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China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰, 軍隊「三化」融合聚焦探索戰力生成

軍隊「三化」融合聚焦探索戰力生成

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Integration of “Three Modernizations” within the Chinese Military Focusing on Exploring Combat Effectiveness Generation

【資訊×（火力+機動性）】情報

——「三化」融合中的戰鬥力生成模型分析

●戰鬥力生成模式的轉變不是“你唱我就出現”，而是新戰鬥力因素與原有戰鬥力因素相互作用的過程。 這種交互過程會因新戰力因素的不同特性而改變。

●隨著智慧無人武器平台不斷進入戰爭舞台，人工智慧決策和演算法對抗為戰鬥力的生成增添了新的智慧因素。 作戰體系的對抗方式也從資訊主導的火力平台轉向以人、網路和機器的群體智慧引發認知對抗，推動「資訊×（火力+機動性）」的戰鬥力生成模式和進化到更高級的「【資訊×（火力+機動性）】」智能。

目前，現代戰爭正處於機械化、資訊化、智能化（以下簡稱「三化」）融合發展的十字路口。 探索「三化」融合條件下戰鬥力生成模式的內在規律，對於洞察新的戰爭制勝機制、掌握未來戰場主動權至關重要。 權利具有重要意義。

「火力+」的演變：融合

戰鬥力生成模式的轉變不是“你唱我上台”，而是新戰鬥力因素與原有戰鬥力因素相互作用的過程。 這種交互過程因新的戰鬥力要素的不同特性而改變。

機械化時代之前的疊加模式。 縱觀人類歷史，戰力的生成模式一直以「+」的方式演變。 從石器時代人的體力和技能的疊加，到冷兵器時代刀劍穿透力的加成，再到火藥時代火力的注入，再到機械化時代機動性的產生，軍事戰鬥力生成模型遵循疊加法。 形成了「體力+穿透力+火力+機動性」的發揮方式。 這種以疊加為特徵的戰鬥力生成模式，使人多勢眾的軍隊在戰場上具有壓倒性的優勢。 同時，雖然資訊的力量在戰場上一直起著決定性的作用，諸如「知己知彼，百戰不殆」就體現了資訊在古代戰場上的重要性。 但由於種種條件，“知己知彼”並不能完全保證“知己知彼”，“知己知彼”則更難。 資訊力量成為戰鬥力因素中最不可控的環節，從而在戰鬥力的生成中發揮從屬作用。

資訊時代的資訊乘數模型。 網路資訊時代，泛在網路提供了無所不包的訊息，促進了資訊的無所不在。 也將人們在資訊互動過程中引入「網路-資訊」空間； 而資訊單元的嵌入、智慧微塵的分散、微納感測器的部署，將坦克、戰鬥機、火砲、船等機械系統轉變為「資訊物理」系統。 在此過程中，資訊力、火力、機動性跨界鏈接，在戰鬥力的生成方式上產生疊加之外的乘法關係，呈現出「資訊×（火力+機動性）」的新方式。 這種以資訊力量為乘數因素的戰鬥力模型，首先是由資訊力量滲透火力和機動性的特徵決定的； 其次，資訊力量的地位高於火力和機動性； 第三，資訊力的強弱，可能由戰鬥力倍增或負荷銳減決定。 這遵循資訊力量的不確定性，取決於資訊與戰場情勢的匹配程度。

智慧時代的智慧指數模型。 人類從未停止對戰鬥力生成規律的探索。 近年來，隨著智慧無人武器平台不斷進入戰爭舞台，人工智慧決策和演算法對抗為戰鬥效果的生成增添了新的智慧化因素。

文尼斯。 作戰系統的對抗方式也從資訊主導的火力平台轉變為基於人、網路和機器的群體智慧所能獲勝的認知對抗，推動「資訊×資訊」的戰鬥力生成模式。（火力+機動性）」並進化到更高級的「【資訊×（火力+機動性）】智能」階段。 這種以「智力」為指數因子的戰鬥力生成模式的核心，是從最初的火力、機動性、資訊的對抗走向人類最高層次的對抗——認知對抗。 雖然現階段這種戰鬥發電模式尚未大規模應用於實戰，但未來它將成為高強度對抗的主角。 其對戰鬥力的影響源自於人工智慧，表現在三個方面：一是把人類從越來越礦山的「資訊困境」中解放出來； 其次，賦予無人系統武器自主攻擊和防禦能力； 第三，機器學習和演算法最佳化提供了不同於人類指揮和決策的全新解決方案。

「資訊×」的本質：賦能

當機械化時代的火力和機動性遇到物理極限時，資訊就成為戰鬥力產生的穿透性因素。 它以訊號、知識和指令的形式穿越物理域、認知域和社會域，產生資訊互動、資訊傳播、資訊力量賦能其他戰鬥力因素等效果。

資訊賦能指揮與控制，將其提升到「藝術+科學」的新高度。 傳統戰場上的資訊受到感知、傳輸和處理手段的限制，處於不完整、不準確、非即時狀態。 在這種資訊狀態下指揮控制活動的對抗，只能依靠指揮官的策略賦予「藝術」生命力。「三化」一體化條件下，戰場資訊極為豐富，資訊的準確性、完整性、及時性得到大幅提升，從而推動指揮決策從單純的人腦規劃向機器計算、模型優化、規則適應邁上新台階；指揮員減少了因主觀推測或假設信息匱乏，從原來的“現狀”到預測“未來形勢”進入新的預測層面；作戰平台的對抗注入了數學模型計算的計算成分，大大提高了「科學」成分的作戰指揮。

資訊賦能火力，使其走向「精準釋放」新形態。 傳統資訊賦能火力，主要為火力單位提供目標的總結資訊。 這就是為什麼傳統戰場上需要火力覆蓋、火力延伸和火力壓制的原因。 「三化」融合條件下，戰場資訊賦能火力。 在追蹤定位目標時，為火力平台提供公分級目標位置資訊和目標運動軌跡等數學資訊； 在規劃作戰任務時，指揮官利用泛在網路上資訊的流動和流動，在系統中關聯出最適合執行任務的兵力和武器，形成基於資訊利益相關者的動態“作戰力量圈”，大大減少了系統中的冗餘負荷。作戰系統的運作並實現作戰系統的精確度。 匹配; 在火力打擊行動中，火力平台內嵌的信息單元將對比分析目標來襲軌蹟的實時變化信息，以及目標可能採取的躲避策略信息，並結合火力打擊方法，消防平台的時機和策略。 ，實現目標發現、姿態調整、攻擊時機等全過程「資訊-火力」互動。

資訊賦能移動，引領移動進入「即時存取」的新境界。 傳統作戰體系中的機動性主要指陸上平台、海上平台、空中平台的機動速度。 受指揮關係、部署區域和反應延遲的影響，平台的機動性往往受到限制。 「三化」融合條件下的武器裝備處於即時網路線上狀態，所有武器平台的機動性匯聚成類似「資源池」的東西。 當戰鬥系統感知到

外部威脅訊息，距離威脅發生的地方最近。 任務規劃系統提取最適合應對威脅、最快感知威脅的武器來執行即時作戰行動。 這大大提高了作戰系統的瞬時響應能力。 在「匯集」效應下，不同作戰平台的機動性超越了時間、空間和指揮關係的分離，成為「即時可達」機動性的新狀態。

「智慧指數」注入：跨越式變革

戰鬥發電模式中智慧指標的注入「[資訊]戰鬥系統三個面向包括戰鬥結構、計算資源和戰鬥模型。

戰鬥結構的適應性調整會產生情報。 「三化」融合條件下的作戰體係是一個基於網路的複雜系統。 在這個複雜的系統中，有大量的網路存取節點，用戶連線的特徵是分散。 這些特點使得戰鬥系統在運作過程中始終從混亂狀態走向穩定狀態。 然後由於外界的刺激，系統的運作狀態出現不平衡，進入新的混沌狀態。 系統各要素相互作用、相互連結、相互協調，系統逐漸進入新的穩定狀態。 當然，戰鬥系統並不是一個可以自由成長的複雜系統。 這種自我一致性或自適應調整不僅來自於指揮官對系統內部隊和武器的決策、任務規劃、行動控制和作戰協調，也來自於每個成員根據自身行動採取的行動。 預先商定的規則自主做出相關反應，以及每個成員在依照規則運作的過程中自己學習或演化出的相關規則。 戰鬥系統在自洽的過程中，化解相關要素之間的衝突，清除系統中的痛點、斷點、阻塞點，使系統進入融合共生的狀態，激發要素結合產生新的戰鬥力。結構。 力量。

計算資源的自適應分配產生智慧。 贏的越多，贏的就越少。 傳統戰場上的「算計」依賴指揮官的規劃、計畫、預測和策略。 它面臨三個問題：一是計算主體是一個或極少數個別指揮官； 二、計算過程首先是戰鬥相關資訊的線性疊加； 三是計算結果是靜態的、滯後於實際情況的結論。 「三化」融合下的戰場作戰系統的運算能力，除了指揮官的心算外，還得益於「雲+邊緣+終端」的運算資源部署模式，即大型雲端運算中心提供強大的高階算力支持，作戰系統邊緣配置的「作戰雲」提供客製化算力支持，內嵌資訊單元的智慧端對感測平台的目標訊號進行初級處理。 這種運算資源分配模型很好地適應了戰場資訊豐富、網路傳輸資源有限、不同作戰單位資訊處理需求差異很大的特徵。 計算資源和計算任務很好地融合在一起。 配對後，指揮官、作戰人員、情報中心、作戰平台等都能得到有效的算力支持，大大增加了戰場上「多重機率勝利」的機率。

戰鬥模型的自適應最佳化會產生情報。 人腦對抗中的策略往往會受到人類生理特徵的影響，例如緊張、慣性思考、危險迴避等，這些人性中的「智力缺陷」可以被機器決策有效克服。 2020年8月20日，一名參加美國空軍「阿爾法空戰競賽」的人類飛行員表示，「AI戰鬥機之所以優越，是因為它極具攻擊性。 它使用人類飛行員不常用的攻擊方法來進行操作，這讓人類飛行員非常不舒服。” 這足以證明「三化」融合條件下戰場上機器植入的作戰模式與人類指揮官在決策過程中使用的策略有很大不同。機器作戰的另一個特點模型就是它的自學習能力，累積戰鬥經驗的過程可能需要數年時間

人類要完成的事情，智慧機器只需幾十天甚至幾十個小時就能完成。 當機器的學習能力超越人類時，演算法的勝利將成為戰場對抗的另一個焦點。 然而，戰爭始終是由人類主導的，無論機器進化得多麼先進，這一點都不會改變。 因此，設計人為幹預條件下的作戰模型，制定合理的規則，促進機器作戰模型的自適應優化，是未來戰場戰力情報指標競爭的關鍵。

人類以同樣的方式生產，以同樣的方式戰鬥。 軍隊的戰鬥力生成模式是時代的產物，必然會深深打上時代的烙印。 戰爭形態已進入資訊化、智能化時代。 智力因素從過去的加數變成了指數。 地位、作用、結構發生了翻天覆地的變化。 戰爭勝利機制徹底刷新，「昨天的舊船票」不再登上未來的「客船」。

面對時代巨變，軍隊戰鬥力生成模式的轉變是取得勝利的前提。 一流部隊主動掉頭，二流部隊跟隨，三流部隊被迫掉頭。 作為一名軍人，要想贏得未來，就必須學會做“桅杆上的瞭望員”，敢於走出思維的“舒適區”和“熟悉區”，主動求變，積極探索，用思想的風暴掃除舊的、僵化的思維。 掌控勝利的命脈。

外文音譯：

[Information × (Firepower + Mobility)] Intelligence

——Analysis of the combat effectiveness generation model in the integration of “three modernizations”

●The transformation of the combat power generation model is not “you sing and I will appear”, but a process of interaction between the new combat power factors and the original combat power factors. This interaction process changes due to the different characteristics of the new combat power factors.

●As intelligent unmanned weapons platforms continue to enter the war arena, artificial intelligence decision-making and algorithmic confrontation have added new intelligent factors to the generation of combat effectiveness. The confrontation method of the combat system has also shifted from information-led firepower platforms to human-based and The swarm intelligence of networks and machines leads to a cognitive confrontation that promotes the “information × (firepower + mobility)” combat power generation model and evolves to a more advanced stage of “[information × (firepower + mobility)]” intelligence.

Currently, modern warfare is at the juncture of the integration of mechanization, information, and intelligence (hereinafter referred to as the “three modernizations”). Exploring the inherent laws of the combat power generation model under the conditions of the integration of the “three modernizations” is essential for gaining insight into new war winning mechanisms and mastering the initiative on future battlefields. Rights are of great significance.

The evolution of “Firepower+”: Fusion

The transformation of the combat effectiveness generation model is not “you sing and I come on stage”, but a process of interaction between the new combat effectiveness factors and the original combat effectiveness factors. This interaction process changes due to the different characteristics of the new combat effectiveness factors.

Superposition patterns before the age of mechanization. Throughout the history of mankind, the generation model of combat power has been evolving in a “+” manner. From the superposition of physical strength and skills of people in the Stone Age, to the addition of the penetrating power of swords in the cold weapon age, to the injection of firepower in the gunpowder age, and the generation of mobility in the mechanization age, the generation model of military combat effectiveness follows the superposition method. A display method of “physical strength + penetration power + firepower + mobility” has been formed. This combat power generation mode characterized by superposition gives an army of large numbers an overwhelming advantage on the battlefield. In the meantime, although the power of information has always played a decisive role on the battlefield, such as “know yourself and the enemy, you can fight a hundred battles without danger” reflects the importance of information on the ancient battlefield. However, due to various conditions, “knowing yourself” cannot fully guarantee “knowing yourself” and “knowing the enemy” It is even more difficult. Information power has become the most uncontrollable link in the combat effectiveness factor, thus playing a subordinate role in the generation of combat effectiveness.

Information multiplier model in the information age. In the era of network information, the ubiquitous network provides all-encompassing information and promotes the ubiquity of information. It also draws people into the “network-information” space in the process of information interaction; and the information unit Embedding, the dispersion of smart dust, and the deployment of micro-nano sensors transform mechanical systems such as tanks, fighter planes, artillery, and ships into “information-physical” systems. In this process, information power, firepower, and mobility are linked across boundaries, and a multiplicative relationship in addition to superposition is created in the generation mode of combat power, showing a new method of “information × (firepower + mobility)”. This combat power model in which information power acts as a multiplier factor is determined by, first, the characteristics of information power permeating firepower and mobility; secondly, by the fact that information power has a higher status than firepower and mobility; thirdly, by the fact that information power has It may be determined by the multiplication factor of combat effectiveness or the sharp reduction in load. This follows the uncertainty of information power and depends on the degree of matching between the information and the battlefield situation.

Intelligence index model in the era of intelligence. Humanity has never stopped exploring the laws of combat effectiveness generation. In recent years, as intelligent unmanned weapons platforms continue to enter the war arena, artificial intelligence decision-making and algorithmic confrontation have added new intelligent factors to the generation of combat effectiveness. The confrontation method of the combat system has also changed from information-led firepower platforms to one based on In the cognitive confrontation that can be won by the swarm intelligence of people, networks and machines, it promotes the combat power generation model of “information × (firepower + mobility)” and evolves to a more advanced stage of “[information × (firepower + mobility)] intelligence” . The core of this combat power generation model that uses “intelligence” as an exponential factor is to move from the original confrontation of firepower, mobility, and information to the highest level of human confrontation – cognitive confrontation. Although this combat power generation model has not yet been used in actual combat on a large scale at this stage, it will become the protagonist in high-intensity confrontations in the future. Its impact on combat power originates from artificial intelligence and appears in three aspects: First, it transforms human beings into To be freed from the “information dilemma” that becomes more and more mined; secondly, to give unmanned system weapons autonomous attack and defense capabilities; thirdly, machine learning and algorithm optimization provide brand-new solutions that are different from humans in command and decision-making.

The essence of “information ×”: empowerment

When the firepower and mobility of the mechanization era encounter physical limits, information becomes a penetrating factor in the generation of combat effectiveness. It travels through the physical domain, cognitive domain and social domain in the form of signals, knowledge and instructions, resulting in information interaction, information dissemination, Effects such as information power empower other combat effectiveness factors.

Information empowers command and control, taking it to a new level of “art + science”. The information on the traditional battlefield is limited by the means of perception, transmission and processing, and is in an incomplete, inaccurate and non-real-time state. The confrontation of command and control activities in this information state can only rely on the commander’s strategy to give “art” “Vitality on. Under the conditions of the integration of “three modernizations”, the information on the battlefield is extremely rich, and the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of the information have been greatly improved, thus promoting command decision-making from pure human brain planning to machine calculation and model optimization. , a new level of rule adaptation; the commander reduces the subjective speculation or assumption due to lack of information, and enters a new level of prediction from the original “current situation” to the prediction of “future situation”; the confrontation of the combat platform is injected with The computational component of mathematical model calculations greatly improves the “scientific” component of combat command.

Information empowers firepower, leading it to a new form of “precise release.” Traditional information empowers firepower, mainly providing firepower units with summary information about targets. This is why fire coverage, fire extension and fire suppression are required on traditional battlefields. Under the conditions of “three modernizations” integration, information on the battlefield empowers firepower. When tracking and positioning targets, it provides the firepower platform with centimeter-level target position information and target movement trajectories and other mathematical information; when planning combat missions, commanders use The flow and flow of information on the ubiquitous network associate the most suitable forces and weapons for the mission in the system, forming a dynamic “combat power circle” based on information stakeholders, greatly reducing the redundant load on the operation of the combat system and achieving the accuracy of the combat system. Matching; during a fire strike operation, the information unit embedded in the fire platform will compare and analyze the real-time change information of the target’s incoming trajectory, as well as information about the evasion strategies that the target may adopt, with the fire strike method, timing and strategy of the fire platform. , to achieve “information-firepower” interaction in the entire process of target finding, attitude adjustment, attack timing, etc.

Information empowers mobility, leading it to a new state of “instant access”. The mobility in the traditional combat system mainly refers to the maneuvering speed of land platforms, sea platforms, and air platforms. Affected by command relationships, deployment areas, and response delays, the mobility of platforms is often limited. Weapons and equipment under the conditions of “three modernizations” integration are in a real-time network online state, and the mobility of all weapon platforms converges into something similar to a “resource pool.” When the combat system senses external threat information, it is closest to the place where the threat occurs. The weapons that are most suitable for responding to threats and the fastest to perceive threats are extracted by the mission planning system to perform real-time combat operations. This greatly improves the instantaneous response capability of the combat system. Under the “pooling” effect, the mobility of different combat platforms transcends the separation of time, space and command relationships, and becomes a new state of “instantly accessible” mobility.

Infusion of “Intelligence Index”: Leap Change

The injection of intelligence index in the combat power generation mode “[Information The three aspects of the combat system include combat structure, computing resources and combat models.

Adaptive adjustment of combat structures generates intelligence. The combat system under the conditions of the integration of “three modernizations” is a complex system based on the network. In this complex system, there are a large number of network access nodes, and the characteristic of user connection is decentralization. These characteristics make the combat system always go from a chaotic state to a stable state during operation. Then due to external stimulation, the operating state of the system is unbalanced and enters a new chaotic state. The interaction of various elements of the system , mutual relations, and mutual coordination, the system gradually enters a new stable state again. Of course, a combat system is not a complex system that can grow freely. This self-consistency or adaptive adjustment comes not only from the commander’s decision-making, mission planning, action control, and combat coordination of the forces and weapons in the system, but also from the actions of each member based on their actions. The pre-agreed rules make relevant responses autonomously, as well as the relevant rules that each member learns or evolves by themselves in the process of operating according to the rules. In the process of self-consistency, the combat system resolves the conflicts between related elements, clears the pain points, breakpoints and blocking points in the system, brings it into a state of integration and symbiosis, and stimulates the combination of elements to produce new structures. force.

Adaptive allocation of computing resources produces intelligence. The more you win, the less you win. “Calculation” on the traditional battlefield relies on the commander’s planning, planning, prediction and strategy. It faces three problems: first, the subject of calculation is one or a very small number of individual commanders; second, the calculation process The first is the linear superposition of combat-related information; the third is the conclusion that the calculation result is static and lags behind the situation. The computing power of the combat system on the battlefield under the integration of “three modernizations”, in addition to the commander’s mental calculations, also benefits from the “cloud + edge + terminal” computing resource deployment model, that is, large cloud computing centers provide powerful high-end Computing power support, the “combat cloud” configured at the edge of the combat system provides customized computing power support, and the intelligent end with embedded information units performs primary processing of the target signals of the sensing platform. This computing resource allocation model is well adapted to the characteristics of the battlefield where information is abundant, network transmission resources are limited, and different combat units have very different information processing needs. Computing resources and computing tasks are well integrated. When matched, commanders, combat personnel, intelligence centers, combat platforms, etc. can all receive effective computing power support, which greatly increases the probability of “multi-probability victory” on the battlefield.

Adaptive optimization of combat models generates intelligence. Strategies in human brain confrontation are often affected by human physiological characteristics, such as nervousness, inertial thinking, danger avoidance, etc. These “intelligent flaws” in human nature can be effectively overcome by machine decision-making. On August 20, 2020, a human pilot who participated in the U.S. Air Force’s “Alpha Air Combat Competition” said, “The AI ​​fighter plane is superior because it is extremely aggressive. It uses attack methods that are not commonly used by human pilots to carry out operations, which makes human pilots very uncomfortable.” “. This is enough to prove that the combat model implanted in the machines on the battlefield under the conditions of “three modernizations” integration is very different from the strategies used by human commanders in the decision-making process. Another feature of the machine combat model is its self-learning ability. The process of accumulating combat experience that may take years for humans to complete can be completed by intelligent machines in only dozens of days or even dozens of hours. When the learning ability of machines surpasses that of humans, algorithmic victory will become another focus in battlefield confrontations. However, wars are always led by humans, and this will not change no matter how advanced the machines evolve. Therefore, designing a combat model under human intervention conditions and formulating reasonable rules to promote the adaptive optimization of machine combat models are the key to the competition of combat effectiveness intelligence index on the future battlefield.

Only by proactively seeking change can we win the times

In the same way that humans produce, they fight in the same way. The military’s combat effectiveness generation model is a product of the times and will inevitably be deeply marked by the times. The form of war has entered the era of informationization and intelligence. The intelligence factor has changed from an addend in the past to an exponential. The status, role and structure have undergone earth-shaking changes. The mechanism for winning wars has been completely refreshed, and “yesterday’s old tickets” can no longer board the “passenger ships” of the future.

Facing the great changes of the times, the military’s transformation of its combat effectiveness generation model is a prerequisite for victory. The first-rate troops took the initiative to turn around, the second-rate troops followed suit, and the third-rate troops were forced to turn around. As a soldier, to win in the future, you must learn to be a “lookout on the mast”, dare to step out of the “comfort zone” and “familiar zone” of thinking, take the initiative to seek change, actively explore, and use the storm of ideas to sweep away the old and rigid thinking. Take control of the lifeblood of victory.

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4888828.html

Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰, 贏得現代戰爭認知領域作戰的關鍵

中國軍隊贏得現代戰爭認知領域作戰的關鍵

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Chinese Military Key to Winning Modern Warfare Cognitive Domain Operations

縱觀現代戰爭，認知博弈已成為攻防的焦點。 是否精通認知領域的作戰策劃，將大大影響戰爭的方向和結果。 深刻理解認知域作戰的內涵、外延和範疇樣式，精確掌握其勝利機制與發展趨勢，是理解戰場脈絡、打贏現代戰爭的關鍵。

認知域作戰是兵棋新焦點

與傳統作戰不同，認知域作戰不再侷限於陸地、海洋、空中、太空、電力、網路等領域。 它突破了傳統的物理域和資訊域。 具有獨特優勢，呈現新特點，拓展現代戰場新領域。

認知域作戰拓展了戰爭域空間。 首先，認知領域的戰場空間廣闊，主要體現在人的精神、心理、思考、信念等認知活動。 其打擊對象主要是敵對國家元首和政治人物、軍事人員、社會菁英和廣大民眾。 其次，認知域作戰的形式多種多樣，包括但不限於政治外交壓力、經濟封鎖和製裁、文化滲透和侵蝕等。第三，認知域作戰的目標廣泛，主要是為了動搖破壞敵人的信仰，瓦解敵人的意志，影響改變敵人的決策，進而造成社會混亂、決策錯誤、敵軍士氣低落，甚至顛覆國家政權。

認知域作戰模糊了戰爭域的界線。 認知域運作的主體是人。 人是戰爭中最活躍的因素，尤其是高層決策者的認知，體現了戰爭的整體意志，直接影響戰爭的全局，決定了戰爭的勝負。 國家領導人和軍隊將領的認知是認知域作戰的重點目標。 民意、社會基礎、國際輿論通常是認知域作戰的基礎，是推動戰爭進程與方向的關鍵力量。 認知域作戰混合了常規和非常規作戰，模糊了戰場的界線。 它旨在對訊息接收者進行認知誘導和攻擊，繞過傳統戰場，直達最薄弱的環節——人。 戰術行動可以實現戰略目標，從根本上改變戰場環境，改變戰爭結果。

認知域作戰達到最終戰略目標。 中國古代兵法有云：“用兵之道，先攻心，下攻城；先戰心，下戰兵。” 認知域作戰的目的在於佔領認知優勢，影響敵方決策和行為。 以最小的成本取得最大的戰鬥力。 正如克勞塞維茨在《論戰爭》中提到的，「戰爭是迫使敵人服從我們意志的暴力行為」。 由於認知域作戰不是針對有生命力量的硬殺傷，而是針對隱形目標的軟殺傷，因此不僅可以“迫使敵人服從我的意志”，而且客觀上可以使敵人從內部摧毀自己，使其無力反抗。 、瓦解，最終不戰而屈人之兵，實現「全面勝利」的戰略目標。

認知域作戰是軍事改革的新產物

目前，世界百年未有之大變局正在加速發生。 國際情勢日益複雜，局部戰爭和區域衝突持續。 認知域作戰作為一種新的作戰方式，在新一輪軍事改革浪潮的推動下變得越來越重要。

戰爭法則是認知領域戰鬥的基本規則。 認知域作戰仍遵循戰爭的基本法則。 首先，正義必須伸張。 正義戰爭推動歷史發展並最終戰勝非正義戰爭，佔據道德高地的認知域作戰具備先勝條件。 二是強者勝，弱者敗。 科學與技術的進步催生了先進的軍事理論，推動了高科技裝備的發展。 奪取控制權和控制權可以實現降維打擊，瓦解敵軍。 第三是主觀引導符合客觀實際。 認知域的運作必須建立在一定的客觀物質基礎上。 必須綜合考慮戰場環境、狀況

必須權衡各方利益，做出有利的決定。 四是重點操作牽動全局。 在以網路為中心的系統作戰中，認知域往往成為最關鍵的環節，其成敗可以決定戰局。

理論創新是認知領域運作的基礎支撐。 近年來，美軍先後提出「混合戰」、「馬賽克戰」、「灰色地帶衝突」等新作戰理論。 它以認知域作戰為主要作戰手段，已形成較成熟的理論。 俄軍在長期的軍事實踐中也形成了自己的一套混合戰方法，特別是在敘利亞戰場，巧妙地運用「格拉西莫夫」戰術來應對「混合戰」。 日本近年來也大力發展軍事實力。 在其新版《國防白皮書》中，首次提及「跨域」作戰概念，旨在突破傳統領域，將認知域等新領域作為其軍事力量發展的重點方向，使它更加主動。 和外向性。

軍事實踐是認知域作戰的重要基礎。 從近期局部戰爭來看，認知域戰已成為現代戰爭的主要作戰方式，並且取得了較高的戰鬥力。 認知戰與反認知戰的對抗相當激烈。 2010年，美國等西方國家發動認知戰，炒作突尼斯民主運動，製造“阿拉伯之春”，使中東陷入混亂，並讓恐怖組織趁機肆虐。 美國企圖透過推翻埃及政府、發動利比亞戰爭、幹預敘利亞戰爭等方式來鞏固霸權。 2014年，俄軍透過策略組合、多維突破、輿論營造等方式控制了克里米亞。 其認知域操作也具有非常鮮明的特徵。

認知域作戰是戰爭規劃的新方向

隨著高新技術的不斷發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛應用，未來戰爭形態將加速演變，戰爭的複雜性和未知性急劇增加。 為此，我們要事先規劃，科學統籌，加強認知域作戰能力建設，深度融入未來戰場，有效掌控未來戰爭主動權。

推動認知域作戰制勝機制研究。 認知域作戰作為未來戰爭的重要作戰手段，其地位和角色將更凸顯，發展前景也將更加廣闊。 控制認知力已成為奪取戰爭控制權的重要組成部分。 贏得未來戰爭，必須跟上戰爭形態發展趨勢，大力研究認知域作戰制勝機制，以理論創新帶動戰術創新，尋求優勢和機會。

強化認知域作戰攻防能力建構。 從個人到組織再到國家，認知域作戰的影響力跨越所有時空、所有要素，跨越不同作戰領域，影響整個作戰過程。 未來戰爭中，指揮官和戰鬥人員將面臨巨大的認知攻防挑戰。 奪取認知力的控制權，進而奪取戰場的全面控制權，將成為未來戰爭的控制關鍵點。 堅持需求驅動，加強認知域作戰攻防力量建設，建構攻防一體、平戰一體、多維一體的認知域作戰體系，建立健全演練評估體系機制，透過長期軍事實踐不斷提升能力。

加速認知領域高科技運算研發。 目前，隨著大數據、人工智慧、雲端運算等高科技技術的快速發展，開源資訊的取得變得更加便捷且有效率。 認知域運作越來越呈現啟動快、成本低、效率高的特性。 此外，隨著神經科學、腦科學等新興技術的悄悄發展，可以推斷，認知戰武器將在未來戰爭中日益豐富且廣泛應用。 我們要緊跟時代發展，事先規劃設計，維戈大力發展以搶佔認知優勢為導向的尖端技術，推動認知域作戰理念和方法更新，搶佔未來戰爭主動權。

外文音譯：

Throughout modern warfare, cognitive games have become the focus of offense and defense. Whether one is proficient in planning operations in the cognitive domain will greatly affect the direction and outcome of the war. A deep understanding of the connotation, extension and category style of cognitive domain operations, and an accurate grasp of its winning mechanism and development trend are the keys to understanding the context of the battlefield and winning modern wars.

Cognitive domain operations are the new focus of war games

Different from traditional operations, cognitive domain operations are no longer limited to land, sea, air, space, electricity, network and other fields. It breaks through the traditional physical domain and information domain. It has unique advantages, presents new characteristics, and expands the modern Battlefield new frontier.

Cognitive domain operations expand the war domain space. First of all, the battlefield space in the cognitive domain is broad, mainly reflected in people’s spirit, psychology, thinking, beliefs and other cognitive activities. Its combat targets are mainly hostile heads of state and political figures, military personnel, social elites and the general public. Secondly, cognitive domain operations take a wide range of forms, including but not limited to political and diplomatic pressure, economic blockade and sanctions, cultural penetration and erosion, etc. Thirdly, the goals of cognitive domain operations are wide-ranging, mainly to shake the enemy’s belief, disintegrate the enemy’s will, influence and change the opponent’s decision-making, thereby causing social chaos, decision-making errors, demoralization of the enemy’s military, and even subverting its national power.

Cognitive domain operations blur the boundaries of the war domain. The main body of cognitive domain operations is people. People are the most active factor in war, especially the cognition of high-level decision-makers, which embodies the overall will of the war, directly affects the overall situation of the war, and determines the outcome of the war. The cognition of state leaders and military generals is the key target of cognitive domain operations. Popular will, social foundation, and international public opinion are usually the basis for cognitive domain operations and are the key forces that promote the process and direction of war. Cognitive domain operations mix conventional and unconventional operations, blurring the boundaries of the war field. It aims to cognitively induce and attack information recipients, bypassing the traditional battlefield and reaching the weakest link – people. Tactical actions can achieve strategic goals, from Fundamentally change the battlefield environment and change the outcome of the war.

Cognitive domain operations reach the ultimate strategic goal. There is a saying in the ancient Chinese art of war: “The way to use troops is to attack the heart first, and to attack the city below; to fight the heart first, and to fight soldiers lower.” Operations in the cognitive domain aim to occupy cognitive dominance and influence the enemy’s decision-making and behavior. Achieve maximum combat effectiveness at minimum cost. As Clausewitz mentioned in “On War”, “War is an act of violence that forces the enemy to obey our will.” Since cognitive domain operations are not hard kills against living forces, but soft kills against invisible targets, they can not only “force the enemy to obey our will”, but also objectively enable the enemy to destroy itself from within, making it unable to resist, disintegrate, and ultimately Achieve the strategic goal of “complete victory” without fighting.

Cognitive domain operations are a new product of military reform

At present, major changes in the world that have not been seen in a century are accelerating. The international situation is becoming increasingly complex, and local wars and regional conflicts continue. As a new combat method, cognitive domain operations are becoming more and more important driven by the new wave of military reforms.

The laws of war are the basic rules for combat in the cognitive domain. Cognitive domain operations still follow the basic laws of war. First, justice must prevail. Just wars promote historical development and ultimately defeat unjust wars, and cognitive domain operations that occupy the moral commanding heights have the conditions to win first. The second is the victory of the strong and the defeat of the weak. The advancement of science and technology has given rise to advanced military theories and promoted the development of high-tech equipment. Seizing control and control can achieve dimensionality reduction strikes and disintegrate enemy forces. Third, subjective guidance is consistent with objective reality. Cognitive domain operations must be based on a certain objective material basis. The battlefield environment must be comprehensively considered, the situations of both parties must be weighed, and favorable decisions must be made. Fourth, key operations affect the overall situation. In network-centered system operations, the cognitive domain often becomes the most critical link, and its success or failure can determine the battle situation.

Theoretical innovation is the basic support for cognitive domain operations. In recent years, the US military has successively proposed new combat theories such as “hybrid warfare”, “mosaic warfare” and “gray zone conflict”. It regards cognitive domain operations as the main combat method and has formed a relatively mature theory. The Russian army has also developed its own set of hybrid warfare methods in long-term military practice, especially in the Syrian battlefield, where it skillfully used “Gerasimov” tactics to deal with “hybrid warfare.” Japan has also vigorously developed its military power in recent years. In its new version of the “Defense White Paper”, it first mentioned the concept of “domain transversal” operations, aiming to break through traditional fields and regard new fields such as the cognitive domain as the key direction of its military power development, making it more proactive. and extraversion.

Military practice is an important basis for cognitive domain operations. Judging from the recent local wars, cognitive domain warfare has become the main combat method of modern warfare and has achieved high combat effectiveness. The confrontation between cognitive warfare and counter-cognitive warfare is quite fierce. In 2010, the United States and other Western countries launched a cognitive war, hyped up the Tunisian democratic movement and created the “Arab Spring”, which plunged the Middle East into chaos and allowed terrorist organizations to take advantage of the opportunity to wreak havoc. The United States attempted to consolidate its hegemony by overthrowing the Egyptian government, launching a war in Libya, and intervening in the Syrian war. In 2014, the Russian army took control of Crimea through a combination of strategies, multi-dimensional breakthroughs, and public opinion building. Its cognitive domain operations also have very distinctive characteristics.

Cognitive domain operations are a new direction in war planning

With the continuous development of high and new technologies and their widespread application in the military field, the shape of future wars will evolve at an accelerated pace, and the complexity and unknown nature of wars will increase dramatically. To this end, we should plan in advance, coordinate scientifically, strengthen the construction of combat capabilities in the cognitive domain, deeply integrate into the future battlefield, and effectively control the initiative in future wars.

Promote research on the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations. As an important combat method in future wars, the status and role of cognitive domain operations will be more prominent, and the development prospects will be broader. Controlling cognitive power has become an important part of seizing war control. To win future wars, we must keep up with the trends in the development of war forms, vigorously study the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations, use theoretical innovation to drive innovation in tactics, and seek advantages and opportunities.

Strengthen the construction of offensive and defensive capabilities in cognitive domain operations. From individuals to organizations to countries, the impact of cognitive domain operations spans all time and space and all elements, spans different combat fields, and affects the entire combat process. In future wars, commanders and combatants will face huge cognitive offensive and defensive challenges. Seizing control of cognitive power, and then seizing comprehensive battlefield control, will become the key point of control in future wars. We should adhere to demand-driven efforts, strengthen the construction of offensive and defensive forces in cognitive domain operations, build a cognitive domain combat system that integrates offense and defense, peacetime and war, and multi-dimensional integration, establish and improve drill and evaluation mechanisms, and continuously improve capabilities through long-term military practice.

Accelerate the research and development of high-tech cognitive domain operations. Currently, with the rapid development of high-tech technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, the acquisition of open source information has become more convenient and efficient. Cognitive domain operations are increasingly characterized by fast start-up, low cost, and high efficiency. In addition, with the quiet development of emerging technologies such as neuroscience and brain science, it can be inferred that cognitive warfare weapons will become increasingly abundant and widely used in future wars. We should keep up with the development of the times, plan and design in advance, vigorously develop cutting-edge technologies oriented to seizing cognitive advantages, and promote the update of cognitive domain combat concepts and methods, so as to seize the initiative in future wars.

中國軍事 資料來源： 資料來源：中國軍事網-解放軍報 作者：趙全紅

http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/10170888.html

Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域操作, 認知戰

國軍認知戰作戰節奏－認知域作戰特徵及發展趨勢分析

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The Chinese Military Cognitive Warfare Operational Battle Rhythm with an Analysis of the Characteristics and Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations

原始中文國語:

認知域作戰是以人的意志、信念、思維、心理等為直接作戰對象，通過改變對手認知，進而影響其決策和行動。進入信息化智能化戰爭時代，認知域作戰已經成為大國博弈的重要樣式，各方都力圖以相對可控的方式達成政治目的。洞察把握認知域作戰特點及發展趨勢，對於打贏未來戰爭，具有緊迫而重要的現實意義。

當前，認知域已經作為獨立一域登上戰爭舞台，日益成為大國博弈的常斗之域、必爭之地、勝戰砝碼。分析認知域作戰特點及發展趨勢，至少體現為以下八個方面。

認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝勢的關鍵域

軍事對抗，表面上看是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層次看不管戰爭是什麼性質、出於何種目的，終歸是人的意志的較量。勝利的關鍵是將己方意志強加給受眾的能力。只要剝奪、擊潰了敵人的戰爭意志，就意味著贏得了戰爭。認知域作戰，以人的意志、精神、心理等為對抗目標，增強己方意志的同時削弱敵方的意志，進而達成攻心奪志的政治目的。從這個意義上講，認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝勢的關鍵域。隨著戰爭形態加速向智能化演進，認知質量優勢帶來決策行動優勢，不僅可在道義、法理上佔據制高點，塑造正義合法的有利態勢，還可通過混合戰爭、綜合博弈手段，實現小戰甚至不戰而勝的目的。尤其是大國競爭背景下戰爭成本高昂，各方都希望通過加大認知域爭奪力度，以“人道”且“經濟”的形式，迫使對手知難而退。

通過改變對手認知，可改變其決策和行動

實施認知攻擊的目的，就是用一只“看不見的手”操控對手意志，讓對手感到“我不能”“我不敢”，繼而達到“我不想”的效果。外軍實踐表明，對人的意志、信念、思維、心理實施認知攻擊，可以是長期的文化植入，可以是“信息海洋+捂嘴封聲”式的信息壓制，可以是先入為主、搶先發聲的主動塑造，也可以利用歷史積怨挑動矛盾爆發。當前，信息技術、人工智能技術、媒體技術強化了對認知域的直接作用，利用智能生成軟件，可制造大量認知“彈藥”，精准作用於作戰目標的認知層，直接將“意志強加於對手”，快速改變戰略態勢。展望信息化智能化戰場，態勢感知力量和平台廣泛分布於陸海空天網等作戰域，籌劃、決策、控制等認知行為主導各作戰域行動，尤其是未來智能化戰爭中人機混合的認知優勢將主導戰場，可以通過認知干擾、認知混淆、認知阻斷等手段，制造戰爭認知“迷霧”，誘使對手誤判態勢，做出錯誤決策和行動。

認知域作戰是全時攻防、全員覆蓋、全程使用、全域塑造、全政府行動

認知域作戰呈現出全方位、多層次、超時空、跨領域等特點，模糊了戰時和平時、前方和後方的界限，跨越了戰場和國界，超出了單純的軍事領域，廣泛滲透於政治、經濟、外交等各個社會領域，表現為“五全”特征。全時攻防，沒有平時戰時之分，沒有前方後方之別，表現為全時在線、全時在戰。全員覆蓋，任何人甚至包括智能機器人，都可能成為認知域作戰的目標對象。全程使用，貫穿聯合作戰的戰前戰中戰後，聯合軍事行動未展開，認知塑勢行動已開始，並且伴隨軍事行動而行，不隨軍事行動停而停。全域塑造，認知塑造貫穿戰略、戰役、戰術各層，作用范圍覆蓋陸海空天網各域，跨域賦能，對全域行動都有影響。全政府行動，認知塑造天然具有戰略性，需要跨部門、跨領域、跨軍地、跨層級一致協調行動，以求達到最佳傳播效果。

關鍵是奪控行動或活動的性質定義權、過程主導權、結局評判權

認知博弈斗爭，涉及多個對抗方，看似紛繁復雜，關鍵是圍繞認知域的“三權”展開爭奪。其一，爭奪事件性質定義權。即這個事件該怎麼看，是正義的還是非正義的，是合法的還是非法的。通常采取先發制人搶先定義、建群結盟強行定義、信息壓制單方定義、設置議題套用定義等，引導塑造民眾形成定性認知。其二，爭奪事件過程主導權。即這事該怎麼干、不該怎麼干，誰做的是對的、誰做的是錯的，通常采取設局布阱等方式，試圖按照己方所期望出現的狀態，主導目標事件發展方向、快慢、暫停、繼續與終結。其三，爭奪事件結局評判權。即對這事該怎麼評，誰是獲利方、誰是受損方，誰是眼前的失利者、誰是長遠的受損者，等等。各方都力圖通過掌控事件結局的評判權，放大於己有利之處、放大於敵不利之處，目的是利用事件延伸效應，持續傷敵利己。

道義和法理是各方爭奪的焦點

軍事行動歷來講究“師出有名”。雖然戰爭形態加速演變，但是戰爭從屬於政治的本質屬性不會改變；戰爭性質和人心向背，仍是影響戰爭勝負的關鍵因素。認知域戰場上，佔據了政治、道義、法理的制高點，就能夠贏得民心、道義支持，營造得道多助的輿論氛圍，進而掌握制敵先機。每次戰爭或者沖突，無論是強者還是弱者，無論是進攻方防守方還是第三方，各方都會全力搶佔認知主導權、輿論主動權，千方百計用道義包裝自己、注重宣示正義立場，設法為戰爭定性、為行動正名，以消除阻力、增加助力，塑造以“有道”伐“無道”的有利態勢。戰爭雙方實力對比不同，瞄准佔據道義法理制高點進行的認知對抗方式也會不同。近幾場戰爭表明，當一方軟硬實力均很強大時，即軍事實力強、盟友伙伴眾多、國際話語權佔有率大，常常高調宣戰；當軍事行動有可能引發連鎖反應時，則常常模糊處理“戰”的提法。

信息是認知攻防的基本“彈藥”

網絡信息時代，人類交流方式持續發生復雜深刻變化。現場交互交往逐漸讓位於網絡在線連線，一些大型社交平台成為認知博弈斗爭的主陣地、影響民眾認知的主渠道，以信息為彈藥進行國際網絡封鎖權、話語控制權爭奪成為當今認知對抗的主要行動之一。在這些平台上，各種短視頻成為公眾了解戰況的“第一現場”，信息比炮彈跑得快。圍繞平台的使用與封鎖、主導與規制成為認知域作戰爭奪的焦點，各方努力通過操控社交平台來傳播、放大己方宣傳，聲討、壓制對方宣傳，形成“我說的多、你說的少”“我說的對、你說的錯”“只能我說、不讓你說”的局面。民眾作為大型社交平台的使用者，在“聽”與“說”甚至“做”的過程中，受別人影響，也影響別人，不知不覺地成為幕後推手的代理人和攻擊道具。

軍事行動對認知塑造具有關鍵支撐作用

人類戰爭史表明，兵戰永遠是政治較量的基礎支撐，心戰則是兵戰的效能倍增器。戰場上拿不回來的東西，不能指望在談判桌上拿回來，更不能指望在輿論場上拿回來。現代戰爭中，認知傳播行動總是與聯合軍事行動如影隨形，心戰與兵戰互相影響、互為支撐，兵戰心戰化和心戰兵戰化趨勢更為明顯。從戰爭實踐看，沒有軍事實力是萬萬不能的，但僅有軍事行動又不是萬能的。戰場上的多次勝利，並不是奪取戰爭勝利的充分條件。越南戰爭中，美雖“贏得了每次戰斗，卻輸掉了整個戰爭”。21世紀初，美國連續打的伊拉克戰爭、阿富汗戰爭，贏得了戰場勝利，也沒有贏得政治勝勢。同樣的道理，軍事上的勝勢不等於贏得輿論上的強勢，贏得戰場勝利也不意味著贏得戰略的勝利。現代戰爭中，兩類人員的作用越來越大，一類人員通過編寫成千上萬行代碼謀勝，一類人員通過編寫成千上萬條信息謀勝。這兩類人員數質量都佔優的一方，取勝的概率往往就大。

認知對抗技術越來越直接運用於戰爭

以往戰爭中，對認知域的影響和作用，主要是通過物理域的大量毀傷行動，逐級逐層傳遞到認知域。隨著信息通信、人工智能、生物交叉、腦科學等技術的發展和突破，新的認知戰工具和技術直接瞄准軍事人員。認知對抗不僅使用傳統的信息戰武器，而且還使用以大腦為作戰目標的神經武器庫。屆時，機器將可以讀懂人腦，人腦也將能夠直接控制機器，智能指控系統可以直接提供戰場態勢和決策輔助，逼真的認知彈藥和精准的受眾投放將極大增強社會影響效果。認知對抗技術越來越直接運用於戰爭，原來信息化所隱含的間接認知，正逐步轉變為直接對人的認知進行影響和控制。可以說，先進科技的支撐，使認知域作戰通過構建現代網絡架構、開發數據可視化平台，快速了解信息環境並有效影響目標人群，可以更加直接高效地達成政治目的。

外國人英文原版：

Cognitive domain operations take people’s will, beliefs, thinking, psychology, etc. as direct combat objects, and then affect their decisions and actions by changing the opponent’s cognition. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become an important form of great power game, with all parties striving to achieve political goals in a relatively controllable manner. Gaining insight into the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations is of urgent and important practical significance for winning future wars.

At present, the cognitive domain has entered the war stage as an independent domain, and has increasingly become a common domain, a battleground, and a weight for victory in the game between great powers. Analyze the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations, which are reflected in at least the following eight aspects.

The cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory.

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation between the hard power of both sides.

On a deeper level, no matter what the nature of the war is and for what purpose, it is ultimately a contest of human wills. The key to victory is the ability to impose your will on your audience. As long as the enemy’s will to fight is deprived and defeated, the war is won. Cognitive domain warfare uses human will, spirit, psychology, etc. as the target of confrontation, strengthening one’s own will while weakening the enemy’s will, thereby achieving the political goal of conquering the heart and mind. In this sense, the cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory. As war accelerates its evolution toward intelligence, cognitive quality advantages bring decision-making and action advantages, which can not only occupy the moral and legal high ground and create a favorable situation of justice and legality, but also realize small wars through hybrid warfare and comprehensive game means. Even the purpose of winning without fighting. Especially in the context of great power competition, the cost of war is high. All parties hope to intensify the competition for cognitive domains and force their opponents to retreat in a “humane” and “economic” manner.

By changing the opponent’s perception, it can change its decisions and actions.

The purpose of implementing cognitive attacks is to use an “invisible hand” to control the opponent’s will, making the opponent feel “I can’t” and “I dare not”, and then achieve the effect of “I don’t want to”. Foreign military practice has shown that cognitive attacks on people’s will, beliefs, thinking, and psychology can be long-term cultural implantation, information suppression in the form of “information ocean + covering one’s mouth to silence”, or preemptive speech. Active shaping of political power can also use historical grievances to provoke the outbreak of conflicts. At present, information technology, artificial intelligence technology, and media technology have strengthened their direct effects on the cognitive domain. Using intelligent generation software, a large amount of cognitive “munitions” can be produced to accurately act on the cognitive layer of combat targets, directly imposing “will” to rivals” and quickly change the strategic situation. Looking forward to the informationized and intelligent battlefield, situational awareness forces and platforms are widely distributed in combat domains such as land, sea, air, and space networks. Cognitive behaviors such as planning, decision-making, and control dominate operations in various combat domains, especially the cognition of human-machine hybrids in future intelligent warfare. Advantages will dominate the battlefield. Cognitive interference, cognitive confusion, cognitive blocking and other means can be used to create a “fog” of war cognition, inducing opponents to misjudge the situation and make wrong decisions and actions.

Cognitive domain operations are full-time offense and defense, full personnel coverage, full use, full domain shaping, and full government action.

Cognitive domain operations are all-round, multi-level, hyper-temporal, and cross-domain. They blur the boundaries between wartime and peacetime, front and rear, cross battlefields and national boundaries, go beyond the pure military field, and widely penetrate into politics. , economy, diplomacy and other social fields, showing the characteristics of “five completes”. Full-time offense and defense, there is no distinction between peacetime and wartime, and there is no difference between the front and the rear. It is expressed as being online all the time and in war all the time. Covering all personnel, anyone, including intelligent robots, may become the target of cognitive domain operations. It is used throughout the whole process of joint operations before and during the war. Before the joint military operation is launched, the cognitive shaping operation has begun and will accompany the military operation and will not stop with the military operation. Global shaping, cognitive shaping runs through all levels of strategy, operations, and tactics, and its scope covers all domains of land, sea, air, and space networks. Cross-domain empowerment has an impact on all-domain operations. As a whole-of-government action, cognitive shaping is naturally strategic and requires consistent and coordinated actions across departments, fields, military and localities, and levels to achieve the best communication effect.

The key is to seize control over the right to define the nature of an action or activity, the right to dominate the process, and the right to judge the outcome.

The cognitive game struggle involves multiple opposing parties and seems complicated. The key is to compete for the “three powers” in the cognitive domain. First, fight for the right to define the nature of the event. That is, how to view this incident, whether it is just or unjust, legal or illegal. Usually, pre-emptive definitions, group alliances and forced definitions, information suppression and unilateral definitions, setting issues and applying definitions are usually adopted to guide and shape the public to form qualitative perceptions. Second, compete for dominance over the event process. That is, how to do something, how not to do it, who did it right and who did it wrong, usually by setting up a trap and other methods, trying to dominate the development direction of the target event according to the state that one’s own side expects. Fast and slow, pause, continue and end. Third, compete for the right to judge the outcome of the incident. That is, how to evaluate this matter, who is the gainer and who is the loser, who is the immediate loser, who is the long-term loser, etc. All parties are trying to control the outcome of the incident by amplifying the advantages to themselves and the disadvantages to the enemy. The purpose is to use the extended effect of the incident to continue to harm the enemy and benefit themselves.

Morality and legal principles are the focus of contention between all parties.

Military operations have always paid attention to the principle of “discipline and reputation”. Although the shape of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, the essential nature of war as subordinate to politics will not change; the nature of war and the support of people’s hearts are still the key factors that affect the outcome of a war. On the battlefield in the cognitive domain, by occupying the commanding heights of politics, morality, and law, we can win the hearts and minds of the people and moral support, create a public opinion atmosphere in which moral support is abundant, and then seize the opportunity to defeat the enemy. In every war or conflict, whether it is the strong or the weak, whether the attacker, the defender, or a third party, all parties will try their best to seize cognitive dominance and the initiative of public opinion. They will do everything possible to package themselves with morality, focus on declaring a just position, and try to find ways to defend themselves. Qualify the war, justify the action, eliminate resistance, increase support, and create a favorable situation in which “righteousness” defeats “unrighteousness”. The strength balance between the two sides in the war is different, and the cognitive confrontation methods aimed at occupying the moral and legal high ground will also be different. Recent wars have shown that when a party has strong soft and hard power, that is, it has strong military strength, many allies and partners, and a large share of international voice, it often declares war in a high-profile manner; when military actions may trigger chain reactions, it is often handled in a vague manner. The word “war”.

Information is the basic “ammunition” for cognitive attack and defense.

In the network information age, the way humans communicate continues to undergo complex and profound changes. On-site interactive interactions have gradually given way to online connections. Some large-scale social platforms have become the main battleground for cognitive games and the main channels for influencing public cognition. Using information as ammunition to fight for the right to block international networks and control discourse has become today’s norm. One of the main actions of confrontation. On these platforms, various short videos have become the “first scene” for the public to understand the war situation, and information travels faster than cannonballs. The use and blocking, dominance and regulation of platforms have become the focus of battles in the cognitive domain. All parties strive to spread and amplify their own propaganda, denounce and suppress the other party’s propaganda by manipulating social platforms, forming a “I say more, you say less” “A situation where “I’m right and you’re wrong” and “I can only say it and you’re not allowed to say it”. As users of large-scale social platforms, the public is influenced by and affects others in the process of “listening”, “speaking” and even “doing”, and unknowingly becomes the agents and attack props of those behind the scenes.

Military operations play a key supporting role in shaping cognition.

The history of human war shows that military warfare is always the basic support of political contests, while psychological warfare is the effectiveness multiplier of military warfare. What cannot be retrieved on the battlefield cannot be expected to be retrieved at the negotiation table, let alone in the field of public opinion. In modern warfare, cognitive-communication operations always go hand in hand with joint military operations. Mental warfare and military warfare influence and support each other. The trend of military warfare becoming mental warfare and mental warfare becoming military warfare is more obvious. From the perspective of war practice, it is impossible without military strength, but military actions alone are not omnipotent. Multiple victories on the battlefield are not a sufficient condition for victory in war. In the Vietnam War, although the United States “won every battle, it lost the entire war.” At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States fought successive wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, winning battlefield victories but not political victory. By the same token, military victory does not mean winning public opinion, and winning the battlefield does not mean winning strategic victory. In modern warfare, two types of people play an increasingly important role: those who win by writing thousands of lines of code, and those who win by writing thousands of messages. The side with superior quantity and quality of these two types of personnel will often have a higher probability of winning.

Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly used directly in warfare. In past wars, the influence and effect on the cognitive domain were mainly transmitted to the cognitive domain level by level through a large number of damaging actions in the physical domain. With the development and breakthroughs of information communications, artificial intelligence, biocrossing, brain science and other technologies, new cognitive warfare tools and technologies are directly targeting military personnel. Cognitive countermeasures use not only traditional information warfare weapons, but also an arsenal of neural weapons that target the brain. By then, machines will be able to read human brains, and human brains will also be able to directly control machines. Intelligent command and control systems can directly provide battlefield situation and decision-making assistance. Realistic cognitive ammunition and precise audience placement will greatly enhance the social impact. Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly being used directly in warfare. The indirect cognition implicit in informatization is gradually transforming into a direct influence and control of people’s cognition. It can be said that with the support of advanced technology, cognitive domain operations can achieve political goals more directly and efficiently by building a modern network architecture and developing a data visualization platform to quickly understand the information environment and effectively influence target groups.

中國軍事參考：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/10178888.html

Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, 中國認知戰和領域作戰

中國軍方：認知域作戰是語言對抗新主戰場

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Chinese Military: Cognitive domain operations are the new main battlefield for language confrontation

國語原版：

認知域作戰指的是以現代認知理論和科學為指導，調用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、傳媒、文字、圖片、視頻、數位等多維技術，進行輿論宣傳、心理 攻防、人心爭取、信心顛覆、信仰影響、思維爭奪以及意識形態鬥爭的重要形式，意在爭奪人們在思維、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同與評判傾向方面主動權。 認知域作戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、思想戰等多域戰的複合集合體。

目前，認知域作戰已成為國家間進行軍事鬥爭和其他領域鬥爭的重要依托，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗已成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度關注。

語言對抗針對作戰對象施加影響力的新領域

認知域作戰是當代認知科學研究發展的伴隨結果，是人們積極探索大腦認知活動獲得對大腦更為複雜更為抽象更為透徹的理解後產生的一種新興作戰領域，更是語言對抗 以受眾大腦的高階深層隱性活動為作用對象的高端影響形式。 不管是從資訊作用的對象、資訊的生產者、資訊內容本身或資訊的管道，認知域作戰都無不貫穿了認知的特點，自始至終都突顯從認知層面開展行動。

從訊息的接受對象來說，這個認知針對的是對手受眾大腦深層的認知面，包括其民眾、軍隊、軍事指揮員或者重要領導、政界商界的重要人物，甚至直接包括對方國家領導人或者 軍隊的特定重要將領等，也可以是特定的人群或民眾。 它可以涉及個人或群體的認知偏好、認知短板、認知習慣、認知偏誤、認知迷思；也可以是個人和群體的信念、價值觀念、政治認同、民族認同、社會和文化認同 與情感態度。

從資訊的投放者和內容來說，它應該是注入了資訊生產者的認知設計和安排，這個包括文本的獨特認知性，例如文本的話語模式、文本的敘事模式、事物的觀察視角、 敘事的認知焦點與深度、語句的組織形式、語句的價值觀念等傾向性、語句的概念的對方可接受性等。

從訊息傳達和傳播的管道來說，文字的形式更加貼近多媒體多模態形式，更加貼近網路空間的需要，更加貼近當代智慧型手機的優勢，更加貼近當下新興媒體時代的特點，也就是更加符合受眾 接受的認知特徵認知習慣和認知傾向。 文本的傳播形式充分考慮國際傳播中的認知效果，特別是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。 如此，文本將會從認知層面，更好地對受眾施加影響力。

語言對抗應對作戰樣式變革生成新戰法

縱觀人類歷史，我們不難發現，軍事鬥爭的樣式一直在不斷變化。 從最初的使用冷兵器的體力纏鬥發展成為熱兵器機械力量的較量，又發展成為高科技戰爭條件下的信息化能力的製衡與反制衡，近年來又向著智能化無人化方向的智能決策 比拼發展，每一次改變都帶來深刻的戰法變化。 當下的機械化資訊化智能化的共處過渡階段，人們不僅重視戰場的物理域和資訊域主導權的爭奪，更重視影響戰爭主體－人的認知域的掌控，也就是作戰雙方人員的思維方式 、認知模式與風格、價值觀念、情緒態度、文化模型、溝通模式、心理強弱項、認知偏好、文化與知識圖譜、意識形態認同等領域的競爭。 後者涉及社會人員和社會存在的基本態勢，也就是認知域作戰施加影響的新興領域，其戰法有著強烈的特殊性。

議題靈活機動性：認知域作戰可挑選認知域的諸多議題，進行靈活機動的作戰行動。 議題根據當下的情況與需要，既可以選擇涉及較為宏觀的戰略層面（如對方全社會的意識形態與制度等），也可以選擇中觀的戰役層面（如對方社會局部領域或方向的社會問題： 社會福利政策或環境保護政策等），也可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（如某個人、某個特定事件所折射出的社會的非公平、非正義、非美好的一面）。 宏觀、中觀、微觀的認知域問題相互連結、相互轉化，很有可能一個微觀的議題也會成為一個宏觀的重大策略性議題。 而問題的提出要視與整個軍事行動的關係，要使認知域作戰服從全局的作戰行動，服務於宏觀的政治、外交大局的需要。 更重要的是，議題要準備在平時，要把各種議題的資料收集在平時，特別是要關注現實社會中的各種重要資料。 一旦需要，這些數據就可以迅速轉變為射向敵方認知域的箭頭、子彈、砲彈，甚至成為影響全局的戰略性武器。

作戰層次可控性：認知作戰其重要的設計是，在作戰的層面上，是整體可以控制的，也是可以調控的，可以根據情勢的變化，做出相應的升級或降維。 如果需要戰略層面的，指揮人員可以開通戰略層面的設計和力量投入；如果需要戰役級別的，也可以控制在相應戰役層面；如果僅僅需要是在特定的小問題層面，也可以將其控制在相應 的小眾局域層面，使得整個行動服務於整體作戰行動的需要。 這裡的戰略戰役戰術，更多的指的是作戰設計和力量的投入。 由於戰場態勢可能瞬息萬變，有些議題也有可能在層級上發生變化，由戰略性的議題影響到戰役和戰術級的效果；有些議題，則由於戰術議題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役戰略級議題。

新興媒介主導性：認知域的主要影響管道，已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向了新興媒體。 傳統媒介主要依賴單一媒介，如報紙、雜誌、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞訊息；後期電視的產生帶來了立體媒體。 到了網路時代，特別是網路2.0時代和智慧通訊設備的誕生，人們更加依賴多媒介、多模態以及短視頻、短文本的形式來傳遞訊息。 各種智慧型手機、智慧型平板、智慧型播放器等高階設備的推陳出新，各種新興社群軟體和工具的誕生，使得新興媒體成為當下人們進行溝通與交流的主要工具。 新興媒體、新興社群軟體和工具已成為當下各種力量在社會安全、輿論安全、意識形態安全、社會安全和政治安全展開博弈和鬥爭的重要空間。 網路安全，特別是能否掌握住新型的社群媒體、新興社群軟體和工具等的安全，某種程度上也說，是一國認知領域能否安全的關鍵。 新興媒體工具和新型媒體空間的訊息已成為各國認知作戰的主戰場、主陣地和主要爭奪空間。 值得指出的是，左右人們認知的思想和理論將成為認知域作戰各層面的最有影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智慧時代認知運算增強新算力

在人工智慧時代，在大數據分析與運用、超級運算能力、智慧運算能力、自然語言處理能力、智慧型手機傳播能力以及新一代網路通訊能力大幅提升的基礎上，人類已經開始可以對全社會、全網 領域、局部群體、局部不同群體以及特定個體進行精準的語言文化、心理認知、群體情緒、社會行為建模和分析。 特別是人們對大腦認知、人腦思考、思考模式、習慣偏好、意象圖式、認知框架、甚至神經網路、人機協同、腦控技術等的深刻認識與掌握，只要有足夠多元的 動態數據，人們就可以把人們的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、社會輿論以及行為方式等全部計算模擬出來，透過深算、精算、妙算，可以精準地把握人們的認知世界，形成 對人們認知域的精細和深刻的控制。 這方面又呈現以下特徵：

計算的全維度：認知域作為一個新興領域，其涉及的方方面面都可以被數據化並實現全方位全過程全個體可計算，可以通過廣泛的收集各類型信息，經過信息梳理進而可體現為 關於作戰對手主體因素多樣化的大數據，從而可以就此開展面向全體、群體、群體之間以及個體數據及其之間的各種計算，由此，以往無法實現的基於思維、心理、情感、言論 、行為等方面的各種活動都可以透過計算來完成、展示和精準把握。

計算的認知性：認知域的計算體現了強烈的認知性，它更多地可以揭示各種事物、事件、人物之間的難以用肉眼觀察到的關聯關係，可以揭示同一事件框架 中各種概念之間的聚集與層級關係，反映各概念之間或明或暗、或直接或間接的深層認知聯繫，揭示概念之間的複雜概念網絡體系，使人們看到完全超越一般肉眼 觀察的深層認知世界。

計算的智能性：認知域的計算又反映了強烈的智能性。 這種智能性表現為透過計算，會得出具有智慧性的結論。 譬如可以透過大量文本收集和資料挖掘，尋找人工力量受限而看不到的各種主題、各種觀點、各種傾向、各種人群、各種立場、各種訴求之間的關係，形成對 某一問題的更為全面、縱深、精確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。 這類決策既可能是與人類智慧相符，也可能是超越甚至遠勝於人類的智慧。 運用好認知運算的力量，特別是綜合本國的數據和對手的數據，可以更好地做到提前預防、提前預警、提前開展佈局，並能夠實現最好最優最快最精準地打擊和反擊 ，也能夠更好地體現高效有力有針對性的防護。 這裡的認知運算，更多的是對某一可能的宏觀中觀或微觀的議題在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景下，在全域或某一局域網域、某一特定群體內部可能 產生的迴響，特別是對與對手展開賽局時雙方可能呈現的主動、被動的態勢進行分析與檢視，對認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語力量的新運用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的依托，就是它主要依托語言媒介來發揮作用，主要透過話語層面來施加影響，主要透過話語的敘事性來形成對認知域的隱性作用，主要透過文化模式 來施加潛在作用，透過跨文化的傳播來施加或明或暗的作用。 其主要體現為以下方面：

文本話語獨特性：認知域是需要用資訊來施加影響力的。 儘管訊息可能依托影片圖片的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所綜合表達話語的獨特性成為產生認知影響的主要依賴。 這其中，話語表達的模式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達說服力和感染力的主要設計，特別是話語敘事獨特性將是影響人們認知的關鍵。 這可能包括敘事的視角，敘事的主題、風格，敘事的故事框架，敘事的語言創新，敘事的關鍵語句，敘事蘊含的哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等情懷，敘事的不同參與者身份 ，敘事的多元評價，敘事的真實度、深度和情感溫度，敘事對於觀點的潛移默化影響作用，敘事釋放的個人情感、價值觀念、意識形態、立場評價等。 文本話語的獨特性，是認知域作戰以文本施加認知影響的重要依靠。 充分利用文本的複雜性，發揮多樣化文本各自優勢，發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響的作用，已成為文本話語認知域作戰的關鍵。 其中最為重要的，就是要創新文本話語，用更嶄新的話語、更加新奇的表述，更加獨特的表達來贏得讀者，使讀者了解並在潛移默化中感受文本中的思想，並在無聲無息中接受 文本的思想。

文化模式潛在性：認知域作戰，一定要深刻掌握不同國家和民族文化的特徵和模式。 不同國家、不同民族，其文化的模型不一樣，哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思考方式皆有明顯不同；不同文化下的國民，也有著不同樣的民族心理、民族性的認可 知模式，也應該有典型的屬於本民族本文化的認知偏好，也有相應的短處與弱點，有的還明顯存在與本國其他民族有巨大差異的認識，甚至還有誤解和敵意。 因此，認知域作戰在文化層面，就是要掌握好不同國家的整體文化模型，建構不同國家不同群體的文化模型，建構不同國家在不同事物上的不同認知模型，充分掌握某一國家在一 在系列事物和議題上的整體態度和行事方式，特別是針對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、整體觀念等。 要藉助現有理論和發現，綜合建構在認知領域不同人群對一些典型問題、敏感問題、重要問題的基本表現，為下一步進行認知作戰提供重要的參考和指導。 加強對敵方不同人員的文化模式研究，特別是軍隊人員，重點崗位的人員，包括對方將領、軍官、士兵等的基本文化特徵和模型的研究與構建，譬如人物心理認知行為與文化模型畫像 ，已經成為認知域作戰的核心做法。 對對方一般人員，特別是一般國民、市民的認知模式，以及特定族群，包括特殊的非政府組織力量等的認知分析，也同樣具有重要價值。

跨文化策略傳播性：認知域作戰，是面向國際的語言傳播與文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播的規律。 要把握國際傳播的基本範式，要把本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，要將對方語言與文化和本國的故事與思想巧妙結合；要善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂 （聲音）、錄像等手段或多模態的手段來實現資訊的國際傳播。 同時，也要在戰略層面統籌多維宏觀的傳播：要利用各種手段，依靠軍民融合軍民協同軍民一體開展傳播；除了非政府組織之外，特別是要依靠民間力量，依靠專家、意見領袖、普通 民眾來幫助軍隊來進行認知域作戰；要統一設置議題，多點多位多維發聲，形成戰略傳播態勢，為重大行動、重大議題、重大危機管控等形成應急解決的良好態勢，形成良好輿論氛圍 ，營造正面效應，消除不利影響或撲滅不利影響。 特別是要建立一支能精通外語、懂得跨文化技巧、知曉國際傳播規律、能在國際多維平台巧妙發聲的精幹隊伍。 這些人員平時可以進行廣泛的議題知覺、收集和討論，借助普通議題或特殊議題建立

粉絲群；更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，透過他們的粉絲群體，施加影響，完成策略傳播任務。

目前，隨著混合戰多域戰全局戰的大行其道，認知域作戰已成為雜糅其間、混合其間的常用手段，認知域作戰由陌生、新興、發展到壯大的歷程，更是傳統輿論戰、 心理戰、法律戰發展的高階階段複雜階段升級階段。 它的興起，更具欺騙性、模糊性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮它與當代新興媒體進場深度接軌深度融合，而且還不斷學習借鑒融入多學科、 跨學科、跨領域的新想法、新技術、新手段。 由此，認知域作戰已然成為我們必須高度警覺高度提防的作戰形式。

（國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波）

【本文系國家社科基金重大計畫「國防與軍隊改革視野下的國防語言能力建構」階段性成果】

Cognitive domain operations refer to using modern cognitive theory and science as a guide, using multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and using multi-dimensional technologies such as modern networks, media, text, pictures, videos, and numbers to carry out public opinion propaganda, psychological Attack and defense, fighting for people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle are important forms of fighting for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification and judgment tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of multi-domain warfare such as traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade war, diplomatic warfare, technological warfare, and ideological warfare.

At present, cognitive domain operations have become an important basis for countries to carry out military struggles and struggles in other fields. Language confrontation driven by cognitive domain goals has become an important form of cognitive domain operations and deserves great attention.

A new area where language confrontation exerts influence on combat targets

Cognitive domain operations are an accompanying result of the development of contemporary cognitive science research. It is an emerging combat field that emerged after people actively explored the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract, and thorough understanding of the brain. It is also a language confrontation. A high-end form of influence that targets the advanced and deep hidden activities of the audience’s brain. Regardless of whether it is the object of information, the producer of information, the information content itself or the channel of information, cognitive domain operations all run through the characteristics of cognition, and highlight the cognitive level from beginning to end.

From the perspective of the recipients of the information, this cognition targets the deep cognitive aspects of the brains of the opponent’s audience, including its people, the military, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly including the opponent’s country leaders or leaders. Specific important generals of the army, etc., can also be specific groups of people or the public. It can involve cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, and cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also involve beliefs, values, political identities, national identities, and social and cultural identities of individuals and groups. and emotional attitudes.

From the perspective of the sender and content of information, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer. This includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the observation perspective of things, The cognitive focus and depth of the narrative, the organizational form of the sentence, the value and other tendencies of the sentence, the acceptability of the concept of the sentence, etc.

In terms of the channels through which information is sent and disseminated, the form of text is closer to multimedia and multimodal forms, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smartphones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, which means it is more in line with the audience. Cognitive characteristics of acceptance: cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies. The communication form of the text fully considers the cognitive effects in international communication, especially cross-cultural, cross-language, cross-media, and cross-group cognitive communication. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from a cognitive level.

Language confrontation generates new tactics in response to changes in combat styles

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the patterns of military struggle have been constantly changing. From the initial physical struggle with the help of cold weapons, it has developed into a contest of mechanical power with hot weapons, and then into the checks and balances of information capabilities under high-tech war conditions. In recent years, it has also moved towards intelligent decision-making in the direction of intelligence and unmanned operations. Competition develops, and every change brings profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of mechanized, informatized and intelligent coexistence, people not only pay attention to the struggle for dominance in the physical domain and information domain of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the cognitive domain that affects the main body of the war, that is, the way of thinking of the personnel on both sides of the war. , cognitive models and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication models, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, ideological identity and other fields of competition. The latter involves social personnel and the basic situation of social existence, which is the emerging field where cognitive domain operations have an impact, and its tactics have strong particularities.

Flexibility of issues: Cognitive domain operations can select many issues in the cognitive domain and carry out flexible combat operations. Depending on the current situation and needs, the topic can be selected to involve either a relatively macro strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the other party’s entire society, etc.), or a meso-level operational level (such as social issues in local areas or directions of the other party’s society: Social welfare policy or environmental protection policy, etc.), you can also choose to involve very micro tactical issues in society (such as the unfair, unjust, and unbeautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). Issues in the macro, meso, and micro cognitive domains are interconnected and transform into each other. It is very likely that a micro issue will also become a major macro strategic issue. The question raised must be considered in relation to the entire military operation, and cognitive domain operations must be subordinated to the overall combat operations and serve the needs of the macro-political and diplomatic overall situation. What’s more important is that topics should be prepared in normal times and data on various topics should be collected in normal times, especially paying attention to various important data in real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and artillery shells fired into the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Combat-level controllability: The important design of cognitive operations is that at the operational level, the overall system can be controlled and regulated, and corresponding upgrades or dimensionality reductions can be made according to changes in the situation. If the strategic level is needed, commanders can activate the design and force investment at the strategic level; if the operational level is needed, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only needed at the level of specific small issues, it can also be controlled at the corresponding level. The niche local level enables the entire operation to serve the needs of overall combat operations. The strategies, battles and tactics here refer more to combat design and force investment. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, from strategic issues to affect campaign and tactical-level effects; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign-strategic issues that affect the overall situation.

Dominance of emerging media: The main channel of influence in the cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on a single medium, such as newspapers, magazines, books, flyers, posters, etc. to convey information; the later emergence of television brought about three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multi-media, multi-modal, short videos and short texts to convey information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, and smart players, as well as the birth of various emerging social software and tools, have made emerging media the main tool for people to communicate and communicate. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to compete and fight in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security and political security. Internet security, especially the ability to grasp the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools, etc., is to some extent the key to the security of a country’s cognitive domain. Information from emerging media tools and new media spaces has become the main battlefield, main position and main contested space for cognitive operations in various countries. It is worth pointing out that the ideas and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain warfare.

Language confrontation adapts to the intelligent era, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, based on the significant improvements in big data analysis and application, super computing power, intelligent computing power, natural language processing power, smartphone communication capabilities, and new generation network communication capabilities, humans have begun to be able to control the entire society and the entire network. Conduct accurate modeling and analysis of language, culture, psychological cognition, group emotions, and social behavior across domains, local groups, different local groups, and specific individuals. In particular, people’s profound understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking patterns, habits and preferences, image schemas, cognitive frameworks, and even neural networks, human-computer collaboration, brain control technology, etc., as long as there are sufficiently diverse With dynamic data, people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, social opinions, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculation, actuarial calculation, and clever calculation, we can accurately grasp people’s cognitive world and form Delicate and profound control over people’s cognitive domains. This aspect also presents the following characteristics:

Comprehensive dimensionality of computing: As an emerging field, all aspects involved in the cognitive domain can be digitized and made fully computable across all processes and individuals. It can collect various types of information extensively and sort out the information, which can then be reflected as Big data about the diversified main factors of combat opponents can be used to carry out various calculations for the whole, groups, between groups, and individual data and between them. Therefore, based on thinking, psychology, emotion, and speech, which has not been possible in the past, Various activities in terms of activities, behaviors, etc. can be completed, displayed and accurately grasped through calculation.

Cognitiveness of computing: Computing in the cognitive domain embodies strong cognition. It can reveal more connections between various things, events, and people that are difficult to observe with the naked eye, and can reveal the same event framework. The clustering and hierarchical relationships between various concepts in the text reflect the explicit or implicit, direct or indirect deep cognitive connections between concepts, reveal the complex conceptual network system between concepts, and enable people to see completely beyond the ordinary naked eye. The deep cognitive world of observation.

Computing intelligence: Computing in the cognitive domain also reflects strong intelligence. This kind of intelligence is manifested in drawing intelligent conclusions through calculation. For example, through large-scale text collection and data mining, we can find the relationships between various topics, various opinions, various tendencies, various groups of people, various positions, and various demands that cannot be seen due to limited human power, and form a comparison. A more comprehensive, in-depth, accurate and systematic understanding of a certain problem to make scientifically optimized decisions. This kind of decision-making may be consistent with human intelligence, or it may exceed or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by integrating the data of one’s own country and that of opponents, one can better prevent, warn, and deploy in advance, and achieve the best, fastest, and most accurate strikes and counterattacks. , and can also better reflect efficient, powerful and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about a possible macro, meso or micro issue in different groups of people, different time periods, and different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or a certain local network domain, or within a specific group. The repercussions generated, especially the analysis and examination of the active and passive situations that both parties may present when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of the cognitive domain, etc.

Give full play to the subject position of discourse and release the new application of discourse power

Cognitive domain operations have a very important support, that is, they mainly rely on language media to exert their effects, mainly exerting influence through the discourse level, mainly through the narrative nature of discourse to form a hidden effect on the cognitive domain, and mainly through cultural models. To exert a potential effect, exert an explicit or implicit effect through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Uniqueness of textual discourse: The cognitive domain requires the use of information to exert influence. Although information may rely on the special visual effects of video images to be presented, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the discourse synthesized by the text becomes the main basis for cognitive impact. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skills of discourse expression, the main design of the persuasiveness and appeal of discourse expression, especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to affecting people’s cognition. This may include the perspective of the narrative, the theme and style of the narrative, the story frame of the narrative, the language innovation of the narrative, the key sentences of the narrative, the philosophy, humanities, religion, society, nature and other feelings contained in the narrative, and the identities of the different participants in the narrative. , the diversified evaluation of narratives, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of narratives, the subtle influence of narratives on opinions, the personal emotions, values, ideologies, and standpoint evaluations released by narratives, etc. The uniqueness of textual discourse is an important reliance on the cognitive influence of texts in cognitive domain operations. Making full use of the complexity of text, giving full play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving full play to the implicit and explicit cognitive effects of text connotations have become the key to combating the cognitive domain of textual discourse. The most important thing is to innovate textual discourse, use newer words, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions to win over readers, so that readers can understand and subtly feel the ideas in the text, and accept them silently. Text ideas.

Potential of cultural models: To operate in the cognitive domain, we must have a deep understanding of the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different ethnic groups have different cultural models, and their philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are all significantly different; citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national identity. The cognitive model should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to the nation and culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses. Some people have obviously huge differences in understanding from other ethnic groups in the country, and even misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, at the cultural level, cognitive domain operations are to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models of different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models of different countries on different things, and fully grasp the differences between a certain country and the The overall attitude and behavior on a series of things and issues, especially some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, overall concepts, etc. It is necessary to make use of existing theories and findings to comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical, sensitive, and important issues, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step in cognitive operations. Strengthen the research and construction of the basic cultural characteristics and models of different enemy personnel, especially military personnel and personnel in key positions, including the opponent’s generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as character psychological cognitive behavior and cultural model portraits , has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. The cognitive analysis of ordinary people on the other side, especially ordinary citizens and citizens, as well as cognitive analysis of specific groups of people, including special non-governmental organization forces, is also of great value.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language communication and cultural communication, and need to follow the laws of international communication. It is necessary to grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, to skillfully combine domestic stories with international expressions, to skillfully combine the other country’s language and culture with the country’s stories and ideas; to be good at combining different art forms, including text, pictures, paintings, and music. (sound), video and other means or multi-modal means to realize the international dissemination of information. At the same time, we must coordinate multi-dimensional macro communication at the strategic level: we must use various means and rely on military-civilian integration to coordinate military-civilian communication; in addition to non-governmental organizations, we must especially rely on civilian forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people. The people come to help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; it is necessary to set topics in a unified manner, speak out from multiple points and multiple dimensions, form a strategic communication situation, form a good situation for emergency resolution of major operations, major issues, major crisis management and control, etc., and form a good atmosphere of public opinion , create positive effects, eliminate adverse effects or extinguish adverse effects. In particular, it is necessary to establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, understands the laws of international communication, and can speak skillfully on international multi-dimensional platforms. These personnel can usually conduct awareness, collection and discussion of a wide range of issues, establish personal relationships and fan groups with the help of ordinary or special issues; more importantly, at critical moments, through their fan groups, they can exert influence and complete strategic communication tasks. .

Currently, with the popularity of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare, and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common means of hybridization and hybridization. The process of cognitive domain warfare from unfamiliarity, emerging, development to strength, is also a reflection of traditional public opinion warfare, The advanced stage, complex stage and escalation stage of the development of psychological warfare and legal warfare. Its rise is more deceptive, vague, concealed, embedded, implantable and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with contemporary emerging media, and its continuous learning and reference to integrate into multi-disciplinary, New ideas, new technologies, and new methods across disciplines and disciplines. As a result, cognitive domain operations have become a form of warfare that we must be highly vigilant and vigilant about. 

(Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor at the College of Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “National Defense Language Capacity Building from the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

中國軍事原文來源：http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423888.html