軍參會前主席馬克‧米利接受《美國防務新聞》採訪時稱，到2039年，三分之一的美軍部隊將由機器人組成。俄軍研發的平台-M作戰機器人、「柳葉刀」自殺式無人機和S70「獵人」重型無人機等，已投入實戰檢驗。

三是創新未來作戰概念。作戰概念是對未來戰爭樣式與作戰方式進行的前瞻性研究，往往可牽引新的作戰力量編組及武器裝備跨越發展。美軍近年來提出「分散式殺傷」「多域戰」「馬賽克戰」等作戰概念，試圖引領軍事變革的發展方向。以“馬賽克戰”為例，該作戰概念將各種感測器、通訊網路、指揮控制系統、武器平台等視為“馬賽克碎片”，這些“碎片”單元在人工智慧技術賦能支援下，透過網路資訊系統可動態連結、自主規劃、協同組合，從而形成一個按需整合、極具彈性、靈活機動的殺傷網。 2022年3月，美國國防部發布《聯合全域指揮控制（JADC2）戰略實施計畫》，該計畫旨在將多域作戰向全局作戰概念拓展，將各軍種感測器連接到一個統一「物聯網」中，利用人工智慧演算法幫助改善作戰指揮決策。 ③

戰爭衝突刺激人工智慧武器化進程。

近年來，利比亞衝突、納卡衝突、烏克蘭危機、哈以衝突等局部衝突不斷，進一步刺激了人工智慧武器化的發展進程。

在利比亞衝突中，交戰雙方採用多種型號無人機執行偵察和作戰任務。根據聯合國利比亞問題專家小組發布的報告指出，土耳其製造的「卡古-2」（Kargu-2）無人機2020年在利比亞執行了「追捕並遠程交戰」行動，可自主攻擊撤退中的敵方士兵。這事件標誌著致命性自主武器系統在實戰中的首次運用。如美國學者扎卡里·卡倫伯恩所述，若有人在此類自主攻擊中不幸喪生，這極有可能是歷史上首個已知的人工智慧自主武器被用於殺戮的例子。在2020年納卡衝突中，阿塞拜疆運用土耳其生產的「旗手」TB2無人機編隊和以色列生產的「哈洛普」無人機成功突破了亞美尼亞防空系統，掌握了戰場制空權和主動權。 ④ 阿塞拜疆軍隊無人機作戰的顯著成效，在很大程度上源於亞美尼亞軍隊的「輕敵」心態，對無人機在現代戰爭中的重要性和威脅性認識不足。其次，從進攻策略的角度來看，阿塞拜疆軍隊在無人機戰法上進行了大膽的創新。他們靈活運用察打一體無人機和巡彈等先進裝備，不僅提升了作戰效率，也大大增強了戰鬥的突然性和致命性。 ⑤

在2022年爆發的烏克蘭危機中，俄羅斯和烏克蘭都廣泛使用軍用級和商用無人機執行偵察監視、火砲瞄準和打擊任務。烏克蘭軍隊透過使用「旗手」TB2無人機以及美國援助的「彈簧刀」系列自殺式無人機，實施精準打擊和高效殺傷，成為令世界矚目的「戰場殺手」。在哈以衝突中，以色列軍方被指控使用名為「薰衣草」（Lavender）的人工智慧系統來識別並鎖定加薩境內的轟炸目標，曾將多達3.7萬名加薩巴勒斯坦人標記為「武裝分子」嫌疑對象，並將其認定為可直接「暗殺」的目標，以軍事行動引發了國際社會廣泛關注和譴責對象。 ⑥

人工智慧武器化帶來的​​安全風險

從自動化指揮系統到智慧無人作戰平台，再到網路防禦中的智慧決策系統，人工智慧技術在軍事領域的應用正變得愈發普遍，已成為現代戰爭不可或缺的一部分。然而，在人工智慧武器化的趨勢下，其誤用、濫用甚至惡意使用，也將為國際安全帶來不可忽視的風險挑戰。

加劇軍備競賽，打破戰略平衡。

在資訊化智能化時代，人工智慧所具有的顛覆潛力讓軍事大國都難以抗拒，紛紛聚焦人工智慧軍事能力的開發與運用，唯恐在這一領域落後而喪失戰略機會。深化人工智慧軍事應用，則能夠以更低成本、更高效率的方式獲得「非對稱優勢」。

一是各國紛紛搶抓「先行者優勢」。當一個國家在智慧武器系統開發領域取得技術領先地位時，意味著該國具備更高階的人工智慧和相關應用能力，使其在武器系統開發、控制和緊急應變等方面具有先發優勢。這種優勢包括更高的自主性、智慧化程度和自適應能力，從而增加了該國的軍事實力和戰略競爭優勢。同時，先行者的軍事優勢可能會成為競爭對手的安全威脅，導致各國在先進技術的軍事應用上呈現出你爭我趕的態勢。 ⑦ 2023年8月，美國國防部副部長凱瑟琳·希克斯宣布了「複製者計畫」（Replicator initiative），該倡議力求在不到兩年的時間內在印太地區部署數千個「自主武器系統」。 ⑧

二是各國人工智慧軍備建設的不透明性可能加劇軍備競賽。這主要有兩個方面的原因：一是人工智慧技術是一種可用於設計多種應用的“使能技術”，這意味著人工智能軍事應用具體情況核查難度較高，難以像核武器可以通過對鈾、離心機以及武器和運載系統的監測來判斷一個國家是否在進行核武器的開發或部署。半自主、完全自主武器系統之間的差異主要是由於電腦軟體演算法不同導致的，很難透過物理核查手段來對各國的條約執行情況進行核查。二是各國為了維持己方的戰略優勢，往往對先進技術的軍事應用相關細節採取保密措施，使對手無法探知其戰略意圖。在當前國際環境中，這種不透明性不僅加劇了軍備競賽，更為未來衝突升級埋下了伏筆。

三是各國戰略意圖的不確定性也會加劇軍備競賽。人工智慧對於戰略穩定、核威懾和戰爭升級的影響，很大程度上取決於他國對其能力的感知，而非其實質能力。正如美國學者托馬斯·謝林指出，國際關係常常具有風險競爭的特徵，更多的是對勇氣而不是武力的考驗，主要對手之間的關係是由哪一方最終願意投入更大的力量，或使之看起來即將投入更大的力量來決定的。 ⑨ 一個行為體對於他者能力的感知，無論真假，都會在很大程度上影響軍備競賽進程。如果一個國家大力發展智慧武器系統，競爭對手在不確定對方意圖的情況下，會對競爭對手的軍備能力及發展軍備的意圖產生猜忌，往往採取對等措施，即透過發展軍備來滿足自身安全需求。正是這種意圖的模糊性刺激了技術積累，加劇武器部署的不穩定性，最終導致惡性循環。

賦能作戰流程，增加衝突風險。

在大數據與人工智慧技術賦能下，傳統作戰流程將實現智慧化再造，即由「態勢感知—指揮決策—攻防協同—綜合保障」轉向「全局態勢智慧認知—人機一體混合決策—有人/無人自主協同—主動按需精準保障」轉變。然而，作戰流程的智慧化再造雖然提高了作戰的效率和精準性，但也提升了衝突和誤判的風險。

一是以「機器速度」爆發的戰爭將增加倉促行動的風險。人工智慧武器系統在精確度和反應速度上表現出強大的能力，使得未來戰爭將以「機器速度」爆發。 ⑩ 但戰爭速度過快也將增加衝突風險。在飛彈防禦、自主武器系統和網路空間等重視自主性以及反應速度的領域，更快的反應速度將帶來巨大的戰略優勢，同時也極大地壓縮了防禦方對軍事行動作出反應的時間窗口，導致作戰指揮官和決策者置身於巨大的「時間壓力」之下，加劇了「倉促行動」的風險，並增加了危機意外升級的可能性。

二是依賴系統自主性可能增加壓力下的誤判幾率。美國國防部認為，「高度自主化的人工智慧系統，能夠根據任務參數的動態變化，自主選擇並執行相應操作，高效實現人類預設的目標。自主性的增加不僅大幅減少了對人力的依賴，提高了整體操作效率，更被國防規劃者視為保持戰術領先、確保戰場優勢的關鍵要素。」⑪然而，由於人類指揮官無法做出足夠快的決定權，可能會逐漸增加自己。 2003年3月，美國「愛國者」飛彈系統曾錯誤地將友軍的「龍捲風」戰鬥機標記為反輻射飛彈，指揮人員在只有幾秒鐘反應時間的壓力狀態下，選擇發射飛彈，造成了兩名飛行員的死亡。 ⑫

三是削弱了危機終止機制的有效性。冷戰時期，美蘇主導建構了一系列限制性措施來遏止危機的升級，避免其演變為大規模的核戰。在這些措施中，人類扮演著至關重要的「監督者」角色，在可能出現風險失控時，能夠在充足的時間內啟動終止措施，避免大規模人道災難發生。但是，隨著人工智慧系統運算能力的提升及其與機器學習的深度融合，作戰反應變得更為迅捷、精確和具有破壞性，人類對於危機的終止幹預機制將可能被削弱。

戰爭問責困難，增加附帶傷亡。

人工智慧武器系統使得戰爭責任更難界定。在傳統作戰模式下，由人類控制武器系統，一旦造成失誤或危機，人類操作員或作業系統的研發者將承擔相應的責任。人工智慧技術本身弱化了人類的能動性和控制能力，致使技術性行為的責任歸屬變得模糊不清。

一是人工智慧「黑箱」問題。儘管人工智慧在處理和分析資料方面有著顯著優勢，但是其內部運作規律和因果邏輯卻常常難以被人類理解和解釋，這使得程式設計師難以對錯誤演算法進行糾偏除誤，這一問題常常被稱為演算法模型的「黑盒子」。一旦人工智慧武器系統產生安全危害，「演算法黑箱」可能成為相關責任方推卸責任的合理化藉口，追責者只能面臨泛化的卸責與推諉，並將責任矛頭指向人工智慧武器系統。在實踐中，如果無法理解並解釋人工智慧的決策過程，可能會引發一系列的問題，如決策失誤、信任危機、資訊濫用等。

二是軍事行動中人機責任劃分問題。當人工智慧系統出現故障或決策失誤時，是否應將其視為一種獨立的實體來承擔責任？或者，是否應該將其視為一種工具，由人類操作者承擔全部或部分責任？這種責任劃分的複雜性不僅在於技術層面，更在於倫理和法律層面。一方面，人工智慧系統雖然能夠自主決策，但其決策過程仍受到人類預設的程式和演算法限制，因此其責任無法完全獨立於人類之外。另一方面，人工智慧系統在某些情況下可能會超越人類的預設範圍，做出獨​​立的決策，此時其責任又該如何界定，也成為軍控領域的難題。

三是人與人工智慧武器系統的決策權分配問題。依照機器自主權限的不同，人工智慧系統能夠以半自主、有監督式自主以及完全自主三種決策與控制方式執行任務。在半自主系統中，行動的決策權由人類掌控；在有監督式自主行動中，人類實施監督並在必要時幹預；在完全自主行動中，人類不參與行動過程。隨著人工智慧軍事應用程度的逐漸加深，人類在作戰系統中的角色正經歷由傳統的「人在迴路內」模式逐步向「人在迴路」轉變，人類從系統內部的直接操控者演化為系統外部的監督者。然而，這項轉變也引發了新的問題。如何確保人工智慧武器系統在獨立運作時仍能遵循人類倫理和價值觀，這是當前人工智慧武器研發領域面臨的重大挑戰。

降低擴散門檻，導致誤用濫用。

傳統的戰略競爭通常涉及大規模的武器系統研發和採購，需要大量資金和技術支援。人工智慧技術成熟擴散後，具有易取得且價格低廉等優勢，即便是中小國家也可能具備開發先進智慧武器系統的能力。目前，軍用人工智慧領域的戰略競爭主要集中在美俄等軍事大國之間。但長遠來看，人工智慧技術的擴散將擴大戰略競爭的範圍，對現有的戰略平衡構成破壞性威脅。一旦掌握人工智慧技術的較小規模國家擁有相對較強的競爭力，這些國家在面臨大國威脅時發起對抗的意願可能就會增強。

一是人工智慧有助於發展一些輕便靈巧的作戰手段，從而鼓勵一些中小國家或非國家行為體利用其開展小型的、機會主義的軍事冒險，以更低廉的成本和更豐富的途徑來達到其戰略目地。二是人工智慧的快速發展使得網路戰、電子戰等新型戰爭形態日益凸顯。在競爭激烈的戰場環境中，惡意的第三方行為體可以透過操縱資訊來影響軍事規劃和戰略威懾，導致局勢升級。在2022年爆發的烏克蘭危機中，就有眾多網路假訊息傳播混淆視聽。三是人工智慧技術的廣泛應用也降低了戰略透明度。傳統的軍事戰略往往依賴大量的情報收集、分析和預測，而在人工智慧技術的輔助下，作戰計畫和決策過程變得更加複雜和難以預測。這種不透明性可能導致誤解和誤判，增加了衝突升級的風險。

人工智慧武器化安全風險的治理路徑

為確保人工智慧安全發展，避免其武器化帶來的​​潛在危害，應加強國際間的治理戰略溝通，尋求各國在人工智慧軍事應用方面的共識與協作；推進法律法規對話協調，以形成統一規範的法律框架；加強人工智慧倫理的約束，確保技術發展符合道德標準；積極參與全球安全治理合作，共同維護國際社會的和平與穩定。

高度重視國際層面戰略溝通。

人工智慧治理是全球性問題，需要各國通力合作，共同解決。在國際舞台上，各國利益交融與利益衝突並存，因此，透過有效的溝通管道來處理全球性議題成為維護世界和平與發展的關鍵。

一方面，要精準掌握人工智慧國際治理挑戰。既要掌握各國對人工智慧武器化發展的共識，也要密切關注各國在人工智慧武器化應用安全治理方面的政策差異，透過協商合作，使相關倡議與聯合國議程相協調，從而有效防止人工智慧在軍事上的濫用，推動人工智慧用於和平目的。

另一方面，推動各國政府透過官方或半官方對話，達成相關協議，建立戰略互信。相較於政府層面的“1軌對話”，“1.5軌對話”指的是政府官員與民間人士共同參與的對話，而“2軌對話”則是由學者、退休官員等進行的民間非官方形式的對話。這兩種對話形式具有更高的彈性，是政府間官方對話的重要補充和輔助。透過多樣化的對話交流方式，官方和民間人士可以廣泛諮詢軍備控制的可能實現路徑，分享經驗和專業知識，以避免軍備競賽的升級和緊張局勢的惡化。這些對話機制將為各國提供持續的溝通與合作平台，有助於增進相互理解、加強戰略互信，共同因應人工智慧軍事化應用帶來的挑戰。

科學制定人工智慧法律和倫理規約。

人工智慧技術本身並無對錯善惡之分，但對於人工智慧的設計、研發、製造、使用、運作以及維護確有善惡意圖之別。人工智慧武器化引發了廣泛的倫理關注。國際法框架下，自主武器系統是否能夠在複雜戰場上精準區分戰鬥人員與平民？此外，若人工智慧武器系統導致非預期的傷害，其責任歸屬如何界定？將關乎生死的決策權交付於機器，這項做法是否符合道德倫理標準？這些擔憂凸顯了加強人工智慧倫理約束的必要性。

一方面，要堅持倫理先行，從技術源頭融入「智能向善」的概念。在人工智慧軍事系統的設計過程中，將以人為本、智能向善等價值觀內嵌於系統中。其目的是從源頭杜絕人工智慧可能引發的濫殺濫傷行為，控制其過度殺傷力，防範意外毀傷的發生，從而將人工智慧武器系統所帶來的毀傷程度限制在盡可能小的範圍內。目前，國內外已有近百家機構或政府部門發佈各類人工智慧倫理原則文件，學術界和產業界亦就人工智慧基本倫理原則達成共識。 2022年，中國向聯合國遞交的《關於加強人工智慧倫理治理的立場文件》為全球人工智慧倫理監管的發展提供了重要參考。文件明確強調，應透過制度建置、風險管控、協同共治等多方面的措施來推動人工智慧倫理監管。

另一方面，要完善相關法律法規，明確人工智慧主體的權責邊界。制定嚴格的技術審核標準，確保人工智慧系統的安全性和可靠性。在人工智慧系統上線前進行全面的測試，確保其不會對人類生活和社會秩序造成負面影響。明確開發者、使用者、維護者等各方在人工智慧系統全生命週期中的法律責任，以及建立相應的追責機制。

務實參與人工智慧安全治理國際合作。

人工智慧軍事應用所帶來的戰略風險，更凸顯國際安全務實合作的重要性。建議重點從三個面向著手：

一是推動制定人工智慧在軍事領域的運用準則。制定人工智慧軍事應用的行為準則，是各國規範人工智慧軍事應用的重要責任，也是推動國際共識和遵守國際法規的必要措施。中國政府在2021年向聯合國《特定常規武器公約》大會提交了《中國關於規範人工智慧軍事應用的立場文件》，2023年發布《全球人工智慧治理倡議》，這些都為完善規範人工智慧軍事應用的行為準則提供了建設性參考。

二是建立適用的監理架構。人工智慧軍民兩用性使其涉及眾多利益攸關方，一些非國家行為體如非政府組織、技術社群、科技企業在人工智慧全球治理過程中的作用將更加突出，成為人工智慧軍事應用監管框架建設的重要力量。各國可採取的技術監管措施包括：明確人工智慧技術的使用範圍、責任主體和違規處罰措施；加強技術研發，提高技術的安全性和可控性；建立監管機制，對技術的研發和應用進行全程監管，及時發現和解決問題。

三是共同研發人工智慧安全防範技術和解決方案。鼓勵將政府間和軍隊間的雙邊或多邊談判納入軍用人工智慧應用的對話選項，就軍用人工智慧安全防範技術、操作規程及實踐經驗廣泛交流，推動相關風險管理技術標準和使用規範的分享借鑒，為人工智慧軍事化背景下的國際安全互信機制不斷注入新的穩定因素。

（作者為國防科技大學國防科技戰略研究智庫主任、研究員，博導；國防科技大學外國語學院碩士研究生劉胡君對本文亦有貢獻）

中國原創軍事資源：http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/pc/content/202502/05/content_30059349.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology

Leave a comment

中國軍隊第五代指揮資訊系統及其智慧化技術

現代英語：

Modern war presents the explosive growth of battlefield information and new combat style. With the continuous emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and edge computing, a new generation of command information system is coming. Based on the international fourth generation command information system, this paper imagines the overall architecture of the fifth generation command information system, expounds the technical characteristics of its knowledge center, intelligent enabling, cloud edge integration, independent evolution and resilience adaptation, analyze its key technologies, continuously improves the battlefield information advantage, and transforms to the battlefield cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Abstract

Modern war presents the explosive growth of battlefield information and new combat style. With the continuous emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and edge computing, a new generation of command information system is coming. Based on the international fourth generation command information system, this paper imagines the overall architecture of the fifth generation command information system, expounds the technical characteristics of its knowledge center, intelligent enabling, cloud edge integration, independent evolution and resilience adaptation, analyze its key technologies, continuously improves the battlefield information advantage, and transforms to the battlefield cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Key words

command information system ; artificial intelligence ; edge computing ; situation processing ; planning and decision ; action control

Cite this article

Download CitationsZHANG Zhi-hua , WANG Fan . The Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology. Command Control and Simulation . 2021, 43(5): 1-7 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3819.2021.05.001

 Previous Article Next Article In his report to the 19th CPC National Congress, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on network information systems” 

[ 1 ] . This statement indicates that future wars will be based on networked and intelligent system operations. The fifth-generation command information system will focus on intelligence, strengthen battlefield information advantages, and strive for battlefield cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages. According to relevant reports, the international command information system has gone through four stages of development 

[ 2 ] and is evolving towards the fifth-generation command information system. The system architecture is developing towards intelligence, knowledge, cloud edge, and service. The fourth-generation system in the world mainly uses networking, service, and cloud to build an overall coordinated command information system 

[ 2 ] , which meets the needs of coordinated operations to a certain extent and achieves information advantages. However, with the explosive growth of battlefield information, it is difficult to transform the system information advantage into the commander’s cognitive and decision-making advantages. With the emergence of new combat styles such as unmanned combat and cyber warfare, in order to adapt to the complexity and nonlinear characteristics of combat command, the command information system must break through cognitive technology and provide accurate battlefield situation cognition and planning and decision-making capabilities. The fifth-generation command information system is envisioned to be centered on artificial intelligence, edge computing, and cloud brain technology to enhance battlefield cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages, support combat command to move from the information domain to the cognitive domain, and realize capabilities such as information knowledge, intelligent decision-making, agile command and control, multi-domain collaboration, and edge services.

1 New Concept of Command and Control

1.1 Intelligent command and control

Intelligent command and control is to use artificial intelligence methods to achieve the transformation from “information-based, network-centric” to “intelligent, knowledge-centric”, and assist commanders in solving perception, understanding, and cognitive problems in the command field. The system architecture and technical architecture of the command information system will change. The system will apply corresponding intelligent technologies around functional domains such as situation, command, control, and support to improve the cognitive and decision-making efficiency of combat command. Foreign militaries pay great attention to the intelligent application of combat command. Since 2007, the US DARPA has published three white papers on national and military development strategies for artificial intelligence, and has launched plans such as “Deep Green” 

[ 3 ⇓ – 5 ] , “The High-Tech Holy Grail of the Third Offset Strategy”, and “Commander’s Virtual Staff”. In the field of intelligence perception and tactical decision-making, it has launched artificial intelligence projects such as “Insight”, “Xdata”, “Deep Learning”, “Deep Text Search and Filtering”, “Distributed Battlefield Management”, “Human-Machine Collaboration”, “Mind’s Eye”, “Trace”, “Human-Machine Collaboration”, “X-Plan”, “Cognitive Electronic Warfare”, and “AlphaAI Air Combat”, realizing the ability to deeply understand battlefield intelligence, predict situation cognition, and automatically generate and deduce tactical plans. Since then, the U.S. military has also set up projects such as “Autonomous Negotiation Formation”, “Big Dog”, and “Hummingbird” to improve the manned and unmanned collaborative control capabilities. Overall, the U.S. military currently has the world’s leading level of intelligent combat command. In addition, Germany, France, Russia and other countries have also conducted extensive research in intelligent information perception and processing, intelligent autonomous unmanned combat platforms, etc., and have achieved fruitful research results 

[ 6 ⇓ – 8 ] .

1.2 Tactical Edge Command and Control

With the development of military technology, traditional large-scale cluster combat methods are gradually transformed into small-scale asymmetric combat. Combat activities at the tactical edge will play an important role in war. The tactical edge is also known as the “first tactical mile” 

[ 9 ] . It is far away from the command center and has limited communication, computing, and service resources. It is usually composed of combat platforms, tactical units, and special forces. In order to gain information and decision-making advantages, command units at all levels use ubiquitous networks, micro-clouds, and other technologies to achieve information and resource sharing. Mobile computing devices at the tactical edge use fog computing methods to integrate into larger combat units and form micro-clouds under self-organizing networks. The large amount of situation information obtained by the tactical edge is calculated, stored, and shared in the tactical micro-cloud, which simplifies the scale of interaction with the command center, improves the timeliness of information interaction, and solves the problem of insufficient service capabilities at the tactical frontier in the past.

1.3 Multi-Domain Battle Command and Control

In 2016, the U.S. Army proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare” 

[ 10 ] , taking “synchronous cross-domain firepower” and “all-domain mobility” as core elements, promoting the high integration of combat elements, enhancing all-domain strike capabilities, and attempting to eliminate the “anti-access/area denial” capabilities of China, Russia and other countries. It mainly has the following three characteristics 

[ 10 ] . First, the combat domain is expanded in multiple dimensions, enabling the U.S. Army to deploy forces from the ground to multiple combat domains such as sea, air, electricity, and the Internet, and has the ability to integrate with other services. Second, the combat elements are highly integrated, and the various services and combat functional domains can share information, coordinate tactics, and synchronize actions, which promotes the transformation of joint services to the integration of combat capability elements. Third, the command chain is developing in a flat direction, and the command mechanism is efficient and flexible. It is necessary to have centralized planning and decentralized execution, and to share information and instructions with various command nodes and individual soldiers, extend the tactical command chain, and realize rapid, multi-line, and multi-domain combat command.

1.4 Mosaic Combat Command and Control

In 2017, DARPA proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare” 

[ 11-12 ] , which takes into account both ” threat-based” and “capability-based” equipment construction methods, and flexibly combines sensors, command and control nodes, combat platforms, and cooperative manned and unmanned systems in multiple combat domains on demand to form a mission system. System integration uses a building block approach to dynamically link dispersed fine-grained systems together to form a combat system similar to a “mosaic block”. “Mosaic warfare” uses intelligent decision-making tools to provide distributed situational awareness and adaptive planning and control, assist in combat mission planning, and implement distributed combat management. “Mosaic warfare” requires the replacement of fixed combat force composition with adaptive system reorganization, and the combat command has a resilient and adaptable information system that can customize physically dispersed mixed combat units on demand and meet various dynamic and collaborative combat requirements 

[ 12 ⇓ – 14 ] .

2. Transformation of the Characteristics of the Fifth Generation Command Information System

1) The system shifts from network-centric to knowledge-centric. The network-centric approach brings battlefield information advantage, which is then transformed into cognitive advantage and decision-making advantage. The information sharing between systems shifts to knowledge-centric intelligence sharing, which promotes the transformation of the entire command system into decision-making and action advantage.2) The cloud architecture is transformed into cloud-edge-end integration. Expand the original cloud resource sharing capabilities 

[ 2 ] and extend them to the platforms, teams, and individual soldiers at the tactical edge, realize the integrated hybrid service capabilities of the battlefield center cloud, mobile cloud, and edge micro-cloud in a mobile environment, and enhance the tactical frontier resource service capabilities.3) Transformation from scheduled integration to resilient adaptability. Currently, the system is deployed and operated according to preset rules. When the mission changes, it must be regulated according to the pre-planned plan. In the future, battlefield systems are vulnerable to attacks and paralysis, requiring the system to have the ability to self-reconstruct, resilient and adaptable when disturbances occur to ensure that the core mission is uninterrupted

 [ 13-14 ] .4) Transformation from computational intelligence to cognitive intelligence. Intelligence is manifested in computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, and cognitive intelligence. Currently, computational intelligence provides a tactical deterministic solution method. In the future battlefield, intelligent technology must be used to improve the accuracy and real-time degree of cognition in terms of massive intelligence processing, situational awareness, and decision-making reasoning.5) Performance changes from fixed fixed to autonomous learning evolution. The system’s algorithm and performance are generally determined and fixed during the design period, and performance improvement is achieved through upgrading and transformation. Intelligent systems have the ability of self-learning and self-evolution, and can learn algorithms for situational awareness and intelligent decision-making online to improve system performance.6) Construction shifts from capability-based to knowledge-based. Command information systems are generally constructed based on capability elements, and system integration is integrated based on capability elements. Intelligent systems pay more attention to the intellectual construction of the system, focusing on the construction of system knowledge, rules, algorithms, and data.7) The interaction mode will shift to human-machine fusion intelligent interaction. Human-machine fusion intelligent perception, anthropomorphic interaction, intention-oriented intelligent human-machine interface interaction, wearable human-machine fusion computing, and fusion and linkage interaction will become the main interaction mode of future systems, and the human-machine control system will progress towards human-machine fusion.8) The separation of combat and training has shifted to the integration of combat, training, exercise and research. The fifth-generation command information system tightly couples combat command and tactical training, and has parallel simulation and reasoning capabilities. It can not only update intelligent algorithms, but also conduct combat and tactics confrontation research, obtain tactical data, and promote algorithm learning. Exercise training has developed from war game simulation to battlefield virtual game.

3 Overall Architecture Concept

The overall architecture of the future fifth-generation command information system should be a command information system that is knowledge-centric, human-machine integrated, intelligently empowered, cloud-edge integrated, autonomously evolving, and resilient and adaptable. The following article mainly describes the overall system from the perspectives of system architecture, service architecture, and technical architecture 

[ 15 ] . The system architecture mainly refers to the composition of the system’s logical elements and their relationships, the service architecture describes the integration model of information and computing resources between systems, and the technical architecture describes the system’s technical reference model.

3.1 System Architecture Concept

The system is changing from “information-based, network-centric” to “intelligent, knowledge-centric”, while extending to the tactical edge. Based on the original system integration, the system integrates knowledge and algorithms, applies intelligent technology in functional domains such as situation, command, control, and support, and improves the cognition and decision-making efficiency of combat command. The system architecture is envisioned as follows:

Figure 1 Conceptualization of the fifth-generation command information system architecture

第五代指揮資訊系統架構概念

The fifth-generation system expands the functional domain of parallel deduction and learning training on the basis of functional elements such as situational awareness, command decision-making, action control, support and guarantee, and information services to meet the needs of combat branch evaluation and algorithm learning. In terms of situational awareness, it covers computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, and cognitive intelligence, mainly completing battlefield intelligence processing and target identification, understanding and predicting the situation, having state and momentum, and improving information advantage; in terms of command decision-making, it is mainly based on cognitive intelligence, which can machine tactical reasoning, generate plans and plans, and improve decision-making level; in terms of action control, it is mainly based on computational intelligence and cognitive intelligence, completing task monitoring and temporary tactical control, and providing action optimization strategies based on knowledge reasoning, such as command guidance, firepower coordination, and unmanned cluster intelligent control; in terms of comprehensive guarantee, it is mainly based on computational intelligence, completing the optimal allocation of battlefield resources under prior knowledge and rules; in terms of parallel deduction and learning training, it combines command and control with simulation training, trains personnel and algorithms in peacetime, and conducts parallel plan deduction in wartime.In addition, the fifth-generation system has an autonomous evolving learning mechanism: first, autonomous learning within the node to optimize the algorithm and knowledge base; second, the nodes share intelligent algorithms and knowledge through the command cloud to collaboratively complete the evolution. Each node can upload the learned algorithms and knowledge to the command cloud to update the algorithms and knowledge of the knowledge center; third, the system issues instructions to tactical nodes, weapon nodes, detection nodes, and combat support nodes, and collects execution feedback. These feedback results can be used to learn and evolve the algorithm.Between the fifth-generation systems, based on the original comprehensive integration based on the cloud/end architecture, an integrated sharing method for knowledge and intelligent algorithms has been added. Each command information system uploads intelligent algorithms and knowledge rules to the knowledge center for plug-and-play sharing by heterogeneous nodes such as battlefield detection, command, and weapons. The command information system can obtain existing intelligent knowledge from the knowledge center and conduct secondary learning and training in combination with its own battlefield data to improve algorithm capabilities. The command cloud will eventually form an intelligent knowledge center for the battlefield, and a battlefield knowledge network will be formed between the intelligent command information systems.

3.2 Concept of cloud-edge-device service architecture

In the future, ubiquitous network connections will extend from command units to various squads, individual soldiers, and platforms at the tactical edge. The fifth-generation command information system will use fog computing and distributed computing technologies to build tactical mobile clouds, squad micro-clouds (Cloudlet), and individual task group pico-clouds (Pico-Cloud) based on cloud architecture technology 

[ 9 , 16 ] , forming tactical frontier mobile cloud service capabilities, realizing the hybrid service capabilities of battlefield centralized combat clouds, mobile tactical clouds, and edge micro-clouds and pico-clouds, forming an integrated resource service structure of “cloud, edge, and end”, and quickly building command chains and strike chains.

Concept of cloud-edge-end service architecture of the fifth-generation command information system

第五代指揮資訊系統雲端端服務架構構想

The cloud-edge-end integrated service capability supports the fifth-generation system to achieve dynamic aggregation and release of combat resources through “cloud deployment, cloud aggregation, cloud attack, and cloud dissipation”, thereby improving the combat effectiveness of the entire system 

[ 17 ] . The centralized combat cloud is deployed in the command center in a fixed cloud manner 

[ 16 ] to provide services for various combat nodes; air, land, and sea tactical clouds provide information, algorithms, computing, and storage services under mobile conditions for aircraft, ships, armored forces, and other forces at the tactical frontier, thereby improving the resource sharing level at the tactical frontier 

[ 9 , 16 , 18-19 ] ; in tactical edge military operations, micro-clouds and pico – clouds are constructed. Micro-clouds are deployed in fog computing on vehicles, aircraft, and boats within one hop of the communication distance of the frontier contact unit, expanding the tactical information processing and sharing capabilities of the frontier unit personnel. When individual soldiers and units cannot access micro-clouds, mobile ad hoc networks and distributed computing technologies can be used to construct pico-clouds to support dynamic information aggregation and resource sharing end-to-end under weak connections at the tactical edge, thereby extending the command chain.

3.3 Technical Architecture Concept

The fifth-generation command information system will extend the war from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, and will change the way of command and control. Its technical architecture is as follows:

Technical architecture of the fifth-generation command information system

第五代指揮資訊系統技術架構

The fifth generation command information system adds tactical edge services and intelligent computing environments based on the networked computing environment of the fourth generation command information system, which is compatible with the system architecture and meets the intelligent requirements of the system. The tactical edge service computing environment provides micro-cloud and pico-cloud basic computing, storage, and information service platforms for weakly connected terminals; the intelligent computing environment provides intelligent services for situation, decision-making, control, and human-computer interaction.The intelligent technology environment layer includes the following five parts. The intelligent computing hardware platform is equipped with AI acceleration processors such as GPU, FPGA, and TPU to adapt to the computing power required by deep learning. Some algorithms use brain-like chips with neuron processing mechanisms or solidified dedicated intelligent computing chips; the intelligent data management platform mainly manages data, samples, cases, models, and knowledge; the deep learning framework integrates the runtime library and basic algorithm library of deep learning and reinforcement learning; the traditional artificial intelligence computing framework includes traditional algorithm support libraries such as spark and bigflow for search and solution, data mining, and parallel processing; intelligent services include application-oriented intelligent algorithm service libraries, such as intelligent interactive recognition, valuation network calculation, and strategy network calculation services, which provide solution interfaces for application development.The intelligent application layer mainly provides functional elements such as intelligent situational awareness, planning and decision-making, action control and information services, human-computer interaction, learning and training. It is the system’s main functional interface for users and the core problem that intelligence needs to solve.The fifth-generation system technology architecture model mentioned above mainly uses cloud computing and intelligent technology support services to achieve the sharing of situations, instructions, algorithms and knowledge between systems, and supports system autonomous evolution, algorithm upgrades and knowledge updates. System intelligence can be divided into levels 0 to 4 

[ 20 ] . Level 0: full manual control; Level 1: computing intelligence, deterministic complex tactical calculations and information automation processing; Level 2: having certain perceptual intelligence, able to understand, evaluate and predict battlefield situations; Level 3: having cognitive intelligence, able to provide machine decision-making and decision-making deduction capabilities; Level 4: having human-machine integration and symbiosis capabilities, and the core algorithm can self-learn and self-evolve. At present, the intelligence level of the fourth-generation system is generally at level 1, and situation understanding and command decisions are still controlled by humans. The intelligence of the fifth-generation system can reach the fourth level through three stages. The first stage is to realize the ability to perceive, understand and evaluate the battlefield situation; the second stage is to build a knowledge base of tactics and enable machine decision-making based on rules, knowledge and algorithms; the third stage is to realize machine self-learning and self-evolution of core tasks, and have the function of autonomous decision-making, reaching a highly intelligent level of human-machine integration 

[ 20 ] .

4 Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

The key technologies of the fifth-generation command information system mainly solve the above – mentioned problems of intelligence, cloud – edge-end integration, and system resilience and adaptability. The key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept is the following

Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

系統關鍵技術及智慧化理念

The key technologies of the fifth-generation command information system cover all aspects of the command and control OODA loop, and can support the system’s intelligence, resilience, and edge command and control requirements in terms of detection, decision-making, control, and strike, thereby building a precise perception chain, rapid control chain, precise strike chain, and agile service chain, extending to the tactical edge and improving command effectiveness.

1) Situational Awareness Machine Analysis TechnologyIntelligence compilation and analysis technology.

Use big data, deep learning, knowledge graphs and other technologies to perform intelligent information correlation matching, text semantics intelligent analysis, and public opinion intelligent search and extraction to obtain valuable intelligence from massive, multi-source, and heterogeneous battlefield information.

Multiple target rapid recognition technology. Using deep learning methods, a multi-layer CNN convolutional neural network is constructed, and sample feature parameter learning is used to complete feature extraction and rapid target recognition of optical, infrared, electromagnetic, and acoustic information.Situation recognition and understanding technology. Analyze the enemy’s combat intentions and combat capabilities, use the reinforcement learning valuation network technology to simulate the commander’s situation recognition process, and combine the CNN nonlinear battlefield situation fitting ability to establish a mapping from situation images to situation understanding 

Situation machine prediction and assessment technology. Based on situation understanding, the enemy’s tactical behavior is estimated. First, the strategy network is used to obtain the enemy’s activity rules, and then the parallel deduction method is used to perform multi-branch situation deduction. Finally, a prediction network is constructed to predict the situation.

2) Operational planning machine decision-making technology.

Combat mission space and strategy modeling technology. Modeling the state and action strategy of the combat mission space and determining the description method of the mission state, strategy, and feedback are the basis for deep reinforcement learning to make decisions.Mission planning machine decision-making technology. Use operations optimization to complete target analysis and task allocation. Use deep reinforcement learning and swarm intelligence algorithms to machine plan force composition, firepower configuration, and collaborative paths. Tactical planning tends to be rule-based reasoning and easy to break through; campaign planning tends to be knowledge-based reasoning based on experience, involving the art of command, and is more difficult to break through.

Parallel simulation technology for combat plans. With reference to the parallel simulation technology of the “deep green” system the Monte Carlo search tree and game test method are used to simulate enemy combat behavior, rehearse and evaluate the action process, and accumulate feedback reward and punishment functions for learning, training, and decision optimization.

Intelligent generation technology of combat plans. Using intelligent perception algorithms such as natural language understanding, voice command recognition, and sketch recognition, combined with the extraction of elements from the task model, the knowledge graph is used to automatically extract the plan to generate combat plans and command sequences .

Rapid decision-making technology on the spot. Based on the current situation, using the learning data accumulated by the game platform, automatically matching the most appropriate plan adjustment, making dynamic decisions on the plan based on Monte Carlo tree search and transfer learning algorithms, reverse reinforcement learning, and enhancing the generalization ability of the plan.3) Intelligent motion control technologySituation-based improvisation control technology. According to the effects and deviations of combat operations, the resources, paths, and coordination modes of the mission are dynamically adjusted, and parallel simulation multi-branch deduction and reinforcement learning technology are used to correct the deviations, thus realizing tactical “feedforward” control .

Swarm intelligence collaborative control technology. Promote the maximization of the overall effectiveness of battlefield intelligent bodies in collaborative operations, use ant colony and bee colony control algorithms and deep reinforcement learning methods to build a global tactical value network, establish an effect feedback model, and perform strategic control based on the value network.Firepower collaborative control technology. Improve the speed and accuracy of friend-or-foe identification, firepower allocation, and collaborative dispatch, use swarm intelligence and deep reinforcement learning algorithms to automatically plan, coordinate and optimize the strike chain, and have a certain degree of autonomous decision-making ability.

4) Manned/unmanned collaborative command technology.

Multi-domain cluster system autonomous collaborative machine planning technology. Use branch search solution, knowledge reasoning, and deep reinforcement learning to plan and allocate collaborative tasks for manned/unmanned systems, and use swarm intelligence optimization algorithms to plan collaborative trajectories for unmanned and manned platforms.Multi-domain cluster system autonomous collaborative command and control technology. It monitors the missions of unmanned clusters and provides autonomous collaborative command and guidance. It uses swarm intelligence algorithms to detect conflicts and avoid collisions among multiple unmanned platforms, and coordinates grouping, routing, and load.

5) Intelligent information service technology.

Intelligent battlefield information sharing technology uses reinforcement learning and semantic association technology to analyze users’ information needs and preferences, generate information needs based on users’ differentiated characteristics, and intelligently push tactical information to users.

6) Human-machine fusion intelligent interaction technology.

Human-computer fusion intelligent perception interaction technology. Construct multi-channel human-computer interaction methods including sketches, spoken language, gestures, head postures, expressions, eye movements, etc., and provide natural, sensitive, accurate and anthropomorphic interaction strategies . Intention-oriented intelligent human-computer interface technology. Using FCM fuzzy cognitive interactive reasoning technology, infer the user’s interactive intention, and organize the interactive interface output by integrating different means such as spoken language, gestures, sketches, and natural language according to the user’s interface needs and interaction preferences.Smart wearable human-machine fusion technology. It uses edge computing technology and new human-machine interaction methods such as voice, gestures, eye movements, brain-computer interfaces, and augmented reality to provide soldiers with smart wearable devices that have a collaborative, integrated, and linked human-machine interaction mode.

7) Virtual gaming and training evaluation technology.

The combat virtual game technology builds a game confrontation test platform, conducts combat knowledge modeling, and uses parallel simulation, branch decision, differential confrontation and other technologies to conduct red-blue confrontation, which not only trains tactics and methods, but also collects tactical data.Machine training and evaluation technology uses the data accumulated by the game platform and the experience of personnel to model, adopts small sample transfer learning technology to train and optimize the algorithm, replays the real data afterwards, performs transfer learning optimization on the decision model, and updates the decision plan.

8) System resilience adaptive reconstruction technology.

Environmental perception and autonomous fault detection technology. Under soft and hard damage, it can detect the main faults and analyze abnormal correlations, predict the occurrence of faults that affect task execution, evaluate the impact of faults on tasks, and realize active perception and rapid location of system resources and faults.System self-healing and reconstruction intelligent technology. When key nodes of the system fail, an adaptive mechanism is used to reallocate resources, achieve capacity regeneration, and continuously ensure the completion of core tasks. The system changes from a fault repair method with preset rules and manual participation to an intelligent system reconstruction method.

9) Tactical edge computing technology.

Mobile micro-cloud service platform technology. Deployed in fog computing mode on vehicles, aircraft, and boats within one hop of the enemy, it provides shared processing capabilities for combat teams and expands the tactical information processing capabilities of team members.Pi-cloud resource sharing technology under weak connection ad hoc network. Based on the individual soldier ad hoc network, the Pi-cloud is constructed using distributed computing technology to support end-to-end autonomous collaborative information sharing and resource sharing between individual soldier mobile devices under weak connection to meet tactical edge needs.

5 Development ideas and ideas

1) Gradually progress in stages, starting with the easy and then moving on to the difficult. In the first stage, image, voice, gesture, face recognition, and natural language understanding are applied to intelligence analysis; in the second stage, deep learning and reinforcement learning are applied to situational awareness and command decision-making; in the third stage, cloud computing is used to realize a knowledge-centered, intelligently empowered system. 

2) Select intelligent algorithms for application. Focusing on the application of deep learning in situation and deep reinforcement learning in planning and decision-making, select appropriate tactical backgrounds to verify intelligent algorithms. Tactical-level planning of paths, firepower, tasks, etc. can be used as breakthroughs. 

3) Strengthen the construction of knowledge engineering in the field of combat command. Expert rules, military regulations, and actual combat data are the basis of intelligent command. The existing combat rules should be modeled and represented in a knowledge-based manner, and the input and output mapping relationship between knowledge representation and deep learning should be established. The research on knowledge learning and knowledge reasoning methods should be strengthened .

4) Establish a virtual confrontation game platform to accumulate data. Intelligent algorithms require a large number of learning samples. The ways to accumulate samples are: Establish a confrontation game platform to conduct war games, human-machine confrontation, and red-blue confrontation to accumulate data; Collect tactical data from actual combat exercises and build models as training samples.

6 Conclusion

This paper proposes the overall and intelligent concept of the fifth-generation command information system, constructs a new generation of command information system architecture with “intelligent empowerment, human-machine integration, cloud-edge integration, autonomous evolution, cloud-intelligence sharing, and resilience and adaptability”, analyzes its key technologies and capability characteristics, and attempts to achieve cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages based on the fourth-generation system in the world .

There are not many technical verifications for the fifth-generation system in the world, so we should not rush for quick success and still need to conduct sufficient research.

現代國語：

現代戰爭呈現戰場資訊爆炸性成長與新型作戰形態。隨著人工智慧、邊緣運算等新技術的不斷湧現，新一代指揮資訊系統呼之欲出。本文在國際第四代指揮資訊系統的基礎上，構想了第五代指揮資訊系統的整體架構，闡述了其知識中心化、智慧賦能、雲邊融合、自主演進和彈性適配的技術特徵，分析了其關鍵技術，不斷提升戰場資訊優勢，並向戰場認知優勢、決策優勢和行動轉化。

習主席在中國共產黨十九大報告中明確指出,「加速軍事智能化發展,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」[1]。這個論述指明了未來戰爭將是基於網路化、智慧化的體係作戰,第五代指揮資訊系統將以智慧化為核心,強化戰場資訊優勢,爭取戰場認知優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢。據相關通報,國際上指揮資訊系統經歷了四個階段的發展過程[2],正在向第五代指揮資訊系統演化,系統體系結構向智慧化、知識化、雲端端、服務化發展。國際上第四代系統主要以網路化、服務化、雲端化等手段建構了整體協同的指揮資訊體系[2],一定程度上滿足協同作戰需求,實現了資訊優勢。但隨著戰場資訊的爆發式增長,系統資訊優勢很難轉化為指揮的認知與決策優勢,隨著無人作戰、賽博作戰等新型作戰樣式的出現,為了適應作戰指揮的複雜性、非線性特徵,指揮資訊系統須突破認知技術,提供準確的戰場態勢認知與籌​​劃決策能力。第五代指揮資訊系統設想以人工智慧、邊緣運算、雲腦技術為核心,提升戰場認知優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢,支援作戰指揮由資訊域邁向認知領域、實現資訊知識化、決策智慧化、指控敏捷化、協同多域化、服務邊緣化等能力。
1 指揮控制新理念
1.1 智能化指揮控制
智慧化指揮控制就是利用人工智慧方法,實現從「資訊化、網路中心」轉變為「智慧化、知識中心」,輔助指揮者解決指揮領域的感知、理解、認知問題。指揮資訊系統的系統架構、技術架構都會改變。系統圍繞著態勢、指揮、控制、保障等功能域進行相應的智慧技術應用,提升作戰指揮的認知與決策效能。外軍十分關注作戰指揮智能化應用,美軍DARPA從2007年至今,發布了3份關於人工智能國家及軍事發展戰略白皮書,分別開展了“深綠”[3⇓-5]、“第3次抵消戰略的高科技聖杯”、“指揮官虛擬參謀”等計劃,在情報感知與戰術決策領域啟動了“Insight”、Xdata” 「分散式戰場管理」、「人機協作」、「Mind’sEye」、「Trace」、「人機協作」、「X-Plan」、「認知電子戰」、「AlphaAI空戰」等人工智慧專案,實現戰場情報深度理解、態勢認知預測及戰術方案自動生成與推演能力。此後,美軍也設置了「自主協商編隊」、「大狗」、「蜂鳥」等項目,提升有人與無人協同控制能力。整體而言,美軍目前具備全球領先的智慧化作戰指揮水準。此外,德、法、俄等國也紛紛在智慧化資訊感知與處理、智慧自主無人作戰平台等方面進行了大量研究,取得了豐碩的研究成果[6⇓-8]。
1.2 戰術邊緣指揮控制
隨著軍事科技的發展,傳統大規模集群作戰方式逐漸轉換為小範圍的非對稱作戰,戰術邊緣的作戰活動在戰爭中將扮演重要角色。戰術邊緣又稱為「第一戰術英里」[9],它遠離指揮中心,通信、計算、服務資源受限,通常由作戰平台、戰術分隊、特種單兵組成,為了獲得信息與決策優勢,各級指揮單元利用泛在網絡、微雲等技術,實現信息與資源共享。戰術邊緣的移動計算設備,採用霧計算方法,整合為更大的作戰單元,形成自組網下的微雲,戰術邊緣獲取的大量態勢信息,在戰術微雲進行計算、存儲、共享,簡化了與指揮中心的交互規模,提升了信息交互時效,解決以往戰術前沿服務能力不足的問題。
1.3 多域戰指揮控制
2016年美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念[10],將「同步跨域火力」與「全域機動」作為核心要素,推動作戰要素高度融合,增強全域打擊能力,試圖消除中俄等國的「反介入/區域拒止」能力,主要具備以下三個特徵[10]。一是作戰領域向多維擴展,使美陸軍能夠從地面向海、空、電、網等多個作戰域投送力量,具備與其他軍種融合能力。二是作戰要素高度融合,各軍兵種及作戰功能域之間能夠共享資訊、統籌戰術、同步行動,推動了軍種聯合向作戰能力要素融合轉變。三是指揮鏈向扁平方向發展,指揮機制高效靈活,既要集中計劃、分散執行,又要向各指揮節點和單兵共享信息和指令,延伸戰術指揮鏈,實現快速、多線、多域作戰指揮。
1.4 馬賽克作戰指揮控制
2017年,DARPA提出「馬賽克戰」的概念[11-12],兼顧「基於威脅」與「基於能力」的裝備建設方法,將多作戰域的感測器、指控節點、戰鬥平台以及相互協作的有人、無人系統進行按需靈活組合,形成任務系統。系統整合採用搭積木的方式,將分散的細粒度系統動態連結在一起,構成類似「馬賽克區塊」的作戰體系。 「馬賽克戰」,借助智慧化決策工具,提供分散式態勢感知與自適應規劃、控制,輔助進行作戰任務規劃,實施分散式作戰管理。 「馬賽克戰」要求以自適應體系重組取代固定式作戰力量編成,作戰指揮具有韌性適變的資訊體系,能面向任務、按需定制物理分散的混合編成的作戰單元,滿足各種動態、協同作戰需求[12⇓-14]。
2 第五代指揮資訊系統特徵轉變
1) 體係由網路中心轉變為知識中心。以網絡為中心帶來戰場資訊優勢,並向認知優勢、決策優勢轉變,系統間由資訊共享走向以知識為中心的智力共享,促進整個指揮體係向決策及行動優勢轉變。
2) 雲端架構轉向雲端端一體化。拓展原有的雲端資源共享能力[2],向戰術邊緣的平台、分隊、單兵延伸,實現移動環境下戰場中心雲、移動雲、邊緣微雲的一體化混合服務能力,提升戰術前沿資源服務能力。
3) 預定整合向韌性適變轉變。目前系統依預設規則部署運作,任務變更時,須依預先方案進行調控。未來戰場系統易受攻擊而癱瘓,要求系統在發生擾動時,具備自重構韌性適變能力,保證核心任務不間斷[13-14]。
4) 由計算智能轉變為認知智能。智能化表現在計算智能、感知智能、認知智能,目前計算智能提供了戰術確定性求解方法,未來戰場須在海量情報處理、態勢認知與決策推理等方面透過智能化技術提升認知的精準度、實時度。
5) 性能由固化既定轉變為自主學習演化。系統的演算法、性能一般在設計期就被決定與固化,性能的提升透過升級改造完成。智慧化系統具備自學習、自演化能力,可在線上進行態勢感知、智慧決策的演算法學習,提升系統效能。
6) 建設由基於能力轉變為基於知識。指揮資訊系統一般基於能力要素進行建構,系統整合以能力要素進行綜合整合,智慧化系統,更加關注系統的智力建構,聚焦系統的知識、規則、演算法、資料的建構。
7) 互動方式向人機融合智慧互動轉變。人機融合智能感知、擬人化交互、面向意圖的智能人機界面交互、可穿戴的人機融合計算協同於一體、融合聯動的交互模式,將成為未來系統主要交互模式,以人禦機的系統向人機融合進展。
8) 戰訓分離轉變為戰訓演研一體化。第五代指揮資訊系統將作戰指揮與戰術訓練緊密耦合,具有平行模擬、推理能力,既能更新智慧演算法,也可進行戰法對抗研究,取得戰術資料,促進演算法學習。演習訓練由兵棋推演向戰場虛擬賽局發展。
3 總體架構設想
未來第五代指揮資訊系統的整體架構應該是知識中心、人機融合、智慧賦能、雲邊一體、自主演化、韌性適變的指揮資訊系統。下文主要圍繞系統架構、服務架構、技術架構等主要視角對系統總體進行闡述[15],其中系統架構主要指系統邏輯要素組成及其關係,服務架構描述系統之間的資訊與計算資源的整合模式,技術架構描述了系統的技術參考模型。
3.1 系統架構設想
該系統從「資訊化、網路中心」轉變為「智慧化、知識中心」,同時向戰術邊緣延伸。系統綜合整合在原有基礎上,進行知識與演算法的共享整合,在態勢、指揮、控制、保障等功能域進行智慧化技術應用,提升作戰指揮的認知與決策效能。系統架構設想如圖1所示。

圖1 第五代指揮資訊系統架構設想

第五代系統在態勢感知、指揮決策、行動控制、支援保障、資訊服務等功能要素基礎上,擴展平行推演與學習訓練功能域,滿足作戰分支評估及演算法的學習需求。在態勢認知方面,涵蓋了計算智能、感知智能與認知智能,主要完成戰場情報處理及目標識別,對態勢進行理解、預測,有態有勢,提升信息優勢;指揮決策方面,以認知智能為主,能夠機器戰術推理、生成方案與計劃,提升決策水平;行動控制方面,以計算智能與認知智能為主,能夠完成任務監控及臨機戰術控制,提供知識推理的行動優化策略,例如指揮引導、火力協同、無人集群智能控制;綜合保障方面,以計算智能為主,在先驗知識與規則下,完成戰場資源的優化調配;平行推演與學習訓練方面,將指控與仿真訓練結合起來,平時訓練人員以及算法
此外,第五代系統具有自主演化的學習機制:一是節點內自主學習,優化演算法與知識庫;二是節點間透過指揮雲共享智慧演算法與知識,協同完成演化,各節點可將學習後的演算法與知識上傳至指揮雲,更新知識中心的演算法及知識;三是系統向戰術學習、武器節點、偵測節點運作保障
第五代系統之間,在原有基於雲/端架構的綜合集成基礎上,增加了面向知識與智能算法的集成共享方式,各指揮信息系統將智能算法與知識規則上傳到知識中心,供戰場探測、指揮、武器等異構節點進行即插即享,指揮信息系統可以從知識中心獲取已有的智能知識,結合其二次戰場數據提升自身的戰場數據進行學習能力。指揮雲最終形成戰場的智慧知識中心,各智慧化指揮資訊系統之間形成戰場知識網。
3.2 雲端邊端服務架構設想
未來泛在網路連結將從指揮單元向戰術邊緣的各類分隊、單兵、平台延伸。第五代指揮資訊系統將利用霧運算、分散運算技術,在雲端架構技術基礎上建構戰術移動雲、分隊微雲(Cloudlet)、單兵任務組皮雲(Pico-Cloud)[9,16],形成戰術前沿移動雲服務能力,實現戰場集中作戰雲、移動戰術雲、邊緣微皮鏈雲的混合服務能力,前沿移動雲服務能力,實現戰場集中作戰雲、移動式戰術雲、邊緣微皮鏈雲的混合服務能力,形成「雲、邊、指揮」結構的快速構建能力。如圖2所示。

圖2 第五代指揮資訊系統雲端端服務架構設想

雲端端一體化服務能力支援第五代系統以「雲端部署、雲端聚合、雲端攻擊、雲端消散」等方式,實現作戰資源動態聚、釋能,提升整個體係作戰效能[17]。集中式作戰雲採用固定雲的方式部署在指揮中心[16],為各類作戰節點提供服務;空中、陸上、海上戰術雲為戰術前沿的飛機、艦艇、裝甲等兵力提供移動條件下的信息、算法、計算、存貯服務,提升了戰術前沿的資源共享水平[9,16,18-19];微雲及皮雲,微雲以霧計算方式部署在距離前沿接敵分隊通信一跳距離的車、機、艇上,擴展前沿分隊人員的戰術信息處理與共享能力,當單兵及分隊無法訪問微雲時,可利用移動自組網與分散計算技術構建皮雲,支持戰術邊緣弱連接下,端到端的信息匯聚到端的信息匯聚到端。
3.3 技術架構設想
第五代指揮資訊系統將戰爭從物理域、資訊域延伸到認知域,將改變指控方式,其技術架構如圖3。

圖3 第五代指揮資訊系統技術架構設想

第五代指揮資訊系統在第四代指揮資訊系統的網路化運算環境基礎上,增加戰術邊緣服務、智慧運算環境,既相容系統的架構,又滿足系統的智慧化要求。戰術邊緣服務運算環境為弱連結終端提供微雲及皮雲的基礎運算、存貯、資訊服務平台;智慧化運算環境為態勢、決策、控制、人機互動提供智慧服務。
智慧科技環境層包括以下五部分內容。智慧型運算硬體平台,配置了GPU、FPGA、TPU等AI加速處理器,適應深度學習所要求的運算能力,個別演算法採用神經元處理機制的類腦晶片或固化的專用智慧運算晶片;智慧資料管理平台,主要進行資料、樣本、案例、模型、知識的管理;深度學習架構,整合了深度學習、強化學習的運行庫及基本演算法庫;傳統人工智慧計算框架,包括了spark、bigflow等用於搜尋求解、資料探勘、平行處理等方面的傳統演算法支援庫;智慧服務,包含了面向應用的智慧演算法服務庫,如智慧交互辨識、估值網計算、策略網計算等服務,為應用開發提供求解介面。
智慧應用層,主要提供智慧化態勢認知、規劃決策、行動控制及資訊服務、人機互動、學習與訓練等功能要素,是系統主要面向使用者的功能介面,是智慧化要解決的核心問題。
上述的第五代系統技術架構模型,主要利用雲端運算與智慧化技術的支援服務,實現系統間的態勢、指令及演算法與知識的共享,同時支援系統自主演化、演算法升級、知識更新。系統智能化可分為0~4級[20]。 0級,完全人工控制;1級,實現計算智能,實現確定性的複雜戰術計算與資訊自動化處理;2級,具有一定感知智能,能夠理解、評估、預測戰場態勢;第3級:具有認知智能,能提供機器決策及決策推演能力;4級,具有人機融合與共生能力,核心算法能夠自學習、自演化。目前第四代系統的智慧化水準一般處於1級,態勢理解、指揮決策仍由人把控。第五代系統的智能化可經過三個階段達到第4級,第一階段實現戰場態勢感知、理解與評估能力;第二階段構建戰法知識庫,能基於規則、知識、算法實現機器決策;第三階段實現核心任務的機器自學習、自演化,具備自主方案決策功能,達到人機融合的高度智能化水平[20]。
4 系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想
第五代指揮資訊系統的關鍵技術主要解決上述智慧化、雲端端整合、系統韌性適變問題。系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想如圖4所示。

圖4 系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想

第五代指揮資訊系統的關鍵技術涵蓋指控OODA環的所有面向,能夠支撐系統從探測、決策、控制、打擊等方面的智能、韌性、邊緣指控要求,從而構建精準感知鏈、快速控制鏈、精確打擊鏈、敏捷服務鏈,向戰術邊緣延伸,提升指揮效能。
1) 態勢感知機器分析技術
情報整編分析技術。利用大數據及深度學習、知識圖譜等技術進行資訊智能關聯匹配、文本語義智能分析、輿情智能搜索與提取,從海量、多源、異構的戰場信息中獲取有價值情報。
多元目標快速辨識技術。利用深度學習方法,建構多層CNN卷積神經網路,採用樣本特徵參數學習完成光學、紅外線、電磁、聲學資訊進行特徵提取與目標快速辨識。
態勢認知與理解技術。對敵進行作戰意圖、作戰能力分析,利用強化學習的估值網絡技術,模擬指揮員態勢認知的過程,結合CNN非線性戰場態勢擬合能力,建立態勢圖像到態勢理解的映射[22]。
態勢機器預測與評估技術。在態勢理解基礎上,對敵戰術行為進行預估,先利用策略網絡獲得敵方活動規律,再採用平行推演方法,進行多分支態勢推演,最後構建預測網絡進行態勢預測。
2) 作戰規劃機器決策技術
作戰任務空間及策略建模技術。對作戰任務空間的狀態及行動策略進行建模,確定任務狀態、策略、回饋的描述方法,是深度強化學習進行決策的基礎。
任務規劃機器決策技術。利用運籌優化完成目標分析、任務分配。利用深度強化學習、群體智慧演算法對兵力編成、火力配置、協同路徑進行機器規劃。戰術規劃偏向規則推理,易突破;戰役規劃偏向基於經驗的知識推理,涉及指揮藝術,較難突破。
作戰方案平行推演技術。參考「深綠」系統平行模擬技術[23],採用蒙特卡羅搜尋樹及博弈試驗方法,模擬敵作戰行為,對行動流程進行預演與評估,累積回饋賞罰函數,供學習訓練、最佳化決策。
作戰計劃智慧生成技術。利用自然語言理解、語音指令辨識、草圖辨識等智慧感知演算法,結合任務模型的要素提取,利用知識圖譜將方案進行自動提取生成作戰計畫與指令序列[24]。
臨機快速決策技術。基於當前態勢,利用博弈平台累積的學習資料,自動配對最適當的預案調整,基於蒙特卡羅樹搜尋及遷移學習演算法對計畫進行動態決策,反向強化學習,增強計畫泛化能力。
3) 行動控制智慧化技術
基於態勢的臨機行動控制技術。根據作戰行動的效果及偏差,對任務的資源、路徑、協同模式進行動態調整,利用平行模擬多支推演與強化學習技術進行糾偏,實現戰術「前饋式」的控制[4]。
群體智慧協同控制技術。促進戰場智能體協同作戰全局效能最大化,利用蟻群、蜂群控制演算法及深度強化學習方法,建構全局戰術價值網絡,建立效果回饋模型,根據價值網絡進行策略控制。
火力協同控制技術。提升敵我辨識、火力分配、協同調度的速度與精度,利用群智能及深度強化學習演算法自動規劃、協調優化打擊鏈,具備一定自主決策能力。
4) 有人/無人協同指揮技術
多域叢集系統自主協同機器規劃技術。利用分支搜尋求解、知識推理、深度強化學習進行有人/無人系統的協同任務規劃與分配,利用群智能最佳化演算法規劃無人、有人平台的協同軌跡。
多域集群系統自主協同指揮控制技術。對無人群集的巡航進行任務監控及自主協同指揮引導,利用群體智慧演算法進行多無人平台任務衝突偵測及避碰控制,進行編組、路徑、載重等調配。
5) 智慧化資訊服務技術
戰場資訊智慧共享技術,利用強化學習及語意關聯技術分析使用者的資訊需求及偏好,產生基於使用者差異化特徵的資訊需求,為使用者智慧推送戰術資訊。
6) 人機融合智慧化互動技術
人機融合智慧感知互動技術。建構多通道包含草圖、口語、手勢、頭勢、表情、眼動等多方式的人機互動手段,提供自然、靈敏、精準、擬人化的互動策略[5]。
面向意圖的智慧人機介面技術。利用FCM模糊認知互動推理技術,推理使用者的互動意圖,根據使用者的介面需求與互動喜好,整合不同的口語、手勢、草圖、自然語言等手段,組織互動介面輸出。
智慧穿戴式人機融合技術。採用邊緣運算技術,利用語音、手勢、眼動、腦機介面、擴增實境等新人機互動方式,為單兵提供智慧穿戴裝置,具備協同一體、融合連動的人機互動模式。
7) 虛擬博弈與訓練評估技術
作戰虛擬賽局技術建構賽局對抗試驗平台,進行作戰知識建模,利用平行模擬、分支決策、微分對抗等技術,進行紅藍對抗,既訓練戰術、戰法,又採集戰術資料。
機器訓練與評估技術,利用博弈平台累積的資料以及人員的經驗建模,採用小樣本遷移學習技術進行演算法的訓練與優化,對真實資料事後重播,對決策模型進行遷移學習優化,更新決策方案。
8) 系統韌性適變重建技術
環境感知與自主故障偵測技術。在軟硬毀傷下,進行主故障檢測、異常關聯分析,預測影響任務執行的故障發生,評估故障對任務的影響,實現對系統資源及故障的主動感知與快速定位。
系統自癒重構智慧技術。當系統關鍵節點失效時,採用適變機制,重新分配資源,實現能力再生,持續保障核心任務完成。由預置規則、人工參與的故障修復方式轉變為智慧化的系統重構方式。
9) 戰術邊緣運算技術
行動微雲服務平台技術。以霧運算方式部署在距離接敵一跳距離的車、機、艇上,為作戰分隊提供共享處理能力,擴展分隊人員的戰術資訊處理能力。
弱連接自組網下的皮雲資源共享技術。在單兵自組網基礎上,採用分散運算技術建構皮雲,支援弱連接下,端到端自主協同的資訊共享與單兵移動設備之間資源共用,滿足戰術邊緣需求。
5 發展思路設想
1) 分階段先易後難循序漸進。第一階段將圖像、語音、手勢、臉譜辨識及自然語言理解等應用到情報分析中;第二階段將深度學習、強化學習應用到態勢認知、指揮決策中;第三階段利用雲端運算實現知識中心,智慧賦能的系統[6]。
2) 選取智慧演算法進行應用。圍繞深度學習在態勢方面的應用、深度強化學習在規劃決策方面的應用,選取合適的戰術背景,對智能演算法進行驗證,可選用戰術層面的路徑、火力、任務等規劃作為突破口[25]。
3) 強化作戰指揮領域知識工程建設。專家規則、軍事條例、實戰資料是指揮智能化的基礎,對現有作戰規則進行知識化建模與表示,建立知識表示與深度學習的輸入、輸出映射關係,加強知識學習、知識推理的方法研究[4]。
4) 建立虛擬對抗博弈平台累積資料。智慧演算法需要大量學習樣本,樣本累積途徑有:①建立對抗賽局平台進行兵棋推演、人機對抗、紅藍對抗,累積資料;②收集實戰演習的戰術資料,進行建模作為訓練樣本[21]。
6 結束語
本文提出了第五代指揮資訊系統的總體及智慧化設想,建構了「智慧賦能、人機融合、雲邊一體、自主演化、雲智共享、韌性適變」的新一代指揮資訊系統架構,對其關鍵技術、能力特徵進行分析,試圖在國際上第四代系統的基礎上[2],實現認知優勢、決策優勢、行動優勢。國際上用於第五代系統的技術驗證不多,不可急功近利,仍需充分研究。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.zhkzyfz.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3819.2021.05.00881

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, 中國軍事智能化

Chinese Military Militarization of Artificial Intelligence is Constantly Accelerating

Leave a comment

中國軍方人工智慧軍事化進程不斷加速

現代英語：

Adapt to the general trend of technological development and seize the high point of future war system ——

Artificial intelligence is a collective term for cutting-edge technology groups such as big data, automated decision-making, machine learning, image recognition, and spatial situational awareness. The “ cognitive burden ” that liberates human intelligent fitness enables technology users to obtain prophets, preemptive, Preemptive decision-making action advantage. As “ power multiplier ” and “ the basis for future combat ”, artificial intelligence will fundamentally reshape future war patterns, change the country’s traditional security territory, impact existing military technology development patterns, and reconstruct future operations The system and military power system have become important leading forces in the future battlefield.

With the rapid development of technology and the continuous pace of competition, major countries have launched their own artificial intelligence development plans, and accelerated the transformation of organizational mechanisms, scientific and technological research and development, and tactical tactical innovation, promote the use of artificial intelligence military, and seize future war commanding heights.

Speed up organizational innovation

Promote technology conversion applications

Unlike traditional technology, the research and development and transformation of artificial intelligence have its own characteristics. The institutional setting and operation of the traditional defense system make it difficult to adapt to the needs of rapid development of artificial intelligence. To this end, the military of relevant countries has vigorously carried out organizational reforms and innovations, removed institutional obstacles in the process of research and development of artificial intelligence technologies, and accelerated the transformation and application of related technologies.

Emphasize that “ is close to ”. The UK is mainly based on “ Defense Data Office ” and “ Digital Integration and Defense Artificial Intelligence Center ”, integrating energy efficiency such as route planning, specification setting, technical governance and asset development, and breaking down restrictions on the development and application of artificial intelligence technologies Administrative obstacles. The United States is based on the “ Strategic Competency Office ” and “ Chief Numbers and Artificial Intelligence Officer ”, and uses the Army’s Future Command as a pilot to integrate decentralized functions such as theoretical development, technology development, and equipment acquisition. Together, the focus is on “ Digging potential efficiency ” to strengthen the innovative use of existing platforms, while In order to effectively balance real needs with long-term development.

Pay attention to “ research conversion ”. The use of artificial intelligence in the military field will have a profound impact on battlefield methods, tactical tactical choice, etc. Russia has established “ Preliminary Research Foundation ” and “ National Robot Technology R&D Center ” and other institutions to guide the design, research and development and application of Russian military industrial and intelligent technology to improve the practical transformation of scientific research results rate. The United States has set up “ Joint Artificial Intelligence Center ”, relying on “ National Mission Plan ” and “ Military Type Mission Plan ”, focusing on coordinating military-site collaborative innovation and technological achievements transformation to promote artificial intelligence Wide application of the US Department of Defense and various services.

Focus on “ military-civilian integration ”. Russia has set up “Tech City ” and other institutions in Anapa and other places. Based on the “ Advanced Research Foundation ”, it fully absorbs military personnel, actively builds technological production clusters and research clusters, and effectively expands military personnel. Two-way communication mechanism. By setting up “ National Defense Innovation Test Group ” and other institutions in Silicon Valley and other places, the United States can directly enter high-level decision-making by relying on “ National Defense Innovation Committee”. France has established technical research and development institutions such as the Innovation Defense Laboratory and the Defense Innovation Division in the Ministry of National Defense, aiming to solicit private capital investment and cooperation in defense projects to improve scientific research energy efficiency.

Highlight “ combination of technology ”. The Israel Defense Forces established the Digital Transformation System Architecture Department to fully demonstrate new technologies, new theories, and new concepts based on the specific effects of the organic integration of various systems into various military services to determine the corresponding technology research and development priorities and strategic development directions. The United States has re-established the positions of Deputy Secretary of Defense Research and Engineering, created chief numbers and artificial intelligence officers to enhance the control of defense technology innovation and application, and relied on theoretical methods such as red and blue confrontation, analog deduction, and net assessment analysis. New ideas, new ideas, and new methods are tested in practice to select various types of technology research and development focus and strategic tactical attack directions, Achieve benign interaction between technological development and theoretical innovation.

Set up a project for military needs

Seize the opportunity for future development

In recent years, various military powers have aimed at the development of artificial intelligence frontier technology, and have established extensive projects in the fields of situational awareness, data analysis, intelligence reconnaissance, and unmanned combat, with the intention of seizing future development opportunities.

Situation awareness field. Situational awareness in the traditional sense refers to the collection and acquisition of battlefield information by means of satellite, radar, and electronic reconnaissance. However, under the conditions of “ mixed warfare ”, which is ambiguous in peace, unity of soldiers, internal outreach, and integration of all regions, the role of situational awareness in non-traditional fields such as human domain, social domain, and cognitive domain has received unprecedented attention. The US “ Computable Cultural Understanding ” project aims to process multi-source data through natural language processing technology to achieve cross-cultural communication; the “ compass ” project aims to extract cases from unstructured data sources, Integrate key information and respond to different types of “ gray zone ” actions. The French “ Scorpion ” Combat System project aims to use intelligent information analysis and data sharing platforms to enhance the fire support effectiveness of the French’s existing frontline mobile combat platform to ensure the safety of operational personnel.

Data analysis field. Relying on artificial intelligence technology to improve intelligent data collection, identification analysis and auxiliary decision-making capabilities can transform information advantages into cognitive and action advantages. Russia’s “ Combat Command Information System ” aims to provide commanders with multiple types of action plans by using artificial intelligence and big data technology to analyze the battlefield environment. The British “THEIA program ” and the French “The Forge” digital decision support engine are designed to enhance the information processing capabilities of command control, intelligence gathering, etc., and improve the commander’s ability to control complex battlefields. And command effectiveness.

Intelligence reconnaissance field. Compared with traditional intelligence reconnaissance, the use of artificial intelligence algorithms to collect and process intelligence has the advantages of fast access to information, wide content sources, and high processing efficiency. The Japan Self-Defense Force satellite intelligent monitoring system aims to identify and track foreign vessels in the vicinity of key waters that may “ infringe ” their territorial waters. U.S. military “ complex combat environment causal exploration ” project, which aims to use artificial intelligence and machine learning tools to process multi-source information to assist commanders in understanding the cultural drivers, root causes, and factors behind the war; “ Marvin ” The project uses machine learning algorithms, human face recognition technology, etc. to screen and list various suspicious targets from the full dynamic video, Provide technical support for counter-terrorism operations.

No one is fighting. In some technologically advanced countries, the unmanned combat system is maturing and the equipment species spectrum system is becoming more and more perfect. The Israeli M-RCV unmanned combat vehicle can perform diversified tasks such as unmanned reconnaissance, fire strike, carrying and recycling drones under all terrain and full-time conditions. The Russian army “ Outpost-R” UAV system with integrated capabilities can detect, track, and strike military targets in real time. It also has certain anti-reconnaissance and anti-interference capabilities and has been inspected on the battlefield. The US military “ Future Tactical UAV System ” project aims to comprehensively enhance the effectiveness of the US Army in performing reconnaissance and surveillance, auxiliary aiming, war damage assessment, and communications relay operations.

Adapt to future battlefield changes

Continuously explore new ways of warfare

In order to adapt to the tremendous changes in the battlefield environment in the intelligent era, relevant countries have explored a series of new warfare methods by enhancing the energy efficiency of artificial intelligence in key military decisions and operations.

Algorithmic warfare, that is, relying on big data and artificial intelligence technology, to give full play to the powerful potential of combat networks, human-machine collaboration, and autonomous and semi-autonomous weapons, so that the cycle cycle of “ observation-adjustment-decision-action” Always lead the opponent, thereby destroying the enemy’s combat plan and achieving preemption. In December 2015, the Russian army relied on the unmanned reconnaissance and intelligent command information system to guide the ground unmanned combat platform to cooperate with the Syrian government forces to quickly eliminate 77 armed elements within the target range at the cost of 4 minor injuries. In 2021, the US Air Force conducted a test flight of the first intelligent drone “ Air Borg ”, marking a further advancement of the US military algorithm warfare.

Unmanned warfare, guided by a saturated number of attacks and a low-cost war of system attack and defense operations, strives to achieve full-scale posture tracking, dynamic deterrence, and tactical suppression of the enemy defense system through human-computer coordination and group combat models. In May 2021, the Israeli army used artificial intelligence to assist the drone bee colony in the conflict with the Hamas armed group, which played an important role in determining the enemy’s position, destroying the enemy’s target, and monitoring the enemy’s dynamics. In October 2021 and July 2022, the US military launched a drone targeted air strike in northwestern Syria, killing Abdul Hamid Matar, a high-level leader of the “ base ” organization, and the extremist organization “ Islamic State ” Leader Agel.

Distributed warfare, based on artificial intelligence unlimited command and control capabilities and new electronic warfare methods, using shallow footprints such as special forces, low-characteristics, and fast-paced forces to form small groups of mobile formations, spreading infiltration into combat in a multi-diameter multi-domain manner Area, continue to break the shortboard and chain dependence of the enemy system, increasing the difficulty of its fire saturation attack. In this process, “ people are commanding and machines are controlling ”. In recent years, the US military has successively launched “ Golden Tribe ”“ Flexible Network Distributed Marseille Communication ” and other “ distributed operations ” scientific research projects.

Fusion warfare, relying on network quantum communication and other means to build a “ combat cloud ” that is resistant to interference and high rates, in order to eliminate the technical barriers of military data chain interconnection, interconnection and interoperability, and achieve deep integration of combat power. In 2021, the joint general basic platform developed by the United States Artificial Intelligence Center officially possessed initial operational capabilities, which will help the US military break down data barriers and significantly improve data sharing capabilities. During the NATO “ Spring Storm ” exercise held in Estonia in 2021, the British army used artificial intelligence technology to perform intelligent analysis and automated processing of battlefield information of various services, which improved the integration of arms and strengthened joint command and control effectiveness.

現代國語：

中国军网 国防部网 // 2022年9月1日 星期四

适应技术发展大趋势，抢占未来战争制高点——

■程柏华

人工智慧是大數據、自動化決策、機器學習、圖像識別與空間態勢感知等前沿技術群的統稱，可解放人類智能體能的“認知負擔”，使技術使用者獲得先知、先佔、先發製人的決策行動優勢。作為“力量倍增器”和“未來戰鬥的基礎”，人工智慧將從根本上重塑未來戰爭形態、改變國家傳統安全疆域、衝擊現有軍事技術發展格局、重建未來作戰體系和軍事力量體系，成為未來戰場的重要主導力量。

隨著科技的快速發展和競爭的不斷提速，主要國家紛紛推出自己的人工智慧發展規劃，並加速推動組織機制變革、科技研發和戰術戰法創新，推動人工智慧軍事運用，搶佔未來戰爭制高點。

加速組織形態創新

推進技術轉換應用

有別於傳統的技術，人工智慧的研發和轉化有自身的特點，傳統國防體系的機構設置和運作方式，很難適應人工智慧快速發展的需求。為此，相關國家軍隊大力進行組織體制改革與創新，破除人工智慧技術研發過程中的體制障礙，加速推廣相關技術的轉換與應用。

強調「遠近銜接」。英國以「國防資料辦公室」與「數位整合與國防人工智慧中心」為主體，將路線規劃、規範設定、技術治理與資產開發等能效聚攏整合，破除限制人工智慧技術發展應用的行政阻礙。美國以「戰略能力辦公室」和「首席數位與人工智慧長」為依托，以陸軍未來司令部為試點，將理論開發、技術研發、裝備採辦等分散職能整合到一起，重點以「挖潛增效」方式加強現有平台的創新運用，同時為國防高級研究計劃局的中長期技術創新爭取時間，從而有效兼顧現實需求與長遠發展。

重視「研用轉換」。人工智慧在軍事領域的運用，將對戰場戰斗方式、戰術戰法選擇等方面產生深刻影響。俄羅斯透過組成「先期研究基金會」和「國家機器人技術研發中心」等機構，指導俄軍人工智慧技術的設計、研發與應用工作，以提高科學研究成果的實用轉換率。美國透過設立“聯合人工智慧中心”，依托“國家任務計畫”和“軍種任務計畫”，著力統籌軍地協同創新和科技成果轉化，促進人工智慧在美國國防部和諸軍種的廣泛應用。

注重「軍民一體」。俄羅斯在阿納帕等地設立“時代科技城”等機構，依托“高級研究基金會”，充分吸收軍地人才，積極構建科技生產集群和研究集群，有效拓展軍地人才雙向交流機制。美國透過在矽谷等地設立“國防創新試驗小組”等機構，依托“國防創新委員會”，使人工智慧領域的技術創新與理論發展最新成果可以直接進入高層決策。法國在國防部建立創新防務實驗室、防務創新處等技術研發機構，旨在徵集民間資本投資與國防專案合作，提昇科研能效。

突顯「理技結合」。以色列國防軍設立數位轉型體​​系架構部，依據各類系統有機融入各軍兵種的具體效果，對新技術、新理論、新概念進行充分論證，以確定相應技術研發重點與戰略發展方向。美國透過重設國防部研究與工程副部長、創建首席數位與人工智慧長等職位，提升國防技術創新與應用的統管力度，並依托紅藍對抗、模擬推演、淨評估分析等理論方法，對各類新思想、新理念、新方法進行實踐檢驗，以選定各類技術研發焦點與戰略戰術攻關方向，實現技術發展與創新理論的良性互動。

針對軍事需求立項

搶佔未來發展先機

近年來，各軍事強國瞄準人工智慧前線技術研發，在態勢感知、資料分析、情報偵察、無人作戰等領域廣泛立項，意圖搶佔未來發展先機。

態勢感知領域。傳統意義的態勢感知是指依托衛星、雷達和電子偵察等手段收集和取得戰場資訊。然而，在平戰模糊、兵民一體、內外連動、全域融合的「混合戰爭」條件下，人類域、社會域、認知域等非傳統領域態勢感知的作用受到前所未有的重視。美國「可計算文化理解」項目，旨在透過自然語言處理技術處理多源數據，實現跨文化交流；「指南針」項目，旨在從非結構化數據源中提取案例，整合關鍵訊息，應對不同類型的「灰色地帶」行動。法國「蠍子」戰鬥系統項目，旨在運用智慧化資訊分析與資料共享平台，提升法軍現有前線移動作戰平台的火力支援效力，以保障行動人員安全。

數據分析領域。依託人工智慧技術提高智慧化資料蒐集、識別分析和輔助決策能力，可將資訊優勢轉化為認知和行動優勢。俄羅斯“戰鬥指揮資訊系統”，旨在藉助人工智慧與大數據技術分析戰場環境，為指揮官提供多類行動預案。英國「THEIA計畫」和法國的「The Forge」數位決策支援引擎，都旨在增強指揮控制、情報蒐集等方面的資訊處理能力，提高指揮官駕馭複雜戰場的能力和指揮效能。

情報偵察領域。相較於傳統情報偵察，利用人工智慧演算法蒐集處理情報，具備獲取資訊快、內容來源廣、處理效率高等優勢。日本自衛隊衛星智慧監控系統，旨在識別、追蹤重點水域附近可能「侵犯」其領海的外國船隻。美軍「複雜作戰環境因果探索」項目，旨在利用人工智慧和機器學習工具處理多源信息，輔助指揮官理解戰爭背後的文化動因、事件根源和各因素關係；「馬文」項目則透過運用機器學習演算法、人臉辨識技術等，從全動態影片中篩選排列出各類可疑目標，為反恐等行動提供技術支撐。

無人作戰領域。一些技術先進的國家，無人作戰體係日臻成熟、裝備種類譜係日趨完善。以軍M-RCV型無人戰車，可在全地形、全時段條件下，執行無人偵察、火力打擊、運載及回收無人機等多樣化任務。具備察打一體能力的俄軍「前哨-R」無人機系統，可即時偵測、追蹤、打擊軍事目標，也具備一定反偵察和抗干擾能力，已在戰場上經過檢驗。美軍「未來戰術無人機系統」項目，旨在全面提升美陸軍執行偵察監視、輔助瞄準、戰損評估、通訊中繼等作戰任務的效能。

適應未來戰場轉變

不斷探索全新戰法

為適應智慧化時代戰場環境的巨大變化，相關國家透過提升人工智慧在各關鍵軍事決策與行動的參與能效，探索出一系列全新戰法。

演算法戰，即以大數據和人工智慧技術為依托，充分發揮作戰網路、人機協作以及自主和半自主武器的強大潛能，使己方「觀察-調整-決策-行動」的循環週期始終領先對手，進而破壞敵作戰計劃，實現先發製人。 2015年12月，俄軍依托無人偵察與智慧化指揮資訊系統，引導地面無人作戰平台與敘利亞政府軍配合，以4人輕傷代價，迅速消滅了目標範圍內的77名武裝分子。 2021年，美空軍進行了首架智慧無人機「空中博格人」的試飛，標誌著美軍演算法戰進一步向實戰化邁進。

無人戰，以飽和數量攻擊、體系攻防作戰的低成本消耗戰為指導，力求透過人機協同、群體作戰模式，實現對敵防禦體系全方位的態勢追蹤、動態威懾和戰術壓制。 2021年5月，以軍在同哈馬斯武裝組織的衝突中使用人工智慧輔助的無人機蜂群，在確定敵人位置、摧毀敵方目標、監視敵方動態等方面發揮了重要作用。 2021年10月和2022年7月，美軍在敘利亞西北部發起無人機定點空襲，分別擊斃「基地」組織高階領導人阿卜杜勒·哈米德·馬塔爾和極端組織「伊斯蘭國」領導人阿蓋爾。

分佈戰，以人工智慧無限指揮控制能力和全新電子戰手段為依托，利用特種部隊等淺腳印、低特徵、快節奏的兵力，形成小股多群機動編隊，以多向多域方式分散滲入作戰區域，持續破擊敵體系短板和鍊式依賴，增大其火力飽和攻擊的難度。在這個過程中，實現「人在指揮、機器在控制」。近年來，美軍相繼啟動「金色部落」「彈性網路分散式馬賽克通訊」等多個「分散式作戰」科學研究立項。

融合戰，依托網路量子通訊等手段，建構抗干擾、高速率的“作戰雲”，以消除軍兵種數據鏈互通、互聯和互操作技術障礙，實現作戰力量的深度融合。 2021年，美聯合人工智慧中心研發的聯合通用基礎平台正式具備初始操作能力，將協助美軍打破資料壁壘，大幅提升資料共享能力。 2021年在愛沙尼亞舉行的北約「春季風暴」演習期間，英軍運用人工智慧技術，對各軍種戰場資訊進行智慧分析與自動化處理，提升了軍種間的融合度，增強了聯合指揮控制效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/01/content_323244.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

Chinese Military Demanding Combat Power from Scientific and Technological Innovation

Leave a comment

中國軍隊需要科技創新提升戰力

現代英語：

Demand combat power from technological innovation

■National Defense University of Science and Technology Party Innovation Theory Research Center

Scientific and technological innovation is the core element of developing new quality productivity and a powerful engine for generating new quality combat capability. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, President Xi has profoundly grasped the internal laws of the new military reform and strengthening the army, made the important conclusion that science and technology are the core combat capability, clearly put forward and fully implemented the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology, and continuously promoted the transformation of our army’s construction model to innovation-driven development. On the new journey, we must persist in innovation-driven development, promote the efficient integration and two-way pull of new quality productivity and new quality combat capability, and continuously improve the contribution of scientific and technological innovation to the construction of the army and the development of combat capability.

Deeply understand the internal logic of how technological innovation generates combat power

Science is a revolutionary force that has played a driving role in history. President Xi’s important statement that science and technology are the core combat power clarifies the inherent logic of scientific and technological innovation and combat power development, and provides scientific guidance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the military.

Scientific and technological innovation promotes the leap of endogenous elements of combat effectiveness. Marxism believes that the basic elements of combat effectiveness are people, weapons and equipment, and the combination of people and weapons and equipment. Science and technology are not independent elements of combat effectiveness, but they deeply penetrate and integrate into the elements of combat effectiveness, becoming the leading force for the growth of combat effectiveness. From the perspective of people, with the continuous development of science and technology, the technical composition of the army is becoming more and more complex, the degree of specialization is getting higher and higher, and higher and higher requirements are placed on the comprehensive quality of people. From the perspective of weapons and equipment, they themselves are the materialization of science and technology in the military field. Not only does their design and research and development reflect the application of scientific and technological innovation results in the military field, but their production and manufacturing process is also the result of the joint action of high-tech production equipment, high-quality production processes and high-level scientific management. From the perspective of the combination of man and weapon, whether it is inspiring innovation in military theory, leading the adjustment of system organization, or catalyzing the change of combat command, science and technology are increasingly active and revolutionary factors, and have become the catalyst for achieving the best combination of man and weapon. It can be said that the more advanced science and technology are, the higher the degree of informationization and intelligence of war, and the more obvious the role of science and technology in reshaping and improving combat effectiveness.

Scientific and technological innovation leads the development direction of new quality combat power. Looking back at history, every breakthrough in military technology is an important driving force for the gradual disintegration of the old combat force system and the gradual formation of a new combat force system. The invention and use of gunpowder “blew the cavalry class to pieces” and also made infantry and artillery gradually become the main forces on the battlefield; military technological innovations such as tanks and airplanes, while leading human warfare into the mechanized era, gave birth to mechanized combat forces such as armored troops and aviation; the application of emerging technologies such as information network technology has brought new quality combat capabilities such as information attack and defense. At present, a new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution is surging, with the main features of the continuous emergence of major disruptive technologies, the accelerated transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and the extensive application of a large number of advanced technologies in the military field. Scientific and technological innovation has become the main battlefield of international strategic games. Whoever holds the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological innovation and takes the first step in scientific and technological innovation will be able to improve combat effectiveness faster, gain technical advantages, and win the initiative.

Scientific and technological innovation catalyzes changes in the way combat power is used. War practice has shown that science and technology are the most direct, powerful and decisive factors in military development. Every major technological advancement has triggered major changes in the form of war and the way of fighting. For example, the emergence of firearms led to the collapse of formation tactics and the emergence of linear tactics; in the information age, integrated joint operations have become the basic form of operations, and platform operations, system support, tactical actions, and strategic guarantees have become the prominent features of modern warfare. With the emergence of high-tech groups such as artificial intelligence, network information, and big data, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms, profoundly affecting the future war winning mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods. We must make greater efforts to strengthen the military through science and technology, insist on seeking combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, and seize the strategic initiative of information-based and intelligent warfare.

Accurately grasp the scientific path to gain combat effectiveness through scientific and technological innovation

Innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army and an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. We must focus on actual combat, accurately grasp the scientific path of generating combat effectiveness, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological innovation into combat effectiveness.

Improve the level of military training with scientific and technological innovation. High-tech represented by the new generation of information technology has accelerated its breakthrough application, providing simulation, networking, and confrontational means for actual combat training, joint combat training, scientific and technological training, and training under the rule of law, becoming an important foundation and key guarantee for improving the quality and effectiveness of training and the ability to win. Empower training conditions with science and technology, deeply explore the application of technologies such as generative artificial intelligence, effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, construct a vivid and realistic actual combat training environment, develop advanced means such as combat experiments and war games, and explore new training methods such as “science and technology +” and “network +”. Use science and technology to empower the transformation of training models, keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, fully rehearse the next war in military training, actively develop new combat concepts and training theories, comprehensively use “temple computing”, “machine computing” and “intelligent computing” to improve the level of intelligent command research and training, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, and promote the integration of new quality forces into the combat system.

Promote the development of weapons and equipment with scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation is the most active element and the most powerful driving force for the modernization of weapons and equipment. The long-term construction of the equipment system must be guided by the future combat needs brought about by the progress of military science and technology, and the leapfrog development of the weapons and equipment system must be achieved. The concept and development ideas of military demand generation that are oriented to long-term development and focus on the promotion of scientific and technological innovation must be established, and the strategic needs of short-term and long-term development must be well connected. It is necessary to accelerate the upgrading and replacement of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strengthen the construction of high-tech weapons and equipment and new concept weapons and equipment, and promote the modernization level of weapons and equipment to accelerate into the ranks of the world’s advanced countries. It is necessary to accelerate the transformation from the development of single equipment elements to the formation of system capabilities, use network information systems to connect various combat elements, clench fingers into a fist to exert overall effectiveness, and form joint combat capabilities.

Strengthen the effectiveness of military governance through scientific and technological innovation. Comprehensively strengthening military governance is a strategic requirement for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the military, and science and technology are important means to promote the modernization of military governance capabilities. At present, our military construction is at a critical stage of improving quality and efficiency. We must use scientific thinking to update governance concepts, strengthen system concepts, strengthen overall coordination, focus on aggregating governance resources, reducing governance costs, and improving governance effectiveness, and improve the systematicity, integrity, and coordination of military governance. We must use scientific and technological means to improve strategic management, strengthen the application of advanced technologies in military governance, further open up strategic management links, substantially promote the military management revolution, accelerate the construction of a modern military logistics system and a modern military asset management system, and improve the operational efficiency of the military system and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources.

We must firmly grasp the practical implementation of accelerating the transformation of science and technology into combat power

The purpose of national defense science and technology innovation is application. It must serve the construction of the troops and military combat readiness and increase its contribution to combat effectiveness. We must firmly grasp the key points of focusing, transforming and implementing science and technology into combat effectiveness, so that advanced science and technology can be transformed into real combat effectiveness as soon as possible.

Accelerate the research of key core technologies. Key core technologies are the country’s heavy weapons, an important foundation for the comprehensive strength of a modern country, and the most direct core combat power of the military. We must take practical measures to achieve practical results in close contact with military needs, clarify the direction and focus of key core technology research, distinguish between priorities, design key core technology systems, focus on being able to fight and win battles, and concentrate on breakthroughs in key core technologies. We must make every effort to tackle “stuck neck” technologies, focus on blocking points, breakpoints, and card points to make up for shortcomings, and concentrate on tackling key problems. We must aim at high-end frontiers, strengthen forward-looking, leading, exploratory, and disruptive technology research, and strive to seize the strategic commanding heights of military competition. We must increase investment in basic research on national defense, adhere to the principle of giving equal importance to free exploration and goal-oriented research, drive through major scientific and technological issues, abstract theoretical problems from major applied research, and then explore scientific laws, strive to achieve major breakthroughs in forward-looking basic research and leading original achievements, and enhance the driving force of national defense science and technology innovation.

We must do a good job in the transformation and application of innovative achievements. Achievements that are shelved are useless, while innovations that take root are worth ten times as much. We must establish a clear orientation of serving the military and fighting, pay close attention to prominent issues such as long transformation cycles and low utilization rates, and face the battlefield, the troops, and the future from the beginning of the project. We must increase the promotion and application of advanced and mature independent innovation achievements so that scientific and technological innovation can better serve combat power construction. We must promote the deep integration of national defense science and technology innovation into the national innovation system, actively discover, cultivate, and use cutting-edge technologies that can serve national defense and military construction, capture potential growth points for the development of military capabilities, and form comparative advantages and asymmetric checks and balances. We must further explore the transformation mechanism and operation model of scientific and technological achievements, adopt comprehensive measures from the aspects of improving the evaluation system, carrying out institutional reform, and improving service guarantees, so as to open up the innovative chain of scientific and technological achievements from basic research, applied research, technology development to military application, and provide strong scientific and technological support for winning information-based and intelligent wars.

Continuously improve the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers. Accelerating the transformation of science and technology into combat effectiveness requires officers and soldiers of the whole army to master new equipment, improve new skills, explore new tactics, and enhance scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application. We must continue to increase the intensity of learning and applying scientific and technological knowledge, so that our own scientific and technological literacy will always be in sync with the development of the times and resonate with job requirements. In particular, leading cadres at all levels must take the lead and strive to become leaders in learning high-tech knowledge, guides in practicing science and technology to strengthen the army, and people who understand information warfare. We must strengthen scientific and technological training, make good use of scientific and technological forces, significantly increase the scientific and technological content of training, keep a close eye on strong enemies in training, aim at learning on future battlefields, and strive to transform the scientific and technological advantages of the troops into capability advantages and combat advantages. We must take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, popularize scientific knowledge and promote the scientific spirit throughout the army, and pool the wisdom and strength to win the battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

(Written by: Liu Yangqian, Zhang Xiubo, Wang Tao)

現代國語：

向科技創新要戰鬥力

■國防科技大學黨的創新理論研究中心

科技創新是發展新質生產力的核心要素，也是生成新質戰鬥力的強大引擎。黨的十八大以來，習主席深刻把握新軍事變革和強軍興軍內在規律，作出科技是核心戰鬥力的重大論斷，鮮明提出並全面實施科技強軍戰略，不斷推動我軍建設模式向創新驅動發展轉變。新征途上，我們必須堅持創新驅動，推動新質生產力同新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動，不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰鬥力發展的貢獻率。

深刻理解科技創新催生戰鬥力的內在邏輯

科學是一種在歷史上起推動作用的、革命的力量。習主席關於科技是核心戰鬥力的重要論述，闡明了科技創新與戰鬥力發展的內在邏輯，為加速國防和軍隊現代化提供了科學指引。

科技創新推動戰鬥力內生要素躍升。馬克思主義認為，戰鬥力的基本構成要素是人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合方式。科技不是戰鬥力構成的獨立要素，但卻深度滲透和融入戰鬥力構成要素之中，成為戰鬥力增長的先導力量。從人的角度來看，隨著科學技術不斷發展，軍隊的技術構成越來越複雜，專業化程度越來越高，對人的綜合素質提出越來越高的要求。從武器裝備的角度來看，其本身就是科技在軍事領域的物化表現，不僅其設計研發體現著科技創新成果在軍事領域的應用，其生產製造過程也是高技術生產設備、高質量生產工藝和高水平科學管理等共同作用的結果。從人與武器的結合來看，無論是激發軍事理論創新、引領體制編制調整，或是催化作戰指揮變革，科學技術都是日趨活躍和具有革命性的因素，已成為實現人與武器最優結合的催化劑。可以說，科學技術越先進，戰爭資訊化、智慧化程度越高，科技對重塑和提升戰鬥力的作用就愈發明顯。

科技創新引領新質戰鬥力發展方向。回顧歷史，軍事技術的每一次突破，都是推動舊有作戰力量體系逐步瓦解和新型作戰力量體系逐步形成的重要動力。火藥的發明和使用，“把騎士階層炸得粉碎”，也使步兵和砲兵逐步成為戰場的主要力量；坦克、飛機等軍事科技革新，在把人類戰爭引向機械化時代的同時，催生了裝甲兵、航空兵等機械化作戰力量；信息網絡技術等信息攻防等新質作戰能力。當前，新一輪科技與產業革命風起雲湧，其主要特點是重大顛覆性技術不斷湧現，科技成果轉化速度加快，大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用，科技創新成為國際戰略博弈的主要戰場。誰牽住了科技創新這個“牛鼻子”，誰走好了科技創新這步先手棋，誰就能較快提升戰鬥力，佔得技術優勢、贏得制勝先機。

科技創新催化戰鬥力運用方式變革。戰爭實踐表明，科學技術是軍事發展最直接、最強大、最具決定性的因素，每次重大技術進步都引發了戰爭形態和作戰方式的重大變革。例如，火器的出現導致了陣戰戰術的瓦解和線式戰術的產生；資訊化時代，一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式，平台作戰、體系支撐、戰術行動、戰略保障成為現代戰爭的顯著特點。隨著人工智慧、網路資訊、大數據等高新技術群體迸發，軍事智慧化正成為推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來戰爭制勝機理、作戰規則和作戰方法。我們必須下更大氣力推動科技強軍，堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力，掌握資訊化智慧化戰爭戰略主動。

準確掌握向科技創新要戰鬥力的科學路徑

創新能力是一支軍隊的核心競爭力，也是產生和提升戰鬥力的加速器。必須堅持聚焦實戰，準確掌握戰鬥力生成科學路徑，讓科技創新向戰鬥力加速轉化。

以科技創新提升軍事訓練水準。以新一代資訊科技為代表的高新科技加速突破應用，為實戰實訓、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓提供了模擬化、網絡化、對抗性手段，成為提升訓練質效和打贏能力的重要基礎和關鍵保障。以科技賦能訓練條件建設，深入探索生成式人工智慧等技術應用，把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各領域有效融合起來，構設生動逼真的實戰化訓練環境，發展作戰實驗、兵棋推演等先進手段，探索“科技+”“網絡+”等訓練新方法。以科技賦能訓練模式轉變，緊盯智能化戰爭特點，創新智能化軍事訓練模式，在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭，積極開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論，綜合運用“廟算”“機算”“智算”提升智能指揮研練水平，加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練，推動新質力量融入作戰體系。

以科技創新推動武器裝備發展。科技創新是武器裝備現代化最活躍的元素和最強大的驅動力量。必須以軍事科技進步帶來的未來作戰需求引領裝備體系的長遠建設，實現武器裝備體系的跨越式發展，確立起面向長遠發展、注重科技創新推動的軍事需求生成理念和發展思路，對接好短期與長遠發展的戰略需求。必須加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展，加強高技術武器裝備、新概念武器裝備建設，推動武器裝備現代化水準加速邁入世界先進行列。必須加速由單裝要素發展到形成體系能力轉變，用網絡資訊系統聯結各作戰要素，攥指成拳發揮整體效能，形成聯合作戰能力。

以科技創新增強軍事治理效能。全面加強軍事治理是加速國防和軍隊現代化的戰略要求，科技是促進軍事治理能力現代化的重要手段。當前，我軍建設正處在提質增效的關鍵階段。要運用科學思維更新治理理念，強化系統觀念，加強全局統籌，著力聚合治理資源、降低治理成本、提升治理效能，提升軍事治理系統性、整體性、協同性。要運用科技手段改進戰略管理，加強先進技術在軍事治理中的應用，進一步暢通戰略管理鏈路，實質性推進軍事管理革命，加快建設現代軍事物流體系、軍隊現代資產管理體系，提高軍事系統運行效能和國防資源使用效益。

緊緊扭住加速科技向戰鬥力轉化的實踐落點

國防科技創新目的在於應用，必須為部隊建設和軍事鬥爭準備服務，提高對戰鬥力的貢獻率。要牢牢扭轉科技向戰鬥力聚焦、轉化、落地的關鍵點發力，讓先進科學技術盡快轉化為現實戰鬥力。

加快關鍵核心技術攻關。關鍵核心技術是國之重器，是現代化國家綜合實力的重要基礎，也是軍隊最直接的核心戰鬥力。要在緊貼軍事需求上出實招求實效，明確關鍵核心技術攻關方向和重心，區分輕重緩急，設計關鍵核心技術體系，聚焦能打仗打勝仗，集中突破關鍵核心技術。要在「卡脖子」技術上全力攻堅，聚焦堵點、斷點、卡點補短板，聚力攻關。要瞄準高端前沿，加強前​​瞻性、先導性、探索性、顛覆性技術研究，奮力搶佔軍事競爭戰略制高點。要加大國防基礎研究投入，堅持自由探索和目標導向並重，透過重大科技問題帶動，在重大應用研究中抽像出理論問題，進而探索科學規律，努力實現前瞻性基礎研究、引領性原創成果重大突破，增強國防科技創新的原動力。

抓好創新成果轉化運用。束之高閣的成果百無一用，落地生根的創新以一當十。要立起姓軍為戰的鮮明導向，緊盯轉化週期長、利用率低等突出問題，在立項之初就面向戰場、面向部隊、面向未來，加大先進成熟的自主創新成果推廣應用，使科技創新更好為戰鬥力建設服務。推動國防科技創新深度融入國家創新體系，主動發現、培育、運用可服務於國防和軍隊建設的前沿尖端技術，捕捉軍事能力發展的潛在增長點，形成比較優勢和非對稱制衡能力。要進一步探索科技成果轉化機制和運作模式，從健全評價體系、抓好制度改革、完善服務保障等方面綜合施策，暢通科技成果從基礎研究、應用研究、技術開發到軍事應用的創新鏈路，為打贏資訊化智能化戰爭提供堅強有力的科技支撐。

不斷提高官兵科技素養。加速科技向戰鬥力轉化，要求全軍官兵熟練新裝備、提升新技能、探索新戰法，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力。要不斷加大科技知識的學用力度，讓自身科技素養始終與時代發展同頻、與崗位需求共振，特別是各級領導幹部要率先垂範，努力成為學習高科技知識的帶頭人，實踐科技強軍的引路人，駕馭資訊化戰爭的明白人。要強化科技練兵，用好用足科技力量，大幅提升訓練科技含量，緊盯強敵對手練，瞄準未來戰場學，努力把部隊的科技優勢轉化為能力優勢、作戰優勢。要把提高官兵科技素養作為基礎工作來抓，在全軍普及科學知識、弘揚科學精神，凝聚起全力打贏實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰的智慧力量。

（執筆：劉楊鉞、張秀波、王濤）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/163155888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Thought Front ⁇ Embrace Combat Technological Innovation

Leave a comment

中國軍事思想陣線⁇擁抱作戰技術創新

現代英語：

Fighting against technological innovation

■Innovation Theory Research Center of the National Defense Science and Technology University Party

Technological innovation is the core element for the development of new quality productivity and a powerful engine for generating new quality combat effectiveness. Since the 18th National Congress of the Party, President Xi has deeply grasped the new military changes and the internal laws of the strong army. Making a major assertion that science and technology is the core fighting power clearly proposes and fully implements the strategy of the strong army of science and technology, and continuously promotes the transformation of our army construction model into innovation-driven development. . On the new journey, we must adhere to the driving force of innovation, promote the efficient integration of new quality productivity and new quality combat effectiveness, and pull in both directions, and continuously increase the contribution rate of technological innovation to the construction of the military and the development of combat power.

Deeply understand the internal logic of technological innovation to promote combat effectiveness

Science is a revolutionary force that has played a role in promoting history. Chairman Xi’s important statement that technology is the core fighting power clarifies the inherent logic of technological innovation and the development of combat power, and provides scientific guidance for accelerating the advancement of national defense and military modernization.

Technological innovation has driven up the endogenous elements of combat effectiveness. Marxism believes that the basic elements of combat effectiveness are people, weapons and equipment, and the way people combine with weapons and equipment. Technology is not an independent element of combat power, but it penetrates deeply and integrates into the components of combat power, becoming a leading force for the growth of combat power. From a human point of view, with the continuous development of science and technology, the technical composition of the military is becoming more and more complex, and the degree of specialization is getting higher and higher, which puts more and more demands on the comprehensive quality of people. From the perspective of weapons and equipment, it is itself the materialization performance of science and technology in the military field. Not only does its design and research and development reflect the application of scientific and technological innovation achievements in the military field, but its production and manufacturing process is also high-tech production equipment, high-quality production processes and high-level The result of joint role such as scientific management. From the perspective of the combination of man and weapon, whether it is to stimulate military theoretical innovation, lead system adjustment, or catalyze operational command change, science and technology are increasingly active and revolutionary factors, and have become the catalyst for achieving the optimal combination of man and weapon. It can be said that the more advanced science and technology, the higher the degree of war informatization and intelligence, the more obvious the role of technology in reshaping and enhancing combat effectiveness.

Technological innovation leads the development direction of new quality combat power. Looking back at history, every breakthrough in military technology is an important driving force for the gradual disintegration of the old combat power system and the gradual formation of the new combat power system. The invention and use of gunpowder, “ blasted the knight class ”, and gradually made infantry and artillery the main force on the battlefield; military technological innovations such as tanks and aircraft are leading human warfare to the era of mechanization. At the same time, mechanized combat forces such as armored soldiers and aviation soldiers were born; the application of emerging technologies such as information network technology brought new combat capabilities such as information attack and defense. At present, a new round of technological and industrial revolutions is on the rise. Its main feature is the continuous emergence of major subversive technologies, the speed of transformation of scientific and technological achievements, the extensive application of a large number of advanced technologies in the military field, and technological innovation has become the main battlefield of international strategic games. Whoever holds the technological innovation “ cow nose ”, whoever has taken the step of technological innovation first, who can quickly improve combat effectiveness, take up technological advantages, and win the chance of winning.

Technological innovation catalyzes changes in the use of combat power. War practice shows that science and technology are the most direct, powerful, and decisive factors for military development. Each major technological advancement has triggered major changes in the form and mode of warfare. For example, the emergence of firearms has led to the disintegration of array tactics and the generation of linear tactics; in the age of informatization, integrated joint operations have become the basic form of combat, and platform operations, system support, tactical operations, and strategic guarantees have become prominent features of modern warfare. With the burst of high-tech groups such as artificial intelligence, network information, and big data, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military change, which profoundly affects future war winning mechanisms, combat rules, and methods of warfare. We must make greater efforts to promote the power of science and technology, insist on fighting against technological innovation, and master the strategic initiative of informatization and intelligent war.

Accurately grasp the scientific path to technological innovation

Innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army and an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. We must insist on focusing on actual combat, accurately grasp the combat power to generate a scientific path, and allow technological innovation to accelerate the transformation of combat power.

Improve military training with technological innovation. The acceleration of breakthrough applications of high-tech technology represented by a new generation of information technology has provided simulation, networking, and adversarial means for actual combat training, joint war training, technology training, and rule of law training, becoming an important foundation for improving training quality and winning ability. And key guarantees. With the construction of technological empowerment training conditions, in-depth exploration of technical applications such as generating artificial intelligence, effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, sky, electricity, and the Internet, construct a vivid and realistic training environment, develop combat experiments, and play chess. Advanced means such as “Technology +”“Network+” and other training methods. Change with technology empowerment training model, pay close attention to the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate and intelligent military training model, fully preview the next war in military training, actively develop new combat concepts and training theories, and comprehensively use “ temple calculation ”“ Intelligent calculation ”“ Improve the level of intelligent command and research, and increase the training of new models such as unmanned combat, Promote the integration of new qualitative forces into the combat system.

Promote the development of weapons and equipment with technological innovation. Technological innovation is the most active element and the most powerful driving force for the modernization of weapons and equipment. It is necessary to lead the long-term construction of the equipment system with the future combat needs brought about by the advancement of military science and technology, to achieve the leapfrog development of the weapon and equipment system, to establish the concept of generating military demand and development ideas for long-term development and focus on technological innovation, and to connect short-term and long-term development. Strategic needs. It is necessary to accelerate the upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strengthen the construction of high-tech weapons and equipment, and promote the modernization of weapons and equipment to accelerate into the world. It is necessary to accelerate the transition from the development of single-installation elements to the formation of system capabilities, use the network information system to connect various combat elements, and play a role in the overall effectiveness of the fist to form a joint combat capability.

Enhance military governance effectiveness with technological innovation. Comprehensively strengthening military governance is a strategic requirement to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military. Technology is an important means to promote the modernization of military governance capabilities. At present, the construction of our army is at a critical stage of quality and efficiency. It is necessary to use scientific thinking to update the governance concept, strengthen the system concept, strengthen the overall planning, focus on aggregating governance resources, reduce governance costs, improve governance effectiveness, and improve the systemic, holistic, and synergistic nature of military governance. It is necessary to use scientific and technological means to improve strategic management, strengthen the application of advanced technology in military governance, further unblock strategic management links, substantially promote the military management revolution, accelerate the construction of a modern military logistics system, an army modern asset management system, and improve the operational effectiveness of the military system And the use of national defense resources.

Tighten the practice of accelerating the transformation of technology into combat power

The purpose of national defense science and technology innovation is application. It is necessary to prepare services for troop construction and military struggle, and increase the contribution rate to combat effectiveness. We must firmly reverse the key points of technology’s focus on combat power, transformation, and landing, so that advanced science and technology can be transformed into real combat power as soon as possible.

Speed up the key core technology offensive. The key core technology is the most important weapon of the country, an important foundation for the comprehensive strength of a modern country, and the most direct core combat power of the military. We must strive for practical results in keeping with military needs, clarify the direction and focus of key core technology offensives, prioritize priorities, design key core technology systems, focus on fighting and winning battles, and focus on breaking through key core technologies. We must do our best in the technology of the “ card neck ”, focus on the block, break, and make up the shortboard at the card, and concentrate on the attack. It is necessary to aim at the high-end frontier, strengthen forward-looking, pilot, exploratory, and subversive technical research, and strive to seize the high points of military competition strategy. It is necessary to increase investment in basic research in national defense, insist on free exploration and equal goal orientation. Driven by major scientific and technological issues, abstract theoretical issues in major applied research, and then explore scientific laws, and strive to achieve a major breakthrough in forward-looking basic research and leading original achievements. To enhance the driving force of national defense technology innovation.

Grasp the transformation and application of innovation results. The achievements of the shelves are useless, and the innovations that take root in the ground take ten. It is necessary to set up a clear guide for the army as a war, pay close attention to the outstanding issues such as long transformation cycle and low utilization rate. At the beginning of the project, it will face the battlefield, the troops, and the future, and increase the promotion and application of advanced and mature independent innovations to make technological innovations. Better serve combat effectiveness. Promote the deep integration of national defense technological innovation into the national innovation system, actively discover, nurture, and use cutting-edge and cutting-edge technologies that can serve national defense and military construction, capture potential growth points in the development of military capabilities, and form comparative advantages and asymmetric checks and balances. It is necessary to further explore the transformation mechanism and operation mode of scientific and technological achievements, from improving the evaluation system, grasping the reform of the system, and improving service security, etc., to unblock the innovation links of scientific and technological achievements from basic research, applied research, technology development to military applications. Winning the informatization and intelligent war provides strong technological support.

Continuously improve the technical literacy of officers and soldiers. Accelerating the transformation of technology into combat power requires all officers and soldiers to master new equipment, improve new skills, explore new methods of warfare, and enhance technological cognition, innovation, and application. It is necessary to continuously increase the scientific and technological knowledge, so that its own technological literacy will always develop at the same frequency as the times, and rejuvenate with the needs of the post. In particular, leading cadres at all levels should take the lead in learning high-tech knowledge and practice technology. Leader, a clear person who controls the information war. It is necessary to strengthen scientific and technological training troops, use sufficient scientific and technological power, greatly improve the technical content of training, pay close attention to strong hostile hand practice, aim at future battlefield learning, and strive to transform the scientific and technological advantages of troops into capability advantages and combat advantages. It is necessary to take the improvement of the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, to popularize scientific knowledge and promote scientific spirit in the entire army, and to unite the intelligent forces to win and achieve the goal of building a hundred years of hard work.

(Practice: Liu Yang, Zhang Xiubo, Wang Tao)

現代國語：

向科技創新要戰鬥力

■國防科技大學黨的創新理論研究中心

科技創新是發展新質生產力的核心要素，也是產生新質戰鬥力的強大引擎。黨的十八大以來，習主席深刻把握新軍事變革和強軍興軍內在規律，作出科技是核心戰鬥力的重大論斷，鮮明提出並全面實施科技強軍戰略，不斷推動我軍建設模式向創新驅動發展轉變。新旅程上，我們必須堅持創新驅動，推動新質生產力同新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動，不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰鬥力發展的貢獻率。

深刻理解科技創新催生戰鬥力的內在邏輯

科學是一種在歷史上起推動作用的、革命的力量。習主席關於科技是核心戰鬥力的重要論述，闡明了科技創新與戰鬥力發展的內在邏輯，為加速推進國防和軍隊現代化提供了科學指引。

科技創新推動戰鬥力內生要素躍升。馬克思主義認為，戰鬥力的基本構成要素是人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合方式。科技不是戰鬥力構成的獨立要素，但卻深度滲透和融入戰鬥力構成要素之中，成為戰鬥力增長的先導力量。從人的角度來看，隨著科學技術不斷發展，軍隊的技術組成越來越複雜，專業化程度越來越高，對人的綜合素質提出越來越高的要求。從武器裝備的角度來看，其本身就是科技在軍事領域的物化表現，不僅其設計研發體現科技創新成果在軍事領域的應用，其生產製造過程也是高技術生產設備、高品質生產製程和高水準科學管理等共同作用的結果。從人與武器的結合來看，無論是激發軍事理論創新、引領體制編制調整，或是催化作戰指揮變革，科學技術都是日益活躍且具有革命性的因素，已成為實現人與武器最適結合的催化劑。可以說，科學技術越先進，戰爭資訊化、智慧化程度越高，科技對重塑和提升戰鬥力的作用就愈發明顯。

科技創新引領新質戰鬥力發展方向。回顧歷史，軍事技術的每一次突破，都是推動舊有作戰力量體系逐步瓦解和新型作戰力量體系逐步形成的重要動力。火藥的發明和使用，“把騎士階層炸得粉碎”，也使步兵和砲兵逐步成為戰場的主要力量；坦克、飛機等軍事科技革新，在把人類戰爭引向機械化時代的同時，催生了裝甲兵、航空兵等機械化作戰力量；信息網絡技術等新興技術應用，則帶來了信息攻防等新質作戰能力。目前，新一輪科技與產業革命風起雲湧，其主要特點是重大顛覆性技術不斷湧現，科技成果轉化速度加快，大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用，科技創新成為國際戰略博弈的主要戰場。誰牽住了科技創新這個“牛鼻子”，誰走好了科技創新這步先手棋，誰就能較快提升戰鬥力，占得技術優勢、贏得制勝先機。

科技創新催化戰鬥力運用方式變革。戰爭實踐表明，科學技術是軍事發展最直接、最強大、最具決定性的因素，每次重大技術進步都引發了戰爭形態和作戰方式的重大變革。例如，火器的出現導致了陣戰戰術的瓦解和線式戰術的產生；資訊化時代，一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式，平台作戰、體系支撐、戰術行動、戰略保障成為現代戰爭的顯著特徵。隨著人工智慧、網路資訊、大數據等高新技術群迸發，軍事智慧化正成為推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響未來戰爭制勝機理、作戰規則和作戰方法。我們必須下更大氣力推動科技強軍，堅持向科技創新要戰力，掌握資訊化智慧化戰爭戰略主動。

準確掌握向科技創新要戰力的科學路徑

創新能力是一支軍隊的核心競爭力，也是產生和提升戰鬥力的加速器。必須堅持聚焦實戰，準確掌握戰鬥力生成科學路徑，讓科技創新加速轉型為戰鬥力。

以科技創新提升軍事訓練水準。以新一代資訊科技為代表的高新科技加速突破應用，為實戰實訓、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓提供了模擬化、網絡化、對抗性手段，成為提升訓練質效和打贏能力的重要基礎和關鍵保障。以科技賦能訓練條件建設，深入探索生成式人工智慧等技術應用，把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各領域有效融合起來，構設生動逼真的實戰化訓練環境，發展作戰實驗、兵棋推演等先進手段，探索「科技+」「網路+」等訓練新方法。以科技賦能訓練模式轉變，緊盯智能化戰爭特點，創新智能化軍事訓練模式，在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭，積極開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論，綜合運用“廟算”“機算”“智算”提升智能指揮研練水平，加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練，推動新質力量融入作戰體系。

以科技創新推動武器裝備發展。科技創新是武器裝備現代化最活躍的元素和最強大的驅動力量。必須以軍事科技進步帶來的未來作戰需求引領裝備體系的長遠建設，實現武器裝備體系的跨越式發展，確立起面向長遠發展、注重科技創新推動的軍事需求生成理念和發展思路，對接好短期與長遠發展的戰略需求。必須加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展，加強高技術武器裝備、新概念武器裝備建設，推動武器裝備現代化水準加速邁入世界先進行列。必須加快由單裝要素發展到形成體係能力轉變，用網路資訊系統聯結各作戰要素，攥指成拳發揮整體效能，形成聯合作戰能力。

以科技創新增強軍事治理效能。全面加強軍事治理是加速國防和軍隊現代化的戰略要求，科技是促進軍事治理能力現代化的重要手段。目前，我軍建設正處於提質增效的關鍵階段。要運用科學思維更新治理理念，強化系統觀念，強化全局統籌，著力聚合治理資源、降低治理成本、提升治理效能，提升軍事治理系統性、整體性、協同性。要運用科技手段改善戰略管理，加強先進技術在軍事治理中的應用，進一步暢通戰略管理鏈路，實質推進軍事管理革命，加速建設現代軍事物流體系、軍隊現代資產管理體系，提高軍事系統運作效能和國防資源使用效益。

緊緊扭住加速科技轉化為戰力的實踐落點

國防科技創新目的在於應用，必須為部隊建設和軍事鬥爭準備服務，提高對戰鬥力的貢獻率。要牢牢扭轉科技向戰鬥力聚焦、轉化、落地的關鍵點發力，讓先進科學技術盡快轉化為現實戰力。

加快關鍵核心技術攻關。關鍵核心技術是國之重器，是現代化國家綜合實力的重要基礎，也是軍隊最直接的核心戰鬥力。要在緊貼軍事需求上出實招求實效，明確關鍵核心技術攻關方向與重心，區分輕重緩急，設計關鍵核心技術體系，聚焦能打仗打勝仗，集中突破關鍵核心技術。要在「卡脖子」技術上全力攻堅，聚焦堵點、斷點、卡點補短板，聚力攻關。要瞄準高端前沿，加強前​​瞻性、先導性、探索性、顛覆性技術研究，奮力搶佔軍事競爭戰略制高點。要加大國防基礎研究投入，堅持自由探索和目標導向並重，透過重大科技問題帶動，在重大應用研究中抽像出理論問題，進而探索科學規律，努力實現前瞻性基礎研究、引領性原創成果重大突破，增強國防科技創新的原動力。

抓好創新成果轉化運用。束之高閣的成果百無一用，落地生根的創新以一當十。要立起姓軍為戰的鮮明導向，緊盯轉化週期長、利用率低等突出問題，在立項之初就面向戰場、面向部隊、面向未來，加大先進成熟的自主創新成果推廣應用，使科技創新更好為戰鬥力建設服務。推動國防科技創新深度融入國家創新體系，主動發現、培育、運用可服務於國防和軍隊建設的前沿尖端技術，捕捉軍事能力發展的潛在增長點，形成比較優勢和非對稱制衡能力。要進一步探討科技成果轉化機制與運作模式，從健全評估體系、抓好制度改革、完善服務保障等面向綜合施策，暢通科技成果從基礎研究、應用研究、技術開發到軍事應用的創新鏈路，為打贏資訊化智慧化戰爭提供強大的科技支撐。

不斷提高官兵科技素養。加速科技向戰鬥力轉化，要求全軍官兵熟練新裝備、提升新技能、探索新戰法，增強科技認知力、創新力、運力。要不斷加大科技知識的學用力度，讓自身科技素養始終與時代發展同頻、與崗位需求共振，特別是各級領導幹部要率先垂範，努力成為學習高科技知識的帶頭人，實踐科技強軍的引路人，駕馭資訊化戰爭的明白人。要強化科技練兵，用好用足科技力量，大幅提升訓練科技含量，緊盯強敵對手練，瞄準未來戰場學，努力把部隊的科技優勢轉化為能力優勢、作戰優勢。要把提高官兵科技素養當作基礎工作來抓，在全軍普及科學知識、弘揚科學精神，凝聚起全力打贏實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰的智慧力量。

（執筆：劉楊鉞、張秀波、王濤）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/1631556388.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Accelerates into Era of Three-dimensional Warfare – Deploying the Air Assualt Force

Leave a comment

中國人民解放軍加速進入立體戰爭時代－部署空中突擊部隊 

現代英語：

Transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional attack and defense

●From “able to fly” to “good at fighting”

The Army’s air assault force is showing its strength

PLA Daily reporter Kang Zizhan and special correspondent Zhang Shengtao reported: 10 years ago, Liu Zhenhua, as a pilot of the Army Aviation Force, was rated as an excellent pilot mainly for his excellent personal flying skills; now, as a pilot of the Army Air Assault Force, his compulsory training courses have added ground force combat formation, tactics and tactics application, etc. In the past 10 years, the upgrade of the “capability baseline” of Liu Zhenhua, a pilot of an Army Air Assault Brigade, is the result of the Army’s low-altitude combat force’s leap from “able to fly” to “good at fighting”.

On the eve of August 1, 2016, President Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection of the newly established Army Headquarters that we must accelerate the transformation of the Army from a new starting point in accordance with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and three-dimensional offense and defense, and strive to build a strong, modernized new Army.

A year later, the military parade to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held at the Zhurihe Joint Training Base. The Chinese Army Air Assault Brigade made its debut in a new combat formation and was reviewed by President Xi.

Air assault, surging. Since its establishment, the Army Air Assault Force has conducted military exercises in all areas, covering mountains, dense forests, deserts, and grasslands. Iron wings are flying, eagles are lined up, ground forces and air forces are integrated within the organization, and energy is released within the system, giving the military exercise field a new look.

In the heart of the Central Plains, air-ground coordination has given birth to a new landscape. In the staff competition, the pilot won the championship; in the flight planning, the infantry squad leader served as the staff. Snipers “train in the air” and pilots “learn on the ground”. The air and ground subjects are integrated into the training, and the air and ground forces are truly combined and fight together.

When the pilots found the “enemy” target on the prairie, they did not choose to attack it head-on, but used the information system to send coordinates in the air and call for support from the ground advance forces to attack the “enemy” target. From the ground calling for air support to the air calling for ground support, the “call change” witnessed the expansion of the officers and soldiers’ battlefield vision.

In the northwest desert, an air assault brigade of the Army was ordered to carry out cross-domain maneuvers, flying and fighting along the way, and taking turns to use a series of new tactics such as surpassing attack operations, leapfrog assault operations, and key point control operations, showing the sharp edge of the Army’s new air assault combat force…

Following the footsteps of the Army’s airborne assault troops’ military exercises, one new battle scene after another comes into view: “One Tree High” is no longer “riding alone”, but a “synthetic eagle group” composed of multiple aircraft types, with modules organized and each performing its own duties; approaching the front line, firepower strikes are no longer the first choice, and the “electronic iron fist” is the first to be swung; commanders sit in the “air command post” to plan air-ground coordinated operations… The changes in the low-altitude battlefield highlight the strong battlefield adaptability and combat effectiveness of the air assault force.

At the beginning of the new year of 2022, President Xi signed the Central Military Commission’s Order No. 1 of 2022, issuing a mobilization order to the entire army to start training, requiring all levels of the army to vigorously promote system training. As a symbolic force in the army’s transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional offense and defense, the air assault force has shown many new changes in system training.

An airborne assault brigade of the Army joined hands with an Air Force unit to study the subject of assault infantry guiding Air Force fighters to carry out fire strikes; cooperated with multiple forces of the Joint Logistics Support Force to explore an integrated peacetime and wartime support model; and conducted joint training with a unit of the Strategic Support Force to enhance the unit’s electromagnetic interference and anti-interference capabilities… The airborne assault force system has more and more “close partners” in training, the “circle of friends” of new combat forces is getting bigger and bigger, and the unit’s actual combat capabilities continue to improve.

New forces contain new mechanisms, and new mechanisms give birth to new forces. President Xi stressed the need to strengthen the construction of new combat forces and increase the proportion of new quality combat power. During the adjustment and reform, the Army’s air assault force came into being, eliminating the geographical separation between air and ground, blurring the spatial concepts of frontier and depth, and updating the combat concepts of air and ground arms. The Chinese military’s land warfare pattern is being reshaped.

From looking at the battlefield head-on to looking down on the battlefield, and then to three-dimensionally perceiving the battlefield, the air assault force has demonstrated the huge potential of a new type of combat force, and the Army is accelerating into the era of three-dimensional combat.

“This is an unprecedented opportunity, but also an unprecedented challenge.” Tang Hongyi, the battalion commander of an air assault brigade of the army, led the officers and soldiers to transform from mountain infantry to air assault infantry. On the journey of reforming and strengthening the army, he dared not slack off for a moment, “Each generation has its own mission and responsibility. We must run the ‘first leg’ of air assault force construction and run the ‘our leg’ of the army’s transformation and development well.”

Short review

Accelerate transformation and molting to take off

■Kang Zizhan

Fly far and molt. The new army badge has a pair of “wings of soaring” on both sides, implying that the new army is “flying”. From the Army Aviation Corps to the Air Assault Corps, the transformation and reshaping of the army’s low-altitude forces is the result of the new world military revolution, and ahead is the strategic direction of the Chinese Army’s accelerated transformation.

President Xi has repeatedly stressed the need to strive to build a strong, modern, and new army. In today’s world, military technology is changing with each passing day, and the forms of war and winning mechanisms are constantly changing. The rise of the Army’s air assault force tells us that the system combat effectiveness of a force does not only come from the external system structure, but more depends on whether multiple forces can be effectively integrated; it is not difficult for new equipment to form combat effectiveness, but it is difficult to create a new “sword method” that adapts to the system. The new combat force should have a new charging posture, be brave to take the lead, forge ahead, and accelerate on the road of transformation.

Extraordinary achievements require extraordinary people. President Xi pointed out: “Now, the responsibility of strengthening the military has historically fallen on our shoulders. To shoulder this burden, we must dare to take on the responsibility. This is not only the expectation of the Party and the people, but also the political character that contemporary revolutionary soldiers should have.” In the new era of reforming and strengthening the military, the new army will take off and will surely write new glory on the journey of strengthening the military.

現代國語：

●從平面作戰向立體攻防轉型

●從「能飛」向「善打」跨越

陸軍空中突擊力量嶄露頭芒

陸軍某空中突擊旅組織飛行訓練。 李春國 攝

解放軍報訊 記者康子湛、特約記者張聖濤報道：10年前，劉振華作為陸航部隊飛行員，被評為優秀飛行員的主要標準，是個人飛行技術過硬；如今，他作為陸軍空中突擊部隊飛行員，訓練必修課又增加了地面力量作戰編組、戰術戰法運用等內容。 10年間，陸軍某空中突擊旅飛行員劉振華「能力基準」升級的背後，是陸軍低空作戰力量從「能飛」到「善打」的跨越。

2016年八一前夕，習主席在新組成的陸軍機關視察時強調，要按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求，在新的起點上加快推進陸軍轉型建設，努力建設一支強大的現代化新型陸軍。

一年後，慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍90週年閱兵在朱日和聯合訓練基地隆重舉行。中國陸軍空中突擊旅以戰鬥隊形全新亮相，接受習主席檢閱。

空中突擊，狂飆突起。組成以來，陸軍空中突擊部隊全域演兵，足跡遍佈高山、密林、大漠、草原。鐵翼飛旋、群鷹列陣，地面兵力和空中力量在建制內融合、體系內釋能，演兵場上面貌一新。

中原腹地，空地協同催生新景觀。參謀比武，飛行員一舉奪冠；飛行籌劃，步兵班長當參謀。狙擊手在“空中練”，飛行員在“地面學”，空中課目和地面課目融合組訓，空地兵力真正合在一起、打到一處。

莽原之上，飛行員發現「敵」目標，並未選擇迎面打擊，而是在空中利用資訊系統發送座標，呼叫地面先遣力量支援攻擊「敵」目標。從地面呼叫空中支援到空中呼叫地面支援，「呼叫變遷」見證官兵戰場視野的拓展。

西北大漠，陸軍某空中突擊旅受命實施跨域機動，飛一路、打一路，超越攻擊作戰、蛙跳突擊作戰、要點奪控作戰等一系列新戰法輪番上陣，顯示陸軍空中突擊新型作戰力量銳利鋒芒…

循著陸軍空中突擊部隊演兵足跡追尋，一幕幕嶄新的戰鬥場景躍入眼簾：“一樹之高”不再“走單騎”，而是多機型組成“合成鷹群”，模組編組、各司其職；抵近前沿，火力打擊不再是首選，率先揮出的是“電子鐵拳”；

2022年新年伊始，習主席簽署中央軍委2022年1號命令，向全軍發布開訓動員令，要求全軍各級大力推進體系練兵。空中突擊部隊作為陸軍由平面作戰向立體攻防轉型的一支標誌性力量，體系練兵呈現許多新變化。

陸軍某空中突擊旅與空軍某部攜手，精研突擊步兵引導空軍戰機實施火力打擊課題；與聯勤保障部隊多支力量配合，探索平戰一體保障模式；與戰略支援部隊某部開展聯訓，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「典型​​力量」越來越多，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「新實戰夥伴」越來越多，作戰部隊中越來越持續作戰能力的「親密力量」大兵作戰。

新力量蘊含新機理，新機理催生新力量。習主席強調，要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。在調整改革中，陸軍空中突擊部隊應運而生，消除了空與地的地理隔間、模糊了前沿與縱深的空間概念、更新了空中與地面兵種的作戰理念，中國軍隊陸戰格局正在重塑。

從平視戰場到俯瞰戰場，再到立體感知戰場，空中突擊力量展現出新型作戰力量的巨大潛力，陸軍加速邁進立體作戰時代。

「這是前所未有的機遇，也意味著前所未有的挑戰。」陸軍某空中突擊旅營長唐鴻毅，帶領官兵從山地步兵轉型為空中突擊步兵。行進在改革強軍征程上，他一刻也不敢懈怠，「一代人有一代人的使命擔當，我們要跑好空中突擊力量建設的‘第一棒’，跑好陸軍轉型發展的‘我們這一棒’」。

短 評

加速轉型 換羽騰飛

■康子湛

遠飛當換羽。新式陸軍胸標兩側插上了一對“起飛之翼”，蘊含著新型陸軍“飛起來”的寓意。從陸航部隊到空中突擊部隊，陸軍低空力量的轉型重塑，背後是世界新軍事變革的風雷激盪，前方是中國陸軍加速轉型的戰略方向。

習主席多次強調，要努力建立強大的現代化新型陸軍。當今世界，軍事科技日新月異，戰爭形態、致勝機制不斷變化。陸軍空中突擊部隊的起飛歷程啟示我們：一支部隊的體係作戰效能，不只來自外在的體系結構，更多取決於多種力量能否有效融合；新裝備形成戰鬥力不難，難的是創出適應體系的新「劍法」。新型作戰力量更應有新的衝鋒姿態，勇為人先、銳意進取，跑出轉型路上的加速度。

蓋有非常之功，必待非常之人。習主席指出：「現在，強軍的責任歷史地落在了我們肩上，要挑起這副擔子，必須敢於擔當，這既是黨和人民的期望，也是當代革命軍人應有的政治品格。」在改革強軍的新時代，新型陸軍換羽騰飛，必將在強軍征程上書寫新的榮光。

資料來源：解放軍報 作者：康子湛 張聖濤 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-19 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/lj/4915990888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled Military Training Accelerating for China’s People’s Liberation Army

Leave a comment

元宇宙協助中國人民解放軍軍事訓練加速發展

現代英語：

Hou Chunmu and Wang Yong

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, and provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of Cognitive Metaverse Empowered Military Training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecology of military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have accelerated their development. Technology giants have laid out the metaverse, and human real life has migrated to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtual and real are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war has dominated the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war situation has accelerated its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to the intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment has become more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has constructed a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel interactions occur. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and changes in the form of intelligent warfare have compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the accelerated transformation and upgrading of military training, greater attention to the impact of technological development and changes on warfare, and the use of the “new engine” of training and warfare to achieve “accelerated” preparations.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models. Some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies to military training. For example, the United States has successively released the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Department of Defense Transformation Plan, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. It has also simultaneously formulated the Training Transformation Strategic Plan and the Training Transformation Implementation Plan, and proposed the concept of a comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and gaming environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are moving towards universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarifying the Advantages of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

The emergence of new concepts in military training. Only by leading the opponent in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” has organically connected training with actual combat, and upgraded to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent drive, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. In the future, the metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by both. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific, powerful and solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognition, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an innovative model of intelligent military training theory with the characteristics of the times, allowing the metaverse to empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new military training model. The combat style determines the training mode, and intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. First, it can build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing power support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. Second, it can carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new forms of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new types of military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” into “scientists” and “technicians.”

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, a Metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment will be built. The platform will have functions such as new weapon and equipment design demonstration, weapon and equipment performance test, weapon and equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the Metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline for weapons and equipment to go from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, realizing the intelligence multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasping the Key Points of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse is a new thing, and its maturity has yet to be verified. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development trends and technological trends of the metaverse, and scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”. In the context of the integration of intelligence, informatization and mechanization, we should give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse, such as enabling trainees to undergo immersive experiential training, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the Metaverse has reintegrated existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, proposed an overall innovative concept, and provided comprehensive application scenarios, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training Metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and research and development of the Metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may create a vast virtual war space, recreate the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be built, military training concepts should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management support, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. A dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse should be built to fully support strategic, campaign, and tactical training as well as war simulations. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, we will achieve the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, diversified iteration, and new intelligent ecology”.

Attach importance to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the Metaverse brings innovative opportunities to intelligent military training, but the potential risks associated with the technology itself cannot be ignored. The Metaverse is a huge technology group, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of various emerging technologies in the construction process, the complexity and confidentiality in the application process will be the unknown factors for the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

現代國語：

侯春牧　王　勇

閱讀提示

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙為軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論與實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的可持續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，智能化作戰浮出水面。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正在被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和環境到綜合培訓環境到綜合培訓中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合集成的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間開展「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突出優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提高軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的集成運用，運用過程中的復雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範和風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：侯春牧　王勇 責任編輯：於雅倩 出版：2024-01-16 06:50

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280522.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, 認知域戰

Comparison and Contrast of Traditional Military Thought and Culture between China and the West

Leave a comment

中西傳統軍事思想與文化對比

現代英語：

Xu Sanfei

War and civilization always go hand in hand, and military traditions and cultural traditions always complement each other.

Once the ideological and cultural tradition, especially the military ideological and cultural tradition, is formed, it will produce an inertial force that cannot be underestimated. “In the source of Alexander’s victory, we can often find Aristotle.” The outstanding politicians, theorists and military strategists in history have all been influenced by the national ideological and cultural tradition, and their brilliant achievements have all shone with the glory of ideological and cultural tradition.

For thousands of years, the differences between Chinese and Western thought and culture have led to different emphases in the respective societies’ thinking about military activities and different characteristics in war practice, which directly affected the content and characteristics of Chinese and Western military thought and culture.

Guihe and Chongzheng

Human beings have created various civilizations in the long course of history. How different civilizations interact is an issue that no civilization can avoid. Chinese traditional thought and culture emphasize harmony, valuing harmony and pursuing harmony in diversity; while Western traditional thought and culture emphasize struggle, emphasizing control over everything and being the master of the world.

The culture of “harmony” is in the blood of the Chinese people, and “harmony” is the primary feature of traditional Chinese military thought and culture. When our ancestors created characters, they regarded “stopping war” as “martial arts”. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Shi Bo proposed that “harmony creates life, while sameness does not continue”, forming the idea of ​​”harmony but difference” in Chinese culture. The Book of History, Yao Canon, proposed that “the people are bright and the nations are in harmony.” After that, “harmony among nations” became a model of the Chinese worldview. In the early 15th century, Zheng He led the world’s largest fleet at the time and made seven overseas missions without causing any harm. Such a peaceful journey is unique in the world.

In contrast, traditional Western realism, as an important part of Western traditional thought and culture, believes that the world is essentially full of conflicts and confrontations of interests. The ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus believed that struggle is justice, and everything is created and destroyed through struggle. The famous ancient Greek reformer and military strategist Solon also believed that: “The reason why a civilization can grow and develop is because it has strong imperial ideals and desires for conquest; once these ideals and desires disappear, the entire civilization will dry up and die. Either conquer or be conquered, this is the law of survival of all civilizations.”

Now, some Western countries are trying to “format”, “standardize” and “unify” world civilization under the guise of “universal civilization”. However, one note cannot express a beautiful melody, and one color cannot depict a colorful picture. The unification of civilization will exhaust human creativity and lead to the rigidification and decline of human civilization. In this regard, historian Toynbee once said, “Humanity has mastered the means of highly technological civilization that can destroy itself, and at the same time is in the camp of extremely opposing political ideologies. The spirit it needs most is the essence of Chinese civilization – harmony”. “Harmony in diversity” can promote dialogue and integration of different civilizations and work together to build a community with a shared future for mankind that is inclusive of all civilizations.

Caution and militarism

War and peace are two major themes of human society. In terms of the basic attitude towards war, Chinese traditional thought and culture generally hold the concept of being cautious about war, while Western traditional realism is more inclined to praise and commend war.

In ancient China, wars were frequent. Many thinkers and military strategists closely linked wars with the lives of the people and the survival of the country. They put forward the idea of ​​cautious warfare and pursued the “total victory” of “subduing the enemy without fighting”. Taoists believe that war is a major disaster. Laozi said: “War is an ominous tool.” The “Art of War” points out at the outset: “War is a major event of the state, a place of life and death, and a way of survival and destruction. It must be carefully considered.” Although Sun Tzu attached great importance to war, he also opposed war. In Sun Tzu’s view, “a destroyed country cannot be restored, and the dead cannot be resurrected. Therefore, wise rulers are cautious and good generals are vigilant. This is the way to ensure the safety of the country and the army.” He also clearly put forward three basic principles for limiting war: “Don’t move unless it is beneficial, don’t use unless it is necessary, and don’t fight unless it is dangerous.” Shang Yang also proposed that war is “fighting to end war”, and “the great law of war is to be cautious.” It can be said that the cautious warfare ideas of the pre-Qin scholars have continuously influenced later generations and gradually became the mainstream thought of China’s military tradition.

Western traditional realism holds a more positive view on war, believing that there is natural competition between people and that war itself is in line with human nature. Heraclitus said: “War is the father of all things and the king of all things.” In the eyes of the ancient Greeks, war is the main way to seek honor and become a hero. In Sparta, as long as “the monarchs give a little signal to fight, they will find many people who are willing to take up arms, and their only wish is to gain honor.” Since then, in the long history of development, traditional realism has always influenced the development of Western political philosophy and military philosophy. In modern times, the Western concept of advocating war and force has not been eliminated, and the two world wars have brought great disasters to mankind.

Today, after countless wars, more and more countries have realized that the law of the jungle is not the way for human coexistence, and militarism is not the way for human peace. Humanity is more capable than ever to move towards the goal of peace and development. However, we must also see that the world is not peaceful, and turning swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. In order to win peace, we must make comprehensive preparations, which also includes research and preparation for war, in order to contain and prevent war. Therefore, being cautious in war should not only retain the traditional meaning of “winning without fighting”, but also add the meaning of “making peace without fighting” and build a mechanism to restrain war.

Kingly Way and Hegemony

In international exchanges, there has always been a debate between “kingly way” and “hegemonic way”. The core of kingly way is benevolence, while the core of hegemonic way is power. Mr. Sun Yat-sen once said that Eastern culture is kingly way, advocating benevolence, righteousness and morality; Western culture is hegemonic way, advocating utilitarianism and power.

It is a tradition of Chinese culture to first make a moral evaluation of war. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has begun to dominate, and Confucian culture has occupied the dominant position in society. It has gradually formed a Confucian ethical order of “benevolence” inside and “ritual” outside, which is the cultural basis for the formation of China’s military tradition. Confucius once said: “Therefore, if people from afar are not convinced, cultivate culture and virtue to win them over.” Mencius also said: “Those who conquer people by force are not convinced by their hearts, because their strength is not enough. Those who conquer people by virtue are satisfied with their hearts and sincerely convinced.” Confucius and Sun Tzu also proposed that “those who have civil affairs must also have military preparations” and “command them with culture and unify them with military force.” In their minds, the benevolent are invincible in the world, and the virtuous are invincible. The way to win the world is the kingly way of practicing virtue and benevolence, not the hegemonic way of conquering by force. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Five Hegemons who rose in the chaos of war used cultivating virtue and strengthening the army as an inseparable double-edged sword to establish their hegemony. To practice the kingly way, one must win people over with virtue, rely on virtue, use peaceful means, value justice and reason, win over distant countries with virtue, and adapt to foreign countries. Winning with virtue can make people sincerely convinced, which is the highest realm of winning.

Western traditional realism believes that power is the main content of politics, and regards war as a means to win by violence. Force is the main way to deal with relations between countries. Take ancient Greece and ancient Rome as examples. From the founding of the country to the establishment of the country, from the acquisition of rule to the consolidation and maintenance of rule, they always put the pursuit of power first, and regarded the expansion of force and iron-blooded rule as the foundation of the country. In military policy and even national policy, the will of the ruling class is implemented in society more by the iron-blooded spirit. Sparta even stipulated in law that the responsibility and obligation of citizens is to fight and die in battle. However, history and practice have shown that absolute hegemony pursued by force will also put oneself in trouble and will inevitably be defeated or buried by force in the end.

At present, global governance has entered a critical stage, and mankind is facing a historical choice of where to go. Those countries that still cling to the Cold War mentality, hegemonism and power politics are the root cause of world conflicts and turmoil. The concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind proposed by President Xi is a logical extension of China’s “internal harmony leads to external harmony, and internal harmony will inevitably lead to external harmony”, and is China’s value pursuit as a responsible world power. It brings to mankind not greed and demand, but the benevolence of “loving all people and all things”; it presents to the world not conquest, but the tolerance of “harmony among all nations”; it brings to mankind not war, but peaceful coexistence and common prosperity. This is precisely the wisdom contribution of the Chinese nation as an ancient nation with profound cultural heritage to the long-term development of all mankind.

Morality and interests

Human beings’ understanding and thinking about the origin of war has experienced a process of gradually rising from an intuitive and perceptual state to a logical and rational state. “Even war has rules.” On the ideological balance of balancing righteousness and interests, the Chinese and Western military traditions each have their own emphasis on the “moral” principle and the “interest” principle.

The view of righteousness and profit, “righteousness is in profit, and profit is in righteousness”, is an important essence of Chinese traditional culture, emphasizing that righteousness is more important than profit, giving up profit for righteousness, taking profit with righteousness, and thinking of righteousness when seeing profit. “A gentleman is concerned with righteousness, while a villain is concerned with profit” and “A gentleman loves money and gets it in a proper way”, these moral principles that every Chinese is familiar with have become an important cultural gene of our nation. In the ancient Chinese classics, history, and collections, there is almost no content that directly advocates that the purpose of war is to plunder profits, but more of it is accusations against such wars. The Mohists believed that wars were waged for the sake of moral punishment and to punish the unrighteous; Mencius pointed out that wars were waged to punish tyrants, such as the revolution of Tang and Wu; “Xunzi” emphasized that “war is used to suppress violence and eliminate harm”. Military strategists, who were in the main position of ancient military theory, usually used morality as the criterion for evaluating wars, and emphasized whether the use of troops should be considered in accordance with morality, and emphasized that “there is a legitimate reason for the war”, emphasizing that the purpose of war is to maintain morality.

The ancient Western thinking on the issue of war has always been based on the principle of interest struggle. Machiavelli, a famous scholar in the Renaissance, said bluntly: “In order to achieve national interests, no moral principles can be mentioned; as long as the goal is achieved, any means can be used.” Since the principle of interest was clearly running through early practice and cognition, wars in medieval Europe for the purpose of plunder were often naked. All the wars in the West have also confirmed this conclusion. No matter what the cause of the war is, there is a strong interest drive behind it.

Nowadays, some countries use their military superiority to interfere everywhere, and do things to grab interests under the guise of morality, which has torn the originally peaceful and tranquil countries into pieces and made the originally clear and peaceful world into a mess. War is the continuation of politics, and politics is not only the concentrated expression of morality, but also the economy. In the final analysis, war must reflect both the principle of interests and the principle of morality. Therefore, adhering to the correct view of justice and interests and insisting on the dialectical unity of interests and morality is the fundamental requirement of military activities. Only in this way can we avoid the strange phenomenon of winning tactically but losing strategically.

Spiritual and material

As the basic components of war power, people and things cannot be neglected. In this regard, Napoleon said that there are only two kinds of power in the world – sword and spirit. In general, Chinese traditional military thought and culture emphasizes strategy to defeat the enemy, adheres to the logic of wisdom plus strength, and pays more attention to the cultivation of military spirit, while Western traditional military thought and culture emphasizes strong soldiers to win, adheres to the logic of strength plus technology, and even develops into technological determinism.

Chinese traditional philosophy can be called wisdom philosophy, and Chinese traditional culture can be called integrity culture. The ancient sages often regarded reputation as more important than life, and attached more importance to the social significance and moral value of life. Ancient military strategists recognized the importance of morale very early, and often had classic discussions on this when discussing the view of war, strategic thinking and military management concepts, such as “to unite the army and gather the people, it is necessary to stimulate morale”, “if the morale is strong, they will fight, if the morale is lost, they will flee”, “victory is gained by prestige, defeat is lost by losing morale”, etc., and later in military books, there were special discussions on “inspiring soldiers”, “extending morale” and “moral warfare”. This reflects that the ancients attached great importance to the spiritual factors in combat. Han Xin’s battle with his back to the river and Xiang Yu’s burning of his cauldrons and sinking of his boats have become military practice models. Comrade Mao Zedong made a vivid interpretation when evaluating the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea – the enemy had “more steel and less morale”, while we had “less steel and more morale”. The strategic wisdom of maneuvering and calculating and the fighting spirit of facing death with indifference and marching forward courageously have always been our important magic weapon for creating miracles in war.

Western civilization’s thinking is often centered on nature, and focuses on applying the results of natural science. As early as the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian navy carefully designed and equipped warships, relying on the high speed, maneuverability and impact of warships to win. In the Middle Ages, the advancement of firearms technology finally broke through the shackles of feudal knight heroism. Since then, the West has placed more emphasis on keeping one eye on war practice and one eye on new technology. Since Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres in 1543, science and technology in the Western world have entered a period of rapid development. It was against this background that Western military technology emerged as a powerful tool for colonists to plunder and conquer the world. The West has always been extremely sensitive to accepting new technologies. Technological innovation and the equally important ability to respond quickly to such innovations soon became the characteristics of Western military culture.

At present, with the rapid development of science and technology and its continuous application in the military field, the great role of things in war is increasingly shown. In particular, the impact of advanced science and technology on the military field is unparalleled in any period in history. It is certainly one-sided to emphasize weapons and neglect spirit, but if it is overcorrected, it is also one-sided to emphasize spirit and neglect weapons. War practice tells us that although the spiritual power in war can make up for the disadvantages of weapons and equipment to a certain extent, it is not infinite. If we do not attach importance to weapons and equipment, the role of spirit in war cannot be maximized, and it will cost more to win in war. On the basis of adhering to the materialist view of history that “it is people rather than things that determine the outcome of war”, we must adhere to the dialectical unity of human factors and material factors, add scientific and technological wings to strategic wisdom and fighting spirit, continuously improve the proportion of scientific and technological composition of combat effectiveness, integrate human initiative with the basic role of things at a higher level, and comprehensively improve the combat effectiveness of the army.

Defense and Offense

Offense and defense are the most basic modes of warfare. Ancient China attached great importance to national integration and national unity, and emphasized the status of defense. It was necessary to maintain its national independence while not expanding outward. It adopted the strategic principle of active defense against foreign invasions. In ancient times, expansionism prevailed in the West, which mainly focused on dealing with foreign nations and paid more attention to offense.

Chinese civilization was born in the heartland of the Central Plains in the Yellow River Basin. It is an agricultural society and has been a multi-ethnic community since ancient times. Chinese traditional culture emphasizes stability, preservation, and restraint. Ancient China has always considered itself the center of the world. These are reflected in military thought, which is to cherish unity, focus on defense, regard internal peace as the top priority of military strategy, and place defense in an important position. There are many discussions about defense in ancient Chinese classics. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, when military strategists were most prosperous, military strategists such as Sun Wu, Wu Qi, and Sun Bin emphasized defense in general when discussing military affairs, and when discussing offense, they mostly discussed it from the perspective of combat and tactics. Mozi proposed the political and military concept of “non-aggression”. The book “Mozi” handed down from generation to generation describes Mozi and his school’s profound insights on military defense. The Great Wall of ancient China is a materialized symbol of defense thought, reflecting the guiding ideology followed by rulers of different periods in military strategy: advocating both maintaining the independence of their own nation and not expanding outward. The famous scholar John King Fairbank once said that China has always emphasized defensive warfare, which is completely different from the offensive theory of European imperialism.

The ancient West had a tradition of expansion to dominate. Western civilization originated from the Greek peninsula. The characteristic of maritime civilization that “the world is home” makes it mobile and aggressive. At that time, the national defense targets and war edges of those countries were mostly directed at foreign countries. In addition to fighting each other, the nations of Western Europe often united or independently used foreign forces. The places they went to were as close as the Mediterranean coast and as far as Asia, Africa and Latin America. They reflected the cultural characteristics of Westerners who admired force, liked expansion and adventure. For example, the Assyrian wars that broke out many times in history swept across West Asia and North Africa. With the Assyrian Kingdom as the center, various countries launched a melee. All countries that have been glorious and leading in the history of ancient Western countries have a strong desire for conquest. The rise of great powers is accompanied by expansion, hegemony and war. This is the theory in Western culture that a strong country must dominate.

The world is undergoing major changes unseen in a century, and in the face of an international situation characterized by chaos and changes, and to adapt to the new requirements for the development of national strategic interests, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense, strive to build a military force that is commensurate with my country’s status and consistent with my country’s development interests, enhance the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space, firmly safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests, faithfully practice the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, actively fulfill the international responsibilities of a major power’s military, comprehensively promote international military cooperation in the new era, and strive to contribute to building a beautiful world of lasting peace and universal security.

現代國語：

■許三飛

閱讀提示

戰爭與文明總是相伴而生，軍事傳統與文化傳統總是相生相成。

思想文化傳統特別是軍事思想文化傳統一經形成，便會產生不可低估的慣性力量。 「在亞歷山大的勝利根源裡，我們可以經常發現亞里斯多德」。歷史上傑出的政治家、理論家和軍事家，無不被民族思想文化傳統所薰陶，他們的輝煌業績也無不閃爍著思想文化傳統的光輝。

千百年來，中西思想文化的分野導致了各自社會對軍事活動思考的不同側重，以及在戰爭實踐中的不同特色，直接影響著中西軍事思想文化的內容和特色。

貴和與重爭

人類在漫長的歷史長河中創造了多樣文明，不同文明如何交往，是任何文明都迴避不了的問題。中國傳統思想文化講求和諧，強調以和為貴，追求和而不同；而西方傳統思想文化講求鬥爭，強調控制萬物，充當世界的主宰。

「和」文化是中國人的血脈，「尚和」是中國傳統軍事思想文化的首要特徵。我們的祖先在創造文字時，就以「止戈」為「武」。西周末期，史伯提出“和實生物，同則不繼”，形成了中華文化“和而不同”的思想。 《尚書·堯典》提出：「百姓昭明，協和萬邦。」之後，「協和萬邦」成為中華世界觀的典範。 15世紀初葉，鄭和率領當時世界上最大的艦隊，先後七次出使海外卻秋毫無犯，這樣的和平之旅在世界上是絕無僅有的。

相較之下，西方傳統現實主義，作為西方傳統思想文化的一個重要組成，則認為世界本質上就是充滿利益的沖突與對抗。古希臘哲學家赫拉克利特認為，鬥爭就是正義，一切都是透過鬥爭而產生和消滅的。古希臘著名改革家、軍事家梭倫也認為：「一個文明之所以能夠成長壯大，是因為在這個文明內部孕育著強烈的帝國理想和征服慾望；而這些理想和慾望一旦消失，則整個文明必將乾枯、死亡。要么征服，要么被征服，這是所有文明的生存法則。”

現在，有的西方國家打著「普世文明」的幌子，企圖對世界文明進行「格式化」「標準化」「單一化」。然而，一個音符無法表達出優美的旋律，一種顏色難以描繪出多彩的畫卷。文明單一化將使人類的創造力衰竭，導致人類文明僵化衰微。對此，歷史學家湯因比曾說，「人類已經掌握了可以毀滅自己的高度技術文明手段，同時又處於極端對立的政治意識形態的營壘，最需要的精神就是中國文明的精髓——和諧」。 「和而不同」才能推動不同文明的對話與交融，攜手建構各種文明相容並蓄的人類命運共同體。

慎戰與黷武

戰爭與和平是人類社會的兩大主題。在對待戰爭的基本態度上，中國傳統思想文化普遍持有慎戰的觀念，而西方傳統現實主義思想則對戰爭更傾注了歌頌與讚揚之辭。

中國古代戰事頻繁，眾多思想家和軍事家更多地把戰爭和人民的生死、國家的存亡緊緊聯繫起來，提出了慎戰的思想，追求「不戰而屈人之兵」的「全勝」。道家認為戰爭是重大禍患，老子說：「兵者，不祥之器。」《孫子兵法》開宗明義指出：「兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也」。孫子雖然重戰，但同時也反對好戰。在孫子看來，「亡國不可以復存，死者不可以復生。故明君慎之，良將警之，此安國全軍之道也」。他還對限制戰爭明確提出了三個基本原則：“非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。”商鞅也提出戰爭是“以戰去戰”，而且“兵大律在謹”。可以說，先秦諸家慎戰思想不斷影響後世，逐漸成為中國軍事傳統的主流思想。

西方傳統現實主義對戰爭較持有肯定的觀點，認為人之間天然地存在競爭，戰爭本身是符合人性的。赫拉克利特說：「戰爭是萬物之父，也是萬物之王」。在古希臘人眼中，戰爭是求得榮譽、成為英雄的主要途徑。在斯巴達，只要「君主們稍稍做出一點打架的信號，他們就會找到很多自願拿起武器的人，他們唯一的願望是取得榮譽」。此後，在漫長的歷史發展中，傳統現實主義思想一直影響著西方政治哲學、軍事哲學的發展。及至近代，西方這種推崇戰爭和武力的觀念並未消弭，兩次世界大戰給人類帶來了巨大災難。

今天，歷經無數次戰爭，越來越多的國家認識到，弱肉強食不是人類共存之道，窮兵黷武不是人類和平之計。人類比以往任何時候都更有條件朝著和平與發展的目標邁進。但也要看到，世界並不太平，鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的美好願望。我們為了贏得和平，就要做好全面準備，這其中也包括戰爭的研究和準備工作，以期遏制、防止戰爭。因此，慎戰不僅要保留傳統的「不戰而勝」的蘊意，還要增加「不戰而和」的蘊意，建構制約戰爭的機制。

王道與霸權

在國際交往中一直存在著「王道」與「霸道」之辯。王道的內核是仁德，霸道的內核是強權。孫中山先生曾說，東方的文化是王道，主張仁義道德；西方的文化是霸道，主張功利強權。

對戰爭首先進行道德評價是中華文化的傳統。自漢代以來儒家思想開始佔統治地位，儒家文化佔據社會的主體地位，並逐步形成了內“仁”外“禮”的儒家倫理秩序，這是形成中國軍事傳統的文化基礎。孔子曾說：「故遠人不服，則修文德以來之。」孟子也說：「以力服人者，非心服也，力不贍也。以德服人者，中心悅而誠服也。」孔子和孫子也提出「有文事者必有武備」「令之以文，齊之以武」。在他們心目中，仁者無敵於天下，有德者無往而不勝，能得天下的是以德行仁的王道，而不是以力徵伐的霸道。春秋時期，在戰亂中崛起的五霸，把修德和振兵當作不可分割的雙刃劍，來確立自己的霸主地位。行王道，就要以德勝人，以德作依托，用和平的手段，通過尚義重理、以德懷遠、順化外邦。德勝，可以使人心悅誠服，才是製勝之道的最高境界。

西方傳統現實主義則認為，權力是政治的主要內容，將戰爭作為手段，強調以暴力取勝，武力是處理國與國關系的主要途徑。以古希臘和古羅馬為例，從開國到立國，從取得統治到鞏固和維護統治，他們都始終把追求權力擺在首位，把武力擴張和鐵血統治作為立國根基。在軍事政策乃至國家政策上，更靠鐵血精神在社會上貫徹統治階級的意志。斯巴達甚至在法律上規定，公民的責任和義務就是徵戰和戰死。然而，歷史和實踐表明，靠武力追求的絕對霸權，也會將自己陷入困境，必然最終被武力戰勝或葬送。

當下，全球治理進入了一個關鍵階段，人類正面臨著往何處去的歷史選擇。那些仍牢牢抓住冷戰思維、霸權主義和強權政治不放的國家才是製造世界沖突和動蕩的根源。習主席提出的建構人類命運共同體理念，是中國「內和乃求外順，內和必致外和」的邏輯延伸，是中國作為一個負責任世界大國的價值追求。其帶給人類的不是貪婪索取，而是「民胞物與」的仁愛；呈現給世界的不是征服，而是「協和萬邦」的包容；帶給人類的不是戰爭，而是和平共處、共同繁榮。這正是中華民族作為一個底蘊深厚的古老民族對全人類長遠發展的智慧貢獻。

道義與利益

人類對戰爭起源的認識與思考，經歷了從直覺感性狀態，逐步上升到邏輯理性狀態的過程。 「即使是戰爭，也有規則。」在義利兼顧的思想天平上，中西軍事傳統各有側重地貫穿著「道義」原則和「利益」原則。

「義在利中，義中有利」的義利觀，是中國傳統文化的重要精髓，強調重義輕利、舍利取義、以義取利、見利思義。 “君子喻於義，小人喻於利”“君子愛財取之有道”，這些每個中國人都耳熟能詳的道德準則，已經成為我們民族的重要文化基因。在中國古代的經史子集中，幾乎沒有內容直白地宣揚戰爭的目的是為了掠奪利益，更多的是對此類戰爭的指責。墨家認為，進行戰爭是為了道義之誅，是為了誅無道；孟子指出，進行戰爭是為了誅獨夫，即如湯武革命；《荀子》強調，「兵者，所以禁暴除害也」。處於古代軍事理論主體地位的兵家，評價戰爭通常也以道德為準繩，講究用兵要考慮是否符合道德，講究“師出有名”，強調進行戰爭的目的是為了維護道義。

古代西方對戰爭問題的思考，始終貫穿利益之爭的原則。文藝復興時期著名的學者馬基雅維利直言：「為了實現國家利益，可以不講任何道德原則；只要達到目的，完全可以不擇手段」。由於在早期實踐和認識中都明顯地貫穿利益原則，歐洲中世紀以掠奪為目的的戰爭往往是赤裸裸的。西方歷次戰爭也在印證著這個結論，無論戰爭的起因是什麼，背後都有強勁的利益驅動。

如今，有些國家利用軍事優勢到處干涉，打著道義的幌子乾著攫取利益之事，把原本和平安寧的國家搞得支離破碎，原本清明祥和的世界搞得烏煙瘴氣。戰爭是政治的延續，而政治既是道義、更是經濟的集中表現，說到底，戰爭既要體現利益原則，也要體現道義原則。因此，秉持正確義利觀，堅持利益與道義的辯證統一，是軍事活動的根本要求，也只有這樣才能避免戰術上贏了、戰略上卻輸了的怪像出現。

精神與物質

人與物，作為戰爭力量的基本構成，不可偏廢。對此，拿破侖說，世界上只有兩種力量──利劍和精神。整體來看，中國傳統軍事思想文化強調謀略制敵，奉行智慧加力量的邏輯，更加重視軍人精神的培養，而西方傳統軍事思想文化重視強兵制勝，奉行力量加技術的邏輯，直至發展為技術決定論。

中國傳統哲學可稱為智慧哲學，中國傳統文化可稱為氣節文化，先賢們很多時候把名聲看得比生命還重要，更重視生命的社會意義及道德價值。古代兵家很早就認識到士氣的重要性，在論及戰爭觀、戰略思想以及治軍理念時對此常有經典論述，如「合軍聚眾，務在激氣」「氣實則鬥，氣奪則走」「勝在得威，敗在失氣」等，後來兵書中出現的「勵誌」「延氣」「氣戰」等專論。這反映出古人對作戰中精神因素的高度重視。韓信背水一戰、項羽破釜沉舟等成為軍事實踐典範。毛澤東同志在評價抗美援朝戰爭時做過形象的闡釋——敵人是“鋼多氣少”，而我們“鋼少氣多”。縱橫捭閔、神機妙算的謀略智慧和視死如歸、勇往直前的戰鬥精神，一直是我們創造戰爭奇蹟的重要法寶。

西方文明的思維常以自然為中心，並著重運用自然科學的成果。早在伯羅奔尼撒戰爭中，雅典海軍對戰船進行了精心的設計與裝備，是靠著戰船的高速度、機動性和沖撞力取勝的。中世紀，火器技術上的進步最終突破了封建騎士英雄主義的觀念桎梏。自此後，西方更加強調一隻眼盯著戰爭實踐，一隻眼盯著新技術。西方世界從1543年哥白尼出版《天體運行論》以來，科學技術便進入了狂飆突進的時期。正是在此背景下，西方的軍事技術異軍突起，成為殖民者掠奪和征服世界的有力工具。西方一直對接受新技術異常敏感。技術革新以及同等重要的對這種革新的迅速反應能力很快便成了西方軍事文化的特性。

目前，隨著科學技術飛速發展及其在軍事領域中的不斷應用，越來越顯示出物在戰爭中的巨大作用。特別是當下先進科技對軍事領域的影響是歷史上任何時期都無法比擬的。重器輕氣固然是片面的，但若矯枉過正，重氣輕器同樣也是片面的。戰爭實踐告訴我們：戰爭中的精神力量雖然在某種程度上可以彌補武器裝備的劣勢，但卻不是無限的。不重視武器裝備，精神在戰爭中的作用就無法最大限度地發揮出來，在戰爭中要取勝就會付出更大的代價。我們在堅持「決定戰爭勝負的是人而不是物」的唯物史觀的基礎之上，必須堅持人的因素與物的因素辯證統一，把謀略智慧和戰鬥精神插上科技翅膀，不斷提升戰鬥力的科技構成比例，把人的能動性與物的基礎性作用在更高水平上融合，全面提高軍隊戰鬥力。

防禦與進攻

進攻和防禦是作戰最基本的模式。古代中國非常重視民族融合與國家統一，十分強調防禦的地位，既要維護自己的民族獨立，又不向外擴張，而對於外來侵犯則採取積極防禦的戰略原則。古代西方則擴張主義盛行，主要著重對付外邦，更重視進攻。

中華文明誕生於黃河流域的中原腹地，是農耕社會，自古以來就是一個多民族的生存共同體。中國傳統文化強調穩定、守成、內斂，古代中國也一向認為自己是世界的中心。這些反映在軍事思想上，就是珍視統一、注重防禦，把安內作為軍事戰略之首務，把防禦擺在重要地位。中國古代典籍中，多見有關防禦的論述。在兵家最為繁盛的春秋戰國時期，孫武、吳起、孫臏等兵學大家在論兵時從總體上多強調防禦，而在論述進攻時，多從戰鬥和戰術的角度展開。墨子提出「非攻」的政治軍事觀念，傳世的《墨子》一書記述了墨子及其學派關於軍事防禦的深刻見解。中國古代的長城是防禦思想的物化標志，反映了不同時期統治者在軍事戰略上所共同遵循的指導思想：既主張維護自己民族的獨立又不向外擴張。著名學者費正清曾說，中國歷來強調防禦性戰爭，與歐洲帝國主義進攻理論截然不同。

古代西方具有爭雄稱霸的擴張傳統。西方文明發源於希臘半島，海洋文明「四海為家」的特性使其具有流動性和侵略性。當時那些國家的國防對象和戰爭鋒芒，多是指向異域外邦。西歐各民族除自己相互徵戰外，還經常聯合或獨立對外用兵，所到之處近至地中海沿岸，遠至亞非拉，處處體現了西方人崇尚武力、喜歡擴張與冒險的文化特徵。例如，歷史上多次爆發的亞述戰爭，其戰火席捲了西亞和北非，以亞述王國為中心，各國展開了混戰。凡是在西方古代史上擁有過輝煌，獨領過風騷的國家，無不具有強烈的征服欲。伴隨大國崛起的是擴張、霸權和戰爭，這就是西方文化中的國強必霸的理論。

當今世界百年未有之大變局加速演進，面對變亂交織的國際形勢，適應國家戰略利益發展的新要求，我們必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想，努力建設一支與我國地位相稱、與我國發展利益相適應的軍事力量，增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性，在更加廣闊的空間遂激進行、普遍安全的美好世界作貢獻。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16269993888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare

Chinese Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

Leave a comment

中國軍事智能化時代要求訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉變

現代英語：

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% in 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new combat forces as the leading element, highlight the formation and combat use of new combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new forces into the combat system, and make new combat force resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and taking the lead over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語：

曾海清

引言

當前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術，正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變，打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐，應該及時邁開智能化新步伐，實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵，不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”，助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變，升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來，高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用，正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵，升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野，緊跟智慧化發展趨勢，倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下，資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現，體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上，可以說「智」有多高，戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以，一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊，如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”，升級智能化作戰理念，加強智能化訓練理論研究，以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題，把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來，用先進技術設計戰爭，用智能手段演練戰爭，從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前，發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型，試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回，一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人，只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來，在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下，戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升，傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台，高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量，將只能在低層次徘徊，很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此，應該樹牢科技制勝理念，緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”，大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量，加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新技術新手段的實踐運用，從而揭開智能化戰爭的神秘面紗，掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變，建強智能化訓練條件

智能化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍訓的基礎支撐，直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境，需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展，在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰，空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元，單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突出智能化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗，充分挖潛現有訓練手段和訓練場地功能，加強大數據分析、智能穿戴設備、機器“深度學習”等技術應用，把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來，比如利用和地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示圖形直觀的三維空間、自然地、天誌化、天意交戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段，有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素，把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應注重加強數據聯動融合，打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術，貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的“數據池”；開發數據智能分析工具，借助雲計算、人工智能等先進技術，整合挖掘作戰數據；開發智能演訓系統，加大模擬仿真、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智能裁決等模擬訓練手段建設，整體推動軍事訓練手段向“科技+”“智能+”轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變，人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣，某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭，應該精準對接未來軍事需求，加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育，用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源，推動“指揮員”“戰鬥員”與“科學家”“技術家”融合發展，鍛造專業化、智能化的新型軍事體係與人才跨系統

強化智能裝備支撐。目前，世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展，無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮，一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練，一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此，應充分用好戰建備統籌機制，大力推進現有裝備“+智能”和新一代裝備“智能+”建設，堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改，以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智能化水平，兩端發力實現倍增效應，縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸，更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變，創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展，已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中，智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒，並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了，訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點，創新智慧化軍事訓練模式，在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點，突顯破解高端戰爭本質，持續深化強敵研究，以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手，搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式，集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動，瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練，瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練，瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練，在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位，形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變，使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹，美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化，俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智能屬性的新裝備越來越多，應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子，突出新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用，開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法，加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練，推動新質力量融入作戰體系，讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變，指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高，僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢，人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵，在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破，依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段，推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級，在精算和細算細算中決定敵情、先定行動方案。

（作者單位：中部戰區）來源：解放軍報 作者：曾海清 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-21 07:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/491612288.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知域戰, 認知域操作, 認知對抗, 認知領域操作, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰

China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

Leave a comment

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for my country’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and the long-term goal of basically achieving socialist modernization by 2035. In terms of national defense and military construction, the plenary session communiqué emphasized accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence. This strategic requirement is of great significance for improving the strategic capabilities of our military to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensuring the realization of the struggle goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army by 2027 and the basic realization of national defense and military modernization by 2035.

1. Fully understand the importance of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is based on the understanding and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military. In his report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi presided over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening national defense and military modernization, and put forward the strategic idea of ​​”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence”. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goals for implementation, which will greatly accelerate the pace of our military modernization.

On April 8, 2020, soldiers from the Sarang Border Defense Company of a border defense regiment of the Ali Military Sub-district in Tibet used drones to scout the terrain. Photo by Liu Xiaodong/Guangming Photo

In today’s world, driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution, a new wave of military revolution is coming. Artificial intelligence, quantum information, big data, cloud computing and other cutting-edge technologies are accelerating their application in the military field. Various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapon equipment systems have appeared in large numbers and put into modern battlefields. The form of war is rapidly evolving towards intelligent warfare after cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war and information war. Recently, the armed conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia has presented the world with a textbook drone war. People have seen drones destroying chariots, tanks and artillery as easily as “roll calling” on the Internet. This may become another sign of the advent of intelligent warfare.

According to relevant data, at present, at least more than 70 countries in the world are developing unmanned intelligent military platforms, and some military powers are stepping up the intelligent upgrade of their armed forces. In 2019, the United States announced the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, and launched the implementation of intelligent strategies at the national, military, and service levels. Nearly 80% of its “Third Offset Strategy” against China and Russia is closely related to artificial intelligence technology. The United States has already developed or used a large number of smart bombs, smart missiles, drones, robot soldiers, etc. The US military plans to achieve unmanned intelligentization of 60% of its ground combat platforms by 2030.

If our army wants to achieve modernization and remain invincible, it must stand at the forefront of the new military revolution and accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. The white paper “my country’s National Defense in the New Era” released by the Chinese government last year pointed out: “China’s military transformation with Chinese characteristics has made significant progress, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, the level of informationization needs to be improved urgently, and military security faces the risk of technological surprise and the widening of the technological gap. The level of military modernization is still far behind the national security needs and the world’s advanced military level.” At present, the intelligent development of our army has just started, and the development of mechanization and informationization is not sufficient. However, compared with the previous military revolutions led by the West, the technological gap of our army in the new round of military revolution is not large. We must seize the opportunities of the times, conform to the current development status of our army, and accelerate the integration of intelligence while promoting mechanization and informationization.

2. Correctly understand the connotation of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

From the perspective of the process of technology promoting combat effectiveness, mechanical technology amplifies human skills, information technology extends human perception, and artificial intelligence technology expands human intelligence. Mechanization, informationization, and intelligence are essentially amplification and efficiency enhancement of human ability to control war. Although these three empowerment methods are simple and complex, backward and advanced, and single-dimensional and multi-dimensional, they are inseparable from each other and are reflected as an inseparable unity in advanced equipment. Their development is like the first generation of jet fighters focusing on breakthroughs in engines, the second generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in aerodynamics, the third generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in system integration, and the fourth generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in intelligence. It is a process of mutual penetration, gradual progression, orderly dependence, and inclusiveness. Without the former “one transformation”, there would be no latter “two transformations”. Intelligence is a higher form of development and undoubtedly needs to be accelerated, but this does not mean that mechanization and informationization can be avoided, because if mechanization and informationization are skipped and the focus of construction is fully shifted to intelligence, intelligence will become a “castle in the air”, and haste makes waste.

In a certain sea area, multiple types of carrier-based aircraft of the Liaoning aircraft carrier are arrayed on the deck. Xinhua News Agency

Intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness, is the development direction of future military construction and war, and is the leader in accelerating the integration of the “three transformations”. We must take advantage of the direction of intelligence to seek a generational advantage in military construction and future operations. Informatization is the leading factor. Informatization plays a connecting role between intelligence and mechanization, and is in a dominant position in the integration of the “three transformations”. At present, information capabilities still play a major role in the generation of combat effectiveness of our army, and the informatization of weapons and equipment is still in the main aspect. We should aim at intelligence to accelerate the upgrading and transformation of informatized weapons and equipment, form an equipment system with informatized weapons and equipment as the backbone, and improve the system combat capability based on information systems. Mechanization is the foundation. Mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization. Intelligent technology and information technology have greatly improved the accuracy and reaction speed of weapons, but to achieve “accurate, far and fast” is inseparable from a strong combat platform and power capability, and to “hit hard” depends on the improvement of weapon power. Our army’s mechanization foundation is not strong, and it still owes a “debt” for mechanization development in the information age. It is necessary to promote the construction of new mechanization at the same time.

To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, with the focus on accelerating intelligent development, we must have a strong sense of opportunity and urgency. We cannot wait until mechanization and informatization are fully developed and then advance intelligent development step by step. Instead, we must seize the opportunities of the scientific and technological revolution and take extraordinary measures to promote intelligence.

3. Find the focus of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Among all the reasons for backwardness, backwardness in ideology is the most fundamental. After studying the success and failure of military reforms in history, British military expert Liddell Hart said that the only thing more difficult than instilling new ideas in a soldier is to remove his old ideas. Those who can successfully keep up with the pace of changes in the form of war and successfully push forward military reforms all regard changing old ideas and establishing new ideas as their top priority. To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, we must have a brainstorming and conceptual revolution. We must have the courage to break through the mindset of mechanized warfare and even information warfare, establish ideas and concepts that are compatible with intelligent warfare, strengthen system thinking, data thinking, and algorithmic thinking, break the mindset of “winning by quantity and scale”, and firmly establish the concept of “winning by quality and efficiency”; break the mindset of “labor-intensive development” and firmly establish the concept of “intelligence-intensive development”; break the mindset of “passive use of weapons and equipment” and firmly establish the concept of “machine autonomous dominance”; break the mindset of “relying only on manned platforms for combat”, and firmly establish the concept of “unmanned, human-machine integrated platform combat”, etc., use new ideas and concepts to open up ideas for integrated development and seek ways to accelerate development.

The core of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to accelerate the development of intelligence, and the key factor is to promote scientific and technological innovation. Whether it is hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms, weapons and ammunition, or software centered on combat data, algorithms, and models, all require strong scientific and technological innovation to support. Science and technology are core combat power and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Under the great changes that have not been seen in a century, the United States has put pressure on us in all fields, especially in the field of high-tech, increasing its blockade and containment of us. Scientific and technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on the overall national and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our army as it does today. We must vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, insist on demanding combat power from scientific and technological innovation, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading.

The key to accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to strengthen the support of talents. Fundamentally speaking, it is a challenge of intelligence and cutting-edge technology. In particular, with the in-depth development of intelligence, the relationship between people and weapons will inevitably be reshaped, and there will inevitably be leapfrog requirements for people’s quality. The human factor in future wars will be concentrated in the talent factor. The strength of talents determines the success or failure of development. We must implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents, highlight the construction of key talent teams such as joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents. We must implement the “Decision on Accelerating the Construction of a Three-in-One New Military Talent Training System” recently issued by the Central Military Commission, give full play to the main channel role of military academy education, adhere to the battlefield and the troops, update the education concept, deepen the teaching reform, and take the connotation-based development path with improving the quality of talent training as the core. We must give full play to the melting pot role of the troops’ training practice, focus on promoting knowledge transformation and capability generation, and let officers and soldiers practice skills and talents in promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” and military struggle preparation, and experience the wind and rain and be tempered in completing urgent, difficult and dangerous tasks. We must give full play to the role of military vocational education as a large classroom, focus on improving professional literacy, professional quality, and job skills, and expand and consolidate the knowledge and ability base of new military talents through continuous learning and in-depth specialized research.

Guangming Daily (November 8, 2020, p. 05)

現代國語：

【講武堂】

作者：吳志忠（軍事科學院軍隊政治工作創新發展研究中心研究員）

黨的十九屆五中全會對十四五時期我國經濟社會發展和二〇三五年基本實現社會主義現代化遠景目標作了戰略部署。在國防和軍隊建設方面，全會公報強調加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。這項戰略性要求對於提高我軍捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力，確保二〇二七年實現百年建軍奮鬥目標、二〇三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化具有重要意義。

1.充分認識加快「三化」融合發展的重要性

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，是基於對習近平強軍思想的領悟落實。習主席在黨的十九大報告中就指出，「加速軍事智能化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。今年八一建軍節前夕，習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時，提出“加快機械化信息化智能化融合發展”這一戰略思想，黨的十九屆五中全會對此作了進一步強調部署，並納入十四五規劃和二〇三五遠景目標中加以實現以實現現代化，這必將加快發展步伐。

2020年4月8日，西藏阿里軍分區某邊防團薩讓邊防連官兵利用無人機偵察地形。劉曉東攝/光明圖片

當今世界，在新一輪科技革命推動下，新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來，人工智慧、量子資訊、大數據、雲計算等前沿科技加速運用軍事領域，各種無人作戰平台和智慧化武器裝備系統大量出現並投入現代戰場，戰爭形態繼冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭之後智能化戰爭快速演變。最近，阿塞拜疆和亞美尼亞兩國的武裝沖突，給世人呈現出一場頗具教科書意義的無人機戰爭，人們在網絡上看到無人機像「點名」一樣輕松擊毀戰車、坦克、火砲，這或許成為智能化戰爭來臨的又一時代標志。

據有關資料，目前世界上至少有70多個國家在發展無人智慧化軍用平台，部分軍事強國加緊推進軍隊智慧化升級。 2019年，美國公佈《國家人工智慧戰略》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等，啟動實施國家、軍隊、軍種層面智慧化戰略，其針對中俄的“第三次抵消戰略”，有接近80%的項目與人工智能技術密切相關，美已經大量開發或使用靈巧炸彈、智能導彈、無人機、機器人士兵等，美軍計劃到2030年60%的智能化地面作戰。

我軍要實現現代化、立於不敗之地，就必須站立新軍事革命的潮頭，加速推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。我國政府去年發布的《新時代的中國國防》白皮書指出：「中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設任務尚未完成，信息化水平亟待提高，軍事安全面臨技術突襲和技術代差被拉大的風險，軍隊現代化水平與國家安全需求相比差距還很大，與世界先進軍事水平相比差距還很大。差距並不大，我們要把握好時代機遇，契合我軍發展現狀，在推進機械化資訊化時加快融入智能化。

2.正確理解加速「三化」融合發展的內涵

從技術推動戰鬥力生成歷程看，機械技術放大人的技能，資訊化技術延伸人的感知，人工智慧技術拓展人的智能，機械化資訊化智能化本質上是對人駕馭戰爭的能力放大增效。這三種賦能方式雖然有簡單與復雜、落後與先進、單維與多維差別，但三者之間你中有我、我中有你，在先進裝備上體現為不可分割的統一體，其發展如同第一代噴氣式戰鬥機重在突破發動機、第二代戰鬥機重在突破空氣動力、第三代戰鬥機重在突破系統上、相互影響推進過程。沒有前“一化”就沒有後“兩化”，智能化是發展的更高形態，無疑需要加快發力，但這絕不意味著可以不要機械化信息化，因為如果跳過機械化信息化，把建設重點全面轉向智能化，智能化就會成為“空中樓閣”，反而欲速則不達。

在某海域，遼寧艦多型艦載機列陣甲板。新華社發

智慧化代表先進戰鬥力，是未來軍隊建設和戰爭的發展方向，是加快「三化」融合發展的龍頭，要以智慧化「化」出來的方向優勢，謀取軍隊建設和未來作戰的代差勝勢。資訊化是主導。資訊化在智慧化和機械化之間，起著承上啟下的作用，在「三化」融合發展過程中處於主導地位。目前，資訊能力在我軍戰鬥力生成模式中仍然起著主要作用，武器裝備資訊化建設還處於主要方面，我們應瞄準智能化加快推進信息化武器裝備升級改造，形成以信息化武器裝備為骨幹的裝備體系，提高基於信息系統的體係作戰能力。機械化則是基礎。機械化是智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎和載體。智慧技術、資訊技術大大提高了武器的命中精度和反應速度，但要實現「打得準、打得遠、打得快」離不開強有力的作戰平台和動力能力，而要「打得狠」則要依靠武器威力的提升。我軍機械化底子還不厚，進入資訊化時代仍欠機械化發展的“賬”，有必要同時推進新型機械化建設。

加速「三化」融合發展，重點在於加速智慧化發展，要有強烈的機遇意識與緊迫感，不能等機械化資訊化充分發展後，再按部就班推進智慧化發展，而必須抓住科技革命機遇，採取超常措施推進智慧化。

3.找準加快「三化」融合發展的著力點

在一切落後所導致的原因中，思想觀念的落後最為根本。英國軍事家利德爾·哈特在研究歷史上軍事變革的成敗後說，唯一比向軍人灌輸新觀念更難的是去除他的舊觀念。能成功跟上戰爭形態變化步伐，成功將軍事變革推向前進的，無不把改變舊觀念、樹立新觀念作為首要任務。加速「三化」融合發展，必須來一場頭腦風暴和觀念革命，要勇於突破機械化戰爭乃至信息化戰爭的思維定勢，樹立與智能化戰爭相適應的思想觀念，強化體系思維、數據思維、算法思維，破除「以數量規模取勝」的思維定勢，牢固的設備確立“支持質量支持”的被動理念；主導」的理念；破除「僅依靠有人平台作戰」的思維定勢，穩固確立「無人、人機融合平台作戰」的理念等，用新的思想觀念打開融合發展思路，謀取加快發展出路。

個人資料圖片

加速「三化」融合發展的核心是加速智慧化發展，關鍵因素是推進科技創新，無論是作戰平台、武器彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件，還是以作戰數據、演算法、模型等為核心的軟件，無不需要強大的科技創新作支撐。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性因素。在百年未有之大變局下，美對我實施全領域施壓，尤其在高新技術領域加大對我封鎖遏制。科技創新從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家和軍事戰略全局，從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。我們必須大力實施科技強軍戰略，把國防科技創新放在更突出的位置，堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力，實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變。

加快「三化」融合發展的要害的是強化人才支撐，從根本上說是智能力和前沿科技的挑戰，特別是隨著智能化深入發展，人與武器的關係必將重塑，對人的素質必然有跳躍式要求，未來戰爭中人的因素，將集中體現為人才因素，人才的強弱決定著發展的成敗。我們要深入實施人才強軍戰略，突顯強化聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高水準戰略管理人才等重點人才隊伍建設。要貫徹落實中央軍委最近剛剛印發的《關於加快推進三位一體新型軍事人才培養體系建設的決定》，發揮軍隊院校教育的主渠道作用，堅持面向戰場、面向部隊，更新教育理念，深化教學改革，走以提高人才培養質量為核心的內涵式發展道路。要發揮部隊訓練實踐的大熔爐作用，聚焦促進知識轉化、能力生成，讓官兵在推進「三化」融合發展和軍事鬥爭準備中練本領、長才幹，在完成急難險重任務中經風雨、受歷練。要發揮軍事職業教育的大課堂作用，圍繞提升職業素養、專業品質、崗位技能，在持續學習、專項深研中，拓展夯實新型軍事人才知識與能力基礎。

《光明日報》（ 2020年11月08日 05版）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ss_208539/9932394888.html