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China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國的情報戰, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 馬賽克戰

中國軍隊從“網路戰”到“馬賽克戰”

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Chinese Military From “Cyber Warfare” to “Mosaic Warfare”

繁體中文原文：

理論是行動的先導。 加強作戰理念創新、推動作戰指導創新一直是世界各國軍隊培養軍事優勢的重要途徑。 近年來，美軍先後提出「網路戰」、「馬賽克戰」等前線作戰理論，以實現作戰模式的「生產關係」能夠更適應「生產力」的發展的作戰能力。 透過這兩種作戰理論的比較分析，世人可以一窺美軍作戰能力建設思維的變化，特別是對「馬賽克戰」制勝機制的認識，從而有的放矢，找到有效的把關。和餘額。

● 從威脅反應到戰爭設計—

積極塑造並推動作戰能力提升

「基於威脅」或「基於能力」是軍事作戰能力建構的兩種基本方式。 「威脅為本」體現需求牽引，著力解決近中期實際問題，是軍隊作戰能力建構應遵循的基本法則； 「能力為本」體現目標牽引，瞄準未來戰略任務，以新作戰理論支撐戰略理念，是軍事行動的關鍵。 這樣，才能實現能力的創新與超越。 從「網路戰」到「馬賽克戰」的發展，體現了上述兩種方式內在規律的差異和演變，也體現了近年來美軍推進作戰能力建設的思路和理念的變化。

觀念開始改變。 網路空間最初是為了解決人類的交流需求而創建的。 後來逐漸演變為獨立於陸、海、空、天的新作戰域。 由此衍生出以爭奪網路空間主導權為核心的「網路空間」。 相較之下，「馬賽克戰」是美軍為維持戰略優勢、直接針對競爭對手而主動研發設計的新作戰理念。其形成過程體現了需求驅動與能力驅動相結合、戰略性、主動性、牽引力更加突出。

技術應用新思路。 「網路戰」強調發展新一代技術來支持作戰理念的轉變和實施。 《馬賽克戰》突破了這個模式，並不過度強調新一代裝備技術的研發。 更注重軍民共性技術的快速轉化和成熟技術的漸進式迭代。 其基本想法是，依照叫車、眾籌開發等服務平台的應用理念，在現有裝備的基礎上，透過模組升級和智慧化改造，將各種作戰系統單元「鑲嵌」成單功能、可靈活組裝的單元。 、易於更換的“積木”或“像素”，建構動態協調、高度自主、無縫整合的作戰系統，體現新技術驅動的概念。

路徑開發新設計。 「網路戰」是網路空間的一個伴隨概念。 網路空間發展到哪裡，「網路戰」就會隨之而來。 一般來說，我們在進行「主觀」概念設計之前，先考慮「客觀」物質條件。 ，對路徑發展有很強的依賴。 「馬賽克戰」首先從「主觀」演變為「客觀」。 透過開發能夠動態調整職能結構的部隊設計模型，能夠適應不同的作戰需求和戰場環境的變化。

可見，與以往的「網路戰」等作戰概念相比，「馬賽克戰」目標更明確、技術更成熟、路徑更可靠，體現了美軍積極塑造的思維轉變。

● 從網路中心到決策中心—

群體智慧實現系統能量優化釋放

人工智慧技術是資訊時代的關鍵變量，也是「馬賽克戰」體系發展的核心增量。 “網路戰”強調“網路中心”，而“馬賽克戰”緊緊圍繞著人工智慧技術核心，將制勝關鍵從“網路中心”調整為“決策中心”，將作戰系統架構從“從系統級到平台級的聯盟轉變為功能級、要素級的融合，尋求在網路能量充分匯聚的前提下，利用群體智慧技術實現系統能量的最佳化釋放，賦予網路新的內涵。智慧戰爭的致勝機制

時代。

用“快”控制“慢”，在認知上佔上風。 未來戰爭中，戰場情勢瞬息萬變，時間元素的權重將持續上升。 「快」與「慢」可以產生近乎尺寸縮小的戰鬥打擊效果。 「馬賽克戰」利用資料資訊技術與人工智慧技術，提升己方「OODA」循環的單循環決策速度，擴大並行決策的廣度，降低群循環決策的粒度，加快系統運作進度，整體打造領先一步的典範。 「先發制人」的姿態旨在牢牢掌控戰場認知決策的主導地位。

用“低”控“高”，累積成本優勢。 與追求高端武器平台的傳統作戰概念不同，「馬賽克戰」著重於利用人工智慧技術挖掘現有武器平台和作戰資源的潛力並提高效率。 透過在眾多中低階武器平台上載入並運行智慧演算法和特定功能模組，可以實現與高階武器平台相媲美的作戰性能。 這整體提高了武器平台投入產出的成本效益，進而累積成本優勢。

以“散”控“聚”，求可持續生存。 「馬賽克戰」強調運用去中心化思想和非對稱制衡，利用開放的系統架構，在各種有人/無人平台上去中心化配置偵察、定位、通信、打擊等各種功能，實現力量的分佈式部署。 同時利用智慧演算法，提升各平台的自組織、自協調、獨立攻擊能力，進而實現集中火力。 當部分作戰平台被消滅、打亂或剝離時，整個作戰體系仍能正常運行，進而增強部隊集群的戰場生存能力。

用“動”控“靜”，提高系統靈活性。 「馬賽克戰」強調進一步突破各作戰領域的障礙。 透過將不同作戰域的固定“殺傷鏈”變成動態可重構的“殺傷網”，將“OODA”大環拆解為小環，將單環分化為多環。 根據作戰流程和作戰需求的變化，依靠智慧組網，實現作戰力量的動態分割、動態部署、動態組合。 這樣，一方面可以增強作戰系統的彈性和適應性； 另一方面，它也可以抵消複雜網路的節點聚合效應，使對手很難找到關鍵節點來擊敗自己的系統。

「馬賽克戰爭」為智慧戰爭提供了參考原型。 但同時，「馬賽克戰爭」作為一種理想化的力量設計與運用框架，也需要與其密切相關的技術、條令、政策等支撐支撐。 距離完全實現還有很長的路要走。 與傳統戰爭相比，系統共存的局面將長期存在。

● 從要素整合到系統重組—

動態結構增強作戰系統靈活性

結構和關係常常決定功能和屬性。 「網路戰」與「馬賽克戰」建立在資訊時代相同的物質基礎上，遵循相同的演化範式，但係統建構的原理和效果不同。 「網路戰」所形成的架構可以靜態解構，而「馬賽克戰」則依照一定的建構規則動態組合功能單元，形成具有自組織和自適應特性的彈性架構，類似「動態黑盒子」。 常規手段難以追蹤和預測。 這種靈活的結構經常「湧現」新的能力，以增強和提高作戰系統的效率。

網路與雲端融合發展，使作戰空間和時間更具動態性和可塑性。 網際網路和雲端是資訊作戰系統運作的基礎環境。 它們重塑了傳統作戰中的情報、指揮、攻擊、支援等流程要素，同時衍生出新的作戰時空。 「網路戰」主要針對網路空間，其作戰時間和空間相對靜態。 「馬賽克戰」並不限於單一的作戰空間。 在資訊基礎設施網路隨雲而動、雲端網融合的發展趨勢下

無形空間和無形空間可以進一步鉸接，作戰空間和時間的界限更加靈活，作戰資源的配置更加靈活。 戰鬥架構更加動態。

數據跨域流動，使戰鬥控制更加無縫協調。 在指揮控制環節，「網路戰」著重於聯合作戰指揮機構對作戰單位的指揮控制，資料的跨域交換與流動主要集中在戰區戰場。 「馬賽克戰」將聯合作戰的水平進一步降低到戰術端。 透過戰術層面資料的獨立跨域交換和無縫流動，可以將各種資料孤島按需聚集成資料集群，從而產生顯著的「溢出」效應，使得資料的動態、離散、敏捷、並行的特性作戰指揮控制迴路更加明顯，更有利於實現各作戰單元按需敏捷連動、高效協同行動。

演算法穿透各個維度，讓系統運作更自主、更有效率。 演算法是人類意識在網路空間的映射，形成兩種基本形式：意圖轉化的編譯碼和知識轉化的神經網路。 在《網路戰》中，大量使用編譯程式碼，而神經網路僅在本地使用。 在「馬賽克戰爭」中，演算法拓展到塑造規則和提供引擎兩大關鍵功能，應用的廣度和深度更為凸顯。 塑造規則以編譯碼為主，神經網路為輔，建構「馬賽克戰」系統的流程架構與運作邏輯，為其不確定性、適應性和「突現」能力奠定結構基礎； 提供引擎主要整合智慧演算法模型，分送到邊緣要素進行運算，形成知識擴散效應，從而全面提升「馬賽克戰」系統的智慧自主作戰能力。

邊緣能量的獨立釋放，讓戰鬥方式更靈活多元。 邊緣是各種有人/無人作戰功能單元的抽像模型，也是系統能力「湧現」的直接來源。 在「網路戰」體系中，邊緣要素與上級和下級指揮控制流程緊密耦合，處於精確控制狀態。 在「馬賽克戰爭」系統中，邊緣要素的感知、互動、推理、決策能力大幅提升。 其「OODA」循環無需回溯至上級指揮機構，有利於支撐形成高低、有人/無人的分散組合。 優化的作戰集群形態可以賦予邊緣分子更多的自組織權威，顯著增強戰場對抗優勢。

可見，如果說「網路戰」被稱為精密的戰爭機器，那麼「馬賽克戰」則可以被視為一個能夠激發作戰能力動態增長的複雜「生態」。 網路雲、資料、演算法和邊緣設備產生的新技術變化促進了動態且複雜的「架構」的形成。 這種結構反過來又對要素、平台和系統進行反向調節，不斷湧現新的能力，對作戰系統的賦能和演進發揮重要作用。

● 從制度突破到複合對抗——

分析利弊，尋求有效制衡

「馬賽克戰」在某種程度上代表了未來聯合作戰的可能發展方向。 要充分研究掌握「馬賽克戰」制勝機制，將資訊通信領域塑造成為打破傳統戰爭時空界限的新領域，打造雲化作戰新理念，建構強大的資訊通訊領域新格局。國防資訊基礎設施保障能力。 突顯軍事資訊網路安全防禦能力，增強戰略戰役指揮機構運作的基礎支撐能力，不斷完善網路資訊體系。

另一方面，「馬賽克戰」理論的出現，使得傳統作戰手段難以透過搶先並控制有限的目標節點來達到毀點、斷環的系統破局效果。 但也應該看到，任何制度都有其固有的矛盾。 即便是看似“無懈可擊”的去中心化結構的“馬賽克戰爭”，依然能找到有效破解的方法。 例如，掌握系統的複雜性特徵，利用其相關性和依賴性，突顯通訊網路的功能抑制

建構網路和電力複合攻擊路徑，實現作戰系統各單元的拆解和隔離； 掌握其結構的耗散特性，利用其對外部資訊的依賴，凸顯資訊資料的偽裝性和誤導性，促使作戰系統轉變為資訊封閉、資訊過載等異常狀態； 掌握其群體自主特點，利用其對關鍵技術的依賴，凸顯與智慧演算法的對抗，降低效率，抑制各作戰單元的智慧驅動力； 抓住其功能非線性特點，利用其未知漏洞，突出戰場差異化打擊評估，以更高的效率、更快的速度探索和發現作戰系統中的不平衡點，尋找系統中的關鍵弱點進行突破。

（作者單位：61001部隊）

外文音譯：

Chinese Military From “Cyber Warfare” to “Mosaic Warfare”

Theory is the precursor to action. Strengthening innovation in combat concepts and promoting innovation in combat guidance have always been important ways for militaries around the world to cultivate military advantages. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed cutting-edge combat theories such as “cyber warfare” and “mosaic warfare” in order to realize that the “production relationship” of combat mode can be more adaptable to the development of “productivity” of combat capabilities. By comparing and analyzing these two combat theories, the world can get a glimpse of the changes in the US military’s combat capability building thinking, especially the understanding of the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare”, so that it can be targeted and find effective checks and balances.

● From threat response to war design——

Actively shape and promote the improvement of combat capabilities

“Threat-based” or “capability-based” are two basic ways to build military combat capabilities. “Threat-based” embodies demand traction and focuses on solving practical problems in the near and medium term, which is the basic law that should be followed in the construction of military combat capabilities; “capability-based” embodies goal traction, aims at future strategic missions, and supports strategic concepts with new combat theories, which is the key to military operations. The only way to achieve innovation and transcendence in capabilities. The development from “cyber warfare” to “mosaic warfare” reflects the differences and evolution of the inherent laws of the above two approaches, and also reflects the changes in the US military’s ideas and concepts for promoting combat capability building in recent years.

The concept begins to change. Cyberspace was originally created to solve human communication needs. Later, it gradually evolved into a new combat domain independent of land, sea, air and space. From this, the “cyberspace” with the core of fighting for cyberspace dominance was derived. war”. In contrast, “mosaic warfare” is a new operational concept actively developed and designed by the US military in order to maintain its strategic advantage and directly target competitors. Its formation process reflects the integration of demand-driven and capability-driven, strategic, proactive, and Traction is more prominent.

New ideas for technology application. “Cyber ​​warfare” emphasizes the development of new generation technologies to support the transformation and implementation of combat concepts. “Mosaic warfare” breaks out of this model and does not overemphasize the research and development of new generation equipment technology. It pays more attention to the rapid transformation of common military and civilian technologies and the incremental iteration of mature technologies. The basic idea is to “mosaic” various combat system units into single-function, flexibly assembled units based on existing equipment and through module upgrades and intelligent transformation in accordance with the application concepts of service platforms such as online ride-hailing and crowdfunding development. , easy-to-replace “building blocks” or “pixels” to build a dynamically coordinated, highly autonomous, and seamlessly integrated combat system, embodying new technology-driven ideas.

Path development new design. “Cyber ​​warfare” is an accompanying concept of the cyberspace. Wherever the cyberspace develops, “cyber warfare” will follow. Generally speaking, we first consider the “objective” material conditions before making the “subjective” conceptual design. , has strong dependence on path development. “Mosaic warfare” first evolved from “subjective” to “objective”. By developing a force design model that can dynamically adjust the functional structure, it can adapt to different operational needs and changes in the battlefield environment.

It can be seen that compared with previous combat concepts such as “cyber warfare”, “mosaic warfare” has clearer goals, more mature technology, and more reliable paths, reflecting the change in thinking actively shaped by the US military.

● From network center to decision-making center——

Group intelligence to achieve optimal energy release of the system

Artificial intelligence technology is a key variable in the information age and a core increment in the development of the “mosaic warfare” system. “Cyber ​​warfare” emphasizes “network center”, while “mosaic warfare” tightly focuses on the core of artificial intelligence technology, adjusts the key to victory from “network center” to “decision center”, and changes the combat system architecture from system level to Platform-level alliances are transformed into functional-level and element-level integration, seeking to use group intelligence technology to achieve the optimal release of system energy on the premise that the network is fully energy-gathered, giving new connotations to the winning mechanism of war in the intelligent era.

Use “fast” to control “slow” and gain the upper hand in cognition. In future wars, the battlefield situation will change rapidly, and the weight of the time element will continue to rise. “Fast” versus “slow” can create a nearly dimensionally reduced combat strike effect. “Mosaic Warfare” uses data information technology and artificial intelligence technology to improve the single-loop decision-making speed of one’s own “OODA” loop, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, reduce the granularity of group-loop decision-making, speed up the progress of system operations, and overall create a model that is always one step ahead of others. The “first move” posture aims to firmly control the dominance of cognitive decision-making on the battlefield.

Use “low” to control “high” and accumulate cost advantages. Different from the traditional combat concept of pursuing high-end weapon platforms, “mosaic warfare” focuses on using artificial intelligence technology to tap the potential and increase efficiency of existing weapon platforms and combat resources. By loading and running intelligent algorithms and specific functional modules on many mid- to low-end weapon platforms, they can achieve combat performance comparable to that of high-end weapon platforms. This overall improves the cost-effectiveness of the input-output of the weapon platform, thereby accumulating cost advantages.

Use “dispersion” to control “gathering” and seek sustainable survival. “Mosaic warfare” emphasizes the use of decentralized ideas and asymmetric checks and balances, using an open system architecture to decentrally configure various functions such as reconnaissance, positioning, communication, and strike on various manned/unmanned platforms to achieve Distributed deployment of power. At the same time, intelligent algorithms are used to improve the self-organization, self-coordination, and independent attack capabilities of each platform, so as to achieve centralized firepower. When some combat platforms are eliminated, disrupted, or stripped away, the entire combat system can still operate normally, thus enhancing the battlefield survivability of the force cluster.

Use “dynamic” to control “quiet” and improve system flexibility. “Mosaic warfare” emphasizes further breaking through barriers in each combat domain. By turning fixed “kill chains” in different combat domains into dynamically reconfigurable “kill nets”, the “OODA” large ring is disassembled into small rings, and a single ring is differentiated into multiple rings. According to changes in the combat process and combat needs, rely on intelligent networking to realize on-the-go splitting, on-the-go deployment, and on-the-go combination of combat forces. In this way, on the one hand, it can enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the combat system; on the other hand, it can also offset the node aggregation effect of complex networks, making it difficult for opponents to find key nodes to defeat one’s own system.

“Mosaic warfare” provides a reference prototype for intelligent warfare. But at the same time, as an idealized force design and application framework, “mosaic warfare” also needs supporting support such as technology, doctrine, and policies that are closely related to it. There is still a long way to go before it can be fully realized. Compared with traditional warfare, The situation of system coexistence will exist for a long time.

● From element integration to system reorganization——

Dynamic structure to enhance the flexibility of the combat system

Structure and relationships often determine functions and properties. “Cyber ​​warfare” and “mosaic warfare” are built on the same material foundation in the information age and follow the same evolutionary paradigm, but the principles and effects of system construction are different. The architecture formed by “cyber warfare” can be statically deconstructed, while “mosaic warfare” dynamically combines functional units according to certain construction rules to form an elastic architecture with self-organizing and adaptive characteristics, similar to a “dynamic black box”. Conventional The means are difficult to track and predict. This flexible structure often “emerges” new capabilities to empower and increase the efficiency of the combat system.

The integrated development of network and cloud makes combat space and time more dynamic and malleable. The Internet and cloud are the basic environment for the operation of the information combat system. They have reshaped the process elements of intelligence, command, attack, and support in traditional operations, and at the same time derived new combat time and space. “Cyber ​​warfare” mainly focuses on the cyberspace, and its combat time and space are relatively static. “Mosaic warfare” is not limited to a single combat space. Under the development trend of information infrastructure network moving with the cloud and integrating cloud and network, the tangible and intangible space can be further hinged, the boundaries of combat space and time are more flexible, and the allocation of combat resources is more flexible. The combat architecture is more dynamic.

Data flows across domains, making combat control more seamlessly coordinated. In the command and control link, “cyber warfare” focuses on the command and control of combat units by joint combat command institutions, and the cross-domain exchange and flow of data is mainly concentrated on theater battlefields. “Mosaic warfare” further lowers the level of joint operations to the tactical end. Through the independent cross-domain exchange and seamless flow of data at the tactical level, various data islands can be gathered into data clusters on demand, thereby generating significant “overflow” “” effect makes the dynamic, discrete, agile, and parallel characteristics of the combat command and control loop more obvious, and is more conducive to realizing agile connection and efficient coordinated actions of various combat units on demand.

The algorithm penetrates all dimensions, making the system run more autonomously and efficiently. Algorithms are the mapping of human consciousness in cyberspace, forming two basic forms: compiled codes transformed by intentions and neural networks transformed by knowledge. In “Cyber ​​Warfare”, compiled code is used extensively and neural networks are only used locally. In the “mosaic war”, the algorithm has expanded to two key functions: shaping rules and providing engines, and the breadth and depth of its application are more prominent. The shaping rules mainly focus on compiled code, supplemented by neural networks, to construct the process framework and operating logic of the “mosaic warfare” system, laying a structural foundation for its uncertainty, adaptability and “emergent” capabilities; providing the engine mainly integrates intelligence The algorithm model is distributed to edge elements for operation, forming a knowledge diffusion effect, thereby comprehensively improving the intelligent autonomous combat capabilities of the “mosaic warfare” system.

The independent release of energy at the edge makes the combat style more flexible and diverse. The edge is an abstract model of various manned/unmanned combat functional units and is also the direct source of the “emergence” of system capabilities. In the “cyber warfare” system, edge elements are closely coupled with the superior and subordinate command and control processes and are in a state of precise control. In the “Mosaic Warfare” system, the perception, interaction, reasoning, and decision-making capabilities of edge elements are greatly improved. Its “OODA” loop does not need to be linked back to the higher-level command organization, which is conducive to supporting the formation of a decentralized combination of high-low and manned/unmanned. The optimized combat cluster form can give edge elements more self-organizing authority, which significantly enhances battlefield confrontation advantages.

It can be seen that if “cyber warfare” is called a sophisticated war machine, “mosaic warfare” can be regarded as a complex “ecology” that can stimulate the dynamic growth of combat capabilities. New technologies generated by network clouds, data, algorithms, and edge devices Changes promote the formation of a dynamic and complex “architecture”. This structure in turn regulates elements, platforms, and systems in reverse, constantly emerging new capabilities, and playing an important role in empowering and evolving the combat system.

● From system breach to compound confrontation——

Analyze the pros and cons and seek effective checks and balances

“Mosaic warfare” represents, to a certain extent, the possible direction for the development of future joint operations. We should fully study and grasp the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare”, shape the information and communication field as a new domain that breaks the time and space boundaries of traditional wars, create a new concept of cloud-enabled operations, and build a strong defense information infrastructure support capability. Highlight the security and defense capabilities of military information networks, enhance the basic support capabilities for the operation of strategic and campaign command institutions, and continuously improve the network information system.

On the other hand, the emergence of the “mosaic warfare” theory makes it difficult for traditional combat methods to seize and control limited target nodes to achieve the system-breaking effect of destroying points and breaking links. However, it should be noted that any system has its inherent contradictions. Even the seemingly “impeccable” decentralized structure of “mosaic warfare” can still find ways to effectively crack it. For example, grasp the complexity characteristics of the system, use its correlation and dependence, highlight the functional suppression of the communication network, build a network and electricity composite attack path, and achieve the disassembly and isolation of each unit of the combat system; grasp the dissipative characteristics of its structure, Make use of its dependence on external information to highlight the camouflage and misleading of information data, prompting the combat system to transform into abnormal states such as information closure and information overload; grasp its group autonomy characteristics, use its dependence on key technologies to highlight the confrontation against intelligent algorithms Reduce efficiency and inhibit the intelligent driving force of each combat unit; grasp its functional non-linear characteristics, take advantage of its unknown vulnerabilities, highlight differentiated strike assessment on the battlefield, and explore and discover imbalance points in the combat system with higher efficiency and faster speed , looking for key weaknesses in the system to break.

(Author’s unit: Unit 61001)

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4894888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰

中國軍隊——揭開境外網路空間行動之謎

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Chinese Military – Uncovering the Mysteries of Foreign Cyberspace Operations

原始中文國語：

隨著科學技術的不斷發展，戰爭形式已進入資訊化戰爭時代。 資訊已成為戰鬥力的主導要素。 雙方圍繞著資訊的收集、傳輸和處理展開了激烈的對抗。 網路空間是資料和資訊傳輸的通道。 現代作戰單位之間的橋樑。

美國軍方是第一個將網路空間軍事化的國家。 2008年，美國成立空軍網路司令部，將網路空間定義為整個電磁頻譜空間，將認知和實踐從狹隘的資訊域延伸到廣闊的網路域。 。 2018年1月，美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部（TRADOC）發布了《TP 525-8-6美國陸軍網路空間與電子戰作戰概念2025-2040》，描述了美國陸軍將如何在網路空間和電子戰中作戰。 在電磁頻譜中運行，以應對未來作戰環境的挑戰。 與其他傳統作戰領域相比，網路空間將對未來作戰產生哪些影響？ 在未來一體化聯合作戰背景下，能為多域聯合作戰帶來哪些突破？

神秘－網路空間行動

第五大領域資訊化戰爭。 賽博空間一詞最早出現在1982年的加拿大科幻小說《全像玫瑰碎片》中，描述了網路與人類意識融合的賽博空間。 根據美國國防部軍事詞彙詞典，網路空間是資訊環境中的全球性領域，由獨立的資訊技術基礎設施網路組成，包括互聯網、電信網路、各種區域網路和電腦系統以及嵌入式處理器和控制器。 隨著網路技術的不斷發展，網路空間已從電腦網路擴展到不可見的電磁頻譜，即電磁環境中的實體場。 它不僅包括我們通常認識的電腦網絡，還包括使用各種電磁能量的所有物理系統。

此外，在現代戰爭中，網路空間是資訊戰的新領域。 已被美軍列為與陸、海、空、天同等重要、必須保持決定性優勢的五個領域之一。 涉及網路戰、資訊戰、電子戰、太空戰、指揮控制戰、C4ISR等領域。 它是超越傳統的陸、海、空、天四維戰鬥空間的第五維度戰鬥空間。 它既相對獨立又嵌入其他領域。 與傳統領域相比，網路空間具有邊界邊界模糊、覆蓋範圍廣、情勢複雜多變的特性。

網路空間作戰超越了時間和空間的限制。 由於電磁頻譜缺乏地理邊界和自然邊界，網路空間超越了地理邊界、時間和距離的限制，使得網路空間作戰幾乎可以在任何地方發生，跨越陸地、海洋、太空和空中作戰，將傳統的四種作戰方式融為一體。立體作戰空間領域，可瞬間對遠程目標進行攻擊。 由於資訊在網路空間的傳播速度接近光速，高速資訊傳輸將大幅提升作戰效率與能力，提供快速決策、指導作戰、達到預期作戰效果的能力。 更重要的是，根據作戰需要，在網路空間或透過網路空間實現軍事目標或軍事效果可以分為進攻性網路作戰和防禦性網路作戰兩種類型。

進攻性網路行動是指在網路空間預防、削弱、中斷、摧毀或欺騙敵方網絡，以確保己方在網路空間的行動自由。 其主要行動包括實施電子系統攻擊、電磁系統封鎖和攻擊、網路攻擊和基礎設施攻擊等。防禦性網路行動包括防禦、偵測、表徵、反擊和減輕網路空間威脅事件的活動，旨在保護美國國防部防禦網絡或其他友方網絡，維持被動和主動利用友方網路空間的能力，保護資料、網路和其他指定的系統能力。

網路空間電磁戰

戰略威懾，輿論制勝。 近年來，針對經濟、政治、軍事等目標的網路攻擊不斷增加。 由於具有規模大、隱蔽性好、攻擊基礎設施能力強等特點

網路攻擊已成為一些國家在政治衝突中的優勢。 優勢手段。 俄烏衝突期間，俄羅斯以網路空間為陣地，以無線電電子戰為輔助，切斷烏克蘭系統通訊，中斷烏克蘭指揮； 抵制輿論負面消息，發布正面消息； 它癱瘓了網路上的敵人。 利用敵方網站製造恐慌，然後配合部隊正面進攻，達到速勝的目的。

全球佈局，千里之外擒敵。 美國在建立以本國主導的網路空間安全框架的過程中，掌握了盟友的網路空間作戰能力，建立了全球軍事基地和網路空間互聯互通。 相關情報人員平時透過情報行動完成網路預設，例如利用網路等手段透過情報分析來監控和收集敵方網路資料。 透過網路預設，必要時可利用網路漏洞入侵敵方網路、控制系統、破壞資料等，實現「千里取敵性命」。 2010年7月，美國透過某種蠕蟲病毒入侵伊朗核電廠，並控制了其核心設備，大大拖延了伊朗的核計畫。

充分發揮非對稱作戰優勢，提高作戰效益。 「舒特」計畫是美國空軍為了壓制敵方防空能力而提出的。 它利用不對稱作戰理論來摧毀敵方的防空系統。 核心目標是入侵敵方通訊、雷達、電腦等網路電力系統。 戰爭中，「舒特」攻擊可以透過遠程無線電侵入敵方防空預警系統和通訊系統的電腦網絡，進而攻擊並癱瘓敵方防空系統，或攻擊敵方可用的電子系統和網路系統，突破敵人的網絡。 攔截，然後利用相應的專業算法（主要是“木馬”病毒）侵入敵方雷達或網絡系統，監聽或竊取相關信息，洩露敵方作戰計劃、部隊部署、武器裝備等重要信息，從而幫助調整己方的作戰計畫、作戰結構和武器配比，以最小的成本獲得最大的利益。

網路空間作戰的未來發展

各國日益重視，大力發展。 隨著各國意識的加深，發展網路能力、贏得網路戰爭已成為各國謀求軍事優勢、贏得未來戰爭的重要內容。 2015年，美軍根據「伊斯蘭國」組織成員在網路上發布的評論和照片，利用大數據分析和偵察定位，最終在22小時內摧毀了一個「伊斯蘭國」指揮所。 目前，美國已成立網路空間司令部，組成網路空間作戰部隊，深化作戰理論研究，初步形成網路空間作戰能力。 其他國家也開展了網路競賽。 為了加強網路空間作戰能力，法國成立了新的資訊系統安全局。 英國政府發布國家通訊安全戰略，宣布成立網路安全辦公室和網路安全行動中心。 日本建立了以電腦專家為主的網路戰部隊，顯示網路空間戰引起了越來越多國家的興趣。

融合多種技術，增強網路空間作戰能力。 隨著新技術的突破，大數據技術、5G技術、人工智慧技術可以應用於網路空間作戰。 大數據技術可以儲存大量數據、收集複雜類型的數據，並且可以快速計算並獲取有用的信息。 它可以加快網路空間戰爭各方面的執行速度並使其更加精準。 5G技術具有低時延、高傳輸、大容量的特點，使得網路空間戰爭在全球環境、多域協同作戰中更具威脅性。 此外，還可以利用人工智慧深度學習、推理等能力來模擬網路空間戰爭。 在這個過程中，可以發現自身武器系統的弱點並加以改進。 透過這些技術的深度融合，可以將網路空間打造為智慧化、高傳輸、高精度的網路環境，為未來資訊化聯合作戰打造智慧大腦。

並掌握未來經營的主動權。

有效推進聯合作戰。 利用跨域資訊化聯合作戰本質上是基於地理空間部署，建立穩定且有效率的網路空間資訊活動態勢，共同實現作戰目標的新型作戰形態。 聯合部隊有不同的資訊能力。 實現高度共享和深度融合，增強即時態勢感知，提高指揮效率，提高一體化戰鬥力。 網路能力不僅可以服務單一軍種或單位，還可以優先保障戰略級目標，高水準組織網路戰爭和各兵種作戰，規劃陸、海、空等網路作戰。空氣和空間維度。 戰鬥目標。

未來的戰爭將是智慧化、系統化的戰爭。 「聯合資訊環境」是實現「跨域協作」、打造「全球一體化作戰」能力的策略性舉措。 隨著科技的不斷改善與發展，網路空間作戰將成為核心作戰領域之一，將大幅提升未來系統作戰效能，為謀取資訊優勢、贏得戰爭提供重要支撐。

外文原版英文：

With the continuous development of science and technology, the form of war has entered the era of information warfare. Information has become the dominant element of combat effectiveness. Both combatants are engaged in fierce confrontation around the collection, transmission and processing of information. Cyberspace is a channel for the transmission of data and information. The bridge between modern combat units.

The U.S. military was the first to militarize cyberspace. In 2008, the United States established the Air Force Cyber ​​Command and defined cyberspace as the entire electromagnetic spectrum space, extending cognition and practice from the narrow information domain to the broad cyber domain. . In January 2018, the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) released “TP 525-8-6 U.S. Army Cyberspace and Electronic Warfare Operational Concept 2025-2040”, which describes how the U.S. Army will operate in cyberspace and electronic warfare. operate in the electromagnetic spectrum to meet the challenges of future operational environments. Compared with other traditional combat domains, what impact will cyberspace have on future operations? In the context of future integrated joint operations, what breakthroughs can it bring to multi-domain joint operations?

Mysterious – Cyberspace Operations

The fifth major area of ​​information warfare. The term cyberspace first appeared in the 1982 Canadian science fiction novel “Fragments of the Holographic Rose”, which describes a cyberspace where the Internet and human consciousness are integrated. According to the U.S. Department of Defense Military Vocabulary Dictionary, cyberspace is a global domain within the information environment that consists of independent information technology infrastructure networks, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, various local area networks and computer systems, and embedded processors and controller. With the continuous development of network technology, cyberspace has expanded from computer networks to the invisible electromagnetic spectrum, which is a physical field in the electromagnetic environment. It includes not only computer networks as we usually recognize them, but also all physical systems that use various types of electromagnetic energy.

In addition, in modern warfare, cyberspace is a new field of information warfare. It has been listed by the US military as one of the five areas that are as important as land, sea, air and space and must maintain decisive advantages. It involves network warfare, information warfare, electronic warfare, space warfare, command and control warfare, C4ISR and other fields. It is a fifth-dimensional battle space that transcends the traditional four-dimensional battle space of land, sea, air and space. It is both relatively independent and embedded in other fields. Compared with traditional fields, cyberspace has the characteristics of blurred border boundaries, wide coverage, and complex and changeable situations.

Cyberspace operations transcend the limitations of time and space. Due to the lack of geographical boundaries and natural boundaries in the electromagnetic spectrum, cyberspace transcends the limitations of geographical boundaries, time and distance, allowing cyberspace operations to occur almost anywhere, across land, sea, space and air operations, integrating traditional In the four-dimensional combat space field, attacks on remote targets can be carried out instantly. Since the propagation speed of information in cyberspace is close to the speed of light, high-speed information transmission will greatly improve combat efficiency and capabilities, and provide the ability to make quick decisions, guide operations, and achieve expected combat effects. More importantly, according to operational needs, achieving military goals or military effects in or through cyberspace can be divided into two types: offensive cyber operations and defensive cyber operations.

Offensive cyber operations refer to preventing, weakening, interrupting, destroying or deceiving the enemy’s network in cyber space to ensure one’s own freedom of action in cyber space. Its main actions include the implementation of electronic system attacks, electromagnetic system blockade and attack , network attacks and infrastructure attacks, etc. Defensive cyber operations include activities to defend, detect, characterize, counter and mitigate cyberspace threat events, aiming to protect the U.S. Department of Defense network or other friendly networks, maintain the ability to passively and proactively exploit friendly cyberspace, and protect data , network and other specified system capabilities.

Electromagnetic warfare in cyberspace

Strategic deterrence, public opinion wins. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of cyber attacks against economic, political, military and other targets. Due to the characteristics of large scale, good concealment, and ability to attack infrastructure networks, these attacks have become an advantage for some countries in political conflicts. means of advantage. During the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Russia used cyberspace as its position and radio-electronic warfare as assistance to cut off the Ukrainian system in communications and interrupt the Ukrainian command; it resisted negative news in public opinion and released positive news; it paralyzed the enemy on the Internet. Use the enemy’s website to create panic, and then cooperate with the frontal attack of the troops to achieve the goal of quick victory.

Global layout, capturing enemies from thousands of miles away. In the process of establishing a cyberspace security framework dominated by its own country, the United States has mastered the cyberspace operations of its allies and established global military bases and cyberspace interconnectivity. Relevant intelligence personnel complete network presets through intelligence operations in peacetime, such as using the Internet and other means to monitor and collect enemy network data through intelligence analysis. Through network presets, when necessary, network vulnerabilities can be exploited to invade the enemy’s network, control the system, destroy data, etc., to achieve “taking the enemy’s life thousands of miles away.” In July 2010, the United States invaded Iran’s nuclear power plant through a certain worm virus and took control of its core equipment, greatly delaying Iran’s nuclear program.

Give full play to the advantages of asymmetric combat and improve combat benefits. The “Shute” plan was proposed by the U.S. Air Force to suppress the enemy’s air defense capabilities. It uses asymmetric combat theory to destroy the enemy’s air defense system. The core goal is to invade the enemy’s communications, radar, computer and other network power systems. In war, the “Shute” attack can invade the computer network of the enemy’s air defense early warning system and communication system through remote radio, and then attack and paralyze the enemy’s air defense system, or attack the enemy’s available electronic systems and network systems to break through the enemy’s network. Block, and then use corresponding professional algorithms (mainly “Trojan horse” viruses) to invade the enemy’s radar or network system, monitor or steal relevant information, and leak important information about the enemy’s combat plan, troop deployment, and weapons and equipment, thereby helping Adjust the combat plan, combat structure and weapon ratio to your own side to obtain the maximum benefits at the minimum cost.

The future development of cyberspace operations

Paying increasing attention to it, countries are vigorously developing it. As countries’ understanding deepens, developing cyber capabilities and winning cyber wars have become an important part of countries seeking military advantages and winning future wars. In 2015, based on comments and photos posted online by members of an “Islamic State” organization, the U.S. military used big data analysis and reconnaissance positioning, and finally destroyed an “Islamic State” command post within 22 hours. At present, the United States has established a Cyberspace Command, organized a cyberspace combat force, deepened research on combat theory, and developed preliminary cyberspace combat capabilities. Other countries have also launched cyber competitions. In order to strengthen its cyberspace combat capabilities, France established a new Information Systems Security Agency. The British government released the National Communications Security Strategy and announced the establishment of a Cybersecurity Office and a Cybersecurity Action Center. Japan has established a cyber warfare force mainly composed of computer experts, which shows that cyber space warfare has aroused the interest of more and more countries.

Integration of multiple technologies to enhance cyberspace combat capabilities. With the breakthrough of new technologies, big data technology, 5G technology, and artificial intelligence technology can be applied to cyberspace operations. Big data technology can store large amounts of data, collect complex types of data, and can quickly calculate and obtain useful information. It can speed up the execution of all aspects of cyberspace warfare and make it more accurate. 5G technology has the characteristics of low latency, high transmission and large capacity, making cyberspace warfare more threatening in a global environment and multi-domain coordinated operations. In addition, artificial intelligence deep learning, reasoning and other capabilities can be used to simulate cyberspace warfare. In the process, the weaknesses of one’s own weapon systems can be found and improved. Through the deep integration of these technologies, cyberspace can be built into an intelligent A network environment with high transmission and precision can create an intelligent brain for future information-based joint operations and grasp the initiative in future operations.

Effectively promote joint operations. The use of cross-domain information-based joint operations is essentially a new combat form that jointly achieves operational goals by establishing a stable and efficient cyberspace information activity situation based on the deployment of geographical space. The joint forces have different information capabilities. Achieve a high degree of sharing and deep integration to enhance real-time situational awareness, improve command efficiency, and improve integrated combat effectiveness. Cyber ​​capabilities can not only serve a single service branch or unit, but can also prioritize the protection of strategic-level goals, organize cyber wars and operations of various arms with a high overall level, and plan cyber operations in land, sea, air, and space dimensions. battle target.

Future wars will be intelligent and systematic wars. The “joint information environment” is a strategic move to achieve “cross-domain collaboration” and build “global integrated operations” capabilities. With the continuous improvement and development of technology, cyberspace Operations will become one of the core operational domains, which will greatly improve the effectiveness of future systematic operations and provide important support for seeking information advantages and winning wars.

2020 年 8 月 31 日 | 來源：人民網-軍事頻道

http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0831/c1011-3184888z.html

Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, 中國認知戰和領域作戰

中國軍方：認知域作戰是語言對抗新主戰場

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Chinese Military: Cognitive domain operations are the new main battlefield for language confrontation

國語原版：

認知域作戰指的是以現代認知理論和科學為指導，調用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、傳媒、文字、圖片、視頻、數位等多維技術，進行輿論宣傳、心理 攻防、人心爭取、信心顛覆、信仰影響、思維爭奪以及意識形態鬥爭的重要形式，意在爭奪人們在思維、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同與評判傾向方面主動權。 認知域作戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、思想戰等多域戰的複合集合體。

目前，認知域作戰已成為國家間進行軍事鬥爭和其他領域鬥爭的重要依托，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗已成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度關注。

語言對抗針對作戰對象施加影響力的新領域

認知域作戰是當代認知科學研究發展的伴隨結果，是人們積極探索大腦認知活動獲得對大腦更為複雜更為抽象更為透徹的理解後產生的一種新興作戰領域，更是語言對抗 以受眾大腦的高階深層隱性活動為作用對象的高端影響形式。 不管是從資訊作用的對象、資訊的生產者、資訊內容本身或資訊的管道，認知域作戰都無不貫穿了認知的特點，自始至終都突顯從認知層面開展行動。

從訊息的接受對象來說，這個認知針對的是對手受眾大腦深層的認知面，包括其民眾、軍隊、軍事指揮員或者重要領導、政界商界的重要人物，甚至直接包括對方國家領導人或者 軍隊的特定重要將領等，也可以是特定的人群或民眾。 它可以涉及個人或群體的認知偏好、認知短板、認知習慣、認知偏誤、認知迷思；也可以是個人和群體的信念、價值觀念、政治認同、民族認同、社會和文化認同 與情感態度。

從資訊的投放者和內容來說，它應該是注入了資訊生產者的認知設計和安排，這個包括文本的獨特認知性，例如文本的話語模式、文本的敘事模式、事物的觀察視角、 敘事的認知焦點與深度、語句的組織形式、語句的價值觀念等傾向性、語句的概念的對方可接受性等。

從訊息傳達和傳播的管道來說，文字的形式更加貼近多媒體多模態形式，更加貼近網路空間的需要，更加貼近當代智慧型手機的優勢，更加貼近當下新興媒體時代的特點，也就是更加符合受眾 接受的認知特徵認知習慣和認知傾向。 文本的傳播形式充分考慮國際傳播中的認知效果，特別是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。 如此，文本將會從認知層面，更好地對受眾施加影響力。

語言對抗應對作戰樣式變革生成新戰法

縱觀人類歷史，我們不難發現，軍事鬥爭的樣式一直在不斷變化。 從最初的使用冷兵器的體力纏鬥發展成為熱兵器機械力量的較量，又發展成為高科技戰爭條件下的信息化能力的製衡與反制衡，近年來又向著智能化無人化方向的智能決策 比拼發展，每一次改變都帶來深刻的戰法變化。 當下的機械化資訊化智能化的共處過渡階段，人們不僅重視戰場的物理域和資訊域主導權的爭奪，更重視影響戰爭主體－人的認知域的掌控，也就是作戰雙方人員的思維方式 、認知模式與風格、價值觀念、情緒態度、文化模型、溝通模式、心理強弱項、認知偏好、文化與知識圖譜、意識形態認同等領域的競爭。 後者涉及社會人員和社會存在的基本態勢，也就是認知域作戰施加影響的新興領域，其戰法有著強烈的特殊性。

議題靈活機動性：認知域作戰可挑選認知域的諸多議題，進行靈活機動的作戰行動。 議題根據當下的情況與需要，既可以選擇涉及較為宏觀的戰略層面（如對方全社會的意識形態與制度等），也可以選擇中觀的戰役層面（如對方社會局部領域或方向的社會問題： 社會福利政策或環境保護政策等），也可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（如某個人、某個特定事件所折射出的社會的非公平、非正義、非美好的一面）。 宏觀、中觀、微觀的認知域問題相互連結、相互轉化，很有可能一個微觀的議題也會成為一個宏觀的重大策略性議題。 而問題的提出要視與整個軍事行動的關係，要使認知域作戰服從全局的作戰行動，服務於宏觀的政治、外交大局的需要。 更重要的是，議題要準備在平時，要把各種議題的資料收集在平時，特別是要關注現實社會中的各種重要資料。 一旦需要，這些數據就可以迅速轉變為射向敵方認知域的箭頭、子彈、砲彈，甚至成為影響全局的戰略性武器。

作戰層次可控性：認知作戰其重要的設計是，在作戰的層面上，是整體可以控制的，也是可以調控的，可以根據情勢的變化，做出相應的升級或降維。 如果需要戰略層面的，指揮人員可以開通戰略層面的設計和力量投入；如果需要戰役級別的，也可以控制在相應戰役層面；如果僅僅需要是在特定的小問題層面，也可以將其控制在相應 的小眾局域層面，使得整個行動服務於整體作戰行動的需要。 這裡的戰略戰役戰術，更多的指的是作戰設計和力量的投入。 由於戰場態勢可能瞬息萬變，有些議題也有可能在層級上發生變化，由戰略性的議題影響到戰役和戰術級的效果；有些議題，則由於戰術議題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役戰略級議題。

新興媒介主導性：認知域的主要影響管道，已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向了新興媒體。 傳統媒介主要依賴單一媒介，如報紙、雜誌、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞訊息；後期電視的產生帶來了立體媒體。 到了網路時代，特別是網路2.0時代和智慧通訊設備的誕生，人們更加依賴多媒介、多模態以及短視頻、短文本的形式來傳遞訊息。 各種智慧型手機、智慧型平板、智慧型播放器等高階設備的推陳出新，各種新興社群軟體和工具的誕生，使得新興媒體成為當下人們進行溝通與交流的主要工具。 新興媒體、新興社群軟體和工具已成為當下各種力量在社會安全、輿論安全、意識形態安全、社會安全和政治安全展開博弈和鬥爭的重要空間。 網路安全，特別是能否掌握住新型的社群媒體、新興社群軟體和工具等的安全，某種程度上也說，是一國認知領域能否安全的關鍵。 新興媒體工具和新型媒體空間的訊息已成為各國認知作戰的主戰場、主陣地和主要爭奪空間。 值得指出的是，左右人們認知的思想和理論將成為認知域作戰各層面的最有影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智慧時代認知運算增強新算力

在人工智慧時代，在大數據分析與運用、超級運算能力、智慧運算能力、自然語言處理能力、智慧型手機傳播能力以及新一代網路通訊能力大幅提升的基礎上，人類已經開始可以對全社會、全網 領域、局部群體、局部不同群體以及特定個體進行精準的語言文化、心理認知、群體情緒、社會行為建模和分析。 特別是人們對大腦認知、人腦思考、思考模式、習慣偏好、意象圖式、認知框架、甚至神經網路、人機協同、腦控技術等的深刻認識與掌握，只要有足夠多元的 動態數據，人們就可以把人們的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、社會輿論以及行為方式等全部計算模擬出來，透過深算、精算、妙算，可以精準地把握人們的認知世界，形成 對人們認知域的精細和深刻的控制。 這方面又呈現以下特徵：

計算的全維度：認知域作為一個新興領域，其涉及的方方面面都可以被數據化並實現全方位全過程全個體可計算，可以通過廣泛的收集各類型信息，經過信息梳理進而可體現為 關於作戰對手主體因素多樣化的大數據，從而可以就此開展面向全體、群體、群體之間以及個體數據及其之間的各種計算，由此，以往無法實現的基於思維、心理、情感、言論 、行為等方面的各種活動都可以透過計算來完成、展示和精準把握。

計算的認知性：認知域的計算體現了強烈的認知性，它更多地可以揭示各種事物、事件、人物之間的難以用肉眼觀察到的關聯關係，可以揭示同一事件框架 中各種概念之間的聚集與層級關係，反映各概念之間或明或暗、或直接或間接的深層認知聯繫，揭示概念之間的複雜概念網絡體系，使人們看到完全超越一般肉眼 觀察的深層認知世界。

計算的智能性：認知域的計算又反映了強烈的智能性。 這種智能性表現為透過計算，會得出具有智慧性的結論。 譬如可以透過大量文本收集和資料挖掘，尋找人工力量受限而看不到的各種主題、各種觀點、各種傾向、各種人群、各種立場、各種訴求之間的關係，形成對 某一問題的更為全面、縱深、精確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。 這類決策既可能是與人類智慧相符，也可能是超越甚至遠勝於人類的智慧。 運用好認知運算的力量，特別是綜合本國的數據和對手的數據，可以更好地做到提前預防、提前預警、提前開展佈局，並能夠實現最好最優最快最精準地打擊和反擊 ，也能夠更好地體現高效有力有針對性的防護。 這裡的認知運算，更多的是對某一可能的宏觀中觀或微觀的議題在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景下，在全域或某一局域網域、某一特定群體內部可能 產生的迴響，特別是對與對手展開賽局時雙方可能呈現的主動、被動的態勢進行分析與檢視，對認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語力量的新運用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的依托，就是它主要依托語言媒介來發揮作用，主要透過話語層面來施加影響，主要透過話語的敘事性來形成對認知域的隱性作用，主要透過文化模式 來施加潛在作用，透過跨文化的傳播來施加或明或暗的作用。 其主要體現為以下方面：

文本話語獨特性：認知域是需要用資訊來施加影響力的。 儘管訊息可能依托影片圖片的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所綜合表達話語的獨特性成為產生認知影響的主要依賴。 這其中，話語表達的模式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達說服力和感染力的主要設計，特別是話語敘事獨特性將是影響人們認知的關鍵。 這可能包括敘事的視角，敘事的主題、風格，敘事的故事框架，敘事的語言創新，敘事的關鍵語句，敘事蘊含的哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等情懷，敘事的不同參與者身份 ，敘事的多元評價，敘事的真實度、深度和情感溫度，敘事對於觀點的潛移默化影響作用，敘事釋放的個人情感、價值觀念、意識形態、立場評價等。 文本話語的獨特性，是認知域作戰以文本施加認知影響的重要依靠。 充分利用文本的複雜性，發揮多樣化文本各自優勢，發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響的作用，已成為文本話語認知域作戰的關鍵。 其中最為重要的，就是要創新文本話語，用更嶄新的話語、更加新奇的表述，更加獨特的表達來贏得讀者，使讀者了解並在潛移默化中感受文本中的思想，並在無聲無息中接受 文本的思想。

文化模式潛在性：認知域作戰，一定要深刻掌握不同國家和民族文化的特徵和模式。 不同國家、不同民族，其文化的模型不一樣，哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思考方式皆有明顯不同；不同文化下的國民，也有著不同樣的民族心理、民族性的認可 知模式，也應該有典型的屬於本民族本文化的認知偏好，也有相應的短處與弱點，有的還明顯存在與本國其他民族有巨大差異的認識，甚至還有誤解和敵意。 因此，認知域作戰在文化層面，就是要掌握好不同國家的整體文化模型，建構不同國家不同群體的文化模型，建構不同國家在不同事物上的不同認知模型，充分掌握某一國家在一 在系列事物和議題上的整體態度和行事方式，特別是針對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、整體觀念等。 要藉助現有理論和發現，綜合建構在認知領域不同人群對一些典型問題、敏感問題、重要問題的基本表現，為下一步進行認知作戰提供重要的參考和指導。 加強對敵方不同人員的文化模式研究，特別是軍隊人員，重點崗位的人員，包括對方將領、軍官、士兵等的基本文化特徵和模型的研究與構建，譬如人物心理認知行為與文化模型畫像 ，已經成為認知域作戰的核心做法。 對對方一般人員，特別是一般國民、市民的認知模式，以及特定族群，包括特殊的非政府組織力量等的認知分析，也同樣具有重要價值。

跨文化策略傳播性：認知域作戰，是面向國際的語言傳播與文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播的規律。 要把握國際傳播的基本範式，要把本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，要將對方語言與文化和本國的故事與思想巧妙結合；要善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂 （聲音）、錄像等手段或多模態的手段來實現資訊的國際傳播。 同時，也要在戰略層面統籌多維宏觀的傳播：要利用各種手段，依靠軍民融合軍民協同軍民一體開展傳播；除了非政府組織之外，特別是要依靠民間力量，依靠專家、意見領袖、普通 民眾來幫助軍隊來進行認知域作戰；要統一設置議題，多點多位多維發聲，形成戰略傳播態勢，為重大行動、重大議題、重大危機管控等形成應急解決的良好態勢，形成良好輿論氛圍 ，營造正面效應，消除不利影響或撲滅不利影響。 特別是要建立一支能精通外語、懂得跨文化技巧、知曉國際傳播規律、能在國際多維平台巧妙發聲的精幹隊伍。 這些人員平時可以進行廣泛的議題知覺、收集和討論，借助普通議題或特殊議題建立

粉絲群；更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，透過他們的粉絲群體，施加影響，完成策略傳播任務。

目前，隨著混合戰多域戰全局戰的大行其道，認知域作戰已成為雜糅其間、混合其間的常用手段，認知域作戰由陌生、新興、發展到壯大的歷程，更是傳統輿論戰、 心理戰、法律戰發展的高階階段複雜階段升級階段。 它的興起，更具欺騙性、模糊性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮它與當代新興媒體進場深度接軌深度融合，而且還不斷學習借鑒融入多學科、 跨學科、跨領域的新想法、新技術、新手段。 由此，認知域作戰已然成為我們必須高度警覺高度提防的作戰形式。

（國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波）

【本文系國家社科基金重大計畫「國防與軍隊改革視野下的國防語言能力建構」階段性成果】

Cognitive domain operations refer to using modern cognitive theory and science as a guide, using multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and using multi-dimensional technologies such as modern networks, media, text, pictures, videos, and numbers to carry out public opinion propaganda, psychological Attack and defense, fighting for people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle are important forms of fighting for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification and judgment tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of multi-domain warfare such as traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade war, diplomatic warfare, technological warfare, and ideological warfare.

At present, cognitive domain operations have become an important basis for countries to carry out military struggles and struggles in other fields. Language confrontation driven by cognitive domain goals has become an important form of cognitive domain operations and deserves great attention.

A new area where language confrontation exerts influence on combat targets

Cognitive domain operations are an accompanying result of the development of contemporary cognitive science research. It is an emerging combat field that emerged after people actively explored the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract, and thorough understanding of the brain. It is also a language confrontation. A high-end form of influence that targets the advanced and deep hidden activities of the audience’s brain. Regardless of whether it is the object of information, the producer of information, the information content itself or the channel of information, cognitive domain operations all run through the characteristics of cognition, and highlight the cognitive level from beginning to end.

From the perspective of the recipients of the information, this cognition targets the deep cognitive aspects of the brains of the opponent’s audience, including its people, the military, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly including the opponent’s country leaders or leaders. Specific important generals of the army, etc., can also be specific groups of people or the public. It can involve cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, and cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also involve beliefs, values, political identities, national identities, and social and cultural identities of individuals and groups. and emotional attitudes.

From the perspective of the sender and content of information, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer. This includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the observation perspective of things, The cognitive focus and depth of the narrative, the organizational form of the sentence, the value and other tendencies of the sentence, the acceptability of the concept of the sentence, etc.

In terms of the channels through which information is sent and disseminated, the form of text is closer to multimedia and multimodal forms, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smartphones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, which means it is more in line with the audience. Cognitive characteristics of acceptance: cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies. The communication form of the text fully considers the cognitive effects in international communication, especially cross-cultural, cross-language, cross-media, and cross-group cognitive communication. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from a cognitive level.

Language confrontation generates new tactics in response to changes in combat styles

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the patterns of military struggle have been constantly changing. From the initial physical struggle with the help of cold weapons, it has developed into a contest of mechanical power with hot weapons, and then into the checks and balances of information capabilities under high-tech war conditions. In recent years, it has also moved towards intelligent decision-making in the direction of intelligence and unmanned operations. Competition develops, and every change brings profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of mechanized, informatized and intelligent coexistence, people not only pay attention to the struggle for dominance in the physical domain and information domain of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the cognitive domain that affects the main body of the war, that is, the way of thinking of the personnel on both sides of the war. , cognitive models and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication models, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, ideological identity and other fields of competition. The latter involves social personnel and the basic situation of social existence, which is the emerging field where cognitive domain operations have an impact, and its tactics have strong particularities.

Flexibility of issues: Cognitive domain operations can select many issues in the cognitive domain and carry out flexible combat operations. Depending on the current situation and needs, the topic can be selected to involve either a relatively macro strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the other party’s entire society, etc.), or a meso-level operational level (such as social issues in local areas or directions of the other party’s society: Social welfare policy or environmental protection policy, etc.), you can also choose to involve very micro tactical issues in society (such as the unfair, unjust, and unbeautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). Issues in the macro, meso, and micro cognitive domains are interconnected and transform into each other. It is very likely that a micro issue will also become a major macro strategic issue. The question raised must be considered in relation to the entire military operation, and cognitive domain operations must be subordinated to the overall combat operations and serve the needs of the macro-political and diplomatic overall situation. What’s more important is that topics should be prepared in normal times and data on various topics should be collected in normal times, especially paying attention to various important data in real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and artillery shells fired into the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Combat-level controllability: The important design of cognitive operations is that at the operational level, the overall system can be controlled and regulated, and corresponding upgrades or dimensionality reductions can be made according to changes in the situation. If the strategic level is needed, commanders can activate the design and force investment at the strategic level; if the operational level is needed, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only needed at the level of specific small issues, it can also be controlled at the corresponding level. The niche local level enables the entire operation to serve the needs of overall combat operations. The strategies, battles and tactics here refer more to combat design and force investment. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, from strategic issues to affect campaign and tactical-level effects; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign-strategic issues that affect the overall situation.

Dominance of emerging media: The main channel of influence in the cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on a single medium, such as newspapers, magazines, books, flyers, posters, etc. to convey information; the later emergence of television brought about three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multi-media, multi-modal, short videos and short texts to convey information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, and smart players, as well as the birth of various emerging social software and tools, have made emerging media the main tool for people to communicate and communicate. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to compete and fight in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security and political security. Internet security, especially the ability to grasp the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools, etc., is to some extent the key to the security of a country’s cognitive domain. Information from emerging media tools and new media spaces has become the main battlefield, main position and main contested space for cognitive operations in various countries. It is worth pointing out that the ideas and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain warfare.

Language confrontation adapts to the intelligent era, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, based on the significant improvements in big data analysis and application, super computing power, intelligent computing power, natural language processing power, smartphone communication capabilities, and new generation network communication capabilities, humans have begun to be able to control the entire society and the entire network. Conduct accurate modeling and analysis of language, culture, psychological cognition, group emotions, and social behavior across domains, local groups, different local groups, and specific individuals. In particular, people’s profound understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking patterns, habits and preferences, image schemas, cognitive frameworks, and even neural networks, human-computer collaboration, brain control technology, etc., as long as there are sufficiently diverse With dynamic data, people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, social opinions, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculation, actuarial calculation, and clever calculation, we can accurately grasp people’s cognitive world and form Delicate and profound control over people’s cognitive domains. This aspect also presents the following characteristics:

Comprehensive dimensionality of computing: As an emerging field, all aspects involved in the cognitive domain can be digitized and made fully computable across all processes and individuals. It can collect various types of information extensively and sort out the information, which can then be reflected as Big data about the diversified main factors of combat opponents can be used to carry out various calculations for the whole, groups, between groups, and individual data and between them. Therefore, based on thinking, psychology, emotion, and speech, which has not been possible in the past, Various activities in terms of activities, behaviors, etc. can be completed, displayed and accurately grasped through calculation.

Cognitiveness of computing: Computing in the cognitive domain embodies strong cognition. It can reveal more connections between various things, events, and people that are difficult to observe with the naked eye, and can reveal the same event framework. The clustering and hierarchical relationships between various concepts in the text reflect the explicit or implicit, direct or indirect deep cognitive connections between concepts, reveal the complex conceptual network system between concepts, and enable people to see completely beyond the ordinary naked eye. The deep cognitive world of observation.

Computing intelligence: Computing in the cognitive domain also reflects strong intelligence. This kind of intelligence is manifested in drawing intelligent conclusions through calculation. For example, through large-scale text collection and data mining, we can find the relationships between various topics, various opinions, various tendencies, various groups of people, various positions, and various demands that cannot be seen due to limited human power, and form a comparison. A more comprehensive, in-depth, accurate and systematic understanding of a certain problem to make scientifically optimized decisions. This kind of decision-making may be consistent with human intelligence, or it may exceed or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by integrating the data of one’s own country and that of opponents, one can better prevent, warn, and deploy in advance, and achieve the best, fastest, and most accurate strikes and counterattacks. , and can also better reflect efficient, powerful and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about a possible macro, meso or micro issue in different groups of people, different time periods, and different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or a certain local network domain, or within a specific group. The repercussions generated, especially the analysis and examination of the active and passive situations that both parties may present when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of the cognitive domain, etc.

Give full play to the subject position of discourse and release the new application of discourse power

Cognitive domain operations have a very important support, that is, they mainly rely on language media to exert their effects, mainly exerting influence through the discourse level, mainly through the narrative nature of discourse to form a hidden effect on the cognitive domain, and mainly through cultural models. To exert a potential effect, exert an explicit or implicit effect through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Uniqueness of textual discourse: The cognitive domain requires the use of information to exert influence. Although information may rely on the special visual effects of video images to be presented, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the discourse synthesized by the text becomes the main basis for cognitive impact. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skills of discourse expression, the main design of the persuasiveness and appeal of discourse expression, especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to affecting people’s cognition. This may include the perspective of the narrative, the theme and style of the narrative, the story frame of the narrative, the language innovation of the narrative, the key sentences of the narrative, the philosophy, humanities, religion, society, nature and other feelings contained in the narrative, and the identities of the different participants in the narrative. , the diversified evaluation of narratives, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of narratives, the subtle influence of narratives on opinions, the personal emotions, values, ideologies, and standpoint evaluations released by narratives, etc. The uniqueness of textual discourse is an important reliance on the cognitive influence of texts in cognitive domain operations. Making full use of the complexity of text, giving full play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving full play to the implicit and explicit cognitive effects of text connotations have become the key to combating the cognitive domain of textual discourse. The most important thing is to innovate textual discourse, use newer words, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions to win over readers, so that readers can understand and subtly feel the ideas in the text, and accept them silently. Text ideas.

Potential of cultural models: To operate in the cognitive domain, we must have a deep understanding of the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different ethnic groups have different cultural models, and their philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are all significantly different; citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national identity. The cognitive model should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to the nation and culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses. Some people have obviously huge differences in understanding from other ethnic groups in the country, and even misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, at the cultural level, cognitive domain operations are to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models of different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models of different countries on different things, and fully grasp the differences between a certain country and the The overall attitude and behavior on a series of things and issues, especially some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, overall concepts, etc. It is necessary to make use of existing theories and findings to comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical, sensitive, and important issues, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step in cognitive operations. Strengthen the research and construction of the basic cultural characteristics and models of different enemy personnel, especially military personnel and personnel in key positions, including the opponent’s generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as character psychological cognitive behavior and cultural model portraits , has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. The cognitive analysis of ordinary people on the other side, especially ordinary citizens and citizens, as well as cognitive analysis of specific groups of people, including special non-governmental organization forces, is also of great value.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language communication and cultural communication, and need to follow the laws of international communication. It is necessary to grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, to skillfully combine domestic stories with international expressions, to skillfully combine the other country’s language and culture with the country’s stories and ideas; to be good at combining different art forms, including text, pictures, paintings, and music. (sound), video and other means or multi-modal means to realize the international dissemination of information. At the same time, we must coordinate multi-dimensional macro communication at the strategic level: we must use various means and rely on military-civilian integration to coordinate military-civilian communication; in addition to non-governmental organizations, we must especially rely on civilian forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people. The people come to help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; it is necessary to set topics in a unified manner, speak out from multiple points and multiple dimensions, form a strategic communication situation, form a good situation for emergency resolution of major operations, major issues, major crisis management and control, etc., and form a good atmosphere of public opinion , create positive effects, eliminate adverse effects or extinguish adverse effects. In particular, it is necessary to establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, understands the laws of international communication, and can speak skillfully on international multi-dimensional platforms. These personnel can usually conduct awareness, collection and discussion of a wide range of issues, establish personal relationships and fan groups with the help of ordinary or special issues; more importantly, at critical moments, through their fan groups, they can exert influence and complete strategic communication tasks. .

Currently, with the popularity of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare, and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common means of hybridization and hybridization. The process of cognitive domain warfare from unfamiliarity, emerging, development to strength, is also a reflection of traditional public opinion warfare, The advanced stage, complex stage and escalation stage of the development of psychological warfare and legal warfare. Its rise is more deceptive, vague, concealed, embedded, implantable and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with contemporary emerging media, and its continuous learning and reference to integrate into multi-disciplinary, New ideas, new technologies, and new methods across disciplines and disciplines. As a result, cognitive domain operations have become a form of warfare that we must be highly vigilant and vigilant about. 

(Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor at the College of Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “National Defense Language Capacity Building from the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

中國軍事原文來源：http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423888.html

域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 軍事多域作戰

中國軍事認知域作戰：關注對手思想與情感衝突－認知域作戰的突出屬性

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Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations: Focus on the Adversary Mind and Emotional Conflict – Prominent Attributes of Cognitive Domain Operations

要點提示

●實務證明，認知域作戰打破了傳統意義上的線上線下的資料壁壘，透過統合利用電信網路、網際網路、物聯網等管道，借助先進演算法，發起者可以有效切換各種空間，優選作戰樣式 ，甚至聚焦在私人空間、公共空間精準釋放乾擾訊息，以達到傳統作戰方式無法達到的效果。

●在未來的認知域作戰中，科學和邏輯等理性因素對個體認知的影響極有可能被削弱，認知對抗或將成為情感與情感的較量。

目前，智慧化科技的快速發展，正全方位變革訊息傳播的邏輯，使訊息對思維意識的影響更加深刻和全面，人的大腦認知真正上升為軍事對抗的重要場域。 智慧化時代，資訊傳播機制的不斷演進將從多面向體系化重塑認知對抗，進而推動認知域作戰發生根本性變革。

人工智慧成為認知域作戰的主要驅動力

智慧化時代，資訊傳播以數據為依托，人工智慧技術貫穿資訊收集、生產、回饋等全過程。 人工智慧這項顛覆性技術在軍事領域的廣泛深入應用，將是未來認知域作戰規劃和實施等整個過程的關鍵支撐。

人工智慧技術將貫穿未來認知域作戰多場景。 在認知域作戰行動部署、節奏把控等過程中，參戰各方依托先進算法作為行動的“調控者”“把關人”，來自各個作戰域的大量關於戰場行動的信息，為交戰各方 高效率決策和實施認知域作戰提供驅動力。 實踐證明，認知域作戰打破了傳統意義上的線上線下的資料壁壘，透過統合利用電信網路、互聯網、物聯網等管道，借助先進演算法，發起者可以有效切換各種空間，優選作戰樣式， 甚至聚焦在私密空間、公共空間精準釋放乾擾訊息，以達到傳統作戰方式無法達到的效果。

此外，人工智慧從賦能單環節朝向連結作戰各環節、全流程演變。 目前，人工智慧在資訊傳播中也局限於定位目標受眾，以提高資訊和信宿的匹配率。 未來認知域作戰，人工智慧將在認知域作戰規劃和實施各環節「一站式」發揮作用，並不斷強化各環節之間的耦合。 外軍認為，未來認知域作戰中，可利用數據差異化投送，啟動機器人瞬時製造輿論潮流，影響認知效果。 戰略戰役層面，可基於長期追蹤數據和不斷調整優化的演算法策略，計算不同地域、群體認知態勢，輔助決策者規劃核心敘事、主要議題等，從而調控行動實施和協同動作。

自主對抗成為認知域作戰的顯著特徵

隨著智慧程式從協同傳播、參與傳播到自主傳播，以及智慧終端的連結生態的不斷擴大，未來戰場上，官兵將越來越多地可以接收到智慧程式、智慧終端發送的各類訊息。 而在虛擬空間，數位孿生體、虛擬人之間的互動溝通，將會傳導作用於現實世界人的認知。 從智慧化條件下的認知域作戰的發展趨勢來看，人的介入度將逐漸降低，資訊彈藥的採集、合成、發送將更加自主高效，話語策略、行動策略的製定執行更趨自主化， 整個流程節奏空前快速。 但就結果而言，人仍是認知域作戰的最終目標，由自主化武器賦能加速的流程會持續強化對人認知的控制。

借助智慧程式、智慧終端、數位孿生體、虛擬人等自主對抗工具，參戰各方將在認知域作戰態勢佈設、時空運用、資訊內容設計等方面擁有更多彈性，資訊真偽對抗將更加 突出。 未來的認知域作戰，自主化武器將有可能突破力量與時空的限制，行動樣式更趨複雜。 外軍實踐表明，運用網路進行面向大眾的「噴灌式」傳播、面向特定群體的「滴灌式」傳播，將成為認知域作戰的常見樣式。 智慧程式、智慧終端機由於具有大量複製部署、不間歇運轉等特點，能夠支援開發更多更複雜的行動樣式。 如可圍繞特定議題、瞄準特定攻擊對象，迅即調動海量社交機器人，輪番集中擴散信息，或利用圍繞特定個體的智能設備採集相關數據，運用對話機器人、虛擬人與個體長期伴生互動、持續誘導，以 達成作戰目的。

未來認知域作戰，自主化武器隱蔽操控認知域戰場將成為常態，社交機器人可以根據需要製造假輿情、假熱點，從而產生更多的個體感知迷霧；智能合成技術將降低虛假信息製作門檻， 從而增加鑑偽成本和難度；機器人帳號、虛擬人信源將更難以甄別，而「一對一」的認知詐欺日益普遍。

情感衝突成為認知域作戰的突出屬性

智能化時代，新科技將拓寬人類的認知範圍、加深人們的感知程度。 擴展現實、元宇宙等技術將更全像、透明地呈現戰場環境、事件現場等，且場景可觸可感可交互，受眾在認知事件真相時將會更加受制於感性邏輯的影響。

得益於行動互聯網的發展，資訊傳播的迅捷度快速提高，透過大批次的資訊短時間內集中釋放，可極大壓縮個體的反應時間，使個體難以進行深度思考。 在事件全貌完整展現之前，受眾往往已形成立場傾向甚至將注意力轉向新焦點，依據碎片化線索輸出結論的模式加劇了對訊息的非理性、情緒化反應。 在未來的認知域作戰中，科學和邏輯等理性因素對個體認知的影響極有可能被削弱，認知對抗或將成為情感與情感的較量。 在訴諸理性與訴諸感性的抉擇中，參戰各方越發注重以情動人，透過感性手段激盪、佔據甚至極化目標對象心智，主導認知域對抗態勢。

智能化時代，認知撬動愈加倚重感性爭取。 一方面，以情緒喚醒策略增強認知共鳴。 未來的認知域作戰，行動發起者透過把殘酷激烈的交戰畫面、戰後慘像或參戰士兵傷亡過程與現狀有所選擇地呈現於受眾眼前，以此強烈刺激受眾情緒，喚醒受眾內心深處 的情感認同。 人作為傳播網絡的節點，透過智慧演算法可蒐集各類體徵數據，使行動發起者得以較準確地研判訊息所產生的情緒效果，進而動態調整內容，強化情緒反應。 行動發起者透過數據計算選定具有相似理解語境、相同情感特質的群體，或選定易受影響、具有較大影響價值的特定個體，透過靶向傳播同質化的信息流，從而激發其 群體認知共鳴。

另一方面，以道德裹挾策略激發價值認同。 面對累積加重的片段化、非理性認知反應模式，作戰行動發起者可透過二元對立的話語體系佔據道德高點、匯聚利己價值認知洪流，進而實現裹挾效果。 智慧傳播環境下豐富的呈現形態、直抵民眾的社群管道，為行動發起者運用此策略提供了便捷手段。 近年來的局部戰爭中，科技演進對道德裹挾策略的促進已逐步體現，如社群媒體將以往的秘密外交暴露於民眾面前，交戰各方首腦政要運用這一手段，直播或全程公開與別處決策 層、菁英群等的溝通細節，話語策略也愈發突顯道德仲裁與批判，進而影響、刺激國際民眾支持己方價值立場。

萬物互聯擴展認知域作戰的戰場空間

隨著資訊傳播技術的發展，社群媒體逐漸成為塑造認知的主要戰場，交戰各方的機構、個人與民眾透過社群媒體可以直接接觸並產生相互關聯，從而使全天候的認知爭奪成為可能。

智慧傳播時代，萬物互聯成為新的社會連結模式，傳播主體、傳播行為無所不在。 在此影響下，認知域作戰空間將擴展至智慧物聯終端、場景，並延伸至實體空間和虛擬空間兩個世界。 萬物互聯導致認知域作戰空間的泛在，將進一步推動作戰主體的泛在，自然人、具備資訊收發能力的智慧終端，甚至網路世界中的虛擬角色都有可能成為作戰主體，認知域作戰參戰 力量的類型將會大大拓展，認知域作戰的組織方式將會向分散式協同方向轉變。

未來的認知域作戰，深處衝突腹地的人與機器都將成為作戰的重要力量，在智慧化技術的支撐下，將協同繪製戰場圖景、參與「書寫」戰爭全過程。 前線士兵透過社群網路源源不絕地將個人戰場經歷，經過個人化包裝後適時推送展現給世人，單兵裝備、作戰平台將擔負戰場影像擷取、傳輸任務，並根據預設程序觸發自動處理和發布機制 ，以多種方式配合實體空間作戰行動，爭奪制資訊權和製腦權。 隨著通訊技術的不斷發展，前線士兵、智慧裝備還可以根據上級指令，有針對性地對所掌握的資訊進行再加工、再處理，從而更加便捷地、全景全像地呈現己方所要表達的戰場景象 ，實現認知域作戰攻心奪志的最終目標。

外語英語翻譯:

Important tips

●Practice has proven that cognitive domain operations break the traditional online and offline data barriers. By integrating the use of telecommunications networks, the Internet, the Internet of Things and other channels, and with the help of advanced algorithms, the initiator can effectively switch between various spaces and optimize the combat style. , and even focus on private spaces and public spaces to accurately release interference information, thereby achieving effects that traditional combat methods cannot achieve.

●In future battles in the cognitive domain, the influence of rational factors such as science and logic on individual cognition is likely to be weakened, and cognitive confrontation may become a battle between emotion and emotion.

At present, the rapid development of intelligent technology is changing the logic of information dissemination in all aspects, making the impact of information on thinking and consciousness more profound and comprehensive, and human brain cognition has truly become an important field of military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, the continuous evolution of information dissemination mechanisms will systematically reshape cognitive confrontation from many aspects, thereby promoting fundamental changes in cognitive domain operations.

Artificial intelligence becomes the main driving force for cognitive domain operations

In the era of intelligence, information dissemination is based on data, and artificial intelligence technology runs through the entire process of information collection, production, and feedback. The extensive and in-depth application of artificial intelligence, a disruptive technology in the military field, will be a key support for the entire process of planning and implementation of future cognitive domain operations.

Artificial intelligence technology will run through multiple scenarios of future cognitive domain operations. In the process of deployment and rhythm control of combat operations in the cognitive domain, all parties involved in the war rely on advanced algorithms as the “regulators” and “gatekeepers” of the action. A large amount of information about battlefield operations from various combat domains provides the warring parties with Provide driving force for efficient decision-making and implementation of cognitive domain operations. Practice has proven that cognitive domain operations break the traditional online and offline data barriers. By integrating the use of telecommunications networks, the Internet, the Internet of Things and other channels, and with the help of advanced algorithms, the initiator can effectively switch between various spaces and optimize the combat style. It even focuses on private spaces and public spaces to accurately release interference information, thereby achieving effects that traditional combat methods cannot achieve.

In addition, artificial intelligence has evolved from empowering a single link to connecting all links and the entire process of combat. At present, artificial intelligence is still limited to locating target audiences in information dissemination to improve the matching rate between information and information sources. In future cognitive domain operations, artificial intelligence will play a “one-stop” role in the planning and implementation of cognitive domain operations, and will continue to strengthen the coupling between various links. Foreign militaries believe that in future operations in the cognitive domain, differentiated delivery of data can be used to activate robots to instantly create public opinion trends and influence cognitive effects. At the strategic and campaign level, based on long-term tracking data and continuously adjusted and optimized algorithm strategies, we can measure the cognitive status of different regions and groups, assist decision-makers in planning core narratives, major issues, etc., thereby regulating the implementation of actions and coordinated actions.

Autonomous confrontation has become a distinctive feature of cognitive domain operations

As intelligent programs move from collaborative and participatory dissemination to independent dissemination, and the connection ecology of intelligent terminals continues to expand, on the future battlefield, officers and soldiers will increasingly be able to receive various types of information sent by intelligent programs and intelligent terminals. In the virtual space, the interactive communication between digital twins and virtual people will affect people’s cognition in the real world. Judging from the development trend of cognitive domain operations under intelligent conditions, human intervention will gradually decrease, the collection, synthesis, and transmission of information ammunition will become more autonomous and efficient, and the formulation and execution of discourse strategies and action strategies will become more autonomous. The whole process is faster than ever. But in terms of results, people are still the ultimate target of cognitive domain operations, and the process accelerated by autonomous weapon empowerment will continue to strengthen the control of human cognition.

With the help of autonomous countermeasures tools such as intelligent programs, intelligent terminals, digital twins, and virtual humans, all parties involved in the war will have more flexibility in cognitive domain combat situation layout, time and space application, and information content design. Information authenticity confrontation will be more protrude. In future cognitive domain operations, autonomous weapons will likely break through the limitations of power and time and space, and their action patterns will become more complex. The practice of foreign military forces shows that using the Internet to carry out “sprinkler-type” communication for the general public and “drip-type” communication for specific groups will become a common pattern of cognitive domain operations. Smart programs and smart terminals can support the development of more and more complex behavior patterns due to their features such as batch copy deployment and non-intermittent operation. For example, you can focus on specific issues and target specific attack targets, quickly mobilize a large number of social robots, and take turns to spread information, or use smart devices around specific individuals to collect relevant data, and use conversational robots and virtual humans to interact with individuals for a long time and continue to induce them. achieve combat objectives.

In future cognitive domain operations, autonomous weapons covertly control the cognitive domain battlefield will become the norm. Social robots can create fake public opinions and fake hot spots as needed, thereby generating more individual perception fog; intelligent synthesis technology will lower the threshold for producing false information. This will increase the cost and difficulty of identifying counterfeiting; it will be more difficult to identify robot accounts and virtual human information sources, and “one-on-one” cognitive fraud will become increasingly common.

Emotional conflict becomes a prominent attribute of cognitive domain operations

In the era of intelligence, new technologies will broaden the scope of human cognition and deepen people’s perception. Technologies such as extended reality and the metaverse will present battlefield environments, event scenes, etc. more holographically and transparently, and the scenes will be touchable, perceptible, and interactive. The audience will be more subject to the influence of perceptual logic when recognizing the truth of events.

Thanks to the development of the mobile Internet, the speed of information dissemination has increased rapidly. The centralized release of large batches of information in a short period of time can greatly shorten the reaction time of individuals, making it difficult for individuals to think deeply. Before the full picture of the incident is fully revealed, the audience has often formed a stance or even turned their attention to a new focus. The mode of outputting conclusions based on fragmented clues intensifies irrational and emotional reactions to the information. In future battles in the cognitive domain, the influence of rational factors such as science and logic on individual cognition is likely to be weakened, and cognitive confrontation may become a battle between emotion and emotion. In the decision between appealing to reason and appealing to emotion, all parties involved in the war are paying more and more attention to moving people with emotion, using emotional means to stir up, occupy and even polarize the minds of the target objects, and dominate the confrontation situation in the cognitive domain.

In the era of intelligence, cognitive leveraging relies more and more on rational competition. On the one hand, emotional arousal strategies are used to enhance cognitive resonance. In future cognitive domain operations, action initiators will selectively present cruel and fierce battle scenes, post-war tragedies, or the casualties and current status of soldiers participating in the war to the audience, thereby strongly stimulating the audience’s emotions and awakening the audience’s innermost feelings. emotional identification. As a node in the communication network, people can collect various physical data through intelligent algorithms, allowing action initiators to more accurately judge the emotional effects of information, thereby dynamically adjusting content and strengthening emotional responses. Action initiators use data calculations to select groups with similar understanding contexts and the same emotional characteristics, or select specific individuals who are susceptible to influence and have greater influence value, and target and disseminate homogeneous information flows to stimulate them. Group cognitive resonance.

On the other hand, moral coercion strategies are used to stimulate value recognition. Faced with the accumulation of fragmented and irrational cognitive response patterns, combat action initiators can occupy the moral high ground through a binary oppositional discourse system, gather a torrent of self-interested value cognition, and then achieve a coercion effect. The rich presentation formats and social channels that directly reach the public in the intelligent communication environment provide convenient means for action initiators to use this strategy. In local wars in recent years, technological evolution has gradually promoted moral coercion strategies. For example, social media has exposed past secret diplomacy to the public. Leaders and politicians of warring parties have used this method to live broadcast or make the entire decision-making process public with other countries. The details of communication among political leaders, elite groups, etc., and the discourse strategies increasingly highlight moral arbitration and criticism, thereby influencing and stimulating the international public to support one’s own value position.

The Internet of Everything expands the battlefield space for cognitive domain operations

With the development of information communication technology, social media has gradually become the main battlefield for shaping cognition. Institutions, individuals and the public on all warring parties can directly contact and interact with each other through social media, making it possible to compete for cognition around the clock.

In the era of intelligent communication, the Internet of Everything has become a new social connection model, and communication subjects and communication behaviors are everywhere. Under this influence, the cognitive domain battle space will expand to smart IoT terminals and scenarios, and extend to both the physical space and the virtual space. The Internet of Everything has led to the ubiquity of the cognitive domain battle space, which will further promote the ubiquity of combat subjects. Natural people, intelligent terminals with information sending and receiving capabilities, and even virtual characters in the online world may become combat subjects, and cognitive domain operations will participate in the war. The types of forces will be greatly expanded, and the organization method of cognitive domain operations will shift towards distributed collaboration.

In future cognitive domain operations, humans and machines deep in the hinterland of conflicts will become important forces in combat. With the support of intelligent technology, they will collaborate to draw battlefield pictures and participate in “writing” the entire process of war. Frontline soldiers continuously share their personal battlefield experiences through social networks, then push them to the world in a timely manner after personalized packaging. Individual soldier equipment and combat platforms will be responsible for collecting and transmitting battlefield images, and trigger automatic processing and release mechanisms according to preset procedures. , cooperate with physical space combat operations in various ways to compete for information and brain control. With the continuous development of communication technology, frontline soldiers and intelligent equipment can also reprocess and reprocess the information they have in a targeted manner according to superior instructions, so as to more conveniently and panoramically present the battlefield scene that one wants to express. , to achieve the ultimate goal of cognitive domain operations to capture the mind and capture the will.

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10208858.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰, 資料來源：中國外交部

中國軍事認知戰—「以決策為中心的戰爭」思想與認知複雜性：武器化的複雜性

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Chinese Military Cognitive Warfare – Thoughts of “decision-centered warfare” and cognitive complexity: Weaponized Complexity

繁體中文

——由「決策中心戰」與認知複雜性所想到的

中国军网-解放军报

編按 複雜性科學是當代科學發展的前沿領域之一。 英國物理學家霍金稱「21世紀將是複雜性科學的世紀」。 作為人類社會的社會現象，戰爭從來就是一個充滿蓋然性的複雜巨系統。 近年來，隨著戰爭形態的演變，傳統科學體系下的知識論越來越難以滿足戰爭實踐發展的需要。 關注複雜性科學原理和思維方法，或將成為開啟現代戰爭大門的鑰匙。 這篇文章從複雜性科學角度對「決策中心戰」作一研究探討。

「決策中心戰」是近年來出現的新概念。 緣何提出「決策中心戰」？ 按美軍的說法，要「打一場讓對手看不懂的戰爭」。 進入21世紀以來，隨著戰爭形態的演變和作戰方式的不斷變革，美軍發現傳統意義上的網路中心戰越來越難以適應戰場實際，「決策中心戰」在此背景下應運而生。

一、創造複雜

所謂“決策中心戰”，就是在人工智慧等先進技術的加持下，透過對作戰平台的升級改造、分散式部署實現多樣化戰術，在保障自身戰術選擇優勢的同時，向敵方施加高複雜度 ，以乾擾其指揮決策能力，在新維度上實現對敵的壓倒性優勢。

為什麼「對手看不懂」？ 其實就是要透過分散式部署、彈性組合、智慧化指控，讓對手在認知上就對戰場態勢和作戰機制不理解，無所適從。 這是將戰爭對抗從機械化戰爭中比誰“力量大”，到信息化戰爭中比誰“速度快”，再到在未來戰爭中比誰“決策對”的又一次轉變。 用中國古代軍事家孫子的話說就是，“不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也”，通過巧妙地指揮控制和決策，使得戰場情況變得更加複雜，讓對手沒辦法打仗。

如何做到這一點呢？ 簡單地說，就是利用複雜系統的性質，找到對手的「命門」加以利用和控制。 一個基本方法就是，透過增加複雜性重塑對手的決策流程，逼迫對手引入新的決策參量，導致其決策變得複雜，從而改變因果關係和決策流程，最終使其走向混亂。 過去對抗局面之所以能夠發揮平衡作用，是因為所有參與者都清楚博弈的結果，因而容易做出權衡，但複雜性往往會破壞這種平衡。 這也是為什麼複雜性能夠作為武器的原因。

需要注意的是，戰場對任何一方都是公平的。 在未來戰場上，要讓敵人單向感到決策複雜，而己方不被複雜所困擾，首先要在指揮控制能力上優於對手。 戰場決策的複雜度主要體現在「OODA」循環的判斷和決策環節。 在正常環境下，「OODA」循環可以走完從觀察、判斷、決策到行動的完整週期。 但如果有辦法讓戰場變得更複雜，使得對手始終無法及時作出有效判斷，進而無法進入決策和行動環節，就可以把對手的「OODA」循環始終限制在觀察和判斷環節上，無法形成閉環， 這或許就是「決策中心戰」試圖創造複雜性想要達到的結果。 因此，如何快速作出判斷，就成為首要關注的問題。 如果這個認知過程能夠在人工智慧等先進技術支援下快速完成的話，也就是實現所謂的智慧認知，就可以大幅加快「OODA」循環速度，奪取單邊優勢。

在觀察的基礎上得出正確的判斷，是做出正確決策的前提。 但這是建立在「具有認知能力」這個條件下才能做到的。 目前，在指揮資訊系統、兵棋推演系統等系統中，這些認知工作基本上都是由人來完成的。 由人工智慧系統自主地完成判斷及決策，過去的嘗試幾乎都不成功，因為智慧認知建模的問題始終沒有解決好。 各種模型表現出來的行為都或多或少帶有“機械味”，並不能真正顯示出智能的特徵。 外軍這些年也一直將「人的行為建模」作為研究重點，但目前來看仍然進展緩慢。 智能認知為什麼這麼難，又難在哪裡？ 筆者認為，其實核心困難就在如何理解和處置複雜性上面。

二、理解複雜

本世紀之初，美國蘭德公司針對2005年前後某熱點地區可能發生的軍事衝突，曾利用模擬系統對美國空軍作戰需求進行了1700餘次推演，然後進行統計分析，最後得出了美空軍如何 在戰場上保持優勢的結論。 這種統計分析方法有一個基本的假設：每個試驗都是獨立且無序的，規則之間也不會相互影響。 這就像丟硬幣一樣，丟一次正面，丟第二次有可能也是正面。 但如果丟1萬次，結果某一面的機率就會越來越趨近50%。 這種方法用於物理研究時是科學準確的，但移植到人類社會問題例如戰爭問題研究時，情況就變得不同了。

人是有認知的，不會像物理實體那樣只遵從物理定律，指揮官在對作戰問題進行分析時也不會只是簡單地機械重複。 通常情況下，人在決策時，一定會考慮先前的結果，導致對下一步行動有所調整。 這樣就會出現人類行為固有的冪律特徵，也就是常說的「二八律」。 所以，我們不能簡單地複製物理思維去思考人類社會的事情。

之所以會這樣，主要還是因為我們常常習慣用還原論的簡單思考方法來思考問題。 簡單系統結構不變，結果具有確定性，因果對應清楚，可重複、可預測、可分解還原等，已成為我們預設的科學思考方法。 但世界上還存在著許多複雜系統，這些系統存在著整體性質，像是人體、社會、經濟、戰爭等，都屬於這一類。 什麼叫整體性質？ 就是觀察局部得不到，但在整體上看卻又存在的，就是整體性質。 舉例來說，一個活人和一個死人從成分上來看都一樣，但一死一活，差別就在於是否有生命，生命就是一種整體性質。 複雜系統結構可變，具有適應性、不確定性、湧現性、非線性等特點，且結果不重複，也不可預測。 社會、經濟、戰爭、城市包括智慧系統，這些與人有關的系統都有這些特點，其實它們都是典型的複雜系統。 所以，戰爭具有「勝戰不復」的特點，其實反映的就是戰爭複雜系統的「不可重複」性質。

正是因為複雜系統存在複雜性，原因和結果不能一一對應，會導致相似性原理失效，所以也就無法用傳統方法進行建模和研究。 為解決複雜性問題，過去採取的主要是一些傳統物理學方法，例如統計方法，以及基於Agent的簡單生命體建模方法。 前面提到的蘭德公司研究就是如此，雖然能解決部分問題，但將其用於解決與人有關尤其是與認知相關的問題時，得到的結果卻與實際偏離很大，不盡如人意 。

為什麼會這樣呢？ 這是因為戰爭複雜度與物理複雜性所產生的源點不一樣。 物理複雜性的來源往往在於其物理運動規律是複雜的；而戰爭複雜性卻來自人的認知。 因為人不是雜亂無章、沒有思想的粒子，也不是只有簡單生命邏輯的低等生物，而是具有判斷和決策認知能力的智慧生物。 人會透過因果關係對結果進行反思、總結經驗再調整，然後決定後面如何行動。 而且，人的認知還會不斷發展，這又會進一步影響後續的認知，但由於認知具有很大的不確定性，所以未來的行動也就難以預測。

可以這樣說，在目前的技術條件下，可預測的基本上都是物理世界的簡單系統規律，而人的認知對社會或戰爭的影響往往是難以預測的。 所以說，拿物理思維去思考人類社會的事情是我們常犯的錯誤。 基於認知的複雜性，與那些一成不變的物理規律截然不同，我們應對戰爭中的複雜性，就必須針對「認知」這個核心特點，在指揮控制方面下功夫。

三、應對複雜

「決策中心戰」的核心在於認知的加快。 因為戰爭中幾乎所有的變化，都可以看成是認知的升級和複雜化。 在筆者看來，應對“決策中心戰”，需要“以複雜對抗複雜”，從基礎工作做起。

一是要理解「決策中心戰」的核心理念。 即透過主動創造複雜性來掌握戰場主動權。 對己方來說，需要管理好自身的複雜性；對敵人來說，則是對對手施加更多的複雜性。 二是了解戰爭機理發生的改變。 作戰體系演化速度指數級提高，會導致複雜戰場的感知、控制和管理變得困難，智慧認知的角色將變得更加突出。 為此，需要瞄準「指揮與控制」這個重點，將戰場管理的能力作為關鍵。 三是找到應對的正確理念和方法。 從戰爭設計入手，以決策智能這個方向為突破口。

近年來，人工智慧領域的一系列成果，為解決指揮決策智慧問題帶來了曙光。 AlphaGo系列研究為決策智慧技術帶來了突破；而GPT大模型的出現，則更是進一步證實了決策智慧乃至通用人工智慧在未來具有實現的可能。 現在看來，人工智慧在未來深度參與戰爭，已經是必須面對的現實。 而這會為戰爭和戰場帶來更多的複雜性。

決策智能研究應該放在指揮控制層上。 要贏得戰爭，指揮控制決策需要體現「科學」和「藝術」兩個面向。 指揮控制的科學性主要體現在「知道怎麼做時」如何做，例如利用得到的指控資料（武器裝備、兵力編成、戰場環境、對手情報等），指控方法（任務、流程、程序、運籌 、規劃、最佳化等），制定出作戰規劃並加以實施。 指揮控制的藝術性則體現在「不知道怎麼做時」知道如何做，這才是真正的智能之所在。 方法無非是不斷試錯，累積經驗，找到解決問題的途徑，並形成新的科學知識。 事實上，現實中指揮者也是透過試誤不斷發現和總結制勝規律，而每個指揮者還都具有自己的直覺和經驗。

所以說，真正的智能其實是找到例外狀況的解決方法。 循規蹈矩不是智能，自己找到解題的方法才是關鍵。 也許這才是決策智能的核心，也是需要進一步努力的目標。

原汁原味的老外英語:

Complexity is also a weapon

——Thinking of “decision-centered warfare” and cognitive complexity

中国军网-解放军报

Editor’s Note Complexity science is one of the frontier fields of contemporary scientific development. British physicist Stephen Hawking said that “the 21st century will be the century of complexity science.” As a social phenomenon in human society, war has always been a complex giant system full of possibilities. In recent years, with the evolution of war forms, the epistemology under the traditional scientific system has become increasingly difficult to meet the needs of the development of war practice. Paying attention to the scientific principles and thinking methods of complexity may be the key to opening the door to modern warfare. This article studies and discusses “decision-centered warfare” from the perspective of complexity science.

“Decision-centered warfare” is a new concept that has emerged in recent years. Why was the “decision-centered war” proposed? According to the US military, it is necessary to “fight a war that the opponent cannot understand.” Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the evolution of war forms and continuous changes in combat methods, the US military has found that network-centric warfare in the traditional sense has become increasingly difficult to adapt to the reality of the battlefield. In this context, “decision-centered warfare” came into being.

1. Create complexity

The so-called “decision-centered warfare” is to achieve diversified tactics through the upgrading and transformation of combat platforms and distributed deployment with the support of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence. While ensuring its own advantages in tactical selection, it imposes high complexity on the enemy. , in order to interfere with its command and decision-making capabilities and achieve an overwhelming advantage over the enemy in a new dimension.

Why “the opponent can’t understand”? In fact, through distributed deployment, flexible combination, and intelligent command and control, the opponent will not understand the battlefield situation and combat mechanism cognitively, and will be at a loss as to what to do. This is another transformation of war confrontation from competing for “greater power” in mechanized warfare, to competing for “faster” in information-based warfare, to competing for “making the right decisions” in future wars. In the words of Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese military strategist, “One who subdues the enemy without fighting is a good person.” Through clever command, control and decision-making, the battlefield situation becomes more complicated, making it impossible for the opponent to fight.

How to do this? Simply put, it is to use the nature of complex systems to find the opponent’s “vital gate” to exploit and control. A basic method is to reshape the opponent’s decision-making process by increasing complexity, forcing the opponent to introduce new decision-making parameters, causing its decision-making to become complicated, thereby changing the causal relationship and decision-making process, and ultimately leading to chaos. Adversarial situations have been able to balance in the past because all participants knew the outcome of the game, making it easy to make trade-offs, but complexity often destroys this balance. This is why complexity can be used as a weapon.

It should be noted that the battlefield is fair to any party. In the future battlefield, in order for the enemy to feel the complexity of decision-making in one direction and not to be troubled by the complexity, we must first be superior to the opponent in command and control capabilities. The complexity of battlefield decision-making is mainly reflected in the judgment and decision-making links of the “OODA” loop. Under normal circumstances, the “OODA” cycle can complete the complete cycle from observation, judgment, decision-making to action. However, if there is a way to make the battlefield more complex so that the opponent cannot make effective judgments in a timely manner, and thus cannot enter the decision-making and action links, the opponent’s “OODA” loop can always be limited to the observation and judgment links, and a closed loop cannot be formed. This may be the result of “decision-centered warfare” trying to create complexity. Therefore, how to make quick judgments has become a primary concern. If this cognitive process can be completed quickly with the support of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, that is, so-called intelligent cognition can be achieved, the speed of the “OODA” cycle can be greatly accelerated and unilateral advantages can be achieved.

Drawing correct judgments based on observation is the prerequisite for making correct decisions. But this can only be done under the condition of “having cognitive ability”. Currently, in systems such as command information systems and war game deduction systems, these cognitive tasks are basically completed by humans. Past attempts to autonomously complete judgments and decisions by artificial intelligence systems have been almost unsuccessful because the problem of intelligent cognitive modeling has never been solved. The behaviors displayed by various models are more or less “mechanical” and cannot truly show the characteristics of intelligence. Foreign militaries have also been focusing on “human behavior modeling” in recent years, but progress is still slow at present. Why is intelligent cognition so difficult, and what is the difficulty? The author believes that the core difficulty lies in how to understand and deal with complexity.

2. Understand complexity

At the beginning of this century, the Rand Corporation of the United States used a simulation system to conduct more than 1,700 deductions on the combat needs of the U.S. Air Force in response to possible military conflicts in a certain hotspot area around 2005. It then conducted statistical analysis and finally concluded how the U.S. Air Force Conclusion to maintain superiority on the battlefield. This statistical analysis method has a basic assumption: each trial is independent and unordered, and the rules do not affect each other. It’s like tossing a coin. If you toss it heads once, it’s likely to be heads the second time. But if you throw it 10,000 times, the probability of the result being a certain side will get closer to 50%. This method is scientifically accurate when used in physical research, but when transplanted to the study of human social issues such as war, the situation becomes different.

Human beings are cognitive and do not just obey the laws of physics like physical entities. Commanders will not simply repeat mechanically when analyzing combat problems. Normally, when people make decisions, they will consider the previous results, which will lead to adjustments to the next action. In this way, the inherent power law characteristics of human behavior will appear, which is often called the “eight-eighth law”. Therefore, we cannot simply copy physical thinking to think about human society.

The reason for this is mainly because we are often accustomed to thinking about problems in a simple way of reductionism. The simple system structure remains unchanged, the results are deterministic, the cause and effect correspondence is clear, repeatable, predictable, decomposable and reducible, etc., have become our default scientific thinking method. But there are still many complex systems in the world, and these systems have a holistic nature, such as the human body, society, economy, war, etc., all fall into this category. What is the overall nature? That is, what cannot be seen locally, but exists when viewed as a whole, is the overall nature. For example, a living person and a dead person are the same in terms of composition, but the difference between a dead person and a living person lies in whether there is life, and life is a holistic quality. The structure of complex systems is variable and has characteristics such as adaptability, uncertainty, emergence, and nonlinearity, and the results are neither repetitive nor predictable. Society, economy, war, cities, including intelligent systems, these human-related systems all have these characteristics. In fact, they are all typical complex systems. Therefore, war has the characteristics of “no return after victory”, which actually reflects the “unrepeatable” nature of the complex system of war.

It is precisely because of the complexity of complex systems that causes and results cannot correspond one to one, which will lead to the failure of the similarity principle, so it cannot be modeled and studied using traditional methods. In order to solve complex problems, some traditional physics methods were mainly adopted in the past, such as statistical methods and simple life body modeling methods based on Agent. This is the case with the Rand Corporation study mentioned earlier. Although it can solve some problems, when it is used to solve problems related to people, especially cognition, the results obtained deviate greatly from reality and are unsatisfactory. .

Why is this happening? This is because the origins of war complexity and physical complexity are different. The source of physical complexity often lies in the complex laws of physical motion; while the complexity of war comes from human cognition. Because humans are not chaotic particles without thoughts, nor are they lower creatures with simple life logic, but are intelligent creatures with cognitive abilities of judgment and decision-making. People will reflect on the results through causal relationships, sum up experiences and make adjustments, and then decide how to act next. Moreover, human cognition will continue to develop, which will further affect subsequent cognition. However, because cognition is highly uncertain, future actions are difficult to predict.

It can be said that under the current technological conditions, what can be predicted are basically simple systematic laws of the physical world, while the impact of human cognition on society or war is often difficult to predict. Therefore, it is a common mistake we make to use physical thinking to think about human society. Based on the complexity of cognition, which is completely different from those immutable physical laws, when we deal with the complexity of war, we must focus on the core feature of “cognition” and work hard on command and control.

3. Coping with Complexity

The core of “decision-centered warfare” lies in the acceleration of cognition. Because almost all changes in war can be seen as cognitive upgrades and complications. In the author’s opinion, to deal with the “decision-centered battle”, we need to “fight complexity with complexity” and start from the basic work.

The first is to understand the core concept of “decision-centered warfare”. That is to seize the initiative on the battlefield by actively creating complexity. For one’s side, one needs to manage one’s own complexity; for one’s enemy, it means imposing more complexity on the opponent. The second is to understand the changes in the mechanism of war. The evolution speed of combat systems is increasing exponentially, which will make it difficult to perceive, control and manage complex battlefields, and the role of intelligent cognition will become more prominent. To this end, it is necessary to focus on the focus of “command and control” and regard battlefield management capabilities as the key. The third is to find the correct concepts and methods of coping. Starting from war design, we take the direction of decision-making intelligence as a breakthrough.

In recent years, a series of achievements in the field of artificial intelligence have brought hope to solving the problem of intelligent command and decision-making. The AlphaGo series of research has brought breakthroughs to decision-making intelligence technology; and the emergence of the GPT large model has further confirmed that decision-making intelligence and even general artificial intelligence are possible in the future. It now seems that artificial intelligence will be deeply involved in wars in the future, which is a reality that must be faced. And this will bring more complexity to war and battlefields.

Decision intelligence research should be placed at the command and control level. To win a war, command and control decisions need to embody both “science” and “art.” The scientific nature of command and control is mainly reflected in how to do it “when you know how to do it”, such as using the obtained command data (weapons and equipment, force formation, battlefield environment, opponent intelligence, etc.), command methods (tasks, processes, procedures, operations planning, etc.) , planning, optimization, etc.), formulate a combat plan and implement it. The artistry of command and control is reflected in knowing how to do it “when you don’t know how to do it.” This is where true intelligence lies. The method is nothing more than continuous trial and error, accumulating experience, finding ways to solve problems, and forming new scientific knowledge. In fact, in reality, commanders continue to discover and summarize winning rules through trial and error, and each commander also has his own intuition and experience.

Therefore, true intelligence is actually finding solutions to exceptions. Following rules is not intelligence, finding your own way to solve problems is the key. Perhaps this is the core of decision-making intelligence and a goal that requires further efforts.

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/162348888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

中國解放軍認為軍事人工智慧是一把雙面刃

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China’s PLA Considers Military Artificial Intelligence a Double-Edged Sword

原軍國語：

隨著智慧時代的到來，人工智慧正以超乎人們想像的速度走近，不僅影響著各行各業，也正在改變我們的認知和觀念。 作為對技術變革天生敏感的領域，人工智慧的軍事發展和應用正在蓬勃發展。

目前，隨著資訊科技、感測器、大數據、物聯網的快速發展，人工智慧軍事應用正迎來新一輪機會。 滲透到軍事應用各個領域，具有高效指揮、精準打擊、自動化操作、智慧行為的人工智慧武器裝備將為未來戰場貢獻獨特的「機器智慧和力量」。

恩格斯曾說過，尖端科技的應用首先始於軍事領域。 當新科技顯著增強軍事作戰能力時，就會帶來新的軍事變革。 美國、俄羅斯等傳統軍事強國預見了人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用前景。 他們都將人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術，並認為未來的戰爭將是智慧化戰爭和未來軍備。 這場比賽將是一場智慧軍備競賽，並已提前規劃，希望抓住人工智慧軍事應用的機遇，力爭與潛在對手產生「代溝」。 幾個月前，美國國防部副部長沙納漢正式發布了關於建立「聯合人工智慧中心」的備忘錄，將進一步加大人工智慧在美軍軍事計畫中的應用。 俄羅斯也將人工智慧視為未來軍事競爭的製高點，正在加緊研發能夠駕駛車輛的人形機器人以及組成能夠與人類士兵並肩作戰的機器人部隊。

需要看到的是，人工智慧的軍事應用是一把「雙面刃」。 “這可能成為人類發生過的最好的事情，也可能成為最糟糕的事情。” 霍金對人工智慧的評價啟示我們面對人工智慧「來勢洶洶」的軍事應用要保持足夠的謹慎。 小心。 未來，隨著智慧無人系統大量應用於戰場，戰爭成本將大幅降低，戰鬥人員「零傷亡」有望成為現實。 這很容易導致軍事大國更隨意地使用武力。 在複雜的戰場環境下，高智慧無人作戰系統極有可能遇到辨識錯誤、通訊劣化，甚至在敵方電磁、網路攻擊後「叛逃反擊」等問題。 濫殺無辜、系統失控的情況更是有可能發生。 為智慧武器的軍事應用帶來了無盡的隱憂。

可見，與戰爭有關的重大問題絕不能輕易交給機器來決定。 即使人工智慧的軍事應用日益成熟，我們也不能允許智慧武器的「野蠻生長」。 我們需要警惕人工智慧可能帶來的安全隱憂。 法律、道德和許多其他問題。 加強社會保障監管，形成適應人工智慧時代的社會治理模式； 積極參與人工智慧國際軍控討論和談判，為人工智慧帶來的安全、法律和倫理問題貢獻中國智慧和中國方案； 牢固地建立人類是人機關係的主導思想，才能安全有效地掌控人工智慧，讓其為人類和平發展服務，而不是讓人工智慧成為「魔鬼的幫兇」。

對於這種有望深刻改變未來戰爭形態的技術形態，我們不僅要保持清醒的頭腦，還要充分激發其活力。 從軍事變革的歷史來看，科學技術在歷次變革中都扮演了拉動動作用和基礎支撐作用。 誰對技術變革有敏感度，誰先實現技術突破，誰就能掌握戰爭新規則，掌控戰爭。 贏得未來戰爭的製高點。 對軍隊來說，無法正確預判軍事技術突破方向、掌握戰爭格局變化，不僅會導致「技術氾濫」。

差異”，但也導致核心能力、國家安全等危機。

今天，面對科技發展的“大變革”和“大突破”，我們應該從設計戰爭、掌握規則的角度，深刻把握人工智能對戰爭形態演變的內在驅動影響的勝利，真正掌握贏得未來戰爭的主動權。 我們要牢牢掌握人工智慧發展重大歷史機遇，做好戰略規劃，突顯人工智慧的目標牽引和規劃引領，密切追蹤前沿技術，積極主動行動，切實維護國家安全。

現代外國人英語：

With the dawn of the intelligent era, artificial intelligence is approaching at a speed beyond people’s imagination, not only impacting all walks of life, but also changing our understanding and concepts. As a field that is inherently sensitive to technological changes, the military development and application of artificial intelligence is booming.

Currently, with the rapid development of information technology, sensors, big data and the Internet of Things, the military application of artificial intelligence is ushering in a new round of opportunities. Penetrating into all fields of military applications, artificial intelligence weapons and equipment with efficient command, precise strike, automated operation and intelligent behavior will contribute unique “machine intelligence and power” to the future battlefield.

Engels once said that the application of cutting-edge technology first began in the military field. When new technologies significantly enhance military combat capabilities, they will lead to new military changes. Traditional military powers such as the United States and Russia foresee the broad application prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the military field. They all regard artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and believe that future wars will be intelligent wars and future armaments. The competition will be an intelligent arms race, and has been planned in advance, hoping to seize the opportunity of artificial intelligence military applications and strive to create a “generation gap” with potential opponents. A few months ago, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Shanahan officially issued a memorandum on the establishment of a “Joint Artificial Intelligence Center”, which will further increase the application of artificial intelligence in U.S. military military projects. Russia also regards artificial intelligence as the commanding heights of future military competition, and is stepping up the development of humanoid robots that can drive vehicles and the formation of robot troops that can fight side by side with human soldiers.

It should be noted that the military application of artificial intelligence is a “double-edged sword.” “It may become the best thing that has ever happened to mankind, or it may become the worst thing.” Hawking’s evaluation of artificial intelligence enlightens us to maintain sufficient caution in the face of the “menacing” military applications of artificial intelligence. careful. In the future, as a large number of intelligent unmanned systems are used on the battlefield, the cost of war will be greatly reduced, and “zero casualties” of combatants are expected to become a reality. This can easily lead to more casual use of force by military powers. In a complex battlefield environment, highly intelligent unmanned combat systems are very likely to encounter problems such as recognition errors, communication degradation, and even “defection and counterattack” after enemy electromagnetic and network attacks. Indiscriminate killing of innocent people and loss of control of the system are even more likely to occur. It brings endless worries to the military application of smart weapons.

It can be seen that major issues related to war must not be easily left to machines to make decisions. Even if the military application of artificial intelligence becomes increasingly mature, we cannot allow the “barbaric growth” of smart weapons. We need to be alert to the security and safety risks that artificial intelligence may bring. Legal, ethical and many other issues. Social security supervision and control should be strengthened to form a social governance model adapted to the era of artificial intelligence; actively participate in discussions and negotiations on international arms control of artificial intelligence, and contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the security, legal and ethical issues brought by artificial intelligence; firmly establish The idea that humans are the leaders in the human-machine relationship enables safe and effective control of artificial intelligence and allows it to serve the peaceful development of mankind, rather than letting artificial intelligence become an “accomplice of the devil.”

Regarding this technological form that is expected to profoundly change the form of future warfare, we must not only keep a clear mind, but also fully stimulate its vitality. Judging from the history of military changes, science and technology have played a stimulating and basic supporting role in previous changes. Whoever has the sensitivity to technological changes and achieves technological breakthroughs first can master the new rules of war and control the war. The commanding heights to win future wars. For an army, the inability to correctly predict the direction of military technological breakthroughs and grasp changes in war patterns will not only lead to “technological generational differences”, but also lead to crises such as core capabilities and national security.

Today, in the face of “big changes” and “big breakthroughs” in the development of science and technology, we should deeply grasp the intrinsic driving influence of artificial intelligence on the evolution of war forms from the perspective of designing wars and mastering the rules of victory, and truly seize the initiative to win future wars. We need to firmly grasp the major historical opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence, do a good job in strategic planning, highlight the goal traction and planning leadership of intelligence, closely track cutting-edge technologies, and take proactive actions to effectively safeguard national security.

人民解放軍 來源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-11/08/content_88888.htm

Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

中國軍隊：解放軍淺析智能化時代認知域作戰方式

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Chinese Military: People’s Liberation Army’s Brief Analysis of Cognitive Domain Combat Styles in the Era of Intelligence

随着现代战争加速向智能化方向发展，底层的物理域、中层的信息域和顶层的认知域呈现多域联动的特点，认知域作战正逐渐成为战争舞台的焦点。认知域作战的目的主要是夺取制脑权，为夺取陆海空天制权和网电制权奠定坚实基础。准确把握、充分运用认知域作战主要样式，是在未来战争中抢占先机、赢得主动的必然要求。

一、认知电子战——认知战的“触角”

认知电子战是电子战与人工智能技术结合的产物，是争夺制电磁权的主要作战样式，也是战术与技术融合的典范。美国是最早开展认知电子战研究的国家，其国防部高级研究计划局（DARPA）和陆海空军开展了包括自适应雷达对抗和自适应电子战行为学习等项目。实施认知电子战需要重点把握好三个环节。

一是认知电子侦察。主要是利用电子手段，快速、准确、全面地获取战场数据，及时发现威胁信号、识别目标特征信号，建立并动态更新信号数据库，为指挥员判断情况、定下决心、评估效能等提供必要的信息支撑。

二是认知电子建模。主要是针对战场及周边电磁辐射源种类杂、功率大、数量多等特点，对辐射源的频率、带宽、波形特征、防护模式、到达方向等信息，区分动态和静态两个类别，建立统一的信息描述模型架构，进而为电磁感知提供依据。

三是认知电子干扰。主要是针对战场电子战装备复杂多样、抗干扰能力强的特点，将有源干扰与无源干扰、压制干扰与欺骗干扰结合起来，灵活实施自适应干扰样式决策、自适应干扰波形优化和自适应干扰资源调度，从而确保干扰质效。

二、认知情报战——认知战的“血脉”

国际电气与电子工程师协会曾提出“认知情报学”的概念；国内有学者将认知情报学定义为，从心理角度研究人们在情报生产及利用等各个环节中的认知结构、过程与特点的领域或学科。这里提出“认知情报战”概念，符合认知逻辑和情报本质，并且可以借用认知情报学的概念和原理。根据获取和利用情报的动因，实施认知情报战可运用三种策略。

一是基于个体认知获取和利用情报。主要是以作战主体的认知为中介进行情报协调，坚持战场用户驱动而不是作战系统驱动，以“意义构建理论”“知识非常态假说”为基础，改善情报服务主体认知结构，实现主体认知与情报服务的良性互动。

二是基于群体认知获取和利用情报。主要是突出关注用户群体所处的战场环境、社会背景等因素影响而形成的共同认知结构，充分利用情景分析、领域分析以及价值分析等先进分析方法，着力提高群体情报服务的针对性、适用性。

三是基于脑体认知获取和利用情报。主要是把人体大脑的认知结构和认知活动理解为计算逻辑和计算活动，充分利用机器智能认知和智能计算能力，着力改善战场人机融合环境，畅通情报到认知的信息链路，实施程序化、规模化的情报服务。

三、认知算法战——认知战的“大脑”

2017年美国国防部在一份备忘录中首次正式提出“算法战”，明确组建“算法战跨功能小组”。算法战与认知战一样贯穿于战争各领域全过程，体现了智能化战争的核心要求。这里提出“认知算法战”概念，是基于认知战与算法战的共同之处与内在联系。可以说，认知中有算法，算法中有认知。实施认知算法战主要有三种路径。

一是廓清战争迷雾。军事理论家克劳塞维茨指出，“战争是充满不确定性的领域，战争中所依据的情况有四分之三像隐藏在迷雾中一样”。认知算法战就是要在这种不确定性的领域中算出确定性的因素，尽可能廓清战场迷雾，准确识别信息“炸弹”，严防坠入信息“陷阱”。

二是扫清智能盲区。人工智能的灵感之源往往来源于生物智能特别是人类智能，人工智能离不开人类智能。认知算法战就是要充分运用认知心理学和认知神经科学的最新成果，推动人工智能的军事运用，提高认知域的智能化水平。

三是加快人机融合。机器算力虽然可以超越人类脑力，但是机器算法终究难以超越人类“想法”，人工智能与人类智能各有优长。认知算法战就是要把信息域的机器算法与认知域的人类“想法”紧密结合起来，不断提高物理域的战法水平。

四、认知政治战——认知战的“灵魂”

政治战是与军事战是相对的。毛泽东曾形象地指出“战争是流血的政治”“政治是不流血的战争”。由于政治战通常直接作用于认知域，认知政治战可以说是政治战的固有之意，不应被理解为一个新的概念。智能化时代实施认知政治战，无外乎三种形式。

一是心理攻防。主要是利用智能化、精准化手段“读心”“控心”，提高心理攻防质效。在进攻方面，主要运用攻心宣传、意志瓦解、情感影响、心智诱导等战法；在防御方面，主要采取心理教育训练、心理疏导调控和心理诊断治疗等措施。

二是舆论争夺。主要是运用新媒体和新技术增强舆论宣传的热度流量和影响力渗透力。在进攻方面，重在先声夺人、先入为主，集中造势、形成强势，抨击要害、重点突破；在防御方面，重在因势利导、防反结合、趋利避害。

三是法理斗争。主要是参与立法、精准释法、积极护法，挺法在前、针锋相对、切中要害。在进攻方面，主要是利用法律威慑、法律打击、法律约束、法律制裁等战法；在防御方面，主要是加强国际法尤其是战争法的研究和涉法行动法律防护，防止授人以柄。

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A brief analysis of cognitive domain combat styles in the era of intelligence

As modern warfare accelerates towards intelligence, the bottom physical domain, the middle information domain and the top cognitive domain are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Cognitive domain operations are gradually becoming the focus of the war arena. The main purpose of cognitive domain operations is to seize brain control and lay a solid foundation for seizing land, sea, air, space, and network power. Accurately grasping and fully utilizing the main modes of cognitive domain operations is an inevitable requirement to seize opportunities and gain the initiative in future wars.

1. Cognitive electronic warfare – the “tentacles” of cognitive warfare

Cognitive electronic warfare is the product of the combination of electronic warfare and artificial intelligence technology. It is the main combat style for fighting for electromagnetic control and is also a model of the integration of tactics and technology. The United States is the first country to carry out cognitive electronic warfare research. Its Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Army, Navy and Air Force have carried out projects including adaptive radar countermeasures and adaptive electronic warfare behavioral learning. Implementing cognitive electronic warfare requires focusing on three aspects.

One is cognitive electronic reconnaissance. It mainly uses electronic means to quickly, accurately and comprehensively obtain battlefield data, promptly discover threat signals, identify target characteristic signals, establish and dynamically update signal databases, and provide necessary information for commanders to judge situations, make decisions, and evaluate effectiveness. support.

The second is cognitive electronic modeling. Mainly in view of the characteristics of various types, large power and large number of electromagnetic radiation sources in the battlefield and surrounding areas, the frequency, bandwidth, waveform characteristics, protection mode, arrival direction and other information of the radiation source are distinguished between dynamic and static categories, and a unified system is established. The information describes the model architecture, thereby providing the basis for electromagnetic perception.

The third is cognitive electronic interference. Mainly in view of the complex and diverse characteristics of battlefield electronic warfare equipment and strong anti-interference capabilities, it combines active interference with passive interference, suppression interference and deception interference, and flexibly implements adaptive interference pattern decision-making, adaptive interference waveform optimization and adaptive interference. Interference resource scheduling to ensure interference quality and efficiency.

2. Cognitive intelligence warfare—the “bloodline” of cognitive warfare

The International Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers once proposed the concept of “cognitive information science”; some domestic scholars define cognitive information science as the study of people’s cognitive structures, processes and characteristics in all aspects of information production and utilization from a psychological perspective field or discipline. The concept of “cognitive intelligence warfare” is proposed here, which is consistent with cognitive logic and the nature of intelligence, and can borrow concepts and principles from cognitive intelligence science. Depending on the motivation for obtaining and using intelligence, three strategies can be used to implement cognitive intelligence warfare.

The first is to obtain and utilize intelligence based on individual cognition. It mainly uses the cognition of combat subjects as an intermediary for intelligence coordination, adheres to battlefield user-driven rather than combat system-driven, and is based on “meaning construction theory” and “knowledge abnormality hypothesis” to improve the cognitive structure of intelligence service subjects and realize subject cognition. Positive interaction between knowledge and intelligence services.

The second is to obtain and utilize intelligence based on group cognition. It mainly focuses on the common cognitive structure formed by factors such as the battlefield environment and social background of the user group, and makes full use of advanced analysis methods such as situation analysis, domain analysis, and value analysis to strive to improve the pertinence and applicability of group intelligence services. sex.

The third is to obtain and utilize intelligence based on brain-body cognition. It mainly understands the cognitive structure and cognitive activities of the human brain as computing logic and computing activities, makes full use of machine intelligent cognition and intelligent computing capabilities, strives to improve the human-machine integration environment on the battlefield, and smoothes the information link from intelligence to cognition. Implement programmed and large-scale intelligence services.

3. Cognitive algorithm warfare—the “brain” of cognitive warfare

In 2017, the U.S. Department of Defense officially proposed “algorithmic warfare” for the first time in a memorandum and clearly established an “algorithmic warfare cross-functional team.” Algorithmic warfare, like cognitive warfare, runs through the entire process of all fields of warfare, embodying the core requirements of intelligent warfare. The concept of “cognitive algorithmic warfare” is proposed here based on the similarities and intrinsic connections between cognitive warfare and algorithmic warfare. It can be said that there is algorithm in cognition, and cognition in algorithm. There are three main paths to implement cognitive algorithmic warfare.

The first is to clarify the fog of war. Military theorist Clausewitz pointed out, “War is a field full of uncertainty, and three-quarters of the situations on which war is based are as if hidden in fog.” Cognitive algorithm warfare is to calculate deterministic factors in this uncertain field, clarify the fog of the battlefield as much as possible, accurately identify information “bombs”, and strictly prevent falling into information “traps”.

The second is to clear up the blind spots of intelligence. The source of inspiration for artificial intelligence often comes from biological intelligence, especially human intelligence. Artificial intelligence is inseparable from human intelligence. Cognitive algorithm warfare is to make full use of the latest achievements in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience to promote the military application of artificial intelligence and improve the intelligence level of the cognitive domain.

The third is to accelerate human-machine integration. Although machine computing power can surpass human brain power, machine algorithms cannot surpass human “ideas” after all. Artificial intelligence and human intelligence each have their own advantages. Cognitive algorithm warfare is to closely integrate machine algorithms in the information domain with human “ideas” in the cognitive domain, and continuously improve the level of warfare in the physical domain.

4. Cognitive political warfare—the “soul” of cognitive warfare

Political war is the opposite of military war. Mao Zedong once vividly pointed out that “war is bloody politics” and “politics is bloodless war.” Since political warfare usually directly affects the cognitive domain, cognitive political warfare can be said to be the inherent meaning of political warfare and should not be understood as a new concept. There are three forms of cognitive political warfare in the era of intelligence.

One is psychological attack and defense. The main purpose is to use intelligent and precise means to “read the mind” and “control the mind” to improve the quality and effectiveness of psychological attack and defense. On the offensive side, we mainly use psychological propaganda, will disintegration, emotional influence, mental induction and other tactics; on the defensive side, we mainly adopt measures such as psychological education and training, psychological counseling and regulation, and psychological diagnosis and treatment.

The second is the competition for public opinion. The main purpose is to use new media and new technologies to enhance the popularity, flow and influence of public opinion propaganda. In terms of offense, the focus is on taking the lead, being the first to take advantage of the situation, concentrating on building momentum and forming a strong force, attacking key points, and making key breakthroughs; in terms of defense, the focus is on making the best use of the situation, combining prevention with counter-attacks, and seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages.

The third is the legal struggle. The main thing is to participate in legislation, accurately interpret the law, actively protect the law, stand up for the law, be tit-for-tat, and get to the point. On the offensive side, we mainly use legal deterrence, legal strikes, legal restraints, legal sanctions and other tactics; on the defensive side, we mainly strengthen the research on international law, especially the law of war, and legal protection of law-related actions to prevent others from being manipulated.

中文原文出處：淺析智慧時代認知域作戰方式. (2023). (Internet). Accessed:  https://www.secrss.com/articles/68888

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

中國軍事技術戰術：以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念

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Chinese Military Technical Tactics: Cognition-centered Warfare: Operational Concepts for Dealing with Complex Wars

現代繁體中文：

複雜性科學是當代科學發展的前沿領域之一，是認識、理解、探索戰爭現象、規律、機制的新工具。 隨著戰爭形態由資訊化戰爭向智慧化戰爭演變，戰爭的複雜性呈現指數級增長趨勢，奪取制資訊權變得越來越困難，作戰的關鍵是使敵方陷入“決策困境”，使其即使 擁有資訊優勢，也不能正確決策，因而失去作戰優勢。 作戰重心將從「以資訊為中心」轉變為「以認知為中心」，制勝機理將從「資訊制勝」轉變為「認知制勝」。
「三個之變」揭示戰爭複雜性成長動因
戰爭是充滿蓋然性的領域，變是貫穿其始終的基本特徵。 習主席強調，要緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變。 科技之變是基礎，戰爭之變是主體，對手之變是關鍵，科技之變引發戰爭之變，戰爭之變促使對手之變。 「三個之變」促使戰爭形態演變、戰爭領域拓展、戰爭目標轉變、戰爭影響擴大，揭示了戰爭複雜性成長動因。
科技之變顛覆戰爭制勝基礎。 科學技術是核心戰鬥力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。 縱觀世界軍事發展史，每一次重大科學技術創新，都開啟了一場新的軍事變革，而每一場軍事變革都把軍事發展推向一個新的時代，科技創新成為提高軍隊戰鬥力的巨大引擎 。 目前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命加速發展，現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高，智慧化特徵日益顯現，對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯，一些前沿技術飛速發展，可能從根本上改變戰爭面貌和 規則，大國軍事博弈更體現為技術上的顛覆和反顛覆、突襲和反突襲、抵銷和反抵銷。 美海軍「復仇女神」項目，包括偵察、誘餌、幹擾等系統，誘餌類系統涵蓋空中、水面和水下，可在分散式人工智慧引擎的調度、指控下，互相補充，協同欺騙，真實營造出 一個“幽靈航母編隊”，徹底顛覆了傳統的電子欺騙手段，將資訊欺騙提升到前所未有的高度。 可以說，科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局，深刻介入、支持、主導戰爭形態演變和作戰樣式創新，甚至顛覆戰爭制勝機制。

美海軍「復仇女神」計畫基於網路化協同電子戰
概念，將不同系統集成，利用無人分散式
電子戰平台的集群實現大規模協同電子戰

戰爭之變突顯戰爭複雜性特徵。 現代戰爭正在發生深刻變化，呈現前所未有的多樣性和複雜性。 這種超級複雜性源自於多種原因：一是各種先進技術或武器不斷湧現，帶來許多不確定性；二是戰場覆蓋陸、海、空、天、網、電和認知等多個 領域；三是多種作戰對象、作戰樣式、作戰領域、作戰方式交叉關聯與組合，構成複雜的「混合戰爭」；四是人工智慧演算法將大量作戰要素建構到一個複雜的邏輯中，並以人類 思維所不及的機器速度促使各種要素組合、解構、再組合。 2022年烏克蘭危機中，表面上看來是俄羅斯和烏克蘭兩國之間的對抗，實質上是美西方國家和俄羅斯之間進行的「混合戰爭」；俄烏兩軍廣泛使用軍事、民用無人機，拓展 「無人+」運用模式，展現出未來無人智能作戰雛形；烏軍在美北約空天態勢情報的支持下，頻繁使用低成本的無人裝備對俄軍重要武器平台實施突襲，凸顯新質 作戰力量對傳統作戰體系大型武器裝備的不對稱破襲優勢。 科技之變最終將引發戰爭之變，單一要素對戰爭的影響越來越弱，多個要素構成的聯合作戰體系將對戰爭產生複雜影響，戰爭的非線性、不確定性、混亂性、開放性 、適應性、對抗性等複雜性特徵將呈指數級增長趨勢，這將導致人們對戰爭進展和勝負的認知判斷更加困難。
對手之變加速戰爭複雜性成長。 戰爭之變促使對手之變。 目前，我們正經歷百年未有之大變局，主要軍事強國積極進行戰略調整，推進新一輪軍事變革，呈現出以下特點：一是體制編制的聯合化、小型化、自主化趨勢更加明顯；二 是武器裝備呈現數位化、精確化、隱形化、無人化、智能化的發展趨勢；三是作戰形態向“四非”（非接觸、非線形、非對稱和非正規）和“三無” （無形、無聲、無人）作戰方向發展；四是軍隊指揮形態朝向扁平化、自動化、網路化、無縫化方向發展。 美國將我視為最主要的戰略對手，竭力對我打壓遏制，大力加強作戰概念創新，先後提出「混合戰爭」「多域戰」「馬賽克戰」等新型作戰概念，聲稱要打一場讓對手 「技術看不懂、打擊難預測、速度跟不上」的高端戰爭。 美軍「馬賽克戰」的核心是無人、低成本、快速、致命、靈活、可重組，基於分散式態勢感知，借助智慧化輔助決策工具，借鑒搭積木、構拼圖的概念，自適應制定任務規劃 ，動態重組作戰兵力，將作戰平台的功能分解到更多數量、單一功能的節點，大量功能節點建構作戰體系。 以“殺傷網”取代“殺傷鏈”，若干個節點失效或缺失，作戰體係可自適應重組。
戰爭複雜性成長推動戰爭制勝機理轉變
隨著國防科技的快速發展、武器裝備的更新換代和戰爭形態的快速嬗變，現代戰爭呈現指數式、爆炸性的複雜變化。 這些變化看起來眼花撩亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的勝利機理變了。 只有搞透現代戰爭制勝機理，才能準確識變、科學應變、善於求變，牢牢掌握未來戰爭主動權。
戰爭形態由冷兵器戰爭轉變為智慧化戰爭。 戰爭形態是關於戰爭的整體性認知。 迄今為止，人類戰爭形態大致經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊戰爭四個歷史階段，正朝向智慧化戰爭邁進。 認知戰的歷史幾乎和人類戰爭史一樣久遠。 在冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭時代，認知戰更多是以輿論戰、心理戰形式出現。 隨著人類進入資訊化時代，網路空間科技的發展大大拓展了認知戰的空間，豐富了認知戰的戰技術手段，使認知戰的滲透性、時效性、震懾性大大增強，認 知戰的地位和作用得到空前提高。 未來，戰爭形態將進入智慧化戰爭，大量智慧化的武器系統和平台將裝備軍隊、投入作戰。 認知戰不僅可對敵方人員的認知實施幹擾、欺騙，也能透過「對抗性輸入」「資料中毒」等演算法欺騙手段對智慧裝備的認知實施攻擊，其應用場景和範圍將進一步擴大 ，地位和作用也將進一步提高。

無人機逐漸成為戰爭的主角，
作戰複雜性進一步增加
戰爭目的由武力征服更多向精神征服轉變。 現代戰爭的致勝機制與以往相比發生了很大變化，戰爭的暴力性得到遏制，作戰目的由原來的攻城略地、殲滅敵有生力量，轉變到使對方服從己方意志，作戰手段從武力征服更多地向 著重心理和精神征服轉變，這使得認知戰在現代戰爭中的地位、角色日益凸顯。 近年來，「混合戰爭」成為大國競爭的主要手段，越來越多的國家開始專注於利用新型領域、新型手段來達到傳統作戰難以達到的政治、軍事、經濟目的。 「混合戰爭」是國家、非國家行為體以及個人等戰爭主體的混合，是常規戰爭、非常規戰爭等戰爭樣式的混合，是作戰、維穩、重建等軍事行動的混合，是政治、軍事、經濟 、民生等多領域的混合，是擊敗敵軍、爭取民心等多種作戰目標的混合，這與認知戰高度契合。 「混合戰爭」的作戰領域由軍事領域拓展到了政治、經濟、文化、民生等領域；作戰方式由火力戰、兵力戰向外交戰、經濟戰、網路戰、心理戰、輿論戰等多方向拓展， 這與認知戰高度一致，其核心要義都是“亂中取利”，主要目的都是爭奪人心，作戰指導都是以巧取勝。
戰爭制勝域由物理域資訊域轉變為認知域。 現代戰爭同時發生在物理、資訊和認知三個領域，物理域和資訊域是從物質域中脫離出來的，認知域是從精神域中脫離出來的。 物理域是傳統的戰爭領域，由作戰平台和軍事設施等構成，為資訊化戰爭提供物質基礎。 資訊域是新崛起的戰爭領域，即資訊產生、傳輸和共享空間，是資訊化戰爭較量的重點。 認知域是人類認知活動涉及的範圍和領域，既是人類感覺、知覺、記憶和思考活動的空間，也是知識生成、交換、關聯、儲存和運用的空間，也是作戰活動中感知、判斷、決策 和指揮與控制的空間。 認知域存在於作戰人員的意識領域之中，影響其判斷與決策，是正在崛起的戰爭領域。 隨著網路資訊和人工智慧等技術的發展，認知域的範圍大大拓展，正在從人的意識領域向現代認知工具和人工智慧領域拓展。 軍事技術的發展拓展了認知域的範圍，為認知戰提供了更先進、更快捷、更有效的物質技術手段，使認知戰的滲透性、時效性、震懾性大大增強，從根本上 改變了認知戰，使得認知域成為超越物理域、資訊域的新的致勝領域，成為大國博弈、軍事對抗的終極之域。
戰爭制勝機理由資訊制勝向認知制勝轉變。 戰爭對抗歸根究柢是認知的博弈與對抗，掌握了製認知權很大程度上就掌握了戰爭主動權，喪失了製認知權就會在戰爭中處於被動挨打的境地。 獲得更高、更強的製認知權是製勝強敵的關鍵。 想辦法掌握制認知權進而奪取戰場綜合製權，從而以最小代價獲得最大勝利，是現代戰爭特別是認知戰的重要機理和內在規律。 近年來，美軍先後提出以「決策中心戰」「馬賽克戰」等為代表的未來戰爭新理念，意圖將複雜性作為一種為對手製造多重困境的武器，要求在保障自身戰術「選擇優勢」的 同時，透過給敵方製造高複雜度決策影響，幹擾其決策能力，在認知域實現對敵顛覆性優勢。 在資訊化戰爭的初級和中級階段，作戰的關鍵是奪取制網權和製資訊權，貫穿著「網路優勢→資訊優勢→決策優勢→作戰優勢」的遞進模式。 在資訊化戰爭進入高級階段後，奪取制資訊權變得越來越困難，作戰的關鍵是使敵方陷入“決策困境”，使其即使擁有資訊優勢，也不能正確決策，從而失去作戰優勢，擁有認 知優勢才能擁有作戰優勢。 未來戰爭，認知優勢是最重要的戰略優勢，認知對抗是最主要的對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。
因應複雜戰爭催生認知中心戰作戰概念
為因應現代戰爭複雜性特徵指數級增長趨勢，我們必須運用複雜性科學的理論與方法，轉變以住平台中心戰火力至上、殺傷為王的觀念，確立以認知為中心的作戰思想。 認知中心戰，指以認知域為致勝領域，以奪取認知優勢為作戰目標，圍繞幹擾認知手段、壓制認知管道、影響認知產生，對敵人員和智慧裝備的認知進行 幹擾、壓制、欺騙和誘導，透過奪取和維持認知優勢來獲取作戰優勢的一種新型作戰概念。 其主要製勝機理有以下幾點。

《孫子兵法》中提到」故兵無常勢，
水無常形；能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神「
以網路威懾摧毀敵方作戰意志。 針對敵政治、經濟、軍事、外交、文化中的矛盾弱點，透過網路空間散播威懾性訊息，或透過網路發布閱兵、大規模軍事演習、新式武器裝備研發等訊息，使對手認知與心理產生極 大的恐懼和震撼，遏止敵不利於我的行動舉措執行。 綜合運用網電攻擊手段，對敵重要網電目標和關鍵核心節點實施點穴式打擊和警示攻擊，破壞敵體係作戰能力，影響敵武器裝備效能的正常發揮，對敵實施心理威懾。 美軍「灰色地帶作戰」理論，就是依靠自身技術優勢，主要採取網電反制等行動，應對對手“灰色地帶挑釁”，威懾對手要么放棄“對抗”，要么衝突升級，使之陷入兩難境地。
以資訊欺騙誘導敵方錯誤判斷。 針對敵方的偵察設備、情報機構和指揮系統，透過網路攻擊、電子欺騙等手段隱藏己方軍事企圖、軍事行動和軍事目標，向敵方傳送有關己方的錯誤和虛假的作戰企圖、部隊配置、作戰 能力、作戰方案以及戰場態勢等方面的訊息，或借敵方指揮資訊系統發送虛假命令和訊息，達到誘敵錯誤判斷，擾敵作戰指揮的目的。 針對人工智慧演算法實施「對抗性輸入」「資料中毒」等新型攻擊，使其透過深度學習訓練得到我預設結論，或使其陷入局部最優解中而忽略全局最優。 利用電腦影像、視訊合成、虛擬實境和人工智慧等技術，將聲音、視訊、影像、文字訊息等進行合成，或利用「深度造假」技術，產生以假亂真、真假難辨的虛假訊息，並透過網路 大量傳播，以迷惑欺騙對手，影響其決策和行動。
以資訊壓制阻塞敵方認知手段。 針對敵重要網路目標，以及核心路由器、交換器、網關、重點伺服器等，使用「軟體」「硬」攻擊手段，摧毀其網路節點。 針對敵指揮控制網、通訊傳輸網、武器鉸鍊網和預警探測網等無線鏈路的組網特點，綜合運用電子乾擾、GPS欺騙攻擊、指控鏈路接管、數據劫持控制等技術和手段，壓制其 數據通信，阻斷其通信鏈路，幹擾其作戰指揮。 對敵指揮控制、軍事通訊、預警偵測、空天資訊等軍事網路實施網電致癱攻擊，毀癱影響其作戰的核心網絡，削弱其作戰能力。
以輿論宣傳營造有利輿論環境。 配合國家政治、軍事、外交鬥爭，大力宣傳己方在戰爭中的正義性，激發全體民眾全力支持戰爭的熱情。 借助即時通訊工具、網路論壇、播客、推特、微信等新媒體平台，有計劃地散佈打擊敵方弱點的信息，取得廣泛關注和普遍共鳴後，再適時報料、製造新的熱點，反复造勢 增強影響，形成共振效應擴大效果。 透過巧妙設定議程來進行宣傳“定調”，透過強勢媒體進行輿論造勢，掀起“沉默的螺旋”，控制和引導輿論，改變人們的看法和行為。

以法理鬥爭取得法理道義支持。 運用法律武器，遏止敵可能或將會發生的違法行為，宣告我方行動的合法性，申明我方軍事反擊權力，宣布我方追究戰爭責任的堅定性，給敵以震懾。 透過揭露敵方挑釁行為的違法性，抨擊敵方作戰行動的法律依據，譴責敵方的違法行徑，造成敵方戰略上的失利和己方戰略上的獲利。 運用法律手段，制約敵方的可能行動，限制第三人的可能干涉，阻滯其他方對己方行動的干擾。 制定我方作戰所需的法律、法規，為我方行動提供法律防護，或採取法律補救措施降低我方行動可能附帶的負面影響，保障作戰行動依法展開。

現代英語：

Cognition-centered warfare: operational concepts for dealing with complex wars

Complexity science is one of the frontier fields of contemporary scientific development. It is a new tool for understanding, understanding, and exploring the phenomena, laws, and mechanisms of war. As the form of war evolves from information war to intelligent war, the complexity of war shows an exponential growth trend, and it becomes increasingly difficult to seize control of information. The key to combat is to put the enemy into a “decision-making dilemma” so that it can even Even with information superiority, it cannot make correct decisions, thus losing its combat advantage. The focus of operations will change from “information-centered” to “cognition-centered”, and the winning mechanism will change from “information winning” to “cognitive winning”.

“Three changes” reveal the driving forces behind the increasing complexity of war

War is a field full of possibilities, and change is the basic characteristic that runs through it. President Xi stressed that we must pay close attention to changes in technology, war, and opponents. Changes in science and technology are the foundation, changes in war are the subject, and changes in opponents are the key. Changes in science and technology lead to changes in war, and changes in war prompt changes in opponents. The “three changes” have promoted the evolution of war forms, the expansion of war fields, the transformation of war goals, and the expansion of war influence, revealing the driving forces behind the growth of war complexity.

Technological changes have subverted the basis for winning wars. Science and technology are the core combat effectiveness and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Throughout the history of the world’s military development, every major scientific and technological innovation has started a new military revolution, and every military revolution has pushed military development into a new era. Scientific and technological innovation has become a huge engine to improve the military’s combat effectiveness. . At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution are accelerating. The degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly increasing, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming increasingly apparent. The role of driving the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent. The rapid development of some cutting-edge technologies may fundamentally change the face of war and war. According to the rules, the military game between great powers is more embodied in technological subversion and counter-subversion, raids and counter-raids, offsets and counter-offsets.

The U.S. Navy’s “Nemesis” project includes reconnaissance, decoy, jamming and other systems. The decoy system covers air, surface and underwater. Under the scheduling and control of the distributed artificial intelligence engine, it can complement each other, coordinate deception, and truly create a A “ghost aircraft carrier formation” completely subverted traditional electronic deception methods and raised information deception to an unprecedented level. It can be said that science and technology has never had such a profound impact on the overall situation of national security and military strategy as it does today. It has profoundly intervened in, supported, and dominated the evolution of war forms and the innovation of combat styles, and has even subverted the mechanism of winning wars.

The U.S. Navy’s “Nemesis” project is based on networked collaborative electronic warfare

Concept, integrating different systems and utilizing unmanned distributed Clusters of electronic warfare platforms enable large-scale collaborative electronic warfare
 

The changes in war highlight the complexity of war. 

Modern warfare is undergoing profound changes, showing unprecedented diversity and complexity. This super complexity stems from many reasons: first, various advanced technologies or weapons are constantly emerging, bringing many uncertainties; second, the battlefield covers land, sea, air, space, network, electricity and cognitive and other multiple third, multiple combat objects, combat styles, combat areas, and combat methods are cross-correlated and combined to form a complex “hybrid war”; fourth, artificial intelligence algorithms build a large number of combat elements into a complex logic, and use human Machine speed beyond the reach of thinking prompts the combination, deconstruction, and recombination of various elements. In the Ukraine crisis in 2022, on the surface it is a confrontation between Russia and Ukraine, but in essence it is a “hybrid war” between the United States and Western countries and Russia; the Russian and Ukrainian armies extensively use military and civilian drones to expand The “unmanned +” application model shows the prototype of future unmanned intelligent operations; with the support of U.S. NATO air and space situational intelligence, the Ukrainian army frequently uses low-cost unmanned equipment to carry out raids on important Russian weapons platforms, highlighting its new qualities Combat forces have asymmetric attack advantages against large weapons and equipment in traditional combat systems. Changes in technology will eventually lead to changes in war. The impact of a single element on war will become weaker and weaker. The joint combat system composed of multiple elements will have a complex impact on war. War is non-linear, uncertain, chaotic and open. Complex characteristics such as adaptability and confrontation will increase exponentially, which will make it more difficult for people to judge the progress and outcome of the war.

Changes in opponents accelerate the growth of war complexity. 

Changes in war prompt changes in opponents. Currently, we are experiencing major changes unseen in a century. Major military powers are actively making strategic adjustments and promoting a new round of military reforms, which exhibit the following characteristics: first, the trend of joint, miniaturized, and autonomous institutional establishments has become more obvious; second, The first is that weapons and equipment are showing a development trend of digitization, precision, stealth, unmanned, and intelligence; the third is that the combat form is moving towards the “four nons” (non-contact, non-linear, asymmetric and irregular) and the “three nos” (Invisible, silent, unmanned) combat; fourth, the military command form is developing in the direction of flattening, automation, networking, and seamlessness. The United States regards China as its main strategic opponent and strives to suppress and contain China. It has vigorously strengthened the innovation of operational concepts and has successively proposed new operational concepts such as “hybrid warfare”, “multi-domain warfare” and “mosaic warfare”, claiming that it will fight to defeat its opponents. A high-end war in which “technology cannot be understood, strikes are difficult to predict, and speed cannot keep up.” The core of the US military’s “mosaic warfare” is unmanned, low-cost, fast, lethal, flexible and reconfigurable. It is based on distributed situational awareness, with the help of intelligent auxiliary decision-making tools and the concept of building blocks and jigsaw puzzles to adaptively formulate mission planning. , dynamically reorganize combat forces, decompose the functions of the combat platform into a larger number of single-function nodes, and build a combat system with a large number of functional nodes. Replace the “kill chain” with a “kill network”. Several nodes will fail or be missing, and the combat system can be adaptively reorganized.

The increasing complexity of war drives the transformation of the winning mechanism of war

With the rapid development of national defense science and technology, the upgrading of weapons and equipment, and the rapid evolution of war forms, modern warfare has shown exponential and explosive complex changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are rules to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. Only by thoroughly understanding the winning mechanism of modern war can we accurately recognize changes, respond scientifically, be good at seeking change, and firmly grasp the initiative in future wars.

The form of war has changed from cold weapon warfare to intelligent warfare.

The shape of war is a holistic understanding of war. So far, human war has generally gone through four historical stages: cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war, and information war, and is moving towards intelligent warfare. The history of cognitive warfare is almost as old as the history of human warfare. In the era of cold weapon war, hot weapon war, and mechanized war, cognitive warfare appears more in the form of public opinion warfare and psychological warfare. As mankind enters the information age, the development of cyberspace technology has greatly expanded the space for cognitive warfare, enriched the technical means of cognitive warfare, and greatly enhanced the permeability, timeliness, and deterrence of cognitive warfare. The status and role of Zhizhan have been unprecedentedly improved. In the future, the form of war will enter intelligent warfare, and a large number of intelligent weapon systems and platforms will be equipped with the military and put into combat. Cognitive warfare can not only interfere with and deceive the cognition of enemy personnel, but also attack the cognition of smart equipment through algorithm deception methods such as “adversarial input” and “data poisoning”. Its application scenarios and scope will be further expanded. , the status and role will be further improved.

The purpose of war has changed from conquering by force to conquering by spirit. 

The winning mechanism of modern war has undergone great changes compared with the past. The violence of war has been curbed, and the purpose of combat has changed from the original siege of cities and territories and annihilation of the enemy’s effective forces to making the opponent obey one’s will. The means of combat have shifted from military conquest to focusing more on psychological and spiritual conquest, which has made cognitive warfare increasingly prominent in its status and role in modern warfare. In recent years, “hybrid warfare” has become a major means of great power competition. More and more countries have begun to focus on using new fields and new means to achieve political, military, and economic goals that are difficult to achieve with traditional warfare. “Hybrid war” is a mixture of war subjects such as states, non-state actors and individuals, a mixture of conventional warfare, unconventional warfare and other war styles, a mixture of military operations such as combat, stability maintenance and reconstruction, and a mixture of political, military and economic The mixture of multiple fields such as military and people’s livelihood is a mixture of multiple combat goals such as defeating the enemy and winning the hearts and minds of the people. This is highly consistent with cognitive warfare. The operational field of “hybrid warfare” has expanded from the military field to politics, economy, culture, people’s livelihood and other fields; the combat methods have expanded from firepower warfare and troop warfare to diplomatic warfare, economic warfare, cyber warfare, psychological warfare, public opinion warfare and other directions. This is highly consistent with cognitive warfare. Its core essence is to “make profit out of chaos”, its main purpose is to win people’s hearts, and its combat guidance is to win by cleverness.

The winning domain of war changes from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain. 

Modern war occurs in three fields: physics, information and cognition at the same time. The physical domain and information domain are separated from the material domain, and the cognitive domain is separated from the spiritual domain. The physical domain is a traditional war domain, consisting of combat platforms and military facilities, which provides the material basis for information warfare. The information domain is a newly emerging war field, that is, the space for information generation, transmission and sharing, and is the focus of information warfare competition. Cognitive domain is the scope and field involved in human cognitive activities. It is not only the space for human feeling, perception, memory and thinking activities, but also the space for knowledge generation, exchange, association, storage and application. It is also the space for perception, judgment and decision-making in combat activities. and spaces of command and control. The cognitive domain exists in the field of consciousness of combatants and affects their judgment and decision-making. It is a rising field of warfare. With the development of technologies such as network information and artificial intelligence, the scope of the cognitive domain has greatly expanded, and is expanding from the field of human consciousness to the field of modern cognitive tools and artificial intelligence. The development of military technology has expanded the scope of the cognitive domain, providing more advanced, faster, and more effective material and technical means for cognitive warfare, greatly enhancing the permeability, timeliness, and deterrence of cognitive warfare, and fundamentally It has changed cognitive warfare, making the cognitive domain a new winning field that transcends the physical domain and information domain, and has become the ultimate domain for great power games and military confrontations.

The mechanism for winning wars changes from information victory to cognitive victory. 

War confrontation is ultimately a game and confrontation of cognition. If you have the right to control cognition, you will have the initiative in war to a large extent. If you lose the right to control cognition, you will be passive in the war. The situation of being beaten. Obtaining higher and stronger control rights is the key to defeating powerful enemies. Finding ways to control cognitive power and then seize comprehensive battlefield control, so as to achieve maximum victory at the minimum cost, is an important mechanism and inherent law of modern warfare, especially cognitive warfare. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed new concepts of future warfare represented by “decision-centered warfare” and “mosaic warfare”, intending to use complexity as a weapon to create multiple dilemmas for opponents, requiring it to ensure its own tactical “selective advantage”. At the same time, by creating highly complex decision-making influences on the enemy and interfering with its decision-making capabilities, it can achieve a subversive advantage over the enemy in the cognitive domain. In the primary and intermediate stages of information warfare, the key to combat is to seize network control and information control, which runs through the progressive model of “network advantage → information advantage → decision-making advantage → combat advantage”. After information warfare enters an advanced stage, it becomes more and more difficult to seize control of information. The key to combat is to make the enemy fall into a “decision-making dilemma” so that even if it has information superiority, it cannot make correct decisions, thereby losing its combat advantage and having recognition. Only by knowing the advantages can you have the combat advantage. In future wars, cognitive advantage will be the most important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation will be the most important form of confrontation. It can be said that “without cognition, there is no war.”

Coping with complex wars has given rise to the concept of cognitive-centered warfare

In order to cope with the exponential growth trend of the complexity characteristics of modern warfare, we must use the theories and methods of complexity science to change the concept of platform-centered warfare where firepower is supreme and killing is king, and establish a cognitive-centered combat thinking. Cognition-centered warfare refers to taking the cognitive domain as the winning area, taking the cognitive advantage as the operational goal, and focusing on interfering with cognitive means, suppressing cognitive channels, affecting cognitive production, and conducting cognitive operations on enemy personnel and intelligent equipment. Interference, suppression, deception and inducement are a new operational concept that obtains combat advantages by seizing and maintaining cognitive advantages. Its main winning mechanisms are as follows.

Use cyber deterrence to destroy the enemy’s will to fight. 

Targeting at the enemy’s political, economic, military, diplomatic, and cultural contradictions and weaknesses, disseminate deterrent information through cyberspace, or publish military parades, large-scale military exercises, new weapons and equipment research and development and other information through the Internet , causing great fear and shock to the opponent’s cognition and psychology, and deterring the enemy is not conducive to the implementation of my actions. Comprehensive use of network and electricity attack methods to carry out point strikes and warning attacks against the enemy’s important network and electricity targets and key core nodes, destroying the enemy’s system combat capabilities, affecting the normal performance of the enemy’s weapons and equipment, and providing psychological deterrence to the enemy. The US military’s “gray zone operations” theory relies on its own technological advantages and mainly takes actions such as cyber and electronic countermeasures to respond to the opponent’s “gray zone provocation” and deter the opponent from giving up “confrontation” or escalating the conflict, putting it in a dilemma.

Use information deception to induce the enemy to make wrong judgments. 

Aiming at the enemy’s reconnaissance equipment, intelligence agencies and command systems, conceal one’s military intentions, military operations and military objectives through cyber attacks, electronic deception and other means, and transmit to the enemy errors and information about one’s own False information on combat intentions, troop configurations, combat capabilities, combat plans, and battlefield situations, or use the enemy’s command information system to send false orders and information to induce the enemy to make wrong judgments and disrupt the enemy’s combat command. Implement new attacks such as “adversarial input” and “data poisoning” against artificial intelligence algorithms, allowing them to obtain preset conclusions through deep learning training, or causing them to fall into local optimal solutions and ignore the global optimal. Use technologies such as computer imaging, video synthesis, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence to synthesize sounds, videos, images, text information, etc., or use “deep fake” technology to generate false information that is difficult to distinguish between true and false and transmit it through the Internet Spread in large quantities to confuse and deceive opponents and influence their decisions and actions.

Use information suppression to block the enemy’s cognitive means. 

Aim at the enemy’s important network targets, as well as core routers, switches, gateways, key servers, etc., and use “soft” and “hard” attack methods to destroy their network nodes. Based on the networking characteristics of wireless links such as the enemy’s command and control network, communication transmission network, weapon hinge network, and early warning detection network, comprehensively use technologies and means such as electronic jamming, GPS spoofing attacks, command link takeover, and data hijacking control to suppress them. Data communication, blocking its communication links and interfering with its combat command. Implement cyber-paralysis attacks on enemy command and control, military communications, early warning detection, aerospace information and other military networks, destroying core networks that affect their operations and weakening their combat capabilities.

Create a favorable public opinion environment through public opinion propaganda.

Cooperate with the country’s political, military, and diplomatic struggles, vigorously promote one’s own justice in the war, and stimulate the enthusiasm of all people to fully support the war. With the help of new media platforms such as instant messaging tools, online forums, podcasts, Twitter, and WeChat, we can systematically disseminate information that targets the enemy’s weaknesses. After gaining widespread attention and consensus, we can then promptly report information, create new hot spots, and repeatedly build momentum. Enhance the influence and form a resonance effect to expand the effect. Propaganda “sets the tone” by cleverly setting agendas, building public opinion through powerful media, setting off a “spiral of silence”, controlling and guiding public opinion, and changing people’s opinions and behaviors.

Use psychological attacks to undermine the morale of enemy soldiers and civilians. 

Widely disseminate processed and processed information through the Internet, promote one’s own justice, demonstrate one’s strength, will and determination, vilify the enemy politically and morally, and internally Gather the thoughts and will of the military and civilians, strive for the legal and moral commanding heights externally, and spiritually “soften” and “weaken” the enemy. Use a variety of network communication methods and technical means to send various deceptive, disruptive, inductive, and deterrent messages to the enemy’s military and civilians in a targeted manner to attack the enemy’s psychological defense line, promote an ineffective confrontation mentality, and then lose the combat capability. . Through the Internet, we can create, guide, plan, build, and expand momentum to create a “momentum” that is beneficial to ourselves but not beneficial to the enemy, causing a psychological impact on the other party’s people, thereby affecting or changing their psychological state, and implementing effective psychological attacks.

Watch legal and moral support through legal struggle. 

Use legal weapons to curb the enemy’s possible or future illegal acts, declare the legality of our actions, affirm our power of military counterattack, declare our determination to pursue war responsibilities, and give To intimidate the enemy. By exposing the illegality of the enemy’s provocative behavior, criticizing the legal basis for the enemy’s combat operations, and condemning the enemy’s illegal behavior, it causes the enemy’s strategic defeat and our own strategic gain. Use legal means to restrict the enemy’s possible actions, limit the possible interference of third parties, and block other parties from interfering with our own actions. Formulate the laws and regulations necessary for our operations to provide legal protection for our operations or take legal remedial measures to reduce the possible negative impacts of our operations and ensure that combat operations are carried out in accordance with the law.

中國原始軍事參考資料 http://www.81it.com/2023/1109/88888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

解放軍稱，認知域作戰的致勝武器是智慧演算法

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According to the People’s Liberation Army, The Winning Weapon in Cognitive Domain Operations is Intelligent Algorithms

現代繁體中文：

在智慧化時代，智慧演算法作為資訊生成、分發、傳播、接收的底層邏輯和實現手段，決定了資訊的產生形式和呈現方式。 未來戰爭，智慧演算法應用邊界拓展與應用場景開發推動認知域作戰戰法更新迭代，釐清智慧演算法與認知對抗的作用機制與實現路徑，對於藉助智慧演算法創新認知域作戰戰法具有重要意義 。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的作用機制

智慧演算法透過對使用者個人身分、心理特徵、行為習慣、興趣偏好等進行綜合分析計算，能夠制定出最優資訊推薦策略，進而以特定資訊作用於目標認知，最終影響其現實行為。

繪就目標使用者畫像。 使用者畫像的本質是將使用者進行標籤化處理，以此形成特定身分。 標籤類似數位畫像中的“像素”，資料獲取越全面，標籤刻畫越精細，對使用者行為特徵的反映就越真實。 外軍認為，認知域作戰中，廣泛借助網路爬蟲、日誌挖掘等技術手段，可以取得目標對象的基本資訊資料、金融資料、通訊資料等。 在此基礎上，利用智慧演算法對這些資料進行深度挖掘，可以系統分析出目標物的興趣與愛好、行為習慣、人際關係，進而確定其價值取向。 之後，透過建構多維度標籤向量，再對相似個體進行聚類處理，分析具有相似特徵的群體特徵，可形成群體目標畫像，並以此作為認知塑造的基礎與起點。

實現資訊個性客製。 針對不同個體、不同群體採取「分而治之」是智慧演算法的優長所在，也是認知塑造的應有之義。 依托社群媒體平台和搜尋引擎，針對特定物件進行個人化推送，可以大幅提高目標物件的接受程度，避免訊息在傳播過程中的空轉和內耗。 在此過程中，「資訊繭房」效應將會進一步狹窄目標物件的感知範圍，使其長期處於相對封閉的資訊環境中，從而主動接受片面資訊。 同時，同質化的訊息會進一步強化塑造效果，目標對像在趨同心理和群體壓力的共同作用下，可逐步喪失基本邏輯和價值判斷能力，從而潛移默化中形成發起方為其精細設定的認知 。

彰顯特定現實行為。 認知是行為的前提，而行為又反作用於認知。 智慧演算法透過對特定對象政治、軍事行動和社會等議題的立場和價值傾向進行定向塑造，可以實現對現實行為的約束和誘導。 外軍認為，透過對社會大眾傳播特殊理念，導致社會失序失控。 而對於關鍵個人，透過採取控腦攻心奪誌等策略，使其對於國家戰略方向研判錯誤，對於戰爭決策感到懷疑，對於戰爭走向消極悲觀，從而產生「不戰而屈人之兵」的效果。 實務證明，目標認知定向重塑彰顯現實特定行為，現實行為動態改變引發使用者畫像即時調整，進而帶動推薦策略調整更新，形成了完整的閉合回饋迴路。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的實現路徑

智慧演算法具有封裝移植、資料共享、快速運算、自主學習等特徵，與認知對抗之間存在天然的契合性。

促進對抗形式平戰耦合。 跨越時間界限的訊息傳播導致認知空間的衝突無時不在，時間尺度可能從數秒到數十年不等。 在平時，認知對抗戰法最主要的特點是隱蔽性和長期性，戰時則表現為壓制性和急迫性。 智慧演算法透過資訊共享、態勢更新和策略繼承，可進一步促進認知對抗形式的平戰耦合。 基於平時資訊與戰時情報，對敵情、我情、戰場環境進行全方位分析研判，可以自動計算得出對抗強點、弱點、重點、難點等方面的結論；基於數學建模和機器學習，結合 平時認知對抗成果和戰場即時態勢，經過綜合評估，可以提出最優戰法和方案。

促進對抗手段顯隱結合。 認知域作戰，海量、繁雜的資訊充斥其中，樣式多樣、優劣不齊，為己方辨識處理帶來挑戰的同時，也為迷惑對手提供了便利條件。 只有透過認知融合才能形成對態勢的全面、及時、準確的判斷，進而將全域感知優勢轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。 綜合多通路資訊進行智慧分析比較、綜合研判，能辨識錯誤訊息、過濾無用資訊、甄別不實訊息，為指揮決策提供資訊支撐。 如可採取顯性手段進行認知威懾與意志瓦解，採取隱性手段進行認知欺騙及認知誘導，並採取顯隱結合方式進行認知迷惑等。

促進對抗空間全局融合。 認知對抗空間不僅涵蓋了包含陸、海、空、天等物理域空間，也涵蓋電磁、網路等資訊域空間和認知域空間。 認知對抗是全局融合對抗，戰場數據生成速度極快、體量巨大，對於計算的速度和能力提出了極高要求。 依靠傳統的人工運算、電腦輔助運算的模式已無法滿足戰場空間融合的需求，必須藉助智慧演算法的高效率、強算力和高準確性實現半自動化乃至自動化的融合計算。 依托智慧演算法，縱向上可以實現從認知感知到認知分析，再到認知決策的全程融合；橫向上可以實現物理域、資訊域和認知域多維度態勢、力量、決策、調度的跨 域融合。

現代英語：

In the era of intelligence, intelligent algorithms, as the underlying logic and implementation means for information generation, distribution, dissemination, and reception, determine the form and presentation of information. In future wars, the expansion of the application boundaries of intelligent algorithms and the development of application scenarios will promote the update and iteration of cognitive domain combat tactics. Clarifying the mechanism and implementation path of intelligent algorithms and cognitive confrontation is of great significance for innovating cognitive domain combat tactics with the help of intelligent algorithms. .

The mechanism of how intelligent algorithms influence cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms can formulate optimal information recommendation strategies through comprehensive analysis and calculation of users’ personal identity, psychological characteristics, behavioral habits, interests and preferences, etc., and then use specific information to affect target cognition, and ultimately affect their real-life behavior.

Draw a portrait of your target users. The essence of user portraits is to label users to form a specific identity. Tags are similar to “pixels” in digital portraits. The more comprehensive the data is obtained, the more precise the tag description will be, and the more realistic the reflection of user behavior characteristics will be. Foreign militaries believe that in cognitive domain operations, technical means such as web crawlers and log mining are widely used to obtain basic information data, financial data, communication data, etc. of target objects. On this basis, intelligent algorithms are used to deeply mine these data, and the interests, hobbies, behavioral habits, and interpersonal relationships of the target object can be systematically analyzed, and then their value orientation can be determined. Afterwards, by constructing multi-dimensional label vectors, clustering similar individuals, and analyzing group characteristics with similar characteristics, a group target portrait can be formed, which can be used as the basis and starting point for cognitive shaping.

Achieve personalized information customization. Adopting “divide and conquer” for different individuals and groups is the advantage of intelligent algorithms, and it is also the proper meaning of cognitive shaping. Relying on social media platforms and search engines to carry out personalized push for specific objects can greatly improve the acceptance of the target objects and avoid idling and internal consumption of information during the dissemination process. In this process, the “information cocoon” effect will further narrow the target object’s perception range, leaving it in a relatively closed information environment for a long time, thus actively accepting one-sided information. At the same time, homogeneous information will further strengthen the shaping effect. Under the combined effect of convergence psychology and group pressure, the target object may gradually lose basic logic and value judgment capabilities, thus subtly forming the cognition carefully set by the initiator. .

Demonstrate specific real-life behaviors. Cognition is the premise of behavior, and behavior reacts on cognition. Intelligent algorithms can constrain and induce real-life behavior by directional shaping of the stance and value tendencies of specific objects on political, military operations, social and other issues. The foreign military believes that by disseminating special ideas to the public, it can lead to social disorder and loss of control. For key individuals, through strategies such as controlling the brain, attacking the heart, and seizing the will, they will make mistakes in their judgment of the country’s strategic direction, doubt the war decision-making, and be negative and pessimistic about the direction of the war, thus producing the effect of “conquering the enemy without fighting.” Practice has proven that the reshaping of target cognitive orientation highlights specific real-life behaviors, and dynamic changes in real-life behaviors trigger real-time adjustments to user portraits, which in turn drives the adjustment and update of recommendation strategies, forming a complete closed feedback loop.

Intelligent algorithms influence the implementation path of cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms have the characteristics of encapsulation and transplantation, data sharing, fast calculation, autonomous learning, etc., and there is a natural fit between them and cognitive confrontation.

Promote the coupling of confrontational forms of peace and war. The dissemination of information across time boundaries leads to conflicts in cognitive space at all times, and the time scale may vary from seconds to decades. In peacetime, the most important characteristics of cognitive confrontation tactics are concealment and long-term nature, while in wartime they are suppressive and urgent. Intelligent algorithms can further promote the coupling of peace and war in the form of cognitive confrontation through information sharing, situation updating and strategy inheritance. Based on peacetime information and wartime intelligence, comprehensive analysis and judgment of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and the battlefield environment can be automatically calculated to draw conclusions on the strengths, weaknesses, key points, and difficulties of the confrontation; based on mathematical modeling and machine learning, combined with Cognitive confrontation results and real-time battlefield situation in peacetime, and after comprehensive evaluation, optimal tactics and plans can be proposed.

Promote the combination of explicit and implicit means of confrontation. Cognitive domain operations are filled with massive and complex information in various formats and with varying strengths and weaknesses, which not only brings challenges to one’s own identification and processing, but also provides convenient conditions for confusing the opponent. Only through cognitive fusion can a comprehensive, timely and accurate judgment of the situation be formed, and then the advantages of global perception be transformed into decision-making and action advantages. Comprehensive multi-channel information for intelligent analysis and comparison, comprehensive research and judgment, can identify erroneous information, filter useless information, screen false information, and provide information support for commanders’ decision-making. For example, explicit means can be used for cognitive deterrence and will disintegration, implicit means can be used for cognitive deception and cognitive induction, and explicit and implicit means can be used for cognitive confusion.

Promote global integration of confrontation space. The cognitive confrontation space not only covers the physical domain space including land, sea, air, space, etc., but also covers the information domain space and cognitive domain space such as electromagnetic and network. Cognitive confrontation is a global fusion confrontation. Battlefield data is generated extremely quickly and in huge volumes, which places extremely high requirements on computing speed and capabilities. Relying on traditional manual calculations and computer-aided calculations can no longer meet the needs of battlefield space fusion. Semi-automatic or even automated fusion calculations must be achieved with the help of the high efficiency, strong computing power and high accuracy of intelligent algorithms. Relying on intelligent algorithms, vertical integration from cognitive perception to cognitive analysis to cognitive decision-making can be achieved; horizontally, multi-dimensional situation, power, decision-making, and scheduling across the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain can be achieved. Domain fusion.

原中國人民解放軍網址：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/21/content_888888.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

中國人民解放軍認知域作戰的重要方式：價值守攻

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An Important Way for China’s People’s Liberation Army to Fight in the Cognitive Domain: Value Defense and Offense

原始國語:

引言

價值攻防是從戰略層面進行認知域作戰的重要方式，通常價值攻防是透過幹預人的思維、信念、價值觀等，以達成瓦解敵方共識，摧毀敵方意志，進而掌控戰場綜合控制權的目的 。 精準掌握價值攻防的特性、機制、手段，對奪取未來認知域作戰優勢至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的特點

價值攻防是指透過引發個體或群體的深層邏輯思辨、價值判斷改變，完成其對相對穩定的認知結果的干預和影響，以期重構人的意志、思維、心理、情感等認知能力。 價值攻防主要有以下幾個特點：

軟性對抗。 傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段來削弱瓦解敵方的軍事能力，通常具有較強的戰爭強度。 認知域作戰將不再侷限於攻城略地等硬性對抗，而更著重於圍繞價值陣地展開滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制，透過爭奪認知域對抗的主導權，進一步激發物理域 和資訊域的作戰效能，從而奪取戰場主動，甚至達到不戰而屈人之兵的效果。 在實踐中，價值攻防往往著眼於一個國家、民族的文化傳統、價值觀念和社會心理展開，最終達到對敵方意志摧毀、認知操縱、精神控制的目的。

全維度釋放。 現代戰爭日益呈現整體性、多域性、全時性特徵。 認知域作戰旨在透過幹預人的意識進而影響戰場效果，而意識的相對穩定決定了人的世界觀、信仰等價值觀念一般情況下往往較為穩固，因此價值攻防需要長期的、不間斷的、全息 全維度地進行。 從時間上看，價值攻防模糊了平戰邊界，常態在戰、隨時在戰，持續積累、逐步釋放作戰效能；從空間上看，價值攻防模糊了作戰前後方界限，在有形空間與無形空間全 方位展開；從領域上看，價值攻防模糊了軍事與非軍事的界限，不僅發生在軍事領域，也存在於政治、經濟、外交、文化等領域，呈現出全局覆蓋的特徵。

科技賦能。 認知域作戰是一項技術密集的複雜系統工程。 人工智慧、腦科學、量子運算等新興技術手段全流程滲透，正在引發認知域作戰的迭代升級與深刻變革。 智慧化工具從根本上增強了認知域作戰人員操縱對手思想和乾預對手思維的能力，人機混合作為作戰力量新手段新樣式將改變未來戰爭主體，自主對抗、雲腦制勝或成為主流攻防模式 。 近年來，北約推出的認知電子戰設備，旨在透過資訊攻防來改變對手價值認知及行為。 科技發展也引發了認知革命，資訊的快速傳播進一步加速了大眾價值認知差異，認知孤島加劇了不同主體之間的價值鴻溝，智能化帶來的社會結構變遷則深刻改變著政治文化格局 。 從這點出發，在未來認知域作戰中，牽住科技創新的“牛鼻子”，掌握關鍵核心技術，對於奪取戰場主動至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的機理

價值攻防是認知域作戰的高階對抗，作用對象指向的是人的深層認知。 意識是社會存在在大腦中的反映，對社會存在的調節、對大眾意識的引導和人腦作用的改變，都能強化或扭轉人的意識。 要在攻防對抗中製勝對手，就要遵循思考認知規律，掌握價值攻防制勝機理。

衝擊價值「保護帶」。 佔領價值制高點是開展價值攻防的邏輯起點。 社會意識往往由相對穩定的核心價值觀念和外圍的輔助性理論所構成，經濟、政治、宗教、文化等各種理論都能被建構調適以用來保護核心價值觀念免受外來衝擊，因此也承受著 其他價值觀的衝擊挑戰。 在外軍看來，價值攻防就是要透過文化滲透、宗教衝突、戰略傳播等手段，配合物理域和資訊域的行動，不斷衝擊對手意識形態的「保護帶」領域。 這往往需要抓住影響對手認知的價值觀念、政治態度、宗教信仰等，透過擾亂其社會群體心理，誘發價值困惑，動搖作戰意志，摧毀文化認同，甚至改變瓦解其原有的認知體系， 從而灌輸或植入新的、於己有利的價值觀念，以實現作戰目的。

點燃衝突“引爆點”。 認知域作戰涉及歷史文化、政治制度、民族情感、宗教信仰等多個範疇，戰爭主體也從單純軍事人員拓展到一般民眾。 透過炒作話題爭端、公共事件，激發一般民眾的認知衝突，將成為認知領域作戰的重要手段。 在近幾場局部衝突中，交戰各方透過有目的性的敘事點燃國家民族情緒，引發政治危機進而影響戰局已屢見不鮮。 未來戰爭，一些國家利用熱點敏感事件引爆輿論，依托網路技術對一般民眾進行聚攏吸附、煽動動員、精準操控和誘導塑造，從而推動一般性衝突上升為信仰之爭、制度之爭、價值之爭將 成為常態。

控制認知「斷裂面」。 認知空間作為觀念層面的存在，由全部作戰個體的主觀認知空間疊加而成，是分化的、差異性的乃至衝突性的價值集合體。 然而，意識形態具有「縫合」功能，透過認知塑造、話語建構，可以把斷裂的認知有效地「縫合」起來，把分散的價值凝聚起來，形成相對穩固的認知體系。 二戰後法國對戰敗創傷曾進行過有效的認知“縫合”，其運用一整套獨立敘事邏輯，闡述戰爭如何為法國提供了“新的機會”，極大地凝聚了法國人民對政府的政治認同。 在認知域作戰中開展價值陣地爭奪，應注重敵方內部的認知斷裂面，尋找敵我之間的認知連接點進行認知“縫合”，最大限度地團結各方力量，孤立瓦解敵人。

價值攻防作用認知域的主要手段

價值攻防使認知對抗從輿論、心理等層面拓展到思維空間，從軍事領域拓展到整體全局，從而實現了對敵方深層的政治認同的打擊。 當前世界軍事強國都在加強戰略預置，瞄準目標主體、戰法手段的深刻變化，變革作戰思維，積極掌控認知域作戰的主動權。

以深層摧毀為目標。 認知域作戰直接作用於人的大腦認知，相較於物理域作戰，更容易實現深層的戰略意圖。 特別是人的語言層級、思維層級和文化層級的「高階認知」一旦被突破，有助於從戰略上扭轉戰場態勢，實現戰爭的政治目的。 基於此，認知域作戰往往始於未戰，透過幹預對手內政外交，動搖其意識形態和價值觀基礎等；戰時則注重影響敵方戰爭決策、戰役指揮、戰鬥實施的價值判斷，打擊或削弱 作戰人員的決策能力和抵抗意誌等。 敵對各方都試圖做到“維繫自己的世界，同時增加對手的破壞性壓力”，以通過爭奪認知優勢實現決策優勢，進而取得行動優勢的目標。

以普通個體為中心。 未來認知域作戰的主體將不再局限於軍事人員，廣義上講，可以進行資訊交流傳播的個體都可能成為參戰力量。 相較於社會領域的精英，一般民眾更容易接受和傳播多元價值，其認知空間被操縱的機率更大。 目前，網路媒體正成為社會領域資訊交流傳播的主要管道，透過有針對性的訊息引導、訊息傳遞，進而達到認知塑造的目的。 外軍實踐證明，借助對一般個體的認知塑造，可以造成從下到上的遞進滲透和認知幹擾，使一般民眾與社會決策層之間的意識觀念產生背離，在關鍵行動中無法達成 有效共識。

以持久作戰為形式。 與物理域軍事鬥爭直接打擊摧毀「硬」目標不同，認知域作戰的潛在目標為人的認知，價值攻防指向的是改變作戰對象的觀念、信念、意志、情感等，往往需要潛移默化、步步為營。 有效的認知進攻一般在作戰準備階段就發起，並貫穿戰爭始末，透過收集對手的認知態勢、決策習慣、思考模式等情況，有針對性地進行營造態勢、改變氛圍等行動。 因此，認知域作戰更需要加強整體設計，尤其要注重協調多方力量，在輿論場營造、外交等多個陣地多點強化預置準備，進而形成整體作戰合力。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

Introduction

Value offense and defense is an important way to carry out cognitive domain operations from a strategic level. Usually, value offense and defense involves interfering with people’s thinking, beliefs, values, etc., in order to achieve the purpose of disintegrating the enemy’s consensus, destroying the enemy’s will, and then gaining comprehensive control of the battlefield. . Accurately grasping the characteristics, mechanisms, and methods of value attack and defense is crucial to gaining operational advantages in the cognitive domain in the future.

Characteristics of the cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense refers to the intervention and influence on relatively stable cognitive results by inducing deep logical thinking and value judgment changes in individuals or groups, in order to reconstruct people’s will, thinking, psychology, emotion and other cognitive abilities. Value offense and defense mainly have the following characteristics:

Soft confrontation. Traditional war mainly relies on violent means to weaken and disintegrate the enemy’s military capabilities, and usually has a strong war intensity. Cognitive domain operations will no longer be limited to hard confrontations such as siege of cities and territories, but will focus more on penetration and counter-infiltration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control around value positions. By competing for dominance in cognitive domain confrontations, the physical domain will be further stimulated. and information domain combat effectiveness, thereby seizing the initiative on the battlefield and even achieving the effect of defeating others without fighting. In practice, value offense and defense often focus on the cultural traditions, values ​​and social psychology of a country or nation, and ultimately achieve the purpose of destroying the enemy’s will, cognitive manipulation, and mental control.

Full dimensional release. Modern warfare increasingly exhibits overall, multi-domain, and all-time characteristics. Cognitive domain operations aim to affect battlefield effects by intervening in people’s consciousness. The relative stability of consciousness determines that people’s worldview, beliefs and other values ​​are generally relatively stable. Therefore, value attack and defense require long-term, uninterrupted, holographic Proceed in all dimensions. From a time point of view, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between peacetime and war, and is always in war, at any time, continuously accumulating and gradually releasing combat effectiveness; from a space point of view, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between front and rear of operations, and creates a full range of physical and intangible space. Directional expansion; from a field perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between military and non-military. It not only occurs in the military field, but also exists in political, economic, diplomatic, cultural and other fields, showing the characteristics of full coverage.

Technology empowers. Cognitive domain operations are a technology-intensive and complex system engineering. The penetration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain science, and quantum computing into the entire process is triggering iterative upgrades and profound changes in cognitive domain operations. Intelligent tools have fundamentally enhanced the ability of combatants in the cognitive domain to manipulate and intervene in the opponent’s thinking. As a new means and new style of combat power, human-machine hybridization will change the subject of future wars. Independent confrontation and cloud-brain victory may become the mainstream offensive and defensive model. . In recent years, NATO has launched cognitive electronic warfare equipment aimed at changing the opponent’s value perception and behavior through information offense and defense. The development of science and technology has also triggered a cognitive revolution. The rapid spread of information has further accelerated the differences in public value cognition. Cognitive islands have intensified the value gap between different subjects. The changes in social structure brought about by intelligence have profoundly changed the political and cultural landscape. . Starting from this point, in future cognitive domain operations, holding the “nose” of technological innovation and mastering key core technologies will be crucial to seizing the initiative on the battlefield.

The mechanism of cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value offense and defense is a high-level confrontation in the cognitive domain, and its target is people’s deep cognition. Consciousness is the reflection of social existence in the brain. Regulation of social existence, guidance of public consciousness and changes in the function of the human brain can strengthen or reverse human consciousness. If you want to defeat your opponent in an offensive and defensive confrontation, you must follow the laws of thinking and cognition and grasp the winning mechanism of value offense and defense.

Shock value “protection zone”. Occupying the commanding heights of values ​​is the logical starting point for carrying out value offense and defense. Social consciousness is often composed of relatively stable core values ​​and peripheral auxiliary theories. Various theories such as economics, politics, religion, culture, etc. can be constructed and adapted to protect core values ​​from external impacts, and therefore also bear the burden of external impact. The impact of other values ​​​​challenges. From the perspective of foreign military forces, value offense and defense means to continuously impact the “protective zone” of the opponent’s ideology through cultural penetration, religious conflict, strategic communication and other means, in conjunction with actions in the physical and information domains. This often requires grasping the values, political attitudes, religious beliefs, etc. that affect the opponent’s cognition. By disrupting their social group psychology, inducing value confusion, shaking the will to fight, destroying cultural identity, and even changing and disintegrating their original cognitive system, Thereby instilling or implanting new values ​​that are beneficial to oneself in order to achieve the purpose of combat.

Ignite the “tipping point” of conflict. Cognitive domain warfare involves history, culture, political systems, national emotions, religious beliefs and other categories, and the subjects of the war have also expanded from simple military personnel to ordinary people. Stimulating cognitive conflicts among ordinary people by hyping up topic disputes and public events will become an important means of cognitive domain warfare. In recent local conflicts, it is not uncommon for warring parties to use purposeful narratives to ignite national emotions, trigger political crises, and then affect the war situation. In future wars, some countries will use hot-button and sensitive events to ignite public opinion, and rely on network technology to gather, attract, mobilize, precisely manipulate and induce and shape ordinary people, thereby promoting general conflicts to escalate into battles over beliefs, systems, and values. Become the norm.

Controlling cognitive “fracture surfaces.” As an existence at the conceptual level, cognitive space is superimposed by the subjective cognitive space of all combat individuals. It is a collection of differentiated, different and even conflicting values. However, ideology has a “suturing” function. Through cognitive shaping and discourse construction, it can effectively “sew” broken cognitions together, condense scattered values, and form a relatively stable cognitive system. After World War II, France conducted an effective cognitive “suturing” of the trauma of defeat. It used a set of independent narrative logic to explain how the war provided “new opportunities” for France, which greatly condensed the French people’s political identification with the government. When fighting for value positions in cognitive domain operations, we should pay attention to the cognitive fractures within the enemy, find the cognitive connection points between the enemy and ourselves, and conduct cognitive “stitching” to unite the forces of all parties to the maximum extent and isolate and disintegrate the enemy.

The main means of the cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value offense and defense expand cognitive confrontation from the public opinion and psychological levels to the thinking space, and from the military field to the overall domain, thereby achieving a blow to the enemy’s deep political identity. At present, the world’s military powers are strengthening their strategic preparations, aiming at profound changes in target subjects and tactics and means, transforming their operational thinking, and actively taking the initiative in cognitive domain operations.

Aiming for deep destruction. Cognitive domain operations directly affect human brain cognition. Compared with physical domain operations, it is easier to achieve deep strategic intentions. In particular, once the “high-order cognition” of people’s language level, thinking level and cultural level is broken through, it will help to strategically reverse the battlefield situation and achieve the political purpose of the war. Based on this, cognitive domain operations often start before the war, by intervening in the opponent’s internal affairs and diplomacy, shaking the ideological and value foundations of the opponent; during war, they focus on affecting the enemy’s war decision-making, campaign command, and battle implementation value judgments, attacking or weakening them. The decision-making ability and resistance will of combatants, etc. All hostile parties are trying to “maintain their own world while increasing the destructive pressure on their opponents” to achieve the goal of achieving decision-making advantages through competing for cognitive advantages, and then gaining operational advantages.

Centered on ordinary individuals. In the future, the subjects of cognitive domain operations will no longer be limited to military personnel. Broadly speaking, individuals who can exchange and disseminate information may become combatants. Compared with elites in the social field, ordinary people are more likely to accept and spread multiple values, and their cognitive space is more likely to be manipulated. At present, online media is becoming the main channel for information exchange and dissemination in the social field. Through targeted information guidance and information delivery, the purpose of cognitive shaping is achieved. Foreign military practice has proven that by shaping the cognition of ordinary individuals, it can cause progressive penetration and cognitive interference from bottom to top, causing the ideological concepts between ordinary people and social decision-makers to deviate, making it impossible to achieve key actions. effective consensus.

In the form of protracted warfare. Unlike military struggles in the physical domain that directly attack and destroy “hard” targets, the potential target of cognitive domain operations is human cognition. Value attack and defense are directed at changing the concepts, beliefs, will, emotions, etc. of the combatants, which often requires subtlety and step-by-step operations. Effective cognitive attacks are generally launched during the preparation stage of combat and run throughout the war. By collecting the opponent’s cognitive situation, decision-making habits, thinking patterns, etc., actions such as creating a situation and changing the atmosphere are carried out in a targeted manner. Therefore, cognitive domain operations need to strengthen the overall design, pay special attention to coordinating multi-party forces, and strengthen pre-preparation in multiple positions such as public opinion field creation and diplomacy, so as to form an overall operational synergy.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)

中國軍事原文參考： http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-08/02/content_88888.htm